Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants

Topical amlodipine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced burn wound healing: A repurposed approach

Burn wounds are a complicated process with ongoing psychological and physical issues for the affected individuals. Wound healing consists of multifactorial molecular mechanisms and interactions involving; inflammation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling. Amlodipine (ADB), widely used in cardiovascular disorders, demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in some non-cardiovascular studies. It was reported that amlodipine is capable of promoting the healing process by regulation of collagen production, extracellular matrix, re-epithelialization and wound healing through its vasodilation and angiogenic activity. The objective of the current study is to appraise the wound healing capacity of amlodipine-loaded SLN (ADB-SLN) integrated into a hydrogel. The in-vitro characterization revealed that the optimized formulation was nanometric (190.4 ± 1.6 nm) with sufficiently high entrapment efficiency (88 % ± 1.4) and sustained ADB release (85.45 ± 4.45 % after 12 h). Furthermore, in-vivo evaluation was conducted on second-degree burns induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats. ADB-SLN gel revealed a high wound contraction rate and a significant improvement in skin regeneration and inflammatory biomarkers levels, confirming its efficiency in enhancing wound healing compared to other tested and commercial formulations. To conclude, the present findings proved that ADB-SLN integrated hydrogel offers a promising novel therapy for burn wound healing with a maximum therapeutic value.

Review of Malaysian medicinal plants with potential wound healing activity

Wound is defined as the damage to biological tissues including skin, mucous membranes and organ tissues. The acute wound heals in less than 4 weeks without complications, while a chronic wound takes longer than 6 weeks to heal. Wound healing occurs in 4 phases, namely, coagulation, inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phases. Triclosan and benzalkonium chloride are commonly used as skin disinfectants in wound healing. However, they cause allergic contact dermatitis and antibiotic resistance. Medicinal plants are widely studied due to the limited availability of wound healing agents. The present review included six commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Aloe barbadensis Miller, Carica papaya Linn., Centella asiatica Linn., Cymbopogon nardus Linn., Ficus benghalensis Linn. and Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. Various search engines and databases were used to obtain the scientific findings, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed Central and Research Gate. The review discussed the possible mechanism of action of medicinal plants and their active constituents in the wound healing process. In addition, their application in nanotechnology and wound dressings was also discussed in detail.

A critical overview of challenging roles of medicinal plants in improvement of wound healing technology

PURPOSE

Chronic diseases often hinder the natural healing process, making wound infections a prevalent clinical concern. In severe cases, complications can arise, potentially leading to fatal outcomes. While allopathic treatments offer numerous options for wound repair and management, the enduring popularity of herbal medications may be attributed to their perceived minimal side effects. Hence, this review aims to investigate the potential of herbal remedies in efficiently treating wounds, presenting a promising alternative for consideration.

METHODS

A literature search was done including research, reviews, systematic literature review, meta-analysis, and clinical trials considered. Search engines such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used while retrieving data. Keywords like Wound healing 'Wound healing and herbal combinations', 'Herbal wound dressing', Nanotechnology and Wound dressing were used.

RESULT

This review provides valuable insights into the role of natural products and technology-based formulations in the treatment of wound infections. It evaluates the use of herbal remedies as an effective approach. Various active principles from herbs, categorized as flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and phenolic compounds, have shown effectiveness in promoting wound closure. A multitude of herbal remedies have demonstrated significant efficacy in wound management, offering an additional avenue for care. The review encompasses a total of 72 studies, involving 127 distinct herbs (excluding any common herbs shared between studies), primarily belonging to the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Apiaceae. In research, rat models were predominantly utilized to assess wound healing activities. Furthermore, advancements in herbal-based formulations using nanotechnology-based wound dressing materials, such as nanofibers, nanoemulsions, nanofiber mats, polymeric fibers, and hydrogel-based microneedles, are underway. These innovations aim to enhance targeted drug delivery and expedite recovery. Several clinical-based experimental studies have already been documented, evaluating the efficacy of various natural products for wound care and management. This signifies a promising direction in the field of wound treatment.

CONCLUSION

In recent years, scientists have increasingly utilized evidence-based medicine and advanced scientific techniques to validate the efficacy of herbal medicines and delve into the underlying mechanisms of their actions. However, there remains a critical need for further research to thoroughly understand how isolated chemicals extracted from herbs contribute to the healing process of intricate wounds, which may have life-threatening consequences. This ongoing research endeavor holds great promise in not only advancing our understanding but also in the development of innovative formulations that expedite the recovery process.

Challenges and Prospects of Development of Herbal Biomaterial Based Ethical Wound Care Products-A Scoping Review

Total wound care is an unmet therapeutic need considering the morbidity and mortality associated with the rising prevalence of nonhealing/chronic wounds. Current wound management fails to address all aspects/types of wounds despite the availability of scores of traditional and modern, investigational products. Traditional medicine drugs of wound healing repute validated to target multiple biological pathways and key events in the mammalian wound healing cascade, reportedly affecting wound healing phases. Advances in the development of biocomposite matrices and their analytical characterization warrant a relook at consolidating time-tested wound healing properties of herbal bioactives for prospective development as ethical wound care products. Aside from the bottlenecks of their multiconstituent profiling and clinical trial data generation, regulatory hurdles also cloister any systematic attempts at their re-engineering into clinical deliverables. In the context of national policy changes to bring in totally indigenous solutions, countries with a huge knowledge/material resource on wound healing bioactives need to essentially facilitate the same.

VOLKSMED Database: A Source for Forgotten Wound Healing Plants in Austrian Folk Medicine

The global increase in the incidence of wounds is concerning and fuels the search for new treatment options. The use of traditional medicinal plants in wound healing represents an appreciated available therapeutic possibility. This work introduces the VOLKSMED database, which contains plants and other materials used in Austrian folk medicine, either as monographs or mixtures. This work focuses on the monographs of the database. Concerning wound healing, Hypericum sp., Arnica montana, Calendula officinalis, Plantago sp., and Malva sp. are the most commonly used plants. The focus of this paper is set on selected lesser-known plants (Abies alba, Anthyllis vulneraria, Brassica sp., Gentiana sp., Larix decidua, Picea abies, Sambucus sp., Sanicula europaea) and their status quo in literature concerning wound healing. A systematic search using the databases SciFinder, SCOPUS, and PubMed yielded substantial evidence for the wound healing potential of Brassica sp., Gentiana sp., the Pinaceae A. abies, L. decidua, and P. abies, as well as Sambucus nigra. In vivo and clinical studies substantiate their use in Austrian folk medicine. According to the literature, especially A. vulneraria, Sambucus racemosa, and S. europaea would be worth investigating in-depth since data concerning their wound healing effects - even though scarce - are convincing. In conclusion, the VOLKSMED database contains promising opportunities for further treatment options in the field of wound healing. Future research should consider the listed plants to support their traditional use in Austrian folk medicine and possibly promote the implementation of old knowledge in modern medicine.

Determination of the Effects of Ankaferd Wound Dressing on the Wound Healing Process in Rats

Objectives

The effects of a composite nanofiber wound dressing material consisting of a polyvinylidene alcohol and polyvinylidene pyrrolidone polymer mixture with a hemostatic agent doped with Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) on the healing of experimentally induced dermal wounds in rats were examined.

Materials and Methods

Rats were divided into 4 groups (n= 6). Histological material was examined on tissues taken from the wound site, whereas total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) analyses were performed on blood samples taken from the cardia. The material that was produced had hydrophilic properties, and both the ABS-doped and-undoped forms of the material positively affected wound healing.

Results

In the histopathological examinations, macroscopic evaluations revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of wound diameter, reepithelialization, and inflammation formation (p= 0.019). In parallel with wound healing and histological outcomes, TAS values increased in the ABS-doped groups, and TOS and OSI values decreased in the wound dressing groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

It was concluded that the ABS-dopped dressing did not have a negative effect on wound healing, it accelerated healing, and it could be used effectively and safely to treat skin injuries. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical and histopathological benefits and potential adverse effects of wound dressings produced using ABS-doped polymers on wound healing.

