Targeted Therapeutic Nanoparticles: An Immense Promise to Fight against Cancer

Suppression of Metastasis and Angiogenesis by Taxifolin Ruthenium-p-cymene Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles in Lung Carcinoma

Flavonoid-based organometallic complexes were revealed to be novel bioactive compounds. The taxifolin ruthenium-p-cymene nanoparticle (TaxRu-NPs) was produced in this study, and the toxicological assessment was done prior to in vivo chemotherapeutic research. Furthermore, the in vitro chemotherapeutic investigation used the A549 and NCI-H460 lung cancer cell lines. The in vitro study found that TaxRu-NPs induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells and hindered their ability to form colonies and migrate. The in vivo study showed that treatment with TaxRu-NPs restored the histological structure of a normal lung with less hyperplasia and lymphocytic infiltration. Furthermore, the treatment downregulated the angiogenic marker VEGF and the cell survival protein β-catenin and upregulated apoptotic markers like p53 and caspase-3. TaxRu-NPs treatment additionally raised the apoptotic index and decreased cancer cell growth. Finally, TaxRu-NPs effectively alleviate lung cancer by activating p53-mediated apoptosis and preventing angiogenesis and metastasis by decreasing the VEGF/β-catenin pathway.

Facile Rebridging Conjugation Approach to Attain Monoclonal Antibody-Targeted Nanoparticles with Enhanced Antigen Binding and Payload Delivery

Adopting conventional conjugation approaches to construct antibody-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) has demonstrated suboptimal control over the binding orientation and the structural stability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Hitherto, the developed antibody-targeted NPs have shown proof of concept but lack product homogeneity, batch-to-batch reproducibility, and stability, precluding their advancement toward the clinic. To circumvent these limitations and advance toward clinical application, herein, a refined approach based on site-specific construction of mAb-immobilized NPs will be appraised. Initially, the conjugation of atezolizumab (anti-PDL1 antibody, Amab) with polymeric NPs was developed using bis-haloacetamide (BisHalide) rebridging chemistry, followed by click chemistry (NP-Fab BisHalide Ab and NP-Fc BisHalide Ab). For comparison purposes, mAb-immobilized NPs developed utilizing conventional conjugation methods, namely, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) coupling and maleimide chemistry (NP-NHS Ab and NP-Mal Ab), were included. Next, flow cytometry and confocal microscopy experiments evaluated the actively targeted NPs (loaded with fluorescent dye) for cellular binding and uptake. Our results demonstrated the superior and selective binding and uptake of NP-Fab BisHalide Ab and NP-Fc BisHalide Ab into EMT6 cells by 19-fold and 13-fold, respectively. To evaluate the PDL1-dependent cell uptake and the selectivity of the treatments, a blocking step of the PDL1 receptor with Amab was performed prior to incubation with NP-Fab BisHalide Ab and NP-Fc BisHalide Ab. To our delight, the binding and uptake of fluorescent NPs were reduced significantly by 3-fold for NP-Fab BisHalide Ab, demonstrating the PDL1-mediated uptake. Moreover, NP-Fab BisHalide Ab and NP-Fc BisHalide Ab were entrapped with the paclitaxel payload, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated. They showed significant enhancements compared to free paclitaxel and NP-NHS Ab. Overall, this work will provide a facile conjugation method that could be implemented to actively target NPs with a plethora of therapeutic mAbs approved for various malignancies.

Liposomes like advanced drug carriers: from fundamentals to pharmaceutical applications

AIMS

There are around 24 distinct lipid vesicles described in the literature that are similar to vesicular systems such as liposomes. Liposome-like structures are formed by combining certain amphiphilic lipids with a suitable stabiliser. Since their discovery and classification, self-assembled liposome-like structures as active drug delivery vehicles captured researchers' curiosity.

METHODOLOGY

This comprehensive study included an in-depth literature search using electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar, focusing on studies on liposome and liposomes like structure, discussed in literature till 2024, their sizes, benefits, drawback, method of preparation, characterisation and pharmaceutical applications.

RESULTS

Pharmacosomes, cubosomes, ethosomes, transethosomes, and genosomes, all liposome-like structures, have the most potential due to their smaller size with high loading capacity, ease of absorption, and ability to treat inflammatory illnesses. Genosomes are futuristic because of its affinity for DNA/gene transport, which is an area of focus in today's treatments.

CONCLUSION

This review will critically analyse the composition, preparation procedures, drug encapsulating technologies, drug loading, release mechanism, and related applications of all liposome-like structures, highlighting their potential benefits with enhanced efficacy over each other and over traditional carriers by paving the way for exploring novel drug delivery systems in the Pharma industry.

Comparative In Vitro Study between Biocompatible Chitosan-Based Magnetic Nanocapsules and Liposome Formulations with Potential Application in Anti-Inflammatory Therapy

This study describes the comparison between the interaction of a series of peptide-functionalized chitosan-based nanocapsules and liposomes with two cell lines, i.e., mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 and human endothelial cells EA.hy926. Both types of nanocarriers are loaded with magnetic nanoparticles and designed for anti-inflammatory therapy. The choice of these magnetic nanostructures is argued based on their advantages in terms of size, morphology, chemical composition, and the multiple possibilities of modifying their surface. Moreover, active targeting might be ensured by using an external magnetic field. To explore the impact of chitosan-based nanocapsules and liposomes on cell cytophysiology, the cell viability, using the MTT assay, and cell morphology were investigated. The results revealed low to moderate cytotoxicity of free nanocapsules and significant cytotoxicity induced by chitosan-coated liposomes loaded with dexamethasone, confirming its release from the delivery system. Thus, after 48 h of treatment with nanocapsules, the viability of RAW 264.7 cells varied between 88.18% (OCNPM-1I, 3.125 µg/mL) and 76.37% (OCNPM-1, 25 µg/mL). In the same conditions, EA.hy926 cell viability was between 99.91% (OCNPM-3, 3.125 µg/mL) and 75.15% (OCNPM-3, 25 µg/mL) at the highest dose (25 µg/mL), the values being comparable for both cell lines. Referring to the cell reactivity after dexamethasone-loaded liposome application, the lowest viability of RAW 264.7 cells was 41.25% (CLDM5CP-1, 25 µg/mL) and 58.20% (CLDMM2CP-1 1.25 µg/mL) in the endothelial cell line, proving a selective character of action of nanocarriers. The cell morphology test, performed to support and confirm the results obtained by the MTT test, revealed a differentiated response for the two types of nano-carriers. As expected, an intense cytotoxic effect in the case of dexamethasone-loaded liposomes and a lack of cytotoxicity for drug-free nanocapsules were noticed. Therefore, our study demonstrated the biocompatible feature of the studied nanocarriers, which highlights them for future research as potential drug delivery systems for pharmacological applications, including anti-inflammatory therapy.

