1
|
Xing J, Wang K, Xu YC, Pei ZJ, Yu QX, Liu XY, Dong YL, Li SF, Chen Y, Zhao YJ, Yao F, Ding J, Hu W, Zhou RP. Efferocytosis: Unveiling its potential in autoimmune disease and treatment strategies. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103578. [PMID: 39004157 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Efferocytosis is a crucial process whereby phagocytes engulf and eliminate apoptotic cells (ACs). This intricate process can be categorized into four steps: (1) ACs release "find me" signals to attract phagocytes, (2) phagocytosis is directed by "eat me" signals emitted by ACs, (3) phagocytes engulf and internalize ACs, and (4) degradation of ACs occurs. Maintaining immune homeostasis heavily relies on the efficient clearance of ACs, which eliminates self-antigens and facilitates the generation of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive signals that maintain immune tolerance. However, any disruptions occurring at any of the efferocytosis steps during apoptosis can lead to a diminished efficacy in removing apoptotic cells. Factors contributing to this inefficiency encompass dysregulation in the release and recognition of "find me" or "eat me" signals, defects in phagocyte surface receptors, bridging molecules, and other signaling pathways. The inadequate clearance of ACs can result in their rupture and subsequent release of self-antigens, thereby promoting immune responses and precipitating the onset of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. A comprehensive understanding of the efferocytosis process and its implications can provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies that target this process to prevent or treat autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yu-Cai Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ze-Jun Pei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qiu-Xia Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xing-Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ya-Lu Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shu-Fang Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ren-Peng Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baskol G, Yetkin MÖ, Sevim DG, Guclu K, Arda H, Saracoglu H, Gahramanov K, Evereklioglu C. Serum GAS6, sAXL, IL-10, NO, and BCL-2 levels are decreased in patients with Behçet's disease. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:S468-S472. [PMID: 38648454 PMCID: PMC467006 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2829_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Behçet's disease (BD) is an autoimmune chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterized by a versatile clinical spectrum. Growth arrest specific protein 6 (GAS6)/soluble AXL (sAXL) signaling pathway draws attention in the resolution of inflammation, and its deficiency is associated with chronic inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, as well as clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes - efferocytosis. In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether GAS6/sAXL, interleukin (IL)-10, nitric oxide (NO), and BCL-2 levels were associated with inflammation and efferocytosis contributes to the pathogenesis of BD. METHODS A total of 37 Behçet patients with ocular involvement and 30 healthy control subjects were included in this study. GAS6, sAXL, IL-10, NO, and BCL-2 levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS Serum GAS6, sAXL, IL-10, NO, and BCL-2 levels were significantly lower in patients with BD compared to the controls (P < 0.005, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). In correlation analysis, research parameters decreased in patients with BD was significantly correlated with each other: GAS6-IL-10 (r = 0.585, P < 0.001), GAS6-BCL-2 (r = 0.541, P < 0.001), sAXL-BCL-2 (r = 0.696, P < 0.001), IL-10-NO (r = 0.717, P < 0.001), IL-10-BCL-2 (r = 0.759, P < 0.001), and NO-BCL-2 (r = 0.541, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, decreased serum BCL-2 level may be an indicator of increased apoptosis in these patients and decreased levels of GAS6/sAXL, IL-10, and NO may indicate insufficient clearance of apoptotic bodies released as a result of increased apoptosis in BD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Baskol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Merve Ö. Yetkin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Duygu G Sevim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Uvea-Behçet Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kenan Guclu
