1
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Sun J, Jiang R, Hou L, Wang L, Li M, Dong H, Dong N, Lin Y, Zhu Z, Zhang G, Zhang Y. Identification of a combined hypoxia and lactate metabolism prognostic signature in lung adenocarcinoma : Author. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:323. [PMID: 38965505 PMCID: PMC11225160 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the tumor microenvironment (TME), a bidirectional relationship exists between hypoxia and lactate metabolism, with each component exerting a reciprocal influence on the other, forming an inextricable link. The aim of the present investigation was to develop a prognostic model by amalgamating genes associated with hypoxia and lactate metabolism. This model is intended to serve as a tool for predicting patient outcomes, including survival rates, the status of the immune microenvironment, and responsiveness to therapy in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS Transcriptomic sequencing data and patient clinical information specific to LUAD were obtained from comprehensive repositories of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). A compendium of genes implicated in hypoxia and lactate metabolism was assembled from an array of accessible datasets. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed. Additional investigative procedures, including tumor mutational load (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), functional enrichment assessments and the ESTIMATE, CIBERSORT, and TIDE algorithms, were used to evaluate drug sensitivity and predict the efficacy of immune-based therapies. RESULTS A novel prognostic signature comprising five lactate and hypoxia-related genes (LHRGs), PKFP, SLC2A1, BCAN, CDKN3, and ANLN, was established. This model demonstrated that LUAD patients with elevated LHRG-related risk scores exhibited significantly reduced survival rates. Both univariate and multivariate Cox analyses confirmed that the risk score was a robust prognostic indicator of overall survival. Immunophenotyping revealed increased infiltration of memory CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells and NK cells in patients classified within the high-risk category compared to their low-risk counterparts. Higher probability of mutations in lung adenocarcinoma driver genes in high-risk groups, and the MSI was associated with the risk-score. Functional enrichment analyses indicated a predominance of cell cycle-related pathways in the high-risk group, whereas metabolic pathways were more prevalent in the low-risk group. Moreover, drug sensitivity analyses revealed increased sensitivity to a variety of drugs in the high-risk group, especially inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT, EGFR, and ELK pathways. CONCLUSIONS This prognostic model integrates lactate metabolism and hypoxia parameters, offering predictive insights regarding survival, immune cell infiltration and functionality, as well as therapeutic responsiveness in LUAD patients. This model may facilitate personalized treatment strategies, tailoring interventions to the unique molecular profile of each patient's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Rongxuan Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Liren Hou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huanhuan Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Niuniu Dong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yihan Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Zijiang Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Gansu Province Central Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
| | - Guangjian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Biobank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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2
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Farah C, Mignion L, Jordan BF. Metabolic Profiling to Assess Response to Targeted and Immune Therapy in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1725. [PMID: 38339003 PMCID: PMC10855758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There is currently no consensus to determine which advanced melanoma patients will benefit from targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of both, highlighting the critical need to identify early-response biomarkers to advanced melanoma therapy. The goal of this review is to provide scientific rationale to highlight the potential role of metabolic imaging to assess response to targeted and/or immune therapy in melanoma cancer. For that purpose, a brief overview of current melanoma treatments is provided. Then, current knowledge with respect to melanoma metabolism is described with an emphasis on major crosstalks between melanoma cell metabolism and signaling pathways involved in BRAF-targeted therapy as well as in immune checkpoint inhibition therapies. Finally, preclinical and clinical studies using metabolic imaging and/or profiling to assess response to melanoma treatment are summarized with a particular focus on PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging and 13C-MRS (Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantale Farah
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Lionel Mignion
- Nuclear and Electron Spin Technologies (NEST) Platform, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Bénédicte F. Jordan
- Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium;
- Nuclear and Electron Spin Technologies (NEST) Platform, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium;
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3