Addressing barriers in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: the transformative role of lipid nanoparticulate drug delivery

Background and purpose

The brainstem tumour known as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), also known as pontine glioma, infiltrative brainstem glioma is uncommon and virtually always affects children. A pontine glioma develops in the brainstem's most vulnerable region (the "pons"), which regulates a number of vital processes like respiration and blood pressure. It is particularly challenging to treat due to its location and how it invades healthy brain tissue. The hunt for a solution is continually advancing thanks to advances in modern medicine, but the correct approach is still elusive. With a particular focus on brain tumours that are incurable or recur, research is ongoing to discover fresh, practical approaches to target particular areas of the brain.

Experimental approach

To successfully complete this task, a thorough literature search was carried out in reputable databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect.

Key results

The present article provides a comprehensive analysis of the notable advantages of lipid nanoparticles compared to alternative nanoparticle formulations. The article delves into the intricate realm of diverse lipid-based nanoparticulate delivery systems, which are used in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) which thoroughly examines preclinical and clinical studies, providing a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness and potential of lipid nanoparticles in driving therapeutic advancements for DIPG.

Conclusion

There is strong clinical data to support the promising method of using lipid-based nanoparticulate drug delivery for brain cancer treatment, which shows improved outcomes.

Retinoblastoma: An update on genetic origin, classification, conventional to next-generation treatment strategies

The most prevalent paediatric vision-threatening medical condition, retinoblastoma (RB), has been a global concern for a long time. Several conventional therapies, such as systemic chemotherapy and focal therapy, have been used for curative purposes; however, the search for tumour eradication with the least impact on surrounding tissues is still ongoing. This review focuses on the genetic origin, classification, conventional treatment modalities, and their combination with nano-scale delivery systems for active tumour targeting. In addition, the review also delves into ongoing clinical trials and patents, as well as emerging therapies such as gene therapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of RB. Understanding the role of genetics in the development of RB has refined its treatment strategy according to the genetic type. New approaches such as nanostructured drug delivery systems, galenic preparations, nutlin-3a, histone deacetylase inhibitors, N-MYC inhibitors, pentoxifylline, immunotherapy, gene therapy, etc. discussed in this review, have the potential to circumvent the limitations of conventional therapies and improve treatment outcomes for RB. In summary, this review highlights the importance and need for novel approaches as alternative therapies that would ultimately displace the shortcomings associated with conventional therapies and reduce the enucleation rate, thereby preserving global vision in the affected paediatric population.

Development, Optimization, and in vitro Evaluation of Silybin-loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and Decoration with 5TR1 Aptamer for Targeted Delivery to Colorectal Cancer Cells

Chemotherapeutic agents often lack specificity, intratumoral accumulation, and face drug resistance. Targeted drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles (NPs) mitigate these issues. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a well-studied polymer, commonly modified with aptamers (Apts) for cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this study, silybin (SBN), a natural agent with established anticancer properties, was encapsulated into PLGA NPs to control delivery and improve its poor solubility. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed spherical and uniform morphology of optimum SBN-PLGA NPs with 138.57±1.30nm diameter, 0.202±0.004 polydispersity index (PDI), -16.93±0.45mV zeta potential (ZP), and 70.19±1.63% entrapment efficiency (EE). The results of attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) showed no chemical interaction between formulation components, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms confirmed efficient SBN entrapment in the carrier. Then, the optimum formulation was functionalized with 5TR1 Apt for active targeted delivery of SBN to colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro. The SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex released SBN at a sustained and constant rate (zero-order kinetic), favoring passive delivery to acidic CRC environments. The MTT assay demonstrated the highest cytotoxicity of the SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex in C26 and HT29 cells and no significant cytotoxicity in normal cells. Apoptosis analysis supported these results, showing early apoptosis induction with SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex which indicated this agent could cause programmed death more than necrosis. This study presents the first targeted delivery of SBN to cancer cells using Apts. The SBN-PLGA-5TR1 nanocomplex effectively targeted and suppressed CRC cell proliferation, providing valuable insights into CRC treatment without harmful effects on healthy tissues.

Phytosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles for enhanced antioxidant, antibacterial, and photocatalytic properties: A greener approach to environmental sustainability

Multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) production from phytochemicals is a sustainable process and an eco-friendly method, and this technique has a variety of uses. To accomplish this, we developed zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia (TC). Instruments such as UV-Vis, XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM with EDX, and high-resolution TEM were applied to characterize the biosynthesized TC-ZnONPs. According to the UV-vis spectra, the synthesized TC-ZnONPs absorb at a wavelength centered at 374 nm, which corresponds to a 3.2 eV band gap. HRTEM was used to observe the morphology of the particle surface and the actual size of the nanostructures. TC-ZnONPs mostly exhibit the shapes of rectangles and triangles with a median size of 21 nm. The XRD data of the synthesized ZnONPs exhibited a number of peaks in the 2θ range, implying their crystalline nature. TC-ZnONPs proved remarkable free radical scavenging capacity on DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and NO (Nitric Oxide). TC-ZnONPs exhibited dynamic anti-bacterial activity through the formation of inhibition zones against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18 ± 1.5 mm), Escherichia coli (18 ± 1.0 mm), Bacillus cereus (19 ± 0.5 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (13 ± 1.1 mm). Additionally, when exposed to sunlight, TC-ZnONPs show excellent photocatalytic ability towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. These findings suggest that TC-ZnONPs are potential antioxidant, antibacterial, and photocatalytic agents.

Designing Gold Nanoparticles for Precise Glioma Treatment: Challenges and Alternatives

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a glioma and the most aggressive type of brain tumor with a dismal average survival time, despite the standard of care. One promising alternative therapy is boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), which is a noninvasive therapy for treating locally invasive malignant tumors, such as glioma. BNCT involves boron-10 isotope capturing neutrons to form boron-11, which then releases radiation directly into tumor cells with minimal damage to healthy tissues. This therapy lacks clinically approved targeted blood-brain-barrier-permeating delivery vehicles for the central nervous system (CNS) entry of therapeutic boron-10. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are selective and effective drug-delivery vehicles because of their desirable properties, facile synthesis, and biocompatibility. This review discusses biomedical/therapeutic applications of GNPs as a drug delivery vehicle, with an emphasis on their potential for carrying therapeutic drugs, imaging agents, and GBM-targeting antibodies/peptides for treating glioma. The constraints of GNP therapeutic efficacy and biosafety are discussed.