- Department of Biochemistry, Kayseri State Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hatice Arda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Uvea-Behçet Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hatice Saracoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kamran Gahramanov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Uvea-Behçet Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cem Evereklioglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Uvea-Behçet Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hou G, Wang X, Wang A, Yuan L, Zheng Q, Xiao H, Wang H. The role of secreted proteins in efferocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1332482. [PMID: 38259511 PMCID: PMC10800375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1332482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells known as efferocytosis is the final stage of apoptosis, and includes the recognition, phagocytosis, and degradation of apoptotic cells. The maintenance of tissue homeostasis requires the daily elimination of billions of apoptotic cells from the human body via the process of efferocytosis. Accordingly, aberrations in efferocytosis underlie a growing list of diseases, including atherosclerosis, cancer, and infections. During the initial phase of apoptosis, "Eat-Me" signals are exposed and recognized by phagocytes either directly through phagocyte receptors or indirectly through secreted proteins that function as bridge molecules that cross-link dying cells to phagocytes. Here, we set out to provide a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms and biological significance of secreted proteins in apoptotic cell clearance. Specifically, it focuses on how these secreted proteins act as bridging molecules to facilitate the clearance process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cronin P, McCarthy S, Hurley C, Ghosh TS, Cooney JC, Tobin AM, Murphy M, O’Connor EM, Shanahan F, O’Toole PW. Comparative diet-gut microbiome analysis in Crohn's disease and Hidradenitis suppurativa. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1289374. [PMID: 38029085 PMCID: PMC10667482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1289374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The chronic inflammatory skin disease Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is strongly associated with Crohn's Disease (CD). HS and CD share clinical similarities and similar inflammatory pathways are upregulated in both conditions. Increased prevalence of inflammatory disease in industrialised nations has been linked to the Western diet. However, gut microbiota composition and diet interaction have not been compared in HS and CD. Methods Here we compared the fecal microbiota (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and habitual diet of previously reported subjects with HS (n = 55), patients with CD (n = 102) and controls (n = 95). Results and discussion Patients with HS consumed a Western diet similar to patients with CD. Meanwhile, habitual diet in HS and CD was significantly different to controls. Previously, we detected differences in microbiota composition among patients with HS from that of controls. We now show that 40% of patients with HS had a microbiota configuration similar to that of CD, characterised by the enrichment of pathogenic genera (Enterococcus, Veillonella and Escherichia_Shigella) and the depletion of putatively beneficial genera (Faecalibacterium). The remaining 60% of patients with HS harboured a normal microbiota similar to that of controls. Antibiotics, which are commonly used to treat HS, were identified as a co-varying with differences in microbiota composition. We examined the levels of several inflammatory markers highlighting that growth-arrest specific 6 (Gas6), which has anti-inflammatory potential, were significantly lower in the 40% of patients with HS who had a CD microbiota configuration. Levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12, which is a modulator of intestinal inflammation in CD, were negatively correlated with the abundance of health-associated genera in patients with HS. In conclusion, the fecal microbiota may help identify patients with HS who are at greater risk for development of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cronin
- Department of Biological Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhan McCarthy
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Dermatology, South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cian Hurley
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Tarini Shankar Ghosh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi (IIIT-Delhi), Delhi, India
| | - Jakki C. Cooney
- Department of Biological Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ann-Marie Tobin
- Department of Dermatology, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eibhlís M. O’Connor
