HPLC-DAD quantification of mangiferin, antioxidant potential and essential oil composition of the leaves of five varieties of Mangifera indica L. of North India

Mangifera indica L. (Mango), native of tropical Asia, has enormous genetic diversity. Comparative phytochemical analysis of leaves of five varieties of Mangifera indica viz. Dashahri, Chausa, Langra, Lucknow Safeda and Gola grown in North India was carried out. Mangiferin content (using HPLC) was found to vary from 0.96 g to 3.00 g per 100 g of dry leaves. Essential oil composition (through GC-MS) showed the major components of all the five varieties to be caryophyllene (4.14-46.26%), humulene (3.19-30.45%), caryophyllene oxide (2.98-17.23%) and humulene epoxide 2 (1.56-4.73%). Results indicated that there was a direct relationship between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Our studies indicate that M. indica leaves, which are a form of biomass waste, could be used as an economical and renewable source of antidiabetic compound mangiferin as well as other biologically active phytoconstituents having nutraceutical as well as pharmaceutical applications.

Chemometric Classification of Mangifera indica L. Leaf Cultivars, Based on Selected Phytochemical Parameters; Implications for Standardization of the Pharmaceutical Raw Materials

Introduction

Mangifera indica leaves are among the most common materials employed in manufacturing herbal medicinal products. Despite the phytochemical variation of M. indica cultivars, there are no monographs to guide the cultivation, processing, and authentication of the materials.

Methods

This study characterized 15 Ugandan M. indica leaf varieties, with reference to extraction index (EI), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AOA), and mangiferin concentration (MC). In addition, HPLC fingerprints were established to evaluate the overall phytoequivalence of the materials. Then, using hierarchical clustering (HC) and principal component analysis (PCA), the materials were assigned quality grades.

Results

The mean EI was 9.39 ± 1.64% and varied among the varieties (P=0.001); the TPC varied significantly (P < 0.0001), from 183.29 ± 2.36 mg/g (Takataka) to 79.47 ± 0.58 mg/g (Apple mango). AOA ranged from 16.81 ± 2.85 μg/mL (Doodo red) to 87.85 μg/mL (Asante). MC varied significantly (P < 0.0001), from 105.75 ± 0.60 mg/g (Kate) to 39.53 ± 0.30 mg/g (Asante). HC gave four major grades: A to D (A, varieties with the highest TPC, MC, and AOA). These parameters reduced to below average from group B to group D. The chromatographic fingerprints were visually similar, but the number of peaks varied, from 19 (Kawanda green) to 29 (Kawanda wide), with 23.5 ± 2.9 average peaks. Whole fingerprints were less similar (r < 0.8) than common peak fingerprints (r > 0.9, P < 0.001). PCA grouped the fingerprints into five clusters; loading plots for PC 1 and 2 revealed two important compounds, one at Rt = 15.828 minutes (mangiferin) and the other at 6.021 minutes. Using the standardized common fingerprints, unknown field samples clustered closely with Koona, Kate, and Kawanda green varieties.

Conclusions

The EI, TPC, MC, and AOA values can be utilized to monitor consistency in the quality of materials and the production process. The grades generated can be used to select materials for cultivation and manufacturing. Where minimum concentrations are set, materials of different concentrations are used to dilute or concentrate each other. The HPLC fingerprints can be utilized to authenticate the materials. More samples from different agroecological regions of the country should be tested to cater to climatic variations in order to develop GMP-compliant botanical identification methods.

Cellulase production by Aspergillus niger using urban lignocellulosic waste as substrate: Evaluation of different cultivation strategies

Cellulases are used in various industries, acting efficiently and sustainably in the degradation of cellulose contained in different raw materials and recovering high value products. It is the third largest group of enzymes consumed industrially, as they are required in processes linked to the food, biofuel, textile, cleaning products, among others. However, the main disadvantage in the use of commercial cellulases is the high cost. In this context, the objective of this work was to determine conditions for obtaining more efficient and economical cellulases. For this, the efficiency in obtaining the extracellular cellulases endoglucanase (CMCase) and exoglucanase (FPase) by a fungus Aspergillus niger was investigated using an urban lignocellulosic waste as substrate characterized by tree leaves collected from squares and avenues in urban areas. As urban lignocellulosic waste is an innovative raw material, its chemical composition was determined. This substrate contains 20.36% cellulose and induced the production of cellulases in all fermentation methods, proving to be a promising and sustainable source. The influence of the nutrient medium on CMCase and FPase activities was evaluated for three different sequential fermentation (SF) configurations. Medium 2 provided an increase of up to 100 U/L of CMCase and FPase in relation to medium 1. The interactive effect of pH and moisture content on CMCase e FPase production under SF was studied in a central composite design (CCD). Also, different fermentation methods (solid state, submerged and sequential) were evaluated. The use of SF increased the enzymatic activities of both cellulases by 140% compared to other conventional methods and also stood out in the production of proteins (270.05 μg/mL) and reducing sugars (1.19 mg/mL). The desirability function determined the optimal activities of CMCase and FPase as 413.49 U/L and 230.68 U/L, respectively, obtained from the optimal variables of pH 5.5 and 75% moisture content under SF. The effect of pH and moisture content on the activity of each cellulase was analyzed using the Pareto chart and response surface methodology (RSM). These results revealed favorable strategies for cellulase production, such as the use of urban lignocellulosic waste, SF and ideal operational conditions.