A super-resolution and transmission electron microscopy correlative approach to study intracellular trafficking of nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) are used to encapsulate therapeutic cargos and deliver them specifically to the target site. The intracellular trafficking of NPs dictates the NP-cargo distribution within different cellular compartments, and thus governs their efficacy and safety. Knowledge in this field is crucial to understand their biological fate and improve their rational design. However, there is a lack of methods that allow precise localization and quantification of individual NPs within distinct cellular compartments simultaneously. Here, we address this issue by proposing a correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) method combining direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We aim at combining the advantages of both techniques to precisely address NP localization in the context of the cell ultrastructure. Individual fluorescently-labelled poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG) NPs were directly visualized by dSTORM and assigned to cellular compartments by TEM. We first tracked NPs along the endo-lysosomal pathway at different time points, then demonstrated the effect of chloroquine on their intracellular distribution (i.e. endosomal escape). The proposed protocol can be applied to fluorescently labelled NPs and/or cargo, including those not detectable by TEM alone. Our studies are of great relevance to obtain important information on NP trafficking, and crucial for the design of more complex nanomaterials aimed at cytoplasmic/nucleic drug delivery.

Improving Cancer Targeting: A Study on the Effect of Dual-Ligand Density on Targeting of Cells Having Differential Expression of Target Biomarkers

Silica nanoparticles with hyaluronic acid (HA) and folic acid (FA) were developed to study dual-ligand targeting of CD44 and folate receptors, respectively, in colon cancer. Characterization of particles with dynamic light scattering showed them to have hydrodynamic diameters of 147-271 nm with moderate polydispersity index (PDI) values. Surface modification of the particles was achieved by simultaneous reaction with HA and FA and results showed that ligand density on the surface increased with increasing concentrations in the reaction mixture. The nanoparticles showed minimal to no cytotoxicity with all formulations showing ≥ 90% cell viability at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL. Based on flow cytometry results, SW480 cell lines were positive for both receptors, the WI38 cell line was positive for CD44 receptor, and Caco2 was positive for the folate receptor. Cellular targeting studies demonstrated the potential of the targeted nanoparticles as promising candidates for delivery of therapeutic agents. The highest cellular targeting was achieved with particles synthesized using folate:surface amine (F:A) ratio of 9 for SW480 and Caco2 cells and at F:A = 0 for WI38 cells. The highest selectivity was achieved at F:A = 9 for both SW480:WI38 and SW480:Caco2 cells. Based on HA conjugation, the highest cellular targeting was achieved at H:A = 0.5-0.75 for SW480 cell, at H:A = 0.75 for WI38 cell and at H:A = 0.5 for Caco2 cells. The highest selectivity was achieved at H:A = 0 for both SW480:WI38 and SW480:Caco2 cells. These results demonstrated that the optimum ligand density on the nanoparticle for targeting is dependent on the levels of biomarker expression on the target cells. Ongoing studies will evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of these targeted nanoparticles using in vitro and in vivo cancer models.

SiO2/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles carry CaO2, DOX and p53 plasmid to effectively achieve ion interference/chemical/gene multimodal therapy of lung cancer

Monotherapy of lung cancer shows limited therapeutic effects due to its poorly targeted enrichment and low bioavailability. Using nanomaterials as carriers to form drug delivery systems has become a popular method to improve the targeting of anticancer drug therapy and patients' safety. However, the uniformity of the loaded drugs and the unsatisfactory effects are still the bottleneck in this field up to now. This study aims to construct a novel nanocomposite carrying 3 different types of anticancer drugs to enhance treatment efficacy. Herein, mesoporous silica (MSN) with high loading rate was constructed by dilute sulfuric acid thermal etching as the framework. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was loaded with CaO₂, p53 and DOX to construct nanoparticle complexes-SiO₂@CaO₂@DOX@P53-HA. First, MSN was proved to be a porous sorbent with a mesoporous structure through BET analysis. The images obtained from the uptake experiment clearly show the gradual enrichment of the DOX and Ca²⁺ within the target cell. For in vitro experiments, the pro-apoptotic effects of SiO₂@CaO₂@DOX@P53-HA significantly increased compared to that of the single-agent group at different time points. Furthermore, in the tumor-bearing mouse experiment, the tumor volume was remarkably inhibited in the SiO₂@CaO₂@DOX@P53-HA group compared to that in the single-agent group. By observing the pathological sections of the euthanized mice, it is obvious that the tissues of the mice treated with the nanoparticles were more intact. Based on these beneficial results, it is believed that multimodal therapy is a meaningful treatment strategy for lung cancer.

Efficient Delivery of Gemcitabine by Estrogen Receptor-Targeted PEGylated Liposome and Its Anti-Lung Cancer Activity In Vivo and In Vitro

Lung cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths. At present, the main treatment method for lung cancer is chemotherapy. Gemcitabine (GEM) is widely applied in lung cancer treatment, but its lack of targeting ability and serious side effects limit its application. In recent years, nanocarriers have become the focus of research to solve the above problems. Here, we prepared estrone (ES)-modified GEM-loaded PEGylated liposomes (ES-SSL-GEM) for enhanced delivery by identifying the overexpressed estrogen receptor (ER) on lung cancer A549 cells. We studied the characterization, stability, release behavior, cytotoxicity, targeting ability, endocytosis mechanism, and antitumor ability to prove the therapeutic effect of ES-SSL-GEM. The results showed that ES-SSL-GEM presented a uniform particle size of 131.20 ± 0.62 nm, a good stability, and a slowly released behavior. Moreover, ES-SSL-GEM enhanced tumor-targeting ability, and the endocytosis mechanism studies confirmed that the ER-mediated endocytosis had the most crucial effect. Furthermore, ES-SSL-GEM had the best inhibitory effect on A549 cell proliferation and significantly suppressed the tumor growth in vivo. These results suggest that ES-SSL-GEM is a promising agent for treating lung cancer.

Immunomodulatory nanosystems: An emerging strategy to combat viral infections

The viral infection spreads with the assistance of a host. Traditional antiviral therapies cannot provide long-term immunity against emerging and drug-resistant viral infections. Immunotherapy has evolved as an efficient approach for disease prevention and treatment, which include cancer, infections, inflammatory, and immune disorders. Immunomodulatory nanosystems can dramatically enhance therapeutic outcomes by combating many therapeutic challenges, such as poor immune stimulation and off-target adverse effects. Recently, immunomodulatory nanosystems have emerged as a potent antiviral strategy to intercept viral infections effectively. This review introduces major viral infections with their primary symptoms, route of transmission & targeted organ, and different stages of the viral life cycle with respective traditional blockers. The IMNs have an exceptional capacity for precisely modulating the immune system for therapeutic applications. The nano sized immunomodulatory systems permit the immune cells to interact with infectious agents enhancing lymphatic drainage and endocytosis by the over-reactive immune cells in the infected areas. Immune cells that can be modulated upon viral infection via various immunomodulatory nanosystems have been discussed. Advancement in theranostics can yield an accurate diagnosis, adequate treatment, and real-time screening of viral infections. Nanosystem-based drug delivery can continue to thrive in diagnosing, treating, and preventing viral infections. The curative medicine for remerging and drug-resistant viruses remains challenging, though certain systems have expanded our perception and initiated a new research domain in antiviral treatments.