Novel Functional Dressing Materials for Intraoral Wound Care

Intraoral wounds represent a particularly challenging category of mucosal and hard tissue injuries, characterized by the unique structures, complex environment, and distinctive healing processes within the oral cavity. They have a common occurrence yet frequently inflict significant inconvenience and pain on patients, causing a serious decline in the quality of life. A variety of novel functional dressings specifically designed for the moist and dynamic oral environment have been developed and realized accelerated and improved wound healing. Thoroughly analyzing and summarizing these materials is of paramount importance in enhancing the understanding and proficiently managing intraoral wounds. In this review, the particular processes and unique characteristics of intraoral wound healing are firstly described. Up-to-date knowledge of various forms, properties, and applications of existing products are then intensively discussed, which are categorized into animal products, plant extracts, natural polymers, and synthetic products. To conclude, this review presents a comprehensive framework of currently available functional intraoral wound dressings, with an aim to provoke inspiration of future studies to design more convenient and versatile materials.

Progress in Wound-Healing Products Based on Natural Compounds, Stem Cells, and MicroRNA-Based Biopolymers in the European, USA, and Asian Markets: Opportunities, Barriers, and Regulatory Issues

Wounds are breaks in the continuity of the skin and underlying tissues, resulting from external causes such as cuts, blows, impacts, or surgical interventions. Countless individuals suffer minor to severe injuries, with unfortunate cases even leading to death. In today's scenario, several commercial products are available to facilitate the healing process of wounds, although chronic wounds still present more challenges than acute wounds. Nevertheless, the huge demand for wound-care products within the healthcare sector has given rise to a rapidly growing market, fostering continuous research and development endeavors for innovative wound-healing solutions. Today, there are many commercially available products including those based on natural biopolymers, stem cells, and microRNAs that promote healing from wounds. This article explores the recent breakthroughs in wound-healing products that harness the potential of natural biopolymers, stem cells, and microRNAs. A comprehensive exploration is undertaken, covering not only commercially available products but also those still in the research phase. Additionally, we provide a thorough examination of the opportunities, obstacles, and regulatory considerations influencing the potential commercialization of wound-healing products across the diverse markets of Europe, America, and Asia.

Effective antibacterial agents in modern wound dressings: a review

Wound infections are a significant concern in healthcare, leading to long healing times. Traditional approaches for managing wound infections rely heavily on systemic antibiotics, which are associated with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the development of alternative antibacterial materials for wound care has gained considerable attention. In today's world, new generations of wound dressing are commonly used to heal wounds. These new dressings keep the wound and the area around it moist to improve wound healing. However, this moist environment can also foster an environment that is favorable for the growth of bacteria. Excessive antibiotic use poses a significant threat to human health and causes bacterial resistance, so new-generation wound dressings must be designed and developed to reduce the risk of infection. Wound dressings using antimicrobial compounds minimize wound bacterial colonization, making them the best way to avoid open wound infection. We aim to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the latest advancements in antibacterial materials for wound management.

Formulation, characterization and in-vivo evaluation of standardized Tabernaemontana divericata extract hydrogel for wound healing

BACKGROUND

Tabernaemontana divaricata (TD) from the Apocynaceae family exhibits traditional therapeutic properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and acetylcholinesterase activity, etc. OBJECTIVE: To formulate and evaluate the wound healing potential of standardized ethanolic extract of TD leaves hydrogel on experimental models of wounds in Wistar rats with the design of experiment approach.

METHODS

The prepared PVA-based hydrogel of TD extract was evaluated. In-vivo, wound healing activities using excision, incision, and burn wound models were performed concerning percent wound contraction, epithelialization period, tensile strength, and histological analysis.

RESULTS

On the 20th day of the excision model, percentage wound contraction for 0.5 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml extract hydrogel was found to be 90.35 % ± 0.46 and 97.28 % ± 0.59, respectively, while on the 9th day of incision model, the tensile strength of both doses of hydrogel was found to be 191.16 ± 1.51 g and 201.00 ± 1.29 g, respectively, indicating that both concentrations of the hydrogel showed significant (P < 0.05) wound healing as compared to disease control and vehicle control group. The histopathological study of hydrogel showed no necrotic cells and a greater amount of collagen. Furthermore, in the burn wound model, both doses of TD hydrogel had significant wound-healing activity, as demonstrated by a reduction in the time needed for epithelialization and an increase in the rate of wound contraction (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The proposed formulation showed potential for wound healing and may be studied further in clinical trials.

Profiling of Petroselinum sativum (mill.) fuss phytoconstituents and assessment of their biocompatibility, antioxidant, anti-aging, wound healing, and antibacterial activities

Petroselinum sativum, known as parsley, is a fragrant herb that possesses a rich heritage of utilization in traditional medicinal practices. In this study, we annotated the phytocontents of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. sativum and investigated their antioxidant, cytoprotective, antiaging, wound healing, and antibacterial activities. LC-MS/MS analysis of both extracts revealed the presence of 47 compounds belonging to diverse groups including organic acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. By MTT assay, the extracts were fully biocompatible on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) while they inhibited intracellular ROS formation (DCFDA assay) and prevented GSH depletion (DTNB assay) upon UVA exposure. In addition, the extracts were potent in inhibiting the in vitro activities of skin-related enzymes mainly elastase, tyrosinase, collagenase and hyaluronidase. Using the scratch assay, P. sativum aqueous extract significantly enhanced wound closure when compared to untreated HaCaT cells. Moreover, both extracts inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa's growth, reduced biofilm formation, and impaired the swimming and swarming motilities. Also, the aqueous extract was able to inhibit the production of bacterial pigments on plates. These findings strongly suggest the usefulness of P. sativum as a source of phytochemicals suitable for dermo-cosmeceutical applications.

Facile process ofHibiscusmucilage polymer formulation usingHibiscus rosa-sinensisleaves to treat second-degree burn and excision wounds

Mucilage is a sticky substance found in various plants and microorganisms and is made up of proteins and polysaccharides. Mucilage fromHibiscus rosa sinensisisis a complex polysaccharide traditionally used to treat different skin diseases. In our study, we fabricated mucilage polymer fromHibiscus rosa sinensisleaves and evaluated its potential application in second-degree burns and excision wounds. The physical properties of Hibiscus mucilage (HM) polymer were demonstrated by using Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Tellerand, Swelling ratio. The human cell lines WI-38, and HaCaT have been used forin-vitroexperiments like MTT, scratch wound, BrdU, ROS scavenging assays, and western blot analysis. The results of the MTT, scratch-wound, and BrdU assay indicated that the HM polymer is nontoxic in nature and also enhances both the properties of cellular migration and proliferation, respectively. On the other hand, the result of the ROS scavenging assay suggested that HM polymer enhances the antioxidant activity of cells while the western blot analysis designated that the HM polymer treatment caused downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γand upregulation of the pAkt (Serine 473) protein, and TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Therefore, allin-vitroexperimental studies recommended that HM polymer is biocompatible and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In thein vivoexperiment, second-degree burns and excision wounds were created on the dorsal surface of male BALB/c mice. After the sixth day of HM polymer treatment have developed new tissue, hair follicles, blood vessels,α-SMA, and Collagen type-1 fiber on the burn and excision wound area while the 11th day of HM polymer treatment cured the wound area significantly. Therefore, it could be contemplated that HM polymer is a potential agent for treating different wounds in the near future.

Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework Capable of Binding Proinflammatory Mediators in Hydrogel Form Promotes Wound Healing Process through a Multiscale Adsorption Mechanism

The regulation of proinflammatory mediators has been explored to promote natural healing without abnormal inflammation or autoimmune response induced by their overproduction. However, most efforts to control these mediators have relied on pharmacological substances that are directly engaged in biological cycles. It is believed that functional porous materials removing target mediators provide a new way to promote the healing process using their adsorption mechanisms. In this study, the Zr-based metal-organic frameworks (MOF)-808 (Zr6 O4 (OH)4 (BTC)2 (HCOO)6 ) crystals are found to be effective at removing proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and in vivo, because of their porous structure and surface affinity. The MOF-808 crystals are applied to an in vivo skin wound model as a hydrogel dispersion. Hydrogel containing 0.2 wt% MOF-808 crystals shows significant improvement in terms of wound healing efficacy and quality over the corresponding control. It is also proven that the mode of action is to remove the proinflammatory mediators in vivo. Moreover, the application of MOF-808-containing hydrogels promotes cell activation, proliferation and inhibits chronic inflammation, leading to increased wound healing quality. These findings suggest that Zr-based MOFs may be a promising drug-free solution for skin problems related to proinflammatory mediators.