Gastrointestinal metabolism of monomeric and polymeric polyphenols from mango (Mangifera indica L.) bagasse under simulated conditions

Mango bagasse (MB) is an agro-industrial by-product rich in bioactive polyphenols with potential application as a functional ingredient. This study aimed to delineate the metabolic fate of monomeric/polymeric MB polyphenols subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The main identified compounds by LC/MS-TOF-ESI were phenolic acids [gallic acid (GA) and derivates, and chlorogenic acid], gallotannins and derivatives [di-GA (DA) and 3GG-to-8GG], benzophenones [galloylated maclurins (MGH, MDH)], flavonoids [Quercetin (Quer) and (QuerH)] and xanthones [mangiferin isomers]. The bioaccessibility depended on the polyphenols' structure, being Quer, 5G to 8G the main drivers. The results suggested that the gastrointestinal fate of MB polyphenols is mainly governed by benzophenones and gallotannins degalloylation and spontaneous xanthone isomerization in vitro to sustain GA bioaccessibility.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaves: Nutritional Composition, Phytochemical Profile, and Health-Promoting Bioactivities

Mangifera indica L. belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae and is an important fruit from South and Southeast Asia. India, China, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and the Philippines are among the top mango producer countries. Leaves of the mango plant have been studied for their health benefits, which are attributed to a plethora of phytochemicals such as mangiferin, followed by phenolic acids, benzophenones, and other antioxidants such as flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and tocopherols. The extracts from mango leaves (MLs) have been studied for their biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, lipid-lowering, hepato-protection, and anti-diarrheal. In the present review, we have elaborated on the nutritional and phytochemical profile of the MLs. Further, various bioactivities of the ML extracts are also critically discussed. Considering the phytochemical profile and beneficial effects of the MLs, they can be used as a potential ingredient for the development of functional foods and pharmaceutical drugs. However, more detailed clinical trials still needed to be conducted for establishing the actual efficacy of the ML extracts.

Metabolomic Profiling of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) Leaf Extract and Its Intestinal Protective Effect and Antioxidant Activity in Different Biological Models

Mangifera indica Linn popularly known as mango is used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to identify the metabolomic composition of lyophilized extract of mango leaf (MIE), to evaluate the antioxidant activity on several oxidative stress systems (DPPH, FRAP, TBARS, and ABTS), the spasmolytic and antispasmodic activity, and intestinal protective effect on oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ in rat ileum. Twenty-nine metabolites were identified and characterized based on their ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry, these include: benzophenone derivatives, xanthones, phenolic acids, fatty acids, flavonoids and procyanidins. Extract demonstrated a high antioxidant activity in in-vitro assays. MIE relaxed (p < 0.001) intestinal segments of rat pre-contracted with acetylcholine (ACh) (10⁻⁵ M). Pre-incubation of intestinal segments with 100 µg/mL MIE significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the contraction to H₂O₂. Similar effects were observed with mangiferin and quercetin (10⁻⁵ M; p < 0.05) but not for gallic acid. Chronic treatment of rats with MIE (50 mg/kg) for 28 days significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the H₂O₂-induced contractions. MIE exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, spasmolytic and antispasmodic activity, which could contribute to its use as an alternative for the management of several intestinal diseases related to oxidative stress.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, phytochemical screening and antiprotozoal effects of the methanolic Viola tricolor and acetonic Laurus nobilis extracts

Background

The antiprotozoal and antioxidant activities of Viola tricolor and Laurus nobilis have been reported recently. Thus, the existing study pursued to assess the growth inhibition effect of methanolic extract of V. tricolor (MEVT) and acetonic extract of L. nobilis (AELN) against five Babesia parasites and Theileria equi in vitro and in vivo.

Results

MEVT and AELN suppressed Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, B. divergens, B. caballi, and T. equi growth at half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values of 75.7 ± 2.6, 43.3 ± 1.8, 67.6 ± 2.8, 48 ± 3.8, 54 ± 2.1 μg/mL, and 86.6 ± 8.2, 33.3 ± 5.1, 62.2 ± 3.3, 34.5 ± 7.5 and 82.2 ± 9.3 μg/mL, respectively. Qualitative phytochemical estimation revealed that both extracts containing multiple bioactive constituents and significant amounts of flavonoids and phenols. The toxicity assay revealed that MEVT and AELN affected the mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3 T3) and Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell viability with half-maximum effective concentrations (EC₅₀) of 930 ± 29.9, 1260 ± 18.9 μg/mL, and 573.7 ± 12.4, 831 ± 19.9 μg/mL, respectively, while human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) cell viability was not influenced even at 1500 μg/mL. The in vivo experiment revealed that the oral administration of MEVT and AELN prohibited B. microti multiplication in mice by 35.1 and 56.1%, respectively.

Conclusions

These analyses indicate the prospects of MEVT and AELN as good candidates for isolating new anti-protozoal compounds which could assist in the development of new drug molecules with new drug targets.