Cabazitaxel-Loaded Nanoparticles Reduce the Invasiveness in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells: Beyond the Classical Taxane Function

Bone-metastatic prostate cancer symbolizes the beginning of the later stages of the disease. We designed a cabazitaxel-loaded, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle using an emulsion-diffusion-evaporation technique. Bis (sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) was non-covalently inserted into the nanoparticle as a linker for the conjugation of a bone-targeting moiety to the outside of the nanoparticle. We hypothesized that the nanoparticles would have the ability to inhibit the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and migration in prostate cancer cells. Targeted, cabazitaxel-loaded nanoparticles attenuated the EMT marker, Vimentin, and led to an increased E-cadherin expression. These changes impart epithelial characteristics and inhibit invasive properties in cancer progression. Consequently, progression to distant sites is also mitigated. We observed the reduction of phosphorylated Src at tyrosine 416, along with increased expression of phosphorylated cofilin at serine 3. These changes could affect migration and invasion pathways in cancer cells. Both increased p-120 catenin and inhibition in IL-8 expression were seen in targeted, cabazitaxel-loaded nanoparticles. Overall, our data show that the targeted, cabazitaxel-loaded nanoparticles can act as a promising treatment for metastatic prostate cancer by inhibiting EMT, invasion, and migration, in prostate cancer cells.

A novel combination for the treatment of small cell lung cancer: Active targeted irinotecan and stattic co-loaded PLGA nanoparticles

Polymeric nanoparticles are widely used drug delivery systems for cancer treatment due to their properties such as ease of passing through biological membranes, opportunity to modify drug release, specifically targeting drugs to diseased areas, and potential of reducing side effects. Here, we formulated irinotecan and Stattic co-loaded PLGA nanoparticles targeted to small cell lung cancer. Nanoparticles were successfully conjugated with CD56 antibody with a conjugation efficiency of 84.39 ± 1.01%, and characterization of formulated nanoparticles was conducted with in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Formulated particles had sizes in the range of 130-180 nm with PDI values smaller than 0.3. Encapsulation and active targeting of irinotecan and Stattic resulted in increased cytotoxicity and anti-cancer efficiency in-vitro. Furthermore, it was shown with ex-vivo biodistribution studies that conjugated nanoparticles were successfully targeted to CD56-expressing SCLC cells and distributed mainly to tumor tissue and lungs. Compliant with our hypothesis and literature, the STAT3 pathway was successfully inhibited with Stattic solution and Stattic loaded nanoparticles. Additionally, intravenous injection of conjugated co-loaded nanoparticles resulted in decreased side effects and better anti-tumor activity than individual solutions of drugs in SCLC tumor-bearing mice. These results may indicate a new treatment option for clinically aggressive small cell lung cancer.

Advances in nanomaterial-based targeted drug delivery systems

Nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems (NBDDS) are widely used to improve the safety and therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated drugs due to their unique physicochemical and biological properties. By combining therapeutic drugs with nanoparticles using rational targeting pathways, nano-targeted delivery systems were created to overcome the main drawbacks of conventional drug treatment, including insufficient stability and solubility, lack of transmembrane transport, short circulation time, and undesirable toxic effects. Herein, we reviewed the recent developments in different targeting design strategies and therapeutic approaches employing various nanomaterial-based systems. We also discussed the challenges and perspectives of smart systems in precisely targeting different intravascular and extravascular diseases.

Recent Advances in Lung Cancer Therapy Based on Nanomaterials: A Review

Lung cancer is one of the commonest cancers with a significant mortality rate for both genders, particularly in men. Lung cancer is recognized as one of the leading causes of death worldwide, which threatens the lives of over 1.6 million people every day. Although cancer is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries, conventional anticancer medications are unlikely to increase patients' life expectancy and quality of life significantly. In recent years, there are significant advances in the development and applications of nanotechnology in cancer treatment. The superiority of nanostructured approaches is that they act more selectively than traditional agents. This progress led to the development of a novel field of cancer treatment known as nanomedicine. Various formulations based on nanocarriers, including lipids, polymers, liposomes, nanoparticles and dendrimers have opened new horizons in lung cancer therapy. The application and expansion of nano-agents lead to an exciting and challenging research era in pharmaceutical science, especially for the delivery of emerging anti-cancer agents. The objective of this review is to discuss the recent advances in three types of nanoparticle formulations for lung cancer treatments modalities, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, and dendrimers for efficient drug delivery. Afterward, we have summarized the promising clinical data on nanomaterials based therapeutic approaches in ongoing clinical studies.

Recent advances of metal-based nanoparticles in nucleic acid delivery for therapeutic applications

Recent efforts in designing nanomaterials to deliver potential therapeutics to the targeted site are overwhelming and palpable. Engineering nanomaterials to deliver biological molecules to exert desirable physiological changes, with minimized side effects and optimal dose, has revolutionized the next-generation therapy for several diseases. The rapid progress of nucleic acids as biopharmaceutics is going to alter the traditional pharmaceutics practices in modern medicine. However, enzymatic instability, large size, dense negative charge (hydrophilic for cell uptake), and unintentional adverse biological responses-such as prolongation of the blood coagulation and immune system activation-hamper the potential use of nucleic acids for therapeutic purposes. Moreover, the safe delivery of nucleic acids into the clinical setting is an uphill task, and several efforts are being put forward to deliver them to targeted cells. Advances in Metal-based NanoParticles (MNPs) are drawing attention due to the unique properties offered by them for drug delivery, such as large surface-area-to-volume ratio for surface modification, increased therapeutic index of drugs through site-specific delivery, increased stability, enhanced half-life of the drug in circulation, and efficient biodistribution to the desired targeted site. Here, the potential of nanoparticles delivery systems for the delivery of nucleic acids, specially MNPs, and their ability and advantages over other nano delivery systems are reviewed.

Liposomal formulations for treating lysosomal storage disorders

Lysosomal storage disorders (LSD) are a group of rare life-threatening diseases caused by a lysosomal dysfunction, usually due to the lack of a single enzyme required for the metabolism of macromolecules, which leads to a lysosomal accumulation of specific substrates, resulting in severe disease manifestations and early death. There is currently no definitive cure for LSD, and despite the approval of certain therapies, their effectiveness is limited. Therefore, an appropriate nanocarrier could help improve the efficacy of some of these therapies. Liposomes show excellent properties as drug carriers, because they can entrap active therapeutic compounds offering protection, biocompatibility, and selectivity. Here, we discuss the potential of liposomes for LSD treatment and conduct a detailed analysis of promising liposomal formulations still in the preclinical development stage from various perspectives, including treatment strategy, manufacturing, characterization, and future directions for implementing liposomal formulations for LSD.