Investigating the Wound-Healing Potential of a Nanoemulsion-Gel Formulation of Pituranthos tortuosus Essential Oil

This study explores a nanoemulsion (NE)-based gel incorporating Tunisian Pituranthos tortuosus essential oil, with a focus on its wound-healing potential. The essential oil, extracted via hydrodistillation, underwent GC-MS analysis for compositional verification. The physicochemical characterization included dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential measurement, pH, and viscosity. The gelification of the NE facilitated topical application. The results revealed an average extraction yield of 0.45% and identified 38 compounds in the essential oil. The NE exhibited a particle size of 27 ± 0.4 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.3, and a zeta potential of -22.8 ± 1.4 mV. The stability of the gelified preparation was confirmed through thermodynamic stability studies, TEM observations, and zeta and size results. In vivo experiments confirmed significant wound-healing effects, highlighting the promising role of the NE-based gel in healthcare advancements. This research underscores the potential of novel phyto-based delivery systems in wound care.

Role of Hemigraphis alternata in wound healing: metabolomic profiling and molecular insights into mechanisms

Hemigraphis alternata (H. alternata), commonly known as Red Flame Ivy, is widely recognized for its wound healing capabilities. However, the pharmacologically active plant components and their mechanisms of action in wound healing are yet to be determined. This study presents the mass spectrometry-based global metabolite profiling of aqueous and ethanolic extract of H. alternata leaves. The analysis identified 2285 metabolites from 24,203 spectra obtained in both positive and negative polarities. The identified metabolites were classified under ketones, carboxylic acids, primary aliphatic amines, steroids and steroid derivatives. We performed network pharmacology analysis to explore metabolite-protein interactions and identified 124 human proteins as targets for H. alternata metabolites. Among these, several of them were implicated in wound healing including prothrombin (F2), alpha-2A adrenergic receptor (ADRA2A) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). Gene ontology analysis of target proteins enriched cellular functions related to glucose metabolic process, platelet activation, membrane organization and response to wounding. Additionally, pathway enrichment analysis revealed potential molecular network involved in wound healing. Moreover, in-silico docking analysis showed strong binding energy between H. alternata metabolites with identified protein targets (F2 and PTPN11). Furthermore, the key metabolites involved in wound healing were further validated by multiple reaction monitoring-based targeted analysis.

Exploring the efficacy of panchavalkal extract and Zinc-Copper Bhasma in promoting wound healing in incision and excision wound models in the rat

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Modified Panchavalkal (MPVKL) and herbomineral Preparations as per the Ayurvedic texts possess various medicinal properties. Although some of its pharmacological benefits have been documented, scientific validation of combined wound-healing properties has not been done.

AIM

To investigate the effects of the herbomineral combinations of MPVKL extract on wound healing efficacy through the utilization of incision and excision rodent models.

METHODS

Excision and incision wound models in Albino Wistar rats were used to assess wound healing activity, with ten groups of six animals each. Along with normal control, diseased, vehicle control, and standard group, groups were treated with MPVKL extract (5% and 10%), MPVKL and Yashad bhasma (0.5%, 1%), and MPVKL and Tamra bhasma (0.1%, 0.075%) for 21 days and 14 days in excision and incision model respectively. The assessments were performed using the wound contraction, breaking and tensile strength, biochemical and antioxidant parameters, and histopathology of the granulation tissue.

RESULTS

All the test groups demonstrated significant wound contraction (p < 0.001). The highest decrease in epithelialization period (16.1 ± 0.98 days) was observed for the MPVKL (10%) and Yashad bhasma (0.5%) group. There was a significant improvement in the antioxidant activity of MPVKL (10%) and Yashad bhasma groups. The biochemical parameters viz hydroxyproline, collagen and hexosamine increased remarkably in MPVKL (5%) and Yashad bhasma (1%) as compared to disease control. Histopathological studies of test groups showed epithelialization, increased collagen deposition, and neovascularization in contrast to the control group. MPVKL and Yashad bhasma-containing groups increased the tensile and breaking strength of the wound in the incision model when compared to disease control.

CONCLUSION

In both wound models, MPVKL extract and its herbomineral combination with Yashad Bhasma demonstrated significant wound healing activity when compared to the control group.

Review of Herbal Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Cancers in the East Africa Region from 2019 to 2023

BACKGROUND

In the East African region, herbal plants are essential in the treatment and control of cancer. Given the diverse ecological and cultural makeup of the regional states, it is likely that different ethnic groups will use the same or different plants for the same or different diseases. However, since 2019, this has not been compiled into a single study.

PURPOSE

The study aimed to compile and record the medicinal plants utilized in East Africa from April 2019 to June 2023 to treat various cancer types.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study examined 13 original studies that included ethnobotanical research conducted in East Africa. They were retrieved from several internet databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, and Research for Life. The study retrieved databases on plant families and species, plant parts used, preparation methods and routes of administration, and the country where the ethnobotanical field surveys were conducted. Graphs were produced using the GraphPad Prism 8.125 program (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA). Tables and figures were used to present the data, which had been condensed into percentages and frequencies.

RESULTS

A total of 105 different plant species from 45 different plant families were identified, including Asteraceae (14), Euphorbiaceae (12), Musaceae (8), and Apocynaceae (7). Uganda registered the highest proportion (46% of the medicinal plants used). The most commonly mentioned medicinal plant species in cancer management was Prunus africana. Herbs (32%), trees and shrubs (28%), and leaves (45%) constituted the majority of herbal remedies. Most herbal remedies were prepared by boiling (decoction) and taken orally (57%).

CONCLUSION

East Africa is home to a wide variety of medicinal plant species that local populations and herbalists, or TMP, frequently use in the treatment of various types of cancer. The most frequently used families are Asteraceae and Euphorbiaceae, with the majority of species being found in Uganda. The most frequently utilized plant species is Prunus africana. Studies on the effectiveness of Prunus africana against other malignancies besides prostate cancer are required.

Application of Aleppo pine extract for skin burn treatment

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the Pinus halepensis extracts and determine its healing and antibacterial effects, and to evaluate the treatment of skin burns.

METHODS

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts and topical based on Aleppo pine plant extracts were prepared. Thirty male and female Wistar rats were used to study the cutaneous toxicity of extracts from the bark of P. halepensis. The extracts' healing potential for burn wounds were also assessed by evaluating the clinical and macroscopic aspects of the wounds. The antibacterial activity of crude extracts of P. halepensis as well as its wound healing abilities was verified in this investigation.

RESULTS

In animals with acute dermal toxicity, there were no signs of treatment-related toxicity or death. The extracts of these plants could be transformed into phytomedicines for the treatment of infected wounds. The results demonstrated that formulated ointments are successful in treating second-degree burns in rats and may be suitable for the short-term therapeutic treatment of second-degree burns.

CONCLUSION

This study successfully answered our problem, regarding the efficacy of our extract for treating second-degree burns in rats. Further studies are needed to confirm these results by identifying the molecules responsible for these activities and examining their mechanism of action.

Recent progress in polysaccharide and polypeptide based modern moisture-retentive wound dressings

Wounds were considered as defects in the tissues of the human skin and wound healing is said to be a tedious process as there are possibilities of infection or inflammation due to microorganisms. Modern moisture-retentive wound dressing (MMRWD) is opening a new window toward wound therapy. It comprises different types of wound dressing that has classified based on their functionality. Selective polysaccharide-polypeptide fiber composite materials such as hydrogels, hydrocolloids, hydro fibers, transparent-film dressing, and alginate dressing are discussed in this review as a type of MMRWD. The highlight of this polysaccharide and polypeptide based MMRWD is that it supports and enhances the healing of different types of wounds by moisture absorption thus preventing infection. This study has given enlightenment on the application of selected polysaccharide and polypeptide based MMRWD that enhances wound healing actions still it has been observed that the composite wound healing dressing is more effective than the single one. The nano-sized materials (synthetic nano drugs and phyto drugs) were found to increase the efficiency of healing action while coated in the wound dressing material. Future research is required to find out more possibilities of the different composite types of wound dressing in the healing action.