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Dai C, Lin Y. Comprehensive analysis of the diagnostic and therapeutic value of the hypoxia-related gene PLAUR in the progression of atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8533. [PMID: 37237021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a major contributor to a variety of negative clinical outcomes, including stroke and myocardial infarction. However, the role and therapeutic value of hypoxia-related genes in AS development has been less discussed. In this study, Plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR) was identified as an effective diagnostic marker for AS lesion progression by combining WGCNA and random forest algorithm. We validated the stability of the diagnostic value on multiple external datasets including humans and mice. We identified a significant correlation between PLAUR expression and lesion progression. We mined multiple single cell-RNA sequencing (sc-RNA seq) data to nominate macrophage as the key cell cluster for PLAUR mediated lesion progression. We combined cross-validation results from multiple databases to predict that HCG17-hsa-miR-424-5p-HIF1A, a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, may regulate hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1A) expression. The DrugMatrix database was used to predict alprazolam, valsartan, biotin A, lignocaine, and curcumin as potential drugs to delay lesion progression by antagonizing PLAUR, and AutoDock was used to verify the binding ability of drugs and PLAUR. Overall, this study provides the first systematic identification of the diagnostic and therapeutic value of PLAUR in AS and offers multiple treatment options with potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Dai
- The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuhang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Wenling First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Wenling Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, 317500, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Del Bufalo D, Di Martile M, Valentini E, Manni I, Masi I, D'Amore A, Filippini A, Nicoletti C, Zaccarini M, Cota C, Castro MV, Quezada MJ, Rosanò L, Lopez-Bergami P, D'Aguanno S. Bcl-2-like protein-10 increases aggressive features of melanoma cells. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:11-26. [PMID: 36046354 PMCID: PMC9400776 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-like protein-10 (Bcl2L10) is the less studied
member of Bcl-2 family proteins, with the controversial role in different
cancer histotypes. Very recently, Bcl2L10 expression in melanoma tumor
specimens and its role in melanoma response to therapy have been
demonstrated. Here, the involvement of Bcl2L10 on the in
vitro and in vivo properties associated with
melanoma aggressive features has been investigated. Methods: Endogenous Bcl2L10 protein expression was detected by western blotting
analysis in a panel of patient-derived and commercially available human
melanoma cells. In vitro assays to evaluate clonogenicity,
cell proliferation, cell migration, cell invasion, and in
vitro capillary-like structure formation [vasculogenic
mimicry (VM)] have been performed by using human melanoma cells
stably overexpressing Bcl2L10 or transiently transfected for loss/gain
function of Bcl2L10, grown under two- or three-dimensional (3D) conditions
Xenograft melanoma model was employed to evaluate in vivo
tumor growth and angiogenesis. Results: Results demonstrated that Bcl2L10 acts as an inducer of in
vitro cell migration, invasion, and VM, while in
vitro cell proliferation, in vivo tumor
growth, as well as colony formation properties were not affected. Dissecting
different signaling pathways, it was found that Bcl2L10 positively affects
the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the
expression of markers of cell invasion, such as urokinase plasminogen
activator receptor (uPAR) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Of note,
Bcl2L10-dependent in vitro migration, invasion, and VM are
linked to uPAR. Bcl2L10 also negatively regulates the intracellular calcium
level. Finally, reduced invasion capability in 3D spheroid invasion assay of
melanoma cells transiently overexpressing Bcl2L10 was observed after
treatment with inhibitors of MMPs and uPAR. Conclusions: Overall, data reported in this paper provide evidence supporting a positive
role of Bcl2L10 in melanoma aggressive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Del Bufalo
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Di Martile
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Valentini
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- SAFU Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Masi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella D'Amore
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Nicoletti
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccarini
- Genetic Research, Dermatological Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cota
- Genetic Research, Dermatological Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, IRCCS San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Victoria Castro
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Quezada
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina
| | - Laura Rosanò
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina
| | - Simona D'Aguanno
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
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5
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Cytoskeleton Response to Ionizing Radiation: A Brief Review on Adhesion and Migration Effects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091102. [PMID: 34572287 PMCID: PMC8465203 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is involved in several biological processes, including adhesion, motility, and intracellular transport. Alterations in the cytoskeletal components (actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules) are strictly correlated to several diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, alterations in the cytoskeletal structure can lead to anomalies in cells’ properties and increase their invasiveness. This review aims to analyse several studies which have examined the alteration of the cell cytoskeleton induced by ionizing radiations. In particular, the radiation effects on the actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and migration have been considered to gain a deeper knowledge of the biophysical properties of the cell. In fact, the results found in the analysed works can not only aid in developing new diagnostic tools but also improve the current cancer treatments.