- Department of Biological Science, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Burstyn-Cohen T, Fresia R. TAM receptors in phagocytosis: Beyond the mere internalization of particles. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:7-26. [PMID: 37596991 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK constitute the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases, activated by their ligands GAS6 and PROS1. TAMs are necessary for adult homeostasis in the immune, nervous, reproductive, skeletal, and vascular systems. Among additional cellular functions employed by TAMs, phagocytosis is central for tissue health. TAM receptors are dominant in providing phagocytes with the molecular machinery necessary to engulf diverse targets, including apoptotic cells, myelin debris, and portions of live cells in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. Simultaneously, TAMs drive the release of anti-inflammatory and tissue repair molecules. Disruption of the TAM-driven phagocytic pathway has detrimental consequences, resulting in autoimmunity, male infertility, blindness, and disrupted vascular integrity, and which is thought to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Although structurally and functionally redundant, the TAM receptors and ligands underlie complex signaling cascades, of which several key aspects are yet to be elucidated. We discuss similarities and differences between TAMs and other phagocytic pathways, highlight future directions and how TAMs can be harnessed therapeutically to modulate phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burstyn-Cohen
- The Institute for Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roberta Fresia
- The Institute for Biomedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hayashi SY, Craddock BP, Miller WT. Phosphorylation of Ack1 by the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Mer. KINASES AND PHOSPHATASES 2023; 1:167-180. [PMID: 37662484 PMCID: PMC10473914 DOI: 10.3390/kinasesphosphatases1030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Ack1 is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is associated with cellular proliferation and survival. The receptor tyrosine kinase Mer, a member of the TAM family of receptors, has previously been reported to be an upstream activator of Ack1 kinase. The mechanism linking the two kinases, however, has not been investigated. We confirmed that Ack1 and Mer interact by co-immunoprecipitation experiments and found that Mer expression led to increased Ack1 activity. The effect on Ack1 was dependent on the kinase activity of Mer, whereas mutation of the Mer C-terminal tyrosines Y867 and Y924 did not significantly decrease the ability of Mer to activate Ack1. Ack1 possesses a Mig6 Homology Region (MHR) that contains adjacent regulatory tyrosines (Y859 and Y860). Using synthetic peptides, we showed that Mer preferentially binds and phosphorylates the MHR sequence containing phosphorylated pY860, as compared to the pY859 sequence. This suggested the possibility of sequential phosphorylation within the MHR of Ack1, as has been observed previously for other kinases. In cells co-expressing Mer and Ack1 MHR mutants, the Y859F mutant had higher activity than the Y860F mutant, consistent with this model. The interaction between Mer and Ack1 could play a role in immune cell signaling in normal physiology and could also contribute to the hyperactivation of Ack1 in prostate cancer and other tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Y. Hayashi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Barbara P. Craddock
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - W. Todd Miller
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rizzi M, Tonello S, D’Onghia D, Sainaghi PP. Gas6/TAM Axis Involvement in Modulating Inflammation and Fibrosis in COVID-19 Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020951. [PMID: 36674471 PMCID: PMC9861142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) is a widely expressed vitamin K-dependent protein that is involved in many biological processes such as homeostatic regulation, inflammation and repair/fibrotic processes. It is known that it is the main ligand of TAMs, a tyrosine kinase receptor family of three members, namely MerTK, Tyro-3 and Axl, for which it displays the highest affinity. Gas6/TAM axis activation is known to be involved in modulating inflammatory responses as well as fibrotic evolution in many different pathological conditions. Due to the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic, this review will focus on Gas6/TAM axis activation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, where de-regulated inflammatory responses and fibrosis represent a relevant feature of severe disease manifestation. Furthermore, this review will highlight the most recent scientific evidence supporting an unsuspected role of Axl as a SARS-CoV-2 infection driver, and the potential therapeutic advantages of the use of existing Axl inhibitors in COVID-19 management. From a physiological point of view, the Gas6/TAM axis plays a dual role, fostering the tissue repair processes or leading to organ damage and loss of function, depending on the prevalence of its anti-inflammatory or profibrotic properties. This review makes a strong case for further research focusing on the Gas6/TAM axis as a pharmacological target to manage different disease conditions, such as chronic fibrosis or COVID-19.