Gongying-Jiedu-Xiji recipe promotes the healing of venous ulcers by inhibiting ferroptosis via the CoQ-FSP1 axis

Objective: Gongying-Jiedu-Xiji recipe (DDL, batch number Z01080175) reduces body temperature, detoxifies, activates the blood circulation, reduces swelling, and dispels decay and pus. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action by which DDL functions in the treatment of venous ulcers (VUs). Methods: Normal tissues as well as VU tissues before and after DDL treatment were collected from nine VU patients in the hospital with ethical approval. These three tissues were subjected to Prussian blue iron staining, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time PCR to detect the expression of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), coenzyme Q (CoQ), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). After successful validation of the heme-induced human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) ferroptosis model, lyophilized DDL powder was added to the cells, and the cells were subjected to viability assays, immunoblotting, flow cytometry, glutathione (GSH) and malonaldehyde (MDA) assays, electron microscopy and qPCR assays. Results: Ferroptosis in VU tissues was stronger than that in normal tissues, and ferroptosis in VU tissues after DDL treatment was weaker than that before treatment. Inhibition of CoQ and FSP1 and transfection of FSP1 influenced the effects of DDL. Conclusion: Our results suggest that DDL may promote healing by attenuating ferroptosis in VUs and that DDL may promote VU healing by modulating the CoQ-FSP1 axis.

Polyphenolic Compounds Nanostructurated with Gold Nanoparticles Enhance Wound Repair

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been used in a wide range of applications, conferring to bio-molecules diverse properties such as delivery, stabilization, and reduction of the adverse effects of drugs or plant extracts. Polyphenolic compounds from Bacopa procumbens (B. procumbens) (BP) can modulate proliferation, adhesion, migration, and cell differentiation, reducing the artificial scratch area in fibroblast cultures and promoting wound healing in an in vivo model. Here, chemically synthesized AuNPs conjugated with BP (AuNP-BP) were characterized using UV-Vis, ATR-FTIR, DLS, zeta-potential, and TEM analysis. The results showed an overlap of the FTIR spectra of the polyphenolic compounds from B. procumbens adhered to the surface of the AuNPs. UV-vis analysis indicated that the average size of the AuNP-BP was 28 nm, while DLS analysis showed a size of 44.58 nm and, by TEM, a size of 16.5 nm with an icosahedral morphology was observed. These measurements suggest an increase in the size of the nanoparticles after conjugation with BP, compared to the sizes of 9 nm, 44.51 nm, and 14.17 nm for the unconjugated AuNPs, respectively. Furthermore, the zeta potential of the AuNPs, which was originally -36.3 ± 12.3 mV shifted to -18.2 ± 7.02 mV after conjugation with BP, indicating improved stability of the nanoparticles. Enhancement of the wound healing effect was evaluated by morphometric, histochemical, and FTIR changes in a rat wound excision model. Results showed that the nanoconjugation process reduced the BP concentrations by 100-fold to have the same wound healing effect as BP alone. Besides, histological and FTIR spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that AuNP-BP treatment exhibited better macroscopical performance, showing a reduction in inflammatory cells and an increased synthesis and improved organization of collagen fibers.

Plants with cosmetic uses

The use of plants as a source of active principles for cosmetics has significantly increased in the last few years. Safety, compatibility with all types of skin, fewer side effects, and availability are among the advantages of herbal cosmetics above synthetic ingredients. The present review aims to explore the most important plants used in cosmetics. A literature search was carried out in several electronic databases with the following phrases: skincare and plants; cosmetics and plants; natural and cosmetics; and natural and skincare. Furthermore, more detailed filters such as clinical studies, meta-analyses, and systemic reviews were applied to positive results. Various plants and plant extracts currently used in skin care, scaring, whitening, and aging, as well as in sun protection, acne, eczema, and others, have been included in this review. The effectiveness of these plants is based mainly on preclinical research, and to a lesser extent on clinical studies. Some plant extracts or oils have been tested clinically, such as onions, aloe, and tea tree oil, more than other plant extracts. Despite many studies on natural products to improve dermal needs, proper clinical cosmeceutical trials are much fewer than expected. Therefore, more clinical trials are needed to evaluate appropriate efficacy. Furthermore, new formulation technologies might enhance the cosmeceutical benefits, but more work is warranted.

Pharmacognostic characterization, wound healing and toxicity assessment of the stem bark of Xylia evansii Hutch (Leguminosae)

Xylia evansii is widely used in traditional medicine to stop bleeding gums and treat wounds. This study was undertaken to assess the wound healing activity and toxicity profile of the stem bark methanol extract of X. evansii (XES). Wound healing activity was determined by the dermal excision model in rats. The free radical scavenging capacity, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), aluminum chloride colorimetric and Folin Ciocalteu methods respectively. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity assessment was performed following the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. Significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent wound healing effect, similar to that of 1 % silver sulphadiazine was elicit by the 10, 15 and 20 %w/w XES ointments. The highest effect was demonstrated by XES 20 %w/w which resulted in 98.3 % wound surface closure by day 9 of treatment (p < 0.0001). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined to be 381.2 ± 12.57 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 460 ± 29.07 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. XES exhibited remarkable free radical scavenging effect (IC50 = 68.13 ± 1.87 μg/mL) and had a total antioxidant capacity of 279.2 ± 32.08 mg/g GAE. The LD50 of XES was estimated to be > 5000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity, 28 days treatment with XES (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg body weight) did not result in any significant (p > 0.05) change in the body weight or weight of the heart, lung, spleen, liver and kidneys. The haematological and biochemical profiles of XES-treated rats were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected after 4-weeks treatment with XES, except for platelet count which increased significantly (p < 0.0001) in a non-dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination did not reveal any toxic effect to liver cells, however at 1000 mg/kg XES, slight abnormalities were identified in the glomeruli. Microscopy of the powdered stem bark displayed calcium oxalate crystals, pitted vessels and lignified fibres. Tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, triterpenes and alkaloids were identified in the bark. This is the first report on the wound healing potential and safety profile of X. evansii, giving scientific credence to its use in traditional medicine.

Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents

Natural ingredients have been used for centuries for skin treatment and care. Interest in the health effects of plants has recently increased due to their safety and applicability in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Long-known plant materials as well as newly discovered ones are increasingly being used in natural products of plant origin. This review highlights the beneficial effects of plants and plant constituents on the skin, including moisturizing (e.g., Cannabis sativa, Hydrangea serrata, Pradosia mutisii and Carthamus tinctorius), anti-aging (e.g., Aegopodium podagraria, Euphorbia characias, Premna odorata and Warburgia salutaris), antimicrobial (e.g., Betula pendula and Epilobium angustifolium), antioxidant (e.g., Kadsura coccinea, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubus idaeus and Spatholobus suberectus), anti-inflammatory (e.g., Antidesma thwaitesianum, Helianthus annuus, Oenanthe javanica, Penthorum chinense, Ranunculus bulumei and Zanthoxylum bungeanum), regenerative (e.g., Aloe vera, Angelica polymorpha, Digitaria ciliaris, Glycyrrihza glabra and Marantodes pumilum), wound healing (e.g., Agrimonia eupatoria, Astragalus floccosus, Bursera morelensis, Jatropha neopauciflora and Sapindus mukorossi), photoprotective (e.g., Astragalus gombiformis, Calea fruticose, Euphorbia characias and Posoqueria latifolia) and anti-tyrosinase activity (e.g., Aerva lanata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Dodonaea viscosa, Lonicera japonica and Schisandra chinensis), as well as their role as excipients in cosmetics (coloring (e.g., Beta vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Rubia tinctiorum), protective and aromatic agents (e.g., Hyssopus officinalis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Pelargonium graveolens and Verbena officinalis)).