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6
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Mori S, Akita H, Kobayashi S, Iwagami Y, Yamada D, Tomimaru Y, Noda T, Gotoh K, Takeda Y, Tanemura M, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Inhibition of c-MET reverses radiation-induced malignant potential in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 512:51-59. [PMID: 33965452 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As a treatment option for PDAC, radiation therapy induces good local control. However, radiation also reportedly enhances the malignant potential (e.g., invasion and migration ability) in various cancers, thus increasing the risk of distant metastasis. It remains unclear how radiation induces malignant potential, and how such enhanced malignant potential can be suppressed. In the current study, we evaluated the sequential change of c-Met expression in pancreatic cancer cells following irradiation. We found that irradiation transiently induced c-Met expression in vitro. In an in vivo subcutaneous tumor mouse model, irradiation also enhanced downstream phosphorylated Met (p-Met). Furthermore, this enhancement of p-Met protein expression was suppressed by oral administration of the c-Met inhibitor INC280. Irradiated pancreatic cancer cells with enhanced c-Met expression exhibited higher malignant potential, including invasion and migration ability, compared with cells showing low c-Met expression. Pancreatic cancer cells that overexpressed c-met also showed enhanced malignant potential, which was reversed by c-Met inhibition. Additionally, c-Met inhibitor suppressed the metastatic potential in a liver metastasis mouse model using c-met-overexpressing cells. Overall, our present results revealed that irradiation could induce c-met expression in pancreatic cancer cells, leading to enhanced malignant potential (e.g., invasion and migration ability) and thus promoting distant metastasis. Moreover, a c-Met inhibitor could reverse this enhanced malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Mori
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Osaka, 591-8025, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, 541-8567, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kunihito Gotoh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takeda
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Rosai Hospital, Hyogo, 660-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Surgery, Rinku General Medical Center, Osaka, 598-8577, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Parkins KM, Dubois VP, Kelly JJ, Chen Y, Knier NN, Foster PJ, Ronald JA. Engineering Circulating Tumor Cells as Novel Cancer Theranostics. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7925-7937. [PMID: 32685030 PMCID: PMC7359075 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New ways to target and treat metastatic disease are urgently needed. Tumor “self-homing” describes the recruitment of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) back to a previously excised primary tumor location, contributing to tumor recurrence, as well as their migration to established metastatic lesions. Recently, self-homing CTCs have been exploited as delivery vehicles for anti-cancer therapeutics in preclinical primary tumor models. However, the ability of CTCs to self-home and treat metastatic disease is largely unknown. Methods: Here, we used bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to explore whether systemically administered CTCs home to metastatic lesions and if CTCs armed with both a reporter gene and a cytotoxic prodrug gene therapy can be used to visualize and treat metastatic disease. Results: BLI performed over time revealed a remarkable ability of CTCs to home to and treat tumors throughout the body. Excitingly, metastatic tumor burden in mice that received therapeutic CTCs was lower compared to mice receiving control CTCs. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the noteworthy ability of experimental CTCs to home to disseminated breast cancer lesions. Moreover, by incorporating a prodrug gene therapy system into our self-homing CTCs, we show exciting progress towards effective and targeted delivery of gene-based therapeutics to treat both primary and metastatic lesions.
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8
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Avagliano A, Fiume G, Pelagalli A, Sanità G, Ruocco MR, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Metabolic Plasticity of Melanoma Cells and Their Crosstalk With Tumor Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:722. [PMID: 32528879 PMCID: PMC7256186 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a highly aggressive and drug resistant solid tumor, showing an impressive metabolic plasticity modulated by oncogenic activation. In particular, melanoma cells can generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during cancer progression by both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments, although CM energetic request mostly relies on glycolysis. The upregulation of glycolysis is associated with constitutive activation of BRAF/MAPK signaling sustained by BRAFV600E kinase mutant. In this scenario, the growth and progression of CM are strongly affected by melanoma metabolic changes and interplay with tumor microenvironment (TME) that sustain tumor development and immune escape. Furthermore, CM metabolic plasticity can induce a metabolic adaptive response to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi), associated with the shift from glycolysis toward oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Therefore, in this review article we survey the metabolic alterations and plasticity of CM, its crosstalk with TME that regulates melanoma progression, drug resistance and immunosurveillance. Finally, we describe hallmarks of melanoma therapeutic strategies targeting the shift from glycolysis toward OXPHOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Sanità
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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9
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Gauging the Impact of Cancer Treatment Modalities on Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030743. [PMID: 32245166 PMCID: PMC7140032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic cascade consists of multiple complex steps, but the belief that it is a linear process is diminishing. In order to metastasize, cells must enter the blood vessels or body cavities (depending on the cancer type) via active or passive mechanisms. Once in the bloodstream and/or lymphatics, these cancer cells are now termed circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTC numbers as well as CTC clusters have been used as a prognostic marker with higher numbers of CTCs and/or CTC clusters correlating with an unfavorable prognosis. However, we have very limited knowledge about CTC biology, including which of these cells are ultimately responsible for overt metastatic growth, but due to the fact that higher numbers of CTCs correlate with a worse prognosis; it would seem appropriate to either limit CTCs and/or their dissemination. Here, we will discuss the different cancer treatments which may inadvertently promote the mobilization of CTCs and potential CTC therapies to decrease metastasis.