Advances of Cobalt Nanomaterials as Anti-Infection Agents, Drug Carriers, and Immunomodulators for Potential Infectious Disease Treatment

Infectious diseases remain the most serious public health issue, which requires the development of more effective strategies for infectious control. As a kind of ultra-trace element, cobalt is essential to the metabolism of different organisms. In recent decades, nanotechnology has attracted increasing attention worldwide due to its wide application in different areas, including medicine. Based on the important biological roles of cobalt, cobalt nanomaterials have recently been widely developed for their attractive biomedical applications. With advantages such as low costs in preparation, hypotoxicity, photothermal conversion abilities, and high drug loading ability, cobalt nanomaterials have been proven to show promising potential in anticancer and anti-infection treatment. In this review, we summarize the characters of cobalt nanomaterials, followed by the advances in their biological functions and mechanisms. More importantly, we emphatically discuss the potential of cobalt nanomaterials as anti-infectious agents, drug carriers, and immunomodulators for anti-infection treatments, which might be helpful to facilitate progress in future research of anti-infection therapy.

Recent advances in nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Nanotechnology has increasingly emerged as a promising tool for exploring new approaches, from treating complex conditions to early detection of the onset of multiple disease states. Tailored designer nanoparticles can now more comprehensively interact with their cellular targets and various pathogens due to a similar size range and tunable surface properties. The basic goal of drug delivery is to employ pharmaceuticals only where they are needed, with as few adverse effects and off-target consequences as possible. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory illness that leads to progressive loss of bone and cartilage, resulting in acute impairment, decreased life expectancy, and increased death rates. Recent advancements in treatment have significantly slowed the progression of the disease and improved the lives of many RA sufferers. Some patients, on the other hand, attain or maintain illness remission without needing to continue immunosuppressive therapy. Furthermore, a large percentage of patients do not respond to current treatments or acquire tolerance to them. As a result, novel medication options for RA therapy are still needed. Nanocarriers, unlike standard medications, are fabricated to transport drugs directly to the location of joint inflammation, evading systemic and negative effects. As a result, researchers are reconsidering medicines that were previously thought to be too hazardous for systemic delivery. This article gives an overview of contemporary nanotechnology-based tactics for treating rheumatoid arthritis, as well as how the nanotherapeutic regimen could be enhanced in the future.

Dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicines: emerging trends and advances in lung cancer therapeutics

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Among all cancer types, lung cancer is recognized as the most lethal and highly metastatic. The application of targeted nanomedicine loaded with anticancer drugs is highly desirable for successful lung cancer treatment. However, due to the heterogenicity and complexity of lung cancer, the therapeutic effectiveness of a single receptor targeting nanomedicine is unfortunately limited. Therefore, the concept of dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicine is an emerging trend for the advancement in lung cancer therapeutics. In this review, the authors discuss various single- and dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicines that have been developed for lung cancer treatment. Furthermore, the authors also discussed all the types of receptors that can be utilized in combination for the development of dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicines.

Active targeting of CD4+T lymphocytes by PEI-capped, peptide-functionalized gold nanoparticles

Active targeting is a promising approach for the treatment of viral infections. In particular, site-specific formulations for the treatment of HIV infection may overcome challenges associated with current ARV regimens. In this study we explored active targeting by synthesizing a gold nanoparticle construct decorated with an anti-CD4 cyclic peptide. The aim was to demonstrate selectivity of the system for the CD4 receptor and to deliver the RNA payload into T-lymphocytes. Colloidal gold nanoparticles functionalized withN-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) were formed by a one-pot synthesis method where thiol modified polyethyleneimine (PEI) was mixed with chloroauric acid. PEI-SPDP AuNPs (gold nanoparticles) were conjugated to an anti-CD4 peptide and loaded with RNA. We measured toxicity and uptake using TZM-bl and HeLa cells. Our findings show that the nanoparticles bind selectively to CD4 + cells. UV-vis characterisation of the nanoparticles revealed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 527 nm, corresponding to a 6 nm diameter. HRTEM of the complete nanoparticles visualised circular shaped particles with average diameter of ∼7 nm. The polydispersity index was calculated to be 0.08, indicating monodispersity of complete NPS in solution. Through the pyridine-2-thione assay each nanoparticle was calculated to carry 1.37 × 10⁵SPDP molecules available for peptide binding. Flow cytometry showed that 13.6% of TZM-bl cells, and 0.14% of HeLa cells retained fluorescence after an overnight incubation, an indication of system binding. No internal RNA delivery was demonstrated. Further work is required to improve internalization.

Chitosan/guar gum-based thermoreversible hydrogels loaded with pullulan nanoparticles for enhanced nose-to-brain drug delivery

The biopolymers-based two-fold system could provide a sustained release platform for drug delivery to the brain resisting the mucociliary clearance, enzymatic degradation, bypassing the first-pass hepatic metabolism, and BBB thus providing superior bioavailability through intranasal administration. In this study, poloxamers PF-127/PF-68 grafted chitosan HCl-co-guar gum-based thermoresponsive hydrogel loaded with eletriptan hydrobromide laden pullulan nanoparticles was synthesized and subjected to dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, stability studies, mucoadhesive strength and time, gel strength, cloud point assessment, rheological assessment, ex-vivo permeation, cell viability assay, histology studies, and in-vivo Pharmacokinetics studies, etc. It is quite evident that CSG-EH-NPs T-Hgel has an enhanced sustained release drug profile where approximately 86 % and 84 % of drug released in phosphate buffer saline and simulated nasal fluid respectively throughout 48 h compared to EH-NPs where 99.44 % and 97.53 % of the drug was released in PBS and SNF for 8 h. In-vivo PKa parameters i.e., mean residence time (MRT) of 11.9 ± 0.83 compared to EH-NPs MRT of 10.2 ± 0.92 and area under the curve (AUC_tot) of 42,540.5 ± 5314.14 comparing to AUC_tot of EH-NPs 38,026 ± 6343.1 also establish the superiority of CSG-EH-NPs T-Hgel.

Targeted Nanocarrier Delivery of RNA Therapeutics to Control HIV Infection

Our understanding of HIV infection has greatly advanced since the discovery of the virus in 1983. Treatment options have improved the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS, turning it from a fatal disease into a chronic, manageable infection. Despite all this progress, a cure remains elusive. A major barrier to attaining an HIV cure is the presence of the latent viral reservoir, which is established early in infection and persists for the lifetime of the host, even during prolonged anti-viral therapy. Different cure strategies are currently being explored to eliminate or suppress this reservoir. Several studies have shown that a functional cure may be achieved by preventing infection and also inhibiting reactivation of the virus from the latent reservoir. Here, we briefly describe the main HIV cure strategies, focussing on the use of RNA therapeutics, including small interfering RNA (siRNA) to maintain HIV permanently in a state of super latency, and CRISPR gRNA to excise the latent reservoir. A challenge with progressing RNA therapeutics to the clinic is achieving effective delivery into the host cell. This review covers recent nanotechnological strategies for siRNA delivery using liposomes, N-acetylgalactosamine conjugation, inorganic nanoparticles and polymer-based nanocapsules. We further discuss the opportunities and challenges of those strategies for HIV treatment.

Biomimetic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ethyl Acetate Extract of Urtica diocia Leaves; Characterizations and Emerging Antimicrobial Activity

The current work reports the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extract of Urtica diocia (UD) leaves as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized UD-AgNPs were characterized using UV−visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The UD-AgNPs were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and their size, shape, and distribution were recorded. The average size of an NP was 19.401 nm. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) for 75 µL of UD-AgNPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was 21 ± 0.4 mm more than that of the control drug Ciprofloxacin (16 ± 10 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was the lowest against Escherichia coli (E. coli) (36 ± 3 µg/mL) and Staphylococcusepidermidis (S. epidermidis) (38 ± 3 µg/mL). Moreover, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was the lowest against E.coli (75 ± 00 µg/mL) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis (83 ± 16 µg/mL). Thus, the UD-AgNPs synthesized using the ethyl acetate extract of UD can be used as a new antimicrobial drug.

Polymeric nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction: Challenges and future prospects

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite extensive efforts to provide early diagnosis and adequate treatment regimens, detection of MI still faces major limitations and pathological MI complications continue to threaten the recovery of survivors. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) represent novel noninvasive drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of MI and subsequent prevention of fatal heart failure. In this review, we cover the recent advances in polymeric NP-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for MI and their application as multifunctional theranostic tools. We also discuss the in vivo behavior and toxicity profile of polymeric NPs, their application in noninvasive imaging, passive, and active drug delivery, and use in cardiac regenerative therapy. We conclude with the challenges faced with polymeric nanosystems and suggest future efforts needed for clinical translation.

Formulation, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Lactoferrin Functionalized Lipid Nanoparticles for Riluzole Delivery to the Brain

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with a very poor prognosis. Its treatment is hindered by a lack of new therapeutic alternatives and the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the access of drugs commonly used in ALS, such as riluzole, to the brain. To overcome these limitations and increase brain targeting, riluzole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) were prepared and functionalized with lactoferrin (Lf), facilitating transport across the BBB by interacting with Lf receptors expressed in the brain endothelium. NLC were characterized with respect to their physicochemical properties (size, zeta potential, polydispersity index) as well as their stability, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, in vitro release profile, and biocompatibility. Moreover, crystallinity and melting behavior were assessed by DSC and PXRD. Nanoparticles exhibited initial mean diameters between 180 and 220 nm and a polydispersity index below 0.3, indicating a narrow size distribution. NLC remained stable over at least 3 months. Riluzole encapsulation efficiency was very high, around 94-98%. FTIR and protein quantification studies confirmed the conjugation of Lf on the surface of the nanocarriers, with TEM images showing that the functionalized NLC presented a smooth surface and uniform spherical shape. An MTT assay revealed that the nanocarriers developed in this study did not cause a substantial reduction in the viability of NSC-34 and hCMEC/D3 cells at a riluzole concentration up to 10 μM, being therefore biocompatible. The results suggest that Lf-functionalized NLC are a suitable and promising delivery system to target riluzole to the brain.

Prospects of Curcumin Nanoformulations in Cancer Management

There is increasing interest in the use of natural compounds with beneficial pharmacological effects for managing diseases. Curcumin (CUR) is a phytochemical that is reportedly effective against some cancers through its ability to regulate signaling pathways and protein expression in cancer development and progression. Unfortunately, its use is limited due to its hydrophobicity, low bioavailability, chemical instability, photodegradation, and fast metabolism. Nanoparticles (NPs) are drug delivery systems that can increase the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and improve drug targeting to cancer cells via different mechanisms and formulation techniques. In this review, we have discussed various CUR-NPs that have been evaluated for their potential use in treating cancers. Formulations reviewed include lipid, gold, zinc oxide, magnetic, polymeric, and silica NPs, as well as micelles, dendrimers, nanogels, cyclodextrin complexes, and liposomes, with an emphasis on their formulation and characteristics. CUR incorporation into the NPs enhanced its pharmaceutical and therapeutic significance with respect to solubility, absorption, bioavailability, stability, plasma half-life, targeted delivery, and anticancer effect. Our review shows that several CUR-NPs have promising anticancer activity; however, clinical reports on them are limited. We believe that clinical trials must be conducted on CUR-NPs to ensure their effective translation into clinical applications.

Characterization of GPVI- or GPVI-CD39-Coated Nanoparticles and Their Impact on In Vitro Thrombus Formation

Traditional antithrombotic agents commonly share a therapy-limiting side effect, as they increase the overall systemic bleeding risk. A novel approach for targeted antithrombotic therapy is nanoparticles. In other therapeutic fields, nanoparticles have enabled site-specific delivery with low levels of toxicity and side effects. Here, we paired nanotechnology with an established dimeric glycoprotein VI-Fc (GPVI-Fc) and a GPVI-CD39 fusion protein, thereby combining site-specific delivery and new antithrombotic drugs. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, NP-BSA, NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 were characterized through electron microscopy, atomic force measurements and flow cytometry. Light transmission aggregometry enabled analysis of platelet aggregation. Thrombus formation was observed through flow chamber experiments. NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 displayed a characteristic surface coating pattern. Fluorescence properties were identical amongst all samples. NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 significantly impaired platelet aggregation. Thrombus formation was significantly impaired by NP-GPVI and was particularly impaired by NP-GPVI-CD39. The receptor-coated nanoparticles NP-GPVI and the bifunctional molecule NP-GPVI-CD39 demonstrated significant inhibition of in vitro thrombus formation. Consequently, the nanoparticle-mediated antithrombotic effect of GPVI-Fc, as well as GPVI-CD39, and an additive impact of CD39 was confirmed. In conclusion, NP-GPVI and NP-GPVI-CD39 may serve as a promising foundation for a novel therapeutic approach regarding targeted antithrombotic therapy.

Development and characterization of inhalable transferrin functionalized amodiaquine nanoparticles - Efficacy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) treatment

New drug discovery and development processes encounter significant challenges including requirement of huge investments and lengthy time frames especially in cancer research field. Repurposing of old drugs against cancer provides a possible alternative while associated scale-up complexities with production of nanoparticles at industrial scale could be overcome by using a scalable nanoparticle technique. We previously described use of polymeric nanoparticles for inhaled delivery of amodiaquine (AQ) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. In this study, targeting potential of transferrin ligand conjugated inhalable AQ-loaded nanoparticles (Tf-AMQ NPs) was investigated against NSCLC. Tf-AMQ NP (liquid formulation) demonstrated an aerodynamic diameter of 4.4 ± 0.1 µm and fine particle fraction of 83.2 ± 3.0%, representing AQ deposition in the respirable region of airways. Cytotoxicity studies in NSCLC cell line with overexpressed transferrin receptors shown significant reduction in IC₅₀ values with Tf-decorated AQ-loaded nanoparticles compared to AQ or non-targeted NPs, along with significant apoptosis induction (caspase assay) and reduced % colony growth in A549 and H1299 cells with Tf-AMQ NP. Furthermore, 3D spheroid studies (~7-fold reduction in spheroid volume compared to AMQ NPs) explained efficiency of conjugated nanoparticles in penetrating tumor core, and growth inhibition. AQ's autophagy inhibition ability significantly increased with nanoparticle encapsulation and transferrin conjugation. In conclusion, amodiaquine can be an assuring candidate for repurposing to consider for NSCLC treatment while delivering inhalable transferrin conjugated nanoparticles developed using a scalable HPH process to the target site, thus reducing the dose, side effects.

Challenges towards Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Nanomedicines

Despite cancer nanomedicine celebrates already thirty years since its introduction, together with the achievements and progress in cancer treatment area, it still undergoes serious disadvantages that must be addressed. Since the first observation that macromolecules tend to accumulate in tumor tissue due to fenestrated endothelial of vasculature, considered as the “royal gate” in drug delivery field, more than dozens of nanoformulations have been approved and introduced into the practice for cancer treatment. Lipid, polymeric, and hybrid nanocarriers are biocompatible nano-drug delivery systems (NDDs) having suitable physicochemical properties and modulate payload release in response to specific chemical or physical stimuli. Biopharmaceutical properties of NDDs and their efficacy in animal models and humans can significantly affect their impact and perspective in nanomedicine. One of the future directions could be focusing on personalized cancer treatment, considering the heterogeneity and complexity of each patient tumor tissue and the designing of multifunctional targeted NDDs combining synthetic nanomaterials and biological components, like cellular membranes, circulating proteins, RNAi/DNAi, which enforce the efficacy of NDDs and boost their therapeutic effect.

Nanocarriers as a Tool for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Nanotechnology is a promising tool for the treatment of cancer. In the past decades, major steps have been made to bring nanotechnology into the clinic in the form of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. The great hope of drug delivery systems is to reduce the side effects of chemotherapeutics while simultaneously increasing the efficiency of the therapy. An increased treatment efficiency would greatly benefit the quality of life as well as the life expectancy of cancer patients. However, besides its many advantages, nanomedicines have to face several challenges and hurdles before they can be used for the effective treatment of tumors. Here, we give an overview of the hallmarks of cancer, especially colorectal cancer, and discuss biological barriers as well as how drug delivery systems can be utilized for the effective treatment of tumors and metastases.

p28-functionalized PLGA nanoparticles loaded with gefitinib reduce tumor burden and metastases formation on lung cancer

Lung cancer is still the main cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Its treatment generally includes surgical resection, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and chemo-targeted therapies such as the application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Gefitinib (GEF) is one of them, but its poor solubility in gastric fluids weakens its bioavailability and therapeutic activity. In addition, like all other chemotherapy treatments, GEF administration can cause damage to healthy tissues. Therefore, the development of novel GEF delivery systems to increase its bioavailability and distribution in tumor site is highly demanded. Herein, an innovative strategy for GEF delivery, by functionalizing PLGA nanoparticles with p28 (p28-NPs), a cell-penetrating peptide derived from the bacterial protein azurin, was developed. Our data indicated that p28 potentiates the selective interaction of these nanosystems with A549 lung cancer cells (active targeting). Further p28-NPs delivering GEF (p28-NPs-GEF) were able to selectively reduce the metabolic activity of A549 cells, while no impact was observed in non-tumor cells (16HBE14o-). In vivo studies using A549 subcutaneous xenograft showed that p28-NPs-GEF reduced A549 primary tumor burden and lung metastases formation. Overall, the design of a p28-functionalized delivery nanosystem to effectively penetrate the membranes of cancer cells while deliver GEF could provide a new strategy to improve lung cancer therapy.

A Review on Toxicity and Challenges in Transferability of Surface-functionalized Metallic Nanoparticles from Animal Models to Humans

Abstract The unique size and surface morphology of nanoparticles (NPs) have substantially influenced all aspects of human life, making nanotechnology a novel and promising field for various applications in biomedical sciences. Metallic NPs have gained immense interest over the last few decades due to their promising optical, electrical, and biological properties. However, the aggregation and the toxic nature of these NPs have restricted their utilization in more optimized applications. The optimum selection of biopolymers and biological macromolecules for surface functionalization of metallic NPs will significantly improve their biological applicability and biocompatibility. The present mini-review attempts to stress the overview of recent strategies involved in surface functionalization of metallic NPs, their specific biomedical applications, and comparison of their in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo toxicities with non-functionalized metallic NPs. In addition, this review also discusses the various challenges for metallic NPs to undergo human clinical trials.

Nanomaterials to Fight Cancer: An Overview on Their Multifunctional Exploitability

In recent years the worldwide research community has highlighted innumerable benefits of nanomaterials in cancer detection and therapy. Nevertheless, the development of cancer nanomedicines and other bionanotechnology requires a huge amount of considerations about the interactions of nanomaterials and biological systems, since long-term effects are not yet fully known. Open issues remain the determination of the nanoparticles distributions patterns and the internalization rate into the tumor while avoiding their accumulation in internal organs or other healthy tissues. The purpose of this work is to provide a standard overview of the most recent advances in nanomaterials to fight cancer and to collect trends and future directions to follow according to some critical aspects still present in this field. Complementary to the very recent review of Wolfram and Ferrari which discusses and classifies successful clinically-approved cancer nanodrugs as well as promising candidates in the pipeline, this work embraces part of their proposed classification system based on the exploitation of multifunctionality and extends the review to peer-reviewed journal articles published in the last 3 years identified through international databases.

Neutrophil and Nanoparticles Delivery to Tumor: Is It Going to Carry That Weight?

The application of cell carriers for transporting nanodrugs to the tumor draws much attention as the alternative to the passive drug delivery. In this concept, the neutrophil (NΦ) is of special interest as this cell is able to uptake nanoparticles (NPs) and cross the vascular barrier in response to tumor signaling. There is a growing body of literature describing NP-NΦ interactions in vitro and in vivo that demonstrates the opportunity of using these cells to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. However, a number of conceptual and technical issues need to be resolved for translating the technology into clinics. The current review summarizes the recent advances and challenges associated with NP-NΦ interactions, with the special focus on the complex interplay between the NP internalization pathways and the modulation of NΦ activity, and its potential consequences for nanodrug delivery.

Nanoparticles in pregnancy: the next frontier in reproductive therapeutics

BACKGROUND

Nanotechnology involves the engineering of structures on a molecular level. Nanomedicine and nano-delivery systems have been designed to deliver therapeutic agents to a target site or organ in a controlled manner, maximizing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects of the therapeutic agent administered. In both reproductive medicine and obstetrics, developing innovative therapeutics is often tempered by fears of damage to the gamete, embryo or developing foetus or of negatively impacting a woman's reproductive potential. Thus, nanomedicine delivery systems may provide alternative targeted intervention strategies, treating the source of the disease and minimizing long-term consequences for the mother and/or her foetus.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

This review summarizes the current state of nanomedicine technology in reproductive medicine and obstetrics, including safety, potential applications, future directions and the hurdles for translation.

SEARCH METHODS

A comprehensive electronic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed to identify studies published in English up until February 2020. Relevant keywords were used to obtain information regarding use of nanoparticle technology in fertility and gene therapy, early pregnancy complications (ectopic pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic disease) and obstetric complications (preeclampsia, foetal growth restriction, preterm birth and gestational diabetes) and for selective treatment of the mother or foetus. Safety of specific nanoparticles to the gamete, embryo and foetus was also investigated.

OUTCOMES

Pre-clinical research in the development of nanoparticle therapeutic delivery is being undertaken in many fields of reproductive medicine. Non-hormonal-targeted nanoparticle therapy for fibroids and endometriosis may provide fertility-sparing medical management. Delivery of interventions via nanotechnology provides opportunities for gene manipulation and delivery in mammalian gametes. Targeting cytotoxic treatments to early pregnancy tissue provides an alternative approach to manage ectopic pregnancies and gestational trophoblastic disease. In pregnancy, nanotherapeutic delivery offers options to stably deliver silencing RNA and microRNA inhibitors to the placenta to regulate gene expression, opening doors to novel genetic treatments for preeclampsia and foetal growth restriction. Restricting delivery of teratogenic drugs to the maternal compartment (such as warfarin) may reduce risks to the foetus. Alternatively, targeted delivery of drugs to the foetus (such as those to treat foetal arrythmias) may minimize side effects for the mother.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

We expect that further development of targeted therapies using nanoparticles in a reproductive setting has promise to eventually allow safe and directed treatments for conditions impacting the health and reproductive capacity of women and for the management of pregnancy and serious pregnancy complications.

Targeting the "Sweet Side" of Tumor with Glycan-Binding Molecules Conjugated-Nanoparticles: Implications in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis

Nanotechnology is in the spotlight of therapeutic innovation, with numerous advantages for tumor visualization and eradication. The end goal of the therapeutic use of nanoparticles, however, remains distant due to the limitations of nanoparticles to target cancer tissue. The functionalization of nanosystem surfaces with biological ligands is a major strategy for directing the actions of nanomaterials specifically to tumor cells. Cancer formation and metastasis are accompanied by profound alterations in protein glycosylation. Hence, the detection and targeting of aberrant glycans are of great value in cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we provide a brief update on recent progress targeting aberrant glycosylation by functionalizing nanoparticles with glycan-binding molecules (with a special focus on lectins and anti-glycan antibodies) to improve the efficacy of nanoparticles in cancer targeting, diagnosis, and therapy and outline the challenges and limitations in implementing this approach. We envision that the combination of nanotechnological strategies and cancer-associated glycan targeting could remodel the field of cancer diagnosis and therapy, including immunotherapy.

Conventional Nanosized Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Applications

Clinical responses and tolerability of conventional nanocarriers (NCs) are sometimes different from those expected in anticancer therapy. Thus, new smart drug delivery systems (DDSs) with stimuli-responsive properties and novel materials have been developed. Several clinical trials demonstrated that these DDSs have better clinical therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of many cancers than free drugs. Composition of DDSs and their surface properties increase the specific targeting of therapeutics versus cancer cells, without affecting healthy tissues, and thus limiting their toxicity versus unspecific tissues. Herein, an extensive revision of literature on NCs used as DDSs for cancer applications has been performed using the available bibliographic databases.

Recent Nano-based Therapeutic Intervention of Bioactive Sesquiterpenes: Prospects in Cancer Therapeutics

In the recent scenario, nanotechnology-based therapeutics intervention has gained tremendous impetus all across the globe. Nano-based pharmacological intervention of various bioactive compounds has been explored on an increasing scale. Sesquiterpenes are major constituents of essential oils (EOs) present in various plant species which possess intriguing therapeutic potentials. However, owing to their poor physicochemical properties; they have pharmacological limitations. Recent advances in nano-based therapeutic interventions offer various avenues to improve their therapeutic applicability. Reckoning with these, the present review collates various nano-based therapeutic intervention of sesquiterpenes with prospective potential against various debilitating diseases especially cancer. In our viewpoint, considering the burgeoning advancement in the field of nanomedicine; in the near future, the clinical applicability of these nano-formulated sesquiterpenes can be foreseen with great enthusiasm.

Codelivery of BV6 and anti-IL6 siRNA by hyaluronate-conjugated PEG-chitosan-lactate nanoparticles inhibits tumor progression

AIMS

Increased expression of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) genes has been associated with progressive cancer and chemoresistance. Accordingly, blockade of IAPs by BV6 has resulted in ameliorative outcomes. Interleukin (IL)-6 is another important mediator involved in the growth and survival of tumor cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that simultaneous inhibition of IAPs and IL-6 could be a new promising anti-tumor treatment strategy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we generated and characterized hyaluronate-PEG-Chitosan-Lactate (H-PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) to simultaneously deliver IL6-specific siRNA and BV6 to 4T1 (breast cancer) and CT26 (colon cancer) cells, and investigate the anti-tumor properties of this combination therapy both in vitro and in vivo.

KEY FINDINGS

H-PCL NPs exhibited good physicochemical properties leading to efficient transfection of cancer cells and suppression of target molecules. Moreover, combination therapy synergistically increased apoptosis, as well as decreased cell migration, proliferation, colony formation, and angiogenesis in both 4T1 and CT26 cell lines and suppressed cancer progression in tumor-bearing mice that was associated with enhanced survival time.

SIGNIFICANCE

These findings imply the effectiveness of cancer combination therapy by using H-PCL NPs loaded with anti-IL-6 siRNA and BV6.

Antibody Conjugation of Nanoparticles as Therapeutics for Breast Cancer Treatment

Breast cancer is the most common invasive tumor in women and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Nanomedicine raises high expectations for millions of patients as it can provide better, more efficient, and affordable healthcare, and it has the potential to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of solid tumors. In this regard, targeted therapies can be encapsulated into nanocarriers, and these nanovehicles are guided to the tumors through conjugation with antibodies-the so-called antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs). ACNPs can preserve the chemical structure of drugs, deliver them in a controlled manner, and reduce toxicity. As certain breast cancer subtypes and indications have limited therapeutic options, this field provides hope for the future treatment of patients with difficult to treat breast cancers. In this review, we discuss the application of ACNPs for the treatment of this disease. Given the fact that ACNPs have shown clinical activity in this clinical setting, special emphasis on the role of the nanovehicles and their translation to the clinic is placed on the revision.