Curcumin-Encapsulated Nanomicelles Promote Tissue Regeneration in Zebrafish Eleutheroembryo

Regenerative medicine is an emerging field of research aiming to understand the wound healing mechanisms and to develop new therapeutic strategies. Nanocarriers are used to improve drug bioavailability, solubility, and therapeutic abilities. In this study, we used for the first time curcumin loaded oligo kappa-carrageenan-graft-polycaprolactone (oligoKC-g-PCL) nanomicelles to investigate their regenerative potential using a model of tail amputation in zebrafish eleutheroembryo. First, we showed that curcumin encapsulated oligoKC-g-PCL spherical micelles had a mean size of 92 ± 32 nm and that micelles were successfully loaded with curcumin. These micelles showed a slow and controlled drug release over 72 h. The toxicity of curcumin nanomicelles was then tested on zebrafish eleutheroembryo based on the survival rate after 24 h. At nontoxic concentration, curcumin nanomicelles improved tail regeneration within 3 days postamputation, compared with empty micelles or curcumin alone. Furthermore, we demonstrated that curcumin nanomicelles increased the recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages 6 h postlesion. Finally, our study highlights the efficiency of oligoKC-g-PCL nanomicelles for encapsulation of hydrophobic molecules such as curcumin. Indeed, our study demonstrates that curcumin nanomicelles can modulate inflammatory reactions in vivo and promote regenerative processes. However, further investigations will be required to better understand the mechanisms sustaining regeneration and to develop new therapeutics.

The Benefits of Water from Nitrodi's Spring: The In Vitro Studies Leading the Potential Clinical Applications

Natural products (water, plants, and minerals) have been studied for diverse applications in health and disease. Since there has been a growing interest in the introduction of thermal water as a clinical complementary approach in the treatment of low-grade inflammation and stress-related conditions, this review focuses on the oldest spa in the world: Nitrodi's spring. Substantial studies in the 1960s showed that both the internal and external use of Nitrodi's water yielded several benefits in physiological processes and in treating certain disorders, mainly allergic and autoimmune inflammatory conditions. More recently, a novel interest in Nitrodi's water has prompted researchers to further explore the effects of this water and shed light on the molecular mechanisms sustaining its therapeutic efficacy. In different epithelial cell models, Nitrodi's water had strong promotional effects on proliferation, cell migration, cell viability, and fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, all of which essential for wound healing and tissue remodeling. Moreover, Nitrodi's water exhibited anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties through the inhibition of ROS production and protein S-nitrosylation. Here, we have collected the clinical and basic data on Nitrodi's water and reviewed articles that have discussed its use as a potential treatment for several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and age-related skin deterioration.

Mesoporous Composite Bioactive Compound Delivery System for Wound-Healing Processes

Currently, the treatment of wounds is still a challenge for healthcare professionals due to high complication incidences and social impacts, and the development of biocompatible and efficient medicines remains a goal. In this regard, mesoporous materials loaded with bioactive compounds from natural extracts have a high potential for wound treatment due to their nontoxicity, high loading capacity and slow drug release. MCM-41-type mesoporous material was synthesized by using sodium trisilicate as a silica source at room temperature and normal pressure. The synthesized mesoporous silica was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), N2 absorption-desorption (BET), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), revealing a high surface area (BET, 1244 m2/g); pore diameter of approx. 2 nm; and a homogenous, ordered and hexagonal geometry (TEM images). Qualitative monitoring of the desorption degree of the Salvia officinalis (SO) extract, rich in ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, and Calendula officinalis (CO) extract, rich in polyphenols and flavones, was performed via the continuous recording of the UV-VIS spectra at predetermined intervals. The active ingredients in the new composite MCM-41/sage and marigold (MCM-41/SO&CO) were quantified by using HPLC-DAD and LC-MS-MS techniques. The evaluation of the biological composites' activity on the wound site was performed on two cell lines, HS27 and HaCaT, naturally involved in tissue-regeneration processes. The experimental results revealed the ability to stimulate collagen biosynthesis, the enzymatic activity of the main metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) involved in tissue remodeling processes and the migration rate in the wound site, thus providing insights into the re-epithelializing properties of mesoporous composites.

Emodin and aloe-emodin, two potential molecules in regulating cell migration of skin cells through the MAP kinase pathway and affecting Caenorhabditis elegans thermotolerance

BACKGROUND

Emodin and aloe-emodin are two anthraquinones having positive effects in wound healing. However, their mechanism of action of wound healing is not fully understood. The MAP kinase family, which plays an active role in wound healing, is a well-characterized large family of serine/threonine kinases and regulates processes such as proliferation, oncogenesis, differentiation, and inflammation in the cell. The aim of this study is to comparatively elucidate the mechanisms of action of emodin and aloe-emodin, which are potential agents in wound healing.

METHODS

The mechanism of the effects of emodin and aloe-emodin on cell viability and cell migration was examined using the human skin fibroblast (CCD-1079Sk) cell line. The gene expression levels of the MAP kinases (JNK, P38, ERK) in the skin fibroblast cells along with a molecular docking study analyzing their interaction potential were evaluated. Furthermore, the molecules' effects on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans were studied.

RESULTS

Emodin and aloe-emodin inhibited the ATP content of the cells in a concentration dependent manner and accelerated cell migration at the lower concentrations while inhibiting cell migration in the higher concentration treatment groups. The expressions of JNK and P38 were upregulated at the low concentrations and downregulated at the higher concentrations. The molecular docking studies of the molecules gave high docking scores indicating their interaction potential with JNK and P38. C. elegans lifespan under heat stress was observed longer after 75 µM emodin and was significantly reduced after 150 µM aloe-emodin treatment.

CONCLUSION

Aloe-emodin was found to be more potent on cell viability, cell migration, gene expression levels of the MAP kinases in healthy fibroblastic skin cells, and on the lifespan of C. elegans. This study reveals the functional effects and the biological factors that interact in the wound healing process of emodin and aloe-emodin, and give a possible treatment alternative to shorten the duration of wound care.

Therapeutic Applications of Garlic and Turmeric for the Diabetic Wound Healing in Mice

Diabetes is involved in delayed wound healing that can be cured by natural products such as garlic, turmeric, and fibroin extracts. Alloxan monohydrate is used for inducing diabetes in mice. The percent wound contraction of garlic (150 mg/ml), turmeric (100 mg/ml), and fibroin (50 mg/ml), individually and in combinations garlic (150 mg/ml) + fibroin (50 mg/ml), turmeric (100 mg/ml) + fibroin (50 mg/ml), garlic (150 mg/ml) + turmeric (100 mg/ml), and garlic (150 mg/ml) + turmeric (100 mg/ml) + fibroin (50 mg/ml) was checked by evaluating the healing time, % wound contraction and histological analysis. The serum level of MMPs (MMP 2, MMP7, MMP 9), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8), and TIMPs were evaluated. With the combination of three extracts (Ga+Tu+Fi) garlic (150 mg/ml), turmeric (100 mg/ml) and fibroin (50 mg/ml), wounds healed in 12 days and had 97.3 ± 2.2% wound contraction. While the positive control (polyfax) and diabetic control (saline) wounds healed in 17- and 19-days with wound contraction of 96.7 ± 1.4% and 96.3 ± 1.1%, respectively. Histological analysis showed that the combination of Ga+Tu+Fi exhibited an increase in the growth of collagen fibers, fibroblasts number, and keratinocytes, and lessened inflammation of blood vessels. The combination of Ga+Tu+Fi significantly alleviated the serum concentration of TNF-α (14.2 ± 0.7 pg/ml), IL-6 (10.0 ± 1.0 pg/ml), IL-8 (16.0 ± 1.5 pg/ml), MMP2 (228.0 ± 18.1 pg/ml), MMP7 (271.0 ± 9.9 pg/ml), and MMP9 (141.0 ± 5.3 pg/ml) to diabetic control. The level of TIMPs (193.0 ± 9.1 pg/ml) was increased significantly with respect to diabetic control. We conclude that the combination of these biomaterials possessed high regenerative and healing capabilities and can be an effective remedy in the healing of chronic wounds in diabetic patients.