Collapse
|
8
|
Adams DE, Zhen Y, Qi X, Shao WH. Axl Expression in Renal Mesangial Cells Is Regulated by Sp1, Ap1, MZF1, and Ep300, and the IL-6/miR-34a Pathway. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121869. [PMID: 35740998 PMCID: PMC9221537 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Axl receptor tyrosine kinase expression in the kidney contributes to a variety of inflammatory renal disease by promoting glomerular proliferation. Axl expression in the kidney is negligible in healthy individuals but upregulated under inflammatory conditions. Little is known about Axl transcriptional regulation. We analyzed the 4.4 kb mouse Axl promoter region and found that many transcription factor (TF)-binding sites and regulatory elements are located within a 600 bp fragment proximal to the translation start site. Among four TFs (Sp1, Ap1, MZF1, and Ep300) identified, Sp1 was the most potent TF that promotes Axl expression. Luciferase assays confirmed the siRNA results and revealed additional mechanisms that regulate Axl expression, including sequences encoding a 5'-UTR mini-intron and potential G-quadruplex forming regions. Deletion of the Axl 5'-UTR mini-intron resulted in a 3.2-fold increases in luciferase activity over the full-length UTR (4.4 kb Axl construct). The addition of TMPyP4, a G-quadruplex stabilizer, resulted in a significantly decreased luciferase activity. Further analysis of the mouse Axl 3'-UTR revealed a miRNA-34a binding site, which inversely regulates Axl expression. The inhibitory role of miRNA-34a in Axl expression was demonstrated in mesangial cells using miRNA-34a mimicry and in primary kidney cells with IL-6 stimulated STAT3 activation. Taken together, Axl expression in mouse kidney is synergistically regulated by multiple factors, including TFs and secondary structures, such as mini-intron and G-quadruplex. A unique IL6/STAT3/miRNA-34a pathway was revealed to be critical in inflammatory renal Axl expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Adams
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (D.E.A.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuxuan Zhen
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (D.E.A.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA;
| | - Wen-Hai Shao
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (D.E.A.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
m 6A Demethylase ALKBH5 Restrains PEDV Infection by Regulating GAS6 Expression in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116191. [PMID: 35682869 PMCID: PMC9181496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a burdensome coronavirus for the global pig industry. Although its fecal-oral route has been well-recognized, increasing evidence suggests that PEDV can also spread through airborne routes, indicating that the infection may also occur in the respiratory tract. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been known to regulate viral replication and host immunity, yet its regulatory role and molecular mechanism regarding PEDV infection outside the gastrointestinal tract remain unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that PEDV can infect porcine lung tissue and the 3D4/21 alveolar macrophage cell line, and the key m6A demethylase ALKBH5 is remarkably induced after PEDV infection. Interestingly, the disruption of ALKBH5 expression remarkably increases the infection’s capacity for PEDV. Transcriptome profiling identified dozens of putative targets of ALKBH5, including GAS6, which is known to regulate virus infectivity. Further, MeRIP-qPCR and mRNA stability analyses suggest that ALKBH5 regulates the expression of GAS6 via an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent mechanism. Overall, our study demonstrates that PEDV can infect porcine lung tissue and 3D4/21 cells and reveals the crucial role of ALKBH5 in restraining PEDV infections, at least partly, by influencing GAS6 through an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
|
10
|
Baseline Plasma Gas6 Protein Elevation Predicts Adverse Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1568352. [PMID: 35531477 PMCID: PMC9070408 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1568352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reliable biomarkers allowing early patients’ stratification for the risk of adverse outcomes in COVID-19 are lacking. Gas6, together with its tyrosine kinase receptors named TAM, is involved in the regulation of immune homeostasis, fibrosis, and thrombosis. Our aim was to evaluate whether Gas6, sAxl, and sMerTK could represent early predictors of disease evolution either towards a negative (death or need of ICU admission) or a positive (discharge and/or clinical resolution within the first 14 days of hospitalization) outcome. To this purpose, between January and May 2021 (corresponding to third pandemic wave in Italy), 139 consecutive SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were enrolled in a prospective observational study. Plasma levels of these molecules were measured by ELISA at the time of hospitalization and after 7 and 14 days. We observed that higher plasma Gas6 concentrations at hospital admission were associated with a worsening in clinical conditions while lower sMerTK concentrations at baseline and after 7 days of hospitalization were associated with a more favorable outcome. At multivariate analysis, after correction for demographic and COVID-19 severity variables (NEWS2 and PiO2/FiO2), only Gas6 measured at baseline predicted an adverse prognosis with an odds ratio of 1.03 (C.I. 1.01-10.5). At ROC curve analysis, baseline Gas6 levels higher than 58.0 ng/ml predicted a severe disease evolution with 53.3% sensitivity and 77.6% specificity (area under the curve 0.653,
, likelihood ratio of 2.38, IQR: 1.46-3.87). Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that a dysregulation in the Gas6/TAM axis could play a relevant role in modulating the course of COVID-19 and suggest that plasma Gas6 may represent a promising prognostic laboratory parameter for this condition.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang J, Yu C, Zhuang J, Qi W, Jiang J, Liu X, Zhao W, Cao Y, Wu H, Qi J, Zhao RC. The role of phosphatidylserine on the membrane in immunity and blood coagulation. Biomark Res 2022; 10:4. [PMID: 35033201 PMCID: PMC8760663 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The negatively charged aminophospholipid, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), is located in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in normal cells, and may be exposed to the outer leaflet under some immune and blood coagulation processes. Meanwhile, Ptdser exposed to apoptotic cells can be recognized and eliminated by various immune cells, whereas on the surface of activated platelets Ptdser interacts with coagulation factors prompting enhanced production of thrombin which significantly facilitates blood coagulation. In the case where PtdSer fails in exposure or mistakenly occurs, there are occurrences of certain immunological and haematological diseases, such as the Scott syndrome and Systemic lupus erythematosus. Besides, viruses (e.g., Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV)) can invade host cells through binding the exposed PtdSer. Most recently, the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been similarly linked to PtdSer or its receptors. Therefore, it is essential to comprehensively understand PtdSer and its functional characteristics. Therefore, this review summarizes Ptdser, its eversion mechanism; interaction mechanism, particularly with its immune receptors and coagulation factors; recognition sites; and its function in immune and blood processes. This review illustrates the potential aspects for the underlying pathogenic mechanism of PtdSer-related diseases, and the discovery of new therapeutic strategies as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Changxin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junyi Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wenxin Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiawen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xuanting Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wanwei Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yiyang Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jingxuan Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Robert Chunhua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Centre of Excellence in Tissue Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Clinical Trial of Stem Cell Therapy (BZ0381), Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Brosseron F, Maass A, Kleineidam L, Ravichandran KA, González PG, McManus RM, Ising C, Santarelli F, Kolbe CC, Häsler LM, Wolfsgruber S, Marquié M, Boada M, Orellana A, de Rojas I, Röske S, Peters O, Cosma NC, Cetindag A, Wang X, Priller J, Spruth EJ, Altenstein S, Schneider A, Fliessbach K, Wiltfang J, Schott BH, Bürger K, Janowitz D, Dichgans M, Perneczky R, Rauchmann BS, Teipel S, Kilimann I, Göerß D, Laske C, Munk MH, Düzel E, Yakupov R, Dobisch L, Metzger CD, Glanz W, Ewers M, Dechent P, Haynes JD, Scheffler K, Roy N, Rostamzadeh A, Teunissen CE, Marchant NL, Spottke A, Jucker M, Latz E, Wagner M, Mengel D, Synofzik M, Jessen F, Ramirez A, Ruiz A, Heneka MT. Soluble TAM receptors sAXL and sTyro3 predict structural and functional protection in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2021; 110:1009-1022.e4. [PMID: 34995486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to improve the understanding of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We analyzed cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarker correlations to brain structural volume and longitudinal cognitive outcomes in the DELCODE study and in a validation cohort of the F.ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona. We investigated whether respective biomarker changes are evident before onset of cognitive impairment. YKL-40; sTREM2; sAXL; sTyro3; MIF; complement factors C1q, C4, and H; ferritin; and ApoE protein were elevated in pre-dementia subjects with pathological levels of tau or other neurodegeneration markers, demonstrating tight interactions between inflammation and accumulating neurodegeneration even before onset of symptoms. Intriguingly, higher levels of ApoE and soluble TAM receptors sAXL and sTyro3 were related to larger brain structure and stable cognitive outcome at follow-up. Our findings indicate a protective mechanism relevant for intervention strategies aiming to regulate neuroinflammation in subjects with no or subjective symptoms but underlying AD pathology profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Brosseron
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Maass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Luca Kleineidam
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kishore Aravind Ravichandran
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pablo García González
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundacío ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Róisín M McManus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Ising
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Francesco Santarelli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Carl-Christian Kolbe
- University of Bonn Medical Center, Institute of Innate Immune, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa M Häsler
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Steffen Wolfsgruber
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marta Marquié
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundacío ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundacío ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelina Orellana
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundacío ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundacío ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Röske
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicoleta-Carmen Cosma
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arda Cetindag
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Eike J Spruth
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Slawek Altenstein
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Fliessbach
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Björn H Schott
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestr. 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bürger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, Munich 81377, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Janowitz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, Munich 81377, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, Munich 81377, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) Munich, Munich, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Boris-Stephan Rauchmann
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Gehlsheimer Str. 20, Rostock 18147, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Kilimann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Gehlsheimer Str. 20, Rostock 18147, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Doreen Göerß
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Laske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Section for Dementia Research, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias H Munk
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Section for Dementia Research, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emrah Düzel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renat Yakupov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Laura Dobisch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Coraline D Metzger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research (IKND), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wenzel Glanz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Straße 44, Magdeburg 39120, Germany
| | - Michael Ewers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Peter Dechent
- MR-Research in Neurosciences, Department of Cognitive Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - John Dylan Haynes
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- Department for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nina Roy
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany
| | - Ayda Rostamzadeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Annika Spottke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; University of Bonn Medical Center, Institute of Innate Immune, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - David Mengel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Otfried-Müller-Straße 27, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Köln, Germany; Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Psychiatry & Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundacío ACE Alzheimer Center Barcelona, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael T Heneka
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn 53127, Germany; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Geriatric Psychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7 avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, 4362 Esch-sur- Alzette, Luxembourg; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue, North Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Study of the Role of the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor MerTK in the Development of Kidney Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in RCS Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212103. [PMID: 34829984 PMCID: PMC8618874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) triggers a cascade of events including oxidative stress, apoptotic body and microparticle (MP) formation as well as an acute inflammatory process that may contribute to organ failure. Macrophages are recruited to phagocytose cell debris and MPs. The tyrosine kinase receptor MerTK is a major player in the phagocytosis process. Experimental models of renal I/R events are of major importance for identifying I/R key players and for elaborating novel therapeutical approaches. A major aim of our study was to investigate possible involvement of MerTK in renal I/R. We performed our study on both natural mutant rats for MerTK (referred to as RCS) and on wild type rats referred to as WT. I/R was established by of bilateral clamping of the renal pedicles for 30' followed by three days of reperfusion. Plasma samples were analysed for creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), kidney injury molecule -1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels and for MPs. Kidney tissue damage and CD68-positive cell requirement were analysed by histochemistry. monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and histone 3A (H3A) levels in kidney tissue lysates were analysed by western blotting. The phagocytic activity of blood-isolated monocytes collected from RCS or WT towards annexin-V positive bodies derived from cultured renal cell was assessed by fluorescence-activated single cell sorting (FACS) and confocal microscopy analyses. The renal I/R model for RCS rat described for the first time here paves the way for further investigations of MerTK-dependent events in renal tissue injury and repair mechanisms.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mancardi D, Arrigo E, Cozzi M, Cecchi I, Radin M, Fenoglio R, Roccatello D, Sciascia S. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in lupus nephritis: New roles for old players? Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13441. [PMID: 33128260 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, most of the clinical manifestation share a vascular component triggered by endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial cells (ECs) activation occurs both on the arterial and venous side, and the high vascular density of kidneys accounts for the detrimental outcomes of SLE through lupus nephritis (LN). Kidney damage, in turn, exerts a negative feedback on the cardiovascular (CV) system aggravating risk factors for CV diseases such as hypertension, stroke and coronary syndrome among others. Despite the intensive investigation on SLE and LN, the role of endothelial dysfunction, as well as the underlying mechanisms, remains to be fully understood, with no specifically targeted pharmacological treatment. It is not known, in fact, if the activation pathway(s) in venous ECs are similar to the one in arterial ECs and doubts persist on the shared manifestation of microcirculation compared to macrocirculation. In this work, we aim to review the recent literature about the role of endothelial activation and dysfunction in the development of CV complications in SLE and LN patients. We, therefore, focus on arteriovenous similarities and differences and on specific pathways of great vessels compared to capillaries. Critically summarising the available data is of pivotal importance for both basic researchers and clinicians in order to develop and test new pharmacological approaches in the treatment of basic components of SLE and LN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mancardi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Arrigo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Cozzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Nephrology and Dialysis S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,School of Specialization in Nephrology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Irene Cecchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Nephrology and Dialysis S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Radin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Nephrology and Dialysis S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Fenoglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Nephrology and Dialysis S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Roccatello
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Nephrology and Dialysis S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Savino Sciascia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases-Nephrology and Dialysis S. Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gomez Hernandez MP, Starman EE, Davis AB, Harishchandra Hikkaduwa Withanage M, Zeng E, Lieberman SM, Brogden KA, Lanzel EA. A distinguishing profile of chemokines, cytokines, and biomarkers in the saliva of children with Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:4765-4777. [PMID: 33512494 PMCID: PMC8487313 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective SS is an autoimmune disease most commonly diagnosed in adults but can occur in children. Our objective was to assess the presence of chemokines, cytokines and biomarkers (CCBMs) in saliva from these children that were associated with lymphocyte and mononuclear cell functions. Methods Saliva was collected from 11 children diagnosed with SS prior to age 18 years and 16 normal healthy children. A total of 105 CCBMs were detected in multiplex microparticle-based immunoassays. ANOVA and t test (0.05 level) were used to detect differences. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to assess whether elevated CCBMs were in annotations associated with immune system diseases and select leukocyte activities and functions. Machine learning methods were used to evaluate the predictive power of these CCBMs for SS and were measured by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC). Results Of the 105 CCBMs detected, 43 (40.9%) differed in children with SS from those in healthy study controls (P < 0.05) and could differentiate the two groups (P < 0.05). Elevated CCBMs in IPA annotations were associated with autoimmune diseases and with leukocyte chemotaxis, migration, proliferation, and regulation of T cell activation. The best AUC value in ROC analysis was 0.93, indicating that there are small numbers of CCBMs that may be useful for diagnosis of SS. Conclusion While 35 of these 43 CCBMs have been previously reported in SS, 8 CCBMs had not. Additional studies focusing on these CCBMs may provide further insight into disease pathogenesis and may contribute to diagnosis of SS in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily E Starman
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Andrew B Davis
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | | | - Erliang Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Scott M Lieberman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics-Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kim A Brogden
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Emily A Lanzel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brogna C, Milano V, Brogna B, Cristiano L, Rovere G, De Sanctis R, Romeo DM, Mercuri E, Zampino G. De Novo Partial 13q22-q34 Trisomy with Typical Neurological and Immunological Findings: A Case Report with New Genetic Insights. Brain Sci 2020; 11:brainsci11010021. [PMID: 33375380 PMCID: PMC7823677 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The partial trisomy 13q encompasses an extensive variability of phenotypic and radiological findings including leukoencephalopathy and brain malformations such as holoprosencephaly, callosal dysgenesis, hippocampal hypoplasia, olfactory hypoplasia, and vermian hypoplasia. We report for the first time a case of a 23-year-old patient affected by de novo partial 13q22.1q34 trisomy (41.7 Mb, 72,365,975-114,077,122x3) presenting with hemiparesis related to both ischemic and haemorrhagic cerebral lesions compatible with cerebral vasculitis due to a possible combination of genetic and immunological interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Brogna
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (R.D.S.); (D.M.R.); (E.M.)
- Neuropsychiatric Unit, ASL Avellino, 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Milano
- Genetic Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Pediatric Unit, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Brogna
- Radiology Unit, S.G. Moscati Hospital, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Lara Cristiano
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (R.D.S.); (D.M.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Rovere
- Orthopedic Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto De Sanctis
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (R.D.S.); (D.M.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Domenico M. Romeo
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (R.D.S.); (D.M.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugenio Mercuri
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (R.D.S.); (D.M.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gadiyar V, Patel G, Davra V. Immunological role of TAM receptors in the cancer microenvironment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 357:57-79. [PMID: 33234245 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TAM receptors belong to the family of receptor tyrosine kinases, comprising of Tyro3, Axl and Mertk receptors (TAMs) and are important homeostatic regulators of inflammation in higher eukaryotes. Along with their ligands, Gas6 and ProteinS, TAMs acts as receptors to phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), an anionic phospholipid that becomes externalized on the surface of apoptotic and stressed cells. TAM receptors, specially Mertk, have been well established to play a role in the process of efferocytosis, the engulfment of dying cells. Besides being efferocytic receptors, TAMs are pleiotropic immune modulators as the lack of TAM receptors in various mouse models lead to chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Owing to their immune modulatory role, the PtdSer-TAM receptor signaling axis has been well characterized as a global immune-suppressive signal, and in cancers, and emerging literature implicates TAM receptors in cancer immunology and anti-tumor therapeutics. In the tumor microenvironment, immune-suppressive signals, such as ones that originate from TAM receptor signaling can be detrimental to anti-tumor therapy. In this chapter, we discuss immune modulatory functions of TAM receptors in the tumor microenvironment as well role of differentially expressed TAM receptors and their interactions with immune and tumor cells. Finally, we describe current strategies being utilized for targeting TAMs in several cancers and their implications in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Gadiyar
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Gopi Patel
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tutusaus A, Marí M, Ortiz-Pérez JT, Nicolaes GAF, Morales A, García de Frutos P. Role of Vitamin K-Dependent Factors Protein S and GAS6 and TAM Receptors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19-Associated Immunothrombosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2186. [PMID: 32998369 PMCID: PMC7601762 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin K-dependent factors protein S (PROS1) and growth-arrest-specific gene 6 (GAS6) and their tyrosine kinase receptors TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK, the TAM subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), are key regulators of inflammation and vascular response to damage. TAM signaling, which has largely studied in the immune system and in cancer, has been involved in coagulation-related pathologies. Because of these established biological functions, the GAS6-PROS1/TAM system is postulated to play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression complications. The participation of the TAM system in vascular function and pathology has been previously reported. However, in the context of COVID-19, the role of TAMs could provide new clues in virus-host interplay with important consequences in the way that we understand this pathology. From the viral mimicry used by SARS-CoV-2 to infect cells, to the immunothrombosis that is associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients, TAM signaling seems to be involved at different stages of the disease. TAM targeting is becoming an interesting biomedical strategy, which is useful for COVID-19 treatment now, but also for other viral and inflammatory diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tutusaus
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - José T. Ortiz-Pérez
- Clinic Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerry A. F. Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Albert Morales
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.M.)
- Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, CIBEREHD, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo García de Frutos
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.T.); (M.M.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boada-Romero E, Martinez J, Heckmann BL, Green DR. The clearance of dead cells by efferocytosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:398-414. [PMID: 32251387 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple modes of cell death have been identified, each with a unique function and each induced in a setting-dependent manner. As billions of cells die during mammalian embryogenesis and daily in adult organisms, clearing dead cells and associated cellular debris is important in physiology. In this Review, we present an overview of the phagocytosis of dead and dying cells, a process known as efferocytosis. Efferocytosis is performed by macrophages and to a lesser extent by other 'professional' phagocytes (such as monocytes and dendritic cells) and 'non-professional' phagocytes, such as epithelial cells. Recent discoveries have shed light on this process and how it functions to maintain tissue homeostasis, tissue repair and organismal health. Here, we outline the mechanisms of efferocytosis, from the recognition of dying cells through to phagocytic engulfment and homeostatic resolution, and highlight the pathophysiological consequences that can arise when this process is abrogated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Boada-Romero
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Inflammation & Autoimmunity Group, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bradlee L Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
New Insights into the Role of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:1614627. [PMID: 32051695 PMCID: PMC6995487 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1614627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints. Among several pathogenic mechanisms, the impairment of homeostatic regulators of inflammation seems to be critically important to sustain persistent infiltration and activation of immune and stromal cells within the diseased synovium. Tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mer are members of the TAM family. Upon binding their ligands Growth Arrest-Specific gene 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (ProS1), TAM receptors (TAMs) exert numerous and diverse biologic functions. Activated Axl and Mer, for instance, can negatively regulate the inflammatory cascade and mediate phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, contributing to prevent the development of autoimmunity. Thus, a role for TAMs has been hypothesized in RA. In this review, we will summarise unmet clinical needs in RA, depict the biology of TAMs and TAM ligands, focussing on their ability to regulate the immune system and inflammation cascade, and finally offer an overview of the state-of-the-art literature about the putative role of TAM axis in RA.
Collapse
|