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10
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Rybka JD. Radiosensitizing properties of magnetic hyperthermia mediated by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on human cutaneous melanoma cell lines. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2019; 24:152-157. [PMID: 30774558 PMCID: PMC6365839 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is responsible for the majority of deaths related to skin cancer. Worryingly, prognoses show an increasing number of melanoma cases each year worldwide. Radiotherapy, which is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, has proved to be useful but insufficient in melanoma management due to exceptionally high radioresistance of melanoma cells. This problem could be overcome by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) used as heat mediators in magnetic hyperthermia, which not only enhance radiosensitivity, but also enable precise targeting by exploitation of their magnetic properties.
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11
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Feng W, Lu H, Xu Z, Chen L, Yang X, Qi Z. [Effect of cells in the epimysium conduit on the regeneration of peripheral nerve]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:617-624. [PMID: 29806353 PMCID: PMC8430018 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201712092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of cells in the epimysium conduit (EMC) on the regeneration of sciatic nerve of mice. Methods The epimysium of the 8-week-old male C57BL/6J enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mouse was trimmed to a size of 5 mm×3 mm, and prepared in a tubular shape (ie, EMC). Some epimysia were treated with different irradiation doses (0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 Gy) to inhibit cells migration. Then the number of migrating cells were counted, and the epimysia with the least migrating cells were selected to prepare EMC. Some epimysia were subjected to decellularization treatment and prepared EMC. HE and Masson staining were used to identify the decellularization effect. Twenty-four C57BL/6J wild-type mice were used to prepare a 3-mm-long sciatic nerve defect of right hind limb model and randomly divided into 3 groups ( n=8). EMC (group A), EMC after cell migration inhibition treatment (group B), and decellularized EMC (group C) were used to repair defects. At 16 weeks after operation, the midline of the regenerating nerve was taken for gross, toluidine blue staining, immunofluorescence staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Results At 15 days, the number of migrating cells gradually decreased with the increase of irradiation dose. There was no significant difference between 30 Gy group and 35 Gy group ( P>0.05); there were significant differences between the other groups ( P<0.05). The epimysium after treatment with 35 Gy irradiation dose was selected for the in vivo experiment. After the decellularization of the epimysium, no nucleus was found in the epimysium and the epimysium could be sutured to prepare EMC. At 16 weeks after operation, the nerves in all groups were recanalized. The sciatic nerve was the thickest in group A, followed by group B, and the finest in group C. Immunofluorescence staining showed that the EGFP cells in group A were surrounded by regenerated axons. Toluidine blue staining and transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the number of regenerated axons and the thickness of regenerated myelin sheath in group A were significantly better than those in groups B and C ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference between groups B and C ( P>0.05). Conclusion The cellular components of the epimysium participate in and promote the regeneration of the sciatic nerve in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Feng
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R.China
| | - Haibin Lu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R.China
| | - Zhuqiu Xu
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R.China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P.R.China
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144,
| | - Zuoliang Qi
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144,
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12
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Hamilton AM, Wong SM, Wong E, Foster PJ. Cranial irradiation increases tumor growth in experimental breast cancer brain metastasis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3907. [PMID: 29493009 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Whole-brain radiotherapy is the standard of care for patients with breast cancer with multiple brain metastases and, although this treatment has been essential in the management of existing brain tumors, there are many known negative consequences associated with the irradiation of normal brain tissue. In our study, we used in vivo magnetic resonance imaging analysis to investigate the influence of radiotherapy-induced damage of healthy brain on the arrest and growth of metastatic breast cancer cells in a mouse model of breast cancer brain metastasis. We observed that irradiated, but otherwise healthy, neural tissue had an increased propensity to support metastatic growth compared with never-irradiated controls. The elucidation of the impact of irradiation on normal neural tissue could have implications in clinical patient management, particularly in patients with residual systemic disease or with residual radio-resistant brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Hamilton
- Robarts Research Institute, Imaging Research Laboratories, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Suzanne M Wong
- Robarts Research Institute, Imaging Research Laboratories, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eugene Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute, Imaging Research Laboratories, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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13
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Abstract
Radiotherapy remains one of the corner stones in the treatment of various malignancies and often leads to an improvement in overall survival. Nonetheless, pre-clinical evidence indicates that radiation can entail pro-metastatic effects via multiple pathways. Via direct actions on cancer cells and indirect actions on the tumor microenvironment, radiation has the potential to enhance epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration, angiogenesis and metastasis. However, the data remains ambiguous and clinical observations that unequivocally prove these findings are lacking. In this review we discuss the pre-clinical and clinical data on the local and systemic effect of irradiation on the metastatic process with an emphasis on the molecular pathways involved.