Tissue Extract from Brittle Star Undergoing Arm Regeneration Promotes Wound Healing in Rat

This study set out to evaluate the wound healing properties of brittle star extracts in vitro and in vivo. Due to the great arm regeneration potential of the brittle star, Ophiocoma cynthiae, the present study aimed to evaluate the wound healing effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of brittle star undergoing arm regeneration in wound healing models. The brittle star samples were collected from Nayband Bay, Bushehr, Iran. After wound induction in the arm of brittle stars, hydroalcoholic extracts relating to different times of arm regeneration were prepared. The GC-MS analysis, in vitro MTT cell viability and cell migration, Western blot, and computational analysis tests were performed. Based on the in vitro findings, two BSEs were chosen for in vivo testing. Macroscopic, histopathological and biochemical evaluations were performed after treatments. The results showed positive proliferative effects of BSEs. Specifically, forty-two compounds were detected in all groups of BSEs using GC-MS analysis, and their biological activities were assessed. The MTT assay showed that the 14 d BSE had a higher proliferative effect on HFF cells than 7 d BSE. The cell migration assay showed that the wound area in 7 d and 14 d BSEs was significantly lower than in the control group. Western blot analysis demonstrated an increase in the expression of proliferation-related proteins. Upon the computational analysis, a strong affinity of some compounds with proteins was observed. The in vivo analysis showed that the evaluation of wound changes and the percentage of wound healing in cell migration assay in the 7 d BSE group was better than in the other groups. Histopathological scores of the 7 d BSE and 14 d BSE groups were significantly higher than in the other groups. In conclusion, the hydroalcoholic extract of O. cynthiae undergoing arm regeneration after 7 and 14 days promoted the wound healing process in the cell and rat skin wound healing model due to their proliferative and migratory biological activity.

Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of the root bark of Paeonia x suffruticosa andrews: A comprehensive review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Moutan Cortex (MC), commonly known as "Mu dan pi", refers to the dried root bark of Paeonia x suffruticosa Andrews and is broadly used as a traditional herbal medication in China, Japan, and Korea. For thousands of years, it has been utilized to treat female genital, extravasated blood, cardiovascular, and stagnant blood disorders.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

The purpose of this review article was to summarize information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of MC, as well as to outline the further research directions for the development of new drugs and the associations between traditional uses and pharmacological effects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The information involved in the study was gathered from a variety of electronic resources, including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SciFinder, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, and Google Scholar. The date was from 1992 to 2022.

RESULTS

Approximately 163 chemical compounds have been extracted and identified from MC, including monoterpenes, monoterpene glycosides, triterpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, volatile oils, alkaloids, and others. In these categories, the monoterpene glycosides and phenols being the most common. A wide variety of pharmacological effects have been described for MC crude extracts and active molecules, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral, antitumor, antidiabetic, organ protection, and neuroprotective activities, as well as treating cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacokinetics has been also used in the study of MC, including its crude extracts or chemical constituents, in order to explore the therapeutic mechanism, direct clinically appropriate application and provide new ideas for the exploitation of innovative medicines.

CONCLUSION

Modern pharmacological research has demonstrated that MC, as a significant therapeutic resource, has the ability to heal a wide range of diseases, particularly female genital and cardiovascular problems. These researches propose therapeutic ideas for the development of novel MC medicines. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical study have verified several observed pharmacological properties related with the traditional usages of MC.

Antioxidant Activities of Natural Compounds from Caribbean Plants to Enhance Diabetic Wound Healing

Diabetic wound healing is a global medical challenge. Several studies showed that delayed healing in diabetic patients is multifactorial. Nevertheless, there is evidence that excessive production of ROS and impaired ROS detoxification in diabetes are the main cause of chronic wounds. Indeed, increased ROS promotes the expression and activity of metalloproteinase, resulting in a high proteolytic state in the wound with significant destruction of the extracellular matrix, which leads to a stop in the repair process. In addition, ROS accumulation increases NLRP3 inflammasome activation and macrophage hyperpolarization in the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype. Oxidative stress increases the activation of NETosis. This leads to an elevated pro-inflammatory state in the wound and prevents the resolution of inflammation, an essential step for wound healing. The use of medicinal plants and natural compounds can improve diabetic wound healing by directly targeting oxidative stress and the transcription factor Nrf2 involved in the antioxidant response or the mechanisms impacted by the elevation of ROS such as NLRP3 inflammasome, the polarization of macrophages, and expression or activation of metalloproteinases. This study of the diabetic pro-healing activity of nine plants found in the Caribbean highlights, more particularly, the role of five polyphenolic compounds. At the end of this review, research perspectives are presented.

Living Chinese Herbal Scaffolds from Microfluidic Bioprinting for Wound Healing

Biological scaffolds have been widely employed in wound healing applications, while their practical efficiency is compromised by insufficient oxygen delivery to the 3-dimensional constructs and inadequate nutrient supply for the long-term healing process. Here, we present an innovative living Chinese herbal scaffold to provide a sustainable oxygen and nutrient supply for promoting wound healing. Through a facile microfluidic bioprinting strategy, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine (Panax notoginseng saponins [PNS]) and a living autotrophic microorganism (microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa [MA]) were successfully encapsulated into the scaffolds. The encapsulated PNS could be gradually released from the scaffolds, which promoted cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro. In addition, benefiting from the photosynthetic oxygenation of the alive MA, the obtained scaffolds would produce sustainable oxygen under light illumination, exerting a protective effect against hypoxia-induced cell death. Based on these features, we have demonstrated through in vivo experiments that these living Chinese herbal scaffolds could efficiently alleviate local hypoxia, enhance angiogenesis, and thereby accelerate wound closure in diabetic mice, indicating their great potential in wound healing and other tissue repair applications.

Topical effect of polyherbal flowers extract on xanthan gum hydrogel patch-induced wound healing activity in human cell lines and male BALB/c mice

Wound or injury is a breakdown in the skin's protective function as well as damage to the normal tissues. Wound healing is a dynamic and complex phenomenon of replacing injured skin or body tissues. In ancient times theCalendula officinalisandHibiscus rosa-sinensisflowers were extensively used by the tribal communities as herbal medicine for various complications including wound healing. But loading and delivery of such herbal medicines are challenging because it maintains their molecular structure against temperature, moisture, and other ambient factors. This study has fabricated xanthan gum (XG) hydrogel through a facile process and encapsulatedC. officinalisandH. rosa-sinensisflower extract. The resulting hydrogel was characterized by different physical methods like x-ray diffractometer, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, SEM, dynamic light scattering, electronkinetic potential in colloidal systems (ZETA) potential, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), etc. The polyherbal extract was phytochemically screened and observed that flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, glycosides, amino acids, and a few percentages of reducing sugar were present in the polyherbal extract. Polyherbal extract encapsulated XG hydrogel (X@C-H) significantly enhanced the proliferation of fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines in comparison to the bare excipient treated cells as determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Also, the proliferation of these cells was confirmed by BrdU assay and enhanced expression of pAkt. In anin-vivostudy, wound healing activity of BALB/c mice was carried out and we observed that X@C-H hydrogel showed significant result compared to the other groups (untreated, X, X@C, X@H). Henceforth, we conclude that this synthesized biocompatible hydrogel could emerge as a promising carrier of more than one herbal excipients.

Prospecting Local Treatments Used in Conjunction with Antivenom Administration Following Envenomation Caused by Animals: A Systematic Review

Envenomation caused by venomous animals may trigger significant local complications such as pain, edema, localized hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis, in addition to complications such as dermonecrosis, myonecrosis, and even amputations. This systematic review aims to evaluate scientific evidence on therapies used to target local effects caused by envenomation. The PubMed, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases were used to perform a literature search on the topic. The review was based on studies that cited procedures performed on local injuries following envenomation with the aim of being an adjuvant therapeutic strategy. The literature regarding local treatments used following envenomation reports the use of several alternative methods and/or therapies. The venomous animals found in the search were snakes (82.05%), insects (2.56%), spiders (2.56%), scorpions (2.56%), and others (jellyfish, centipede, sea urchin-10.26%). In regard to the treatments, the use of tourniquets, corticosteroids, antihistamines, and cryotherapy is questionable, as well as the use of plants and oils. Low-intensity lasers stand out as a possible therapeutic tool for these injuries. Local complications can progress to serious conditions and may result in physical disabilities and sequelae. This study compiled information on adjuvant therapeutic measures and underscores the importance of more robust scientific evidence for recommendations that act on local effects together with the antivenom.

Polyacetylenes from the adventitious roots of Centella asiatica with glucose uptake stimulatory activity

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is an herbaceous perennial plant of the Apiaceae family that has diverse medicinal uses. Its active components are saponin, phenolics, and polyacetylenes. Plant cell cultures have been exploited for the efficient production of metabolites with pharmacological activity. In this work, we prepared adventitious root cultures of C. asiatica and analyzed their content and biological activity. Adventitious root extracts were found to increase glucose uptake by differentiated L6 skeletal muscle cells and to be more efficient than the extract of whole plants. Chromatographic fractionation of the extracts from adventitious roots of C. asiatica led to the isolation of two known polyacetylenes, araliadiol (1) and 8-acetoxy-1,9-pentadecadiene-4,6-diyn-3-ol (2), in addition to a new polyacetylene, which we have named centellidiol (3). All the three polyacetylenes stimulated glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner. The methanol extract of adventitious roots contained 0.53% and 0.82% of compounds 1 and 2, respectively, which are values that were 15 and 21 times higher that are found in mother plants. We therefore suggest that the high content of these polyacetylenes contributes to the high efficacy of C. asiatica adventitious root cultures. Overall, adventitious root cultures of C. asiatica can be part of a secure supply of effective ingredients including polyacetylenes.

Evaluation of the Wound Healing Potential of Cynara humilis Extracts in the Treatment of Skin Burns

Cynara humilis is traditionally used to treat skin burns and microbial infections. However, experimental studies on this plant are rare. Furthermore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cynara humilis, a Moroccan herbal remedy, on the healing of deep second-degree burns in rats with a silver sulfadiazine group. This research was also carried out to confirm if C. humilis had antibacterial capabilities. Under typical burn procedures, each rat received a deep second-degree burn on the upper back. The burns were treated regularly with control groups (control and control VH), silver sulfadiazine (SDD) in group 3, C. humilis ethanolic extract (CHEE) in group 4, and C. humilis aqueous extract (CHAE) in group 5. Throughout the treatment, digital photography was used to measure rat responses to the treatment until day 18. After the scar biopsy at the end of the study, histological parameters (inflammatory cells, collagen, epithelialization, fibrosis, and granulation tissue) were assessed. Using the well technique, the antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested against Staphylococcus aureus CIP 483, Bacillus subtilis CIP 5262, Escherichia coli CIP 53126, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CIP 82118, and Salmonella enterica CIP 8039, and the results showed important activities of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts against the five species tested with MICs of 2 and 4 mg/mL, respectively. In the aqueous extract group, the wound healed faster. In addition, the healing rate in the C. humilis extracts (CHEA and CHEE) group was faster than in the silver sulfadiazine and control groups. In the C. humilis group, maximum wound surface recovery was observed at the same time, as it was not noted in the silver sulfadiazine group. Pathologically, epithelialization was more marked in wounds treated with C. humilis extracts (CHE). Angiogenesis and inflammatory cells were considerably lower in the CHE group than in the silver and other control groups. However, elastic fibers were considerable in the CHE-treated group. In histological examination, the C. humilis group had a low incidence of angiogenesis and inflammation, indicating that this group had less wound scarring. Collagen and burn wound healing were both faster in the C. humilis group. The findings of this study suggest that C. humilis, as indicated by traditional medicine, is a promising natural source for the management of wound healing.

Wound Dressing Modifications for Accelerated Healing of Infected Wounds

Infections that occur during wound healing involve the most frequent complications in the field of wound care which not only inhibit the whole process but also lead to non-healing wound formation. The diversity of the skin microbiota and the wound microenvironment can favor the occurrence of skin infections, contributing to an increased level of morbidity and even mortality. As a consequence, immediate effective treatment is required to prevent such pathological conditions. Antimicrobial agents loaded into wound dressings have turned out to be a great option to reduce wound colonization and improve the healing process. In this review paper, the influence of bacterial infections on the wound-healing phases and promising modifications of dressing materials for accelerated healing of infected wounds are discussed. The review paper mainly focuses on the novel findings on the use of antibiotics, nanoparticles, cationic organic agents, and plant-derived natural compounds (essential oils and their components, polyphenols, and curcumin) to develop antimicrobial wound dressings. The review article was prepared on the basis of scientific contributions retrieved from the PubMed database (supported with Google Scholar searching) over the last 5 years.

How to Promote Skin Repair? In-Depth Look at Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Strategies

Skin repair encompasses epidermal barrier repair and wound healing which involves multiple cellular and molecular stages. Therefore, many skin repair strategies have been proposed. In order to characterize the usage frequency of skin repair ingredients in cosmetics, medicines, and medical devices, commercialized in Portuguese pharmacies and parapharmacies, a comprehensive analysis of the products' composition was performed. A total of 120 cosmetic products, collected from national pharmacies online platforms, 21 topical medicines, and 46 medical devices, collected from INFARMED database, were included in the study, revealing the top 10 most used skin repair ingredients in these categories. A critical review regarding the effectiveness of the top ingredients was performed and an in-depth analysis focused on the top three skin repair ingredients pursued. Results demonstrated that top three most used cosmetic ingredients were metal salts and oxides (78.3%), vitamin E and its derivatives (54.2%), and Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. extract and actives (35.8%). Regarding medicines, metal salts and oxides were also the most used (47.4%) followed by vitamin B5 and derivatives (23.8%), and vitamin A and derivatives (26.3%). Silicones and derivatives were the most common skin repair ingredients in medical devices (33%), followed by petrolatum and derivatives (22%) and alginate (15%). This work provides an overview of the most used skin repair ingredients, highlighting their different mechanisms of action, aiming to provide an up-to-date tool to support health professionals' decisions.

Why traditional herbal medicine promotes wound healing: Research from immune response, wound microbiome to controlled delivery

Impaired wound healing in chronic wounds has been a significant challenge for clinicians and researchers for decades. Traditional herbal medicine (THM) has a long history of promoting wound healing, making them culturally accepted and trusted by a great number of people in the world. However, for a long time, the understanding of herbal medicine has been limited and incomplete, particularly in the allopathic medicine-dominated research system. The therapeutic effects of individual components isolated from THM are found less pronounced compared to synthetic chemical medicine, and the clinical efficacy is always inferior to herbs. In the present article, we review and discuss underlying mechanisms of the skin microbiome involved in the wound healing process; THM in regulating immune responses and commensal microbiome. We additionally propose few pioneer ideas and studies in the development of therapeutic strategies for controlled delivery of herbal medicine. This review aims to promote wound care with a focus on wound microbiome, immune response, and topical drug delivery systems. Finally, future development trends, challenges, and research directions are discussed.

Water from Nitrodi’s Spring Induces Dermal Fibroblast and Keratinocyte Activation, Thus Promoting Wound Repair in the Skin: An In Vitro Study

The Romans knew of Nitrodi’s spring on the island of Ischia more than 2000 years ago. Although the health benefits attributed to Nitrodi’s water are numerous, the underlying mechanisms are still not understood. In this study, we aim to analyze the physicochemical properties and biological effects of Nitrodi’s water on human dermal fibroblasts to determine whether the water exerts in vitro effects that could be relevant to skin wound healing. The results obtained from the study indicate that Nitrodi’s water exerts strong promotional effects on dermal fibroblast viability and a significant stimulatory activity on cell migration. Nitrodi’s water induces alpha-SMA expression in dermal fibroblasts, thus promoting their transition to myofibroblast-protein ECM deposition. Furthermore, Nitrodi’s water reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in human skin aging and dermal damage. Unsurprisingly, Nitrodi’s water has significant stimulatory effects on the cell proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and inhibits the basal ROS production but enhances their response to the oxidative stress caused by external stimuli. Our results will contribute to the development of human clinical trials and further in vitro studies to identify inorganic and/or organic compounds responsible for pharmacological effects.

Leonotis nepetifolia Transformed Root Extract Reduces Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Promotes Tissue Repair In Vitro

Inflammation is closely related to asthma and its defining feature: airway remodeling. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of extracts of normal (NR) and transformed (TR) Leonotis nepetifolia roots on respiratory cells and against the gingival epithelium. Extracts from NR and TR roots were added to lung fibroblast, bronchial epithelial and gingival fibroblast cell lines, in the presence of HRV-16 infection, to determine their impact on inflammation. The expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, GM-CSF and MCAF) as well as total thiol contents were assessed. The TR extract inhibited rhinovirus-induced IL-6 and IL-1β expression in all tested airway cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, the extract decreased GM-CSF expression in bronchial epithelial cells. The tested extracts had positive effects on total thiol content in all tested cell lines. The TR root extract demonstrated wound healing potential. While both tested extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, they were stronger for the TR extract, possibly due to higher concentrations of beneficial metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids. Additionally, wound healing activity was demonstrated for the TR root extract. These results suggest that TR root extract may become a promising therapeutic agent in the future.

The Potential of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products in the Treatment of Burns and Sunburn-A Review

Treating burns remains a challenge for modern medicine, especially in developing countries that cannot afford expensive, advanced therapies. This review article summarises clinical and animal model studies of botanical preparations and their mixtures in treating burn wounds and sunburn. Articles available in electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar, published in English in 2010-2022, were considered. In the described clinical trials, it was shown that some herbal preparations have better effectiveness in treating burn wounds, including shortening the healing time and reducing inflammation, than the conventional treatment used hitherto. These herbal preparations contained extracts from Albizia julibrissin, Alkanna tinctoria, Aloe vera, Arnebia euchroma, Betula pendula and Betula pubescens, Centella asiatica, Hippophaë rhamnoides, Juglans regia, Lawsonia inermis, and mixtures of Matricaria chamomilla and Rosa canina. Research on animal models shows that many extracts may potentially benefit the treatment of burn wounds and sunburn. Due to the diverse mechanism of action, antibacterial activity, the safety of use and cost-effectiveness, herbal preparations can compete with conventional treatment. The growing interest in alternative medicine and herbal medicine encourages further research. Not only single preparations but also their mixtures should be taken into account because the research conducted so far often suggests a synergistic effect of the ingredients.

Local Drug Delivery Strategies towards Wound Healing

A particular biological process known as wound healing is connected to the overall phenomena of growth and tissue regeneration. Several cellular and matrix elements work together to restore the integrity of injured tissue. The goal of the present review paper focused on the physiology of wound healing, medications used to treat wound healing, and local drug delivery systems for possible skin wound therapy. The capacity of the skin to heal a wound is the result of a highly intricate process that involves several different processes, such as vascular response, blood coagulation, fibrin network creation, re-epithelialisation, collagen maturation, and connective tissue remodelling. Wound healing may be controlled with topical antiseptics, topical antibiotics, herbal remedies, and cellular initiators. In order to effectively eradicate infections and shorten the healing process, contemporary antimicrobial treatments that include antibiotics or antiseptics must be investigated. A variety of delivery systems were described, including innovative delivery systems, hydrogels, microspheres, gold and silver nanoparticles, vesicles, emulsifying systems, nanofibres, artificial dressings, three-dimensional printed skin replacements, dendrimers and carbon nanotubes. It may be inferred that enhanced local delivery methods might be used to provide wound healing agents for faster healing of skin wounds.

LC-MS/MS and GC/MS Profiling of Petroselinum sativum Hoffm. and Its Topical Application on Burn Wound Healing and Related Analgesic Potential in Rats

Parsley (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.) is renowned for its ethnomedicinal uses including managing pain, wound, and dermal diseases. We previously highlighted the estrogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of parsley and profiled the phytochemistry of its polyphenolic fraction using HPLC-DAD. To extend our investigation, we here characterized the phytochemical composition of the hydro-ethanolic extract using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS upon silylation, and evaluated the antioxidant, analgesic, antimicrobial, and wound healing activities of its hydro-ethanolic and polyphenolic fraction. The antioxidant property was assessed using FRAP, DPPH, and TAC assays. The antimicrobial activity was tested against four wound infectious microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans). The analgesic effect was studied using acetic acid (counting the number of writhes) and formalin (recording the licking and biting times) injections while the wound healing activity was evaluated using burn model in vivo. The LC-MS/MS showed that the hydro-ethanolic contains four polyphenols (oleuropein, arbutin, myricetin, and naringin) while GC-MS revealed that it contains 20 compounds including malic acid, D-glucose, and galactofuranoside. The hydro-ethanolic (1000 mg/kg) decreased abdominal writhes (38.96%) and licking time (37.34%). It also elicited a strong antioxidant activity using DPPH method (IC₅₀ = 19.38 ± 0.15 µg/mL). Polyphenols exhibited a good antimicrobial effect (MIC = 3.125-12.5 mg/mL). Moreover, both extracts showed high wound contraction by 97.17% and 94.98%, respectively. This study provides evidence that P. sativum could serve as a source of bio-compounds exhibiting analgesic effect and their promising application in mitigating ROS-related disorders, impeding wound infections, and enhancing burn healing.

Modulation of Cell Death Pathways for Cellular Protection and Anti-Tumoral Activity: The Role of Thymus spp. Extracts and Their Bioactive Molecules

Natural products used for their health-promoting properties have accompanied the evolution of humanity. Nowadays, as an effort to scientifically validate the health-promoting effects described by traditional medicine, an ever-growing number of bioactivities are being described for natural products and the phytochemicals that constitute them. Among them, medicinal plants and more specifically the Thymus genus spp., arise as products already present in the diet and with high acceptance, that are a source of phytochemicals with high pharmacological value. Phenolic acids, flavonoid glycoside derivatives, and terpenoids from Thymus spp. have been described for their ability to modulate cell death and survival pathways, much-valued bioactivities in the pharmaceutical industry, that continually sought-after new formulations to prevent undesired cell death or to control cell proliferation. Among these, wound treatment, protection from endogenous/exogenous toxic molecules, or the induction of selective cell death, such as the search for new anti-tumoral agents, arise as main objectives. This review summarizes and discusses studies on Thymus spp., as well as on compounds present in their extracts, with regard to their health-promoting effects involving the modulation of cell death or survival signaling pathways. In addition, studies regarding the main bioactive molecules and their cellular molecular targets were also reviewed. Concerning cell survival and proliferation, Thymus spp. present themselves as an option for new formulations designed for wound healing and protection against chemicals-induced toxicity. However, Thymus spp. extracts and some of their compounds regulate cell death, presenting anti-tumoral activity. Therefore Thymus spp. is a rich source of compounds with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical value.

Wound Healing Properties of Natural Products: Mechanisms of Action

A wound is the loss of the normal integrity, structure, and functions of the skin due to a physical, chemical, or mechanical agent. Wound repair consists of an orderly and complex process divided into four phases: coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. The potential of natural products in the treatment of wounds has been reported in numerous studies, emphasizing those with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, e.g., alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, essential oils, and polyphenols from different plant sources, since these compounds can interact in the various stages of the wound healing process. This review addresses the most current in vitro and in vivo studies on the wound healing potential of natural products, as well as the main mechanisms involved in this activity. We observed sufficient evidence of the activity of these compounds in the treatment of wounds; however, we also found that there is no consensus on the effective concentrations in which the natural products exert this activity. For this reason, it is important to work on establishing optimal treatment doses, as well as an appropriate route of administration. In addition, more research should be carried out to discover the possible side effects and the behavior of natural products in clinical trials.