Edoxaban enfolded beta-1,4-Poly-D-glucosamine nanoparticles for targeting ponym Stuart-Prower factor for treatment of venous thrombosis

The present research looked for ways to develop shielded nanoparticles (NPs)-drug transporters made of chitosan (CS) to enhance the bioavailability of Edoxaban tosylate monohydrate (ETM) for oral administration by examining the correlation among design aspects and data from experiments using response surface methodology. ETM-loaded CS nanoparticles (ETM-CS-NPs) were developed using the ionic gelation of CS with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Utilizing Zeta-sizer and scanning electron microscopy, the ETM-CS-NPs were evaluated for particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), surface morphology, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE), and drug loading (DL). Drug and polymer interactions in NPs were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The response surface approach and Design-Expert software optimized the ETM-CS-NPs. Using response surface methodology, the effects of independent variables such as the amount of CS, the amount of TPP, and the amount of glacial acetic acid on PS, PDI, and ZP were analyzed. The optimal combination of PS (354.8 nm), PDI (0.509), ZP (43.7 + mV), % EE (70.3 ± 1.3), and % DL (9.1 ± 0.4) has been identified for the optimized ETM-CS-NPs. ETM-CS-NPs' anticoagulant activity was evaluated using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT) assays. In conclusion, a practical and consistent method has been established, and its application has been proven in vitro, indicating its utility for future studies of the biological distribution of ETM-CS-NPs in vivo for specific antithrombotic treatments.

Triazolopyrimidine Derivatives: An Updated Review on Recent Advances in Synthesis, Biological Activities and Drug Delivery Aspects

Molecules containing triazolopyrimidine core showed diverse biological activities, including anti-Alzheimer's, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-tuberculosis, anti-viral, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-parkinsonism, and anti-glaucoma activities. Triazolopyrimidines have 8 isomeric structures, including the most stable 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5- a] pyrimidine ones. Triazolopyrimidines were obtained by using various chemical reactions, including a) 1,2,4-triazole nucleus annulation to pyrimidine, b) pyrimidines annulation to 1,2,4-triazole structure, c) 1,2,4-triazolo[l,5-a] pyrimidines rearrangement, and d) pyrimidotetrazine rearrangement. This review discusses synthetic methods, recent pharmacological actions and drug delivery perspectives of triazolopyrimidines.

Nanoencapsulation of R-phycoerytrin extracted from Solieria filiformis improves protein stability and enables its biological application as a fluorescent dye

We aimed to encapsulate R-PE to improve its stability for use as a fluorescent probe for cancer cells. Purified R-PE from the algae Solieria filiformis was encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles using PCL. Nanoparticles were characterised and R-PE release was evaluated. Also, cellular uptake using breast and prostate cancer cells were performed. Nanoparticles presented nanometric particle size (198.8 ± 0.06 nm) with low polydispersity (0.13 ± 0.022), negative zeta potential (-18.7 ± 1.10 mV), and 50.0 ± 7.3% encapsulation. FTIR revealed that R-PE is molecularly dispersed in PCL. DSC peak at 307 °C indicates the presence of R-PE in the nanoparticle. Also, in vitro, it was demonstrated low release for nanoparticles and degradation for the free R-PE. Finally, cellular uptake demonstrated the potential of R-PE/PCL nanoparticles for cancer cell detection. Nanoparticles loaded with R-PE can overcome instability and allow application as a fluorescent probe for cancer cells.

Exploring Various Techniques for the Chemical and Biological Synthesis of Polymeric Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) have remarkable properties for delivering therapeutic drugs to the body’s targeted cells. NPs have shown to be significantly more efficient as drug delivery carriers than micron-sized particles, which are quickly eliminated by the immune system. Biopolymer-based polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are colloidal systems composed of either natural or synthetic polymers and can be synthesized by the direct polymerization of monomers (e.g., emulsion polymerization, surfactant-free emulsion polymerization, mini-emulsion polymerization, micro-emulsion polymerization, and microbial polymerization) or by the dispersion of preformed polymers (e.g., nanoprecipitation, emulsification solvent evaporation, emulsification solvent diffusion, and salting-out). The desired characteristics of NPs and their target applications are determining factors in the choice of method used for their production. This review article aims to shed light on the different methods employed for the production of PNPs and to discuss the effect of experimental parameters on the physicochemical properties of PNPs. Thus, this review highlights specific properties of PNPs that can be tailored to be employed as drug carriers, especially in hospitals for point-of-care diagnostics for targeted therapies.

Thermal Stability and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Chitosan Composite Membranes

Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and chitosan (CS) are widely used as biodegradable and biocompatible polymers with desirable properties for tissue engineering applications. Composite membranes (CS-PCL) with various blend ratios (CS:PCL, w/w) of 0:100, 5:95, 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, and 100:0 were successfully prepared by lyophilization. The thermal stabilities of the CS-PCL membranes were systematically characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), dynamic thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was shown that the blend ratio of PCL and CS had a significant effect on the thermal stability, hydrophilicity, and dynamic mechanical viscoelasticity of the CS-PCL membranes. All the samples in the experimental range exhibited high elasticity at low temperature and high viscosity at high temperatures by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The performances of the CS-PCL membranes were at optimum levels when the blend ratio (w/w) was 10:90. The glass transition temperature of the CS-PCL membranes increased from 64.8 °C to 76.6 °C compared to that of the pure PCL, and the initial thermal decomposition temperature reached 86.7 °C. The crystallinity and porosity went up to 29.97% and 85.61%, respectively, while the tensile strength and elongation at the breakage were 20.036 MPa and 198.72%, respectively. Therefore, the 10:90 (w/w) blend ratio of CS/PCL is recommended to prepare CS-PCL membranes for tissue engineering applications.

Engineering Carbohydrate-Based Particles for Biomedical Applications: Strategies to Construct and Modify

Carbohydrate-based micro/nanoparticles have gained significant attention for various biomedical applications such as targeted/triggered/controlled drug delivery, bioimaging, biosensing, etc., because of their prominent characteristics like biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and nontoxicity as well as nonimmunogenicity. Most importantly, the ability of the nanoparticles to recognize specific cell sites by targeting cell surface receptors makes them a promising candidate for designing a targeted drug delivery system. These particles may either comprise polysaccharides/glycopolymers or be integrated with various polymeric/inorganic nanoparticles such as gold, silver, silica, iron, etc., to reduce the toxicity of the inorganic nanoparticles and thus facilitate their cellular insertion. Various synthetic methods have been developed to fabricate carbohydrate-based or carbohydrate-conjugated inorganic/polymeric nanoparticles. In this review, we have highlighted the recently developed synthetic approaches to afford carbohydrate-based particles along with their significance in various biomedical applications.

Improved anti-Cutibacterium acnes activity of tea tree oil-loaded chitosan-poly(ε-caprolactone) core-shell nanocapsules

The purpose of this study was to develop tea tree oil (TTO)-loaded chitosan-poly(ε-caprolactone) core-shell nanocapsules (NC-TTO-Ch) aiming the topical acne treatment. TTO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nanocapsules were characterized regarding mean particle size (Z-average), polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), pH, entrapment efficiency (EE), morphology by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and anti-Cutibacterium acnes activity. The main constituents of TTO were terpinen-4-ol (37.11 %), γ-terpinene (16.32 %), α-terpinene (8.19 %), ρ-cimene (6.56 %), and α-terpineol (6.07 %). NC-TTO-Ch presented Z-average of 268.0 ± 3.8 nm and monodisperse size distribution (PdI < 0.3). After coating the nanocapsules with chitosan, we observed an inversion in ZP to a positive value (+31.0 ± 1.8 mV). This finding may indicate the presence of chitosan on the nanocapsules' surface, which was corroborated by the AFM images. In addition, NC-TTO-Ch showed a slightly acidic pH (∼5.0), compatible with topical application. The EE, based on Terpinen-4-ol concentration, was approximately 95 %. This data suggests the nanocapsules' ability to reduce the TTO volatilization. Furthermore, NC-TTO-Ch showed significant anti-C. acnes activity, with a 4× reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration, compared to TTO and a decrease in C. acnes cell viability, with an increase in the percentage of dead cells (17 %) compared to growth control (6.6 %) and TTO (9.7 %). Therefore, chitosan-poly(ε-caprolactone) core-shell nanocapsules are a promising tool for TTO delivery, aiming at the activity against C. acnes for the topical acne treatment.

Adsorption of Vi Capsular Antigen of Salmonella Typhi in Chitosan-Poly (Methacrylic Acid) Nanoparticles

The development of a nanoparticulate system for the carrier antigen is now an important tool in the vaccination process, since a smaller number of doses is necessary for effective immunization. Thus, in this work a nanoparticulate system using polymers of chitosan and poly (methacrylic acid) (CS–PMAA) to adsorb the Vi antigen of Salmonella Typhi was developed. CS–PMAA nanoparticles with different proportions of chitosan and poly (methacrylic acid) were obtained and reached sizes from 123.9 ± 2.48 to 234.9 ± 2.66 nm, and spherical shapes were seen in transmission microscopy. At pH 7.2, the nanoparticles had a cationic surface charge that contributed to the adsorption of the Vi antigen. Qualitative analyses of the isolated Vi antigen were performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, which indicated the presence of all the characteristic bands of the capsular polysaccharide, and nuclear magnetic resonance, which showed signals for the five hydrogens and the N-acetyl and O-acetyl groups which are characteristic of the Vi antigen structure. In the adsorption kinetics study, the Vi capsular antigen, contained in a phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.2, experienced 55% adsorption on the 1–1% (CS–PMAA) nanoparticles. The adsorption kinetics results showed the ability of the nanoparticulate system to adsorb the Vi antigen.

Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins: Reduced Size Particulate Systems for Improved Therapeutic Outcomes

A wide range of diseases have been treated using low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), the drug of choice for anticoagulation. Owing to their better pharmacokinetic features compared to those of unfractionated heparin (uFH), several systems incorporating LMWHs have been investigated to deliver and improve their therapeutic outcomes, especially through development of their micro- and nano-particles. This review article describes current perspectives on the fabrication, characterization, and application of LMWHs-loaded micro- and nano-particles to achieve ameliorated bioavailability. The valuable applications of LMWH will continue to encourage researchers to identify efficient delivery systems that have specific release characteristics and ameliorated bioavailability, overcoming the challenges presented by biological obstructions and the physicochemical properties of LMWHs.