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14
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Gaustad JV, Simonsen TG, Andersen LMK, Rofstad EK. Vascular abnormalities and development of hypoxia in microscopic melanoma xenografts. J Transl Med 2017; 15:241. [PMID: 29183378 PMCID: PMC5706333 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies investigating the oxygenation status and the development of hypoxia in microscopic tumors are sparse. The purpose of this study was to measure the extent of hypoxia in microscopic melanoma xenografts and to search for possible mechanisms leading to the development of hypoxia in these tumors. Methods A-07, D-12, R-18, and U-25 human melanoma xenografts grown in dorsal window chambers or as flank tumors were used as preclinical tumor models. Morphologic and functional parameters of vascular networks were assessed with intravital microscopy, and the expression of angiogenesis-related genes was assessed with quantitative PCR. Microvessels, pericytes, and the extent of hypoxia were assessed by immunohistochemistry in microscopic tumors by using CD31, αSMA, and pimonidazole as markers, and the extent of radiobiological hypoxia was assessed in macroscopic flank tumors. Results Macroscopic R-18 and U-25 tumors showed extensive hypoxia, whereas macroscopic A-07 and D-12 tumors were less hypoxic. R-18 and U-25 tumors developed hypoxic regions before they reached a size of 2–3 mm in diameter, whereas A-07 and D-12 tumors of similar size did not show hypoxic regions. The development of hypoxic regions was not caused by low vessel density, but was rather a result of inadequate vascular function. Inadequate vascular function was not caused by low vessel diameters or long vessel segments, but was associated with poor vascular pericyte coverage. Poor pericyte coverage was associated with the expression of eight angiogenesis-related genes. Conclusions Two of the four investigated melanoma models developed hypoxic regions in microscopic tumors, and the development of hypoxia was associated with poor vascular pericyte coverage and inadequate vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trude G Simonsen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Mari K Andersen
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Blyth BJ, Cole AJ, MacManus MP, Martin OA. Radiation therapy-induced metastasis: radiobiology and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 35:223-236. [PMID: 29159430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an effective means of achieving local control in a wide range of primary tumours, with the reduction in the size of the tumour(s) thought to mediate the observed reductions in metastatic spread in clinical trials. However, there is evidence to suggest that the complex changes induced by radiation in the tumour environment can also present metastatic risks that may counteract the long-term efficacy of the treatment. More than 25 years ago, several largely theoretical mechanisms by which radiation exposure might increase metastatic risk were postulated. These include the direct release of tumour cells into the circulation, systemic effects of tumour and normal tissue irradiation and radiation-induced changes in tumour cell phenotype. Here, we review the data that has since emerged to either support or refute these putative mechanisms focusing on how the unique radiobiology underlying modern radiotherapy modalities might alter these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Blyth
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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16
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Lemay R, Lepage M, Tremblay L, Therriault H, Charest G, Paquette B. Tumor Cell Invasion Induced by Radiation in Balb/C Mouse is Prevented by the Cox-2 Inhibitor NS-398. Radiat Res 2017; 188:605-614. [PMID: 28956695 DOI: 10.1667/rr14716.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation stimulates the expression of inflammatory mediators known to increase cancer cell invasion. Therefore, it is important to determine whether anti-inflammatory drugs can prevent this adverse effect of radiation. Since cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a central player in the inflammatory response, we performed studies to determine whether the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 can reduce the radiation enhancement of cancer cell invasion. Thighs of Balb/c mice treated with NS-398 were irradiated with either daily fractions of 7.5 Gy for five consecutive days or a single 30 Gy dose prior to subcutaneous injection of nonirradiated MC7-L1 mammary cancer cells. Five weeks later, tumor invasion, blood vessel permeability and interstitial volumes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was measured in tissues by zymography at 21 days postirradiation. Cancer cell invasion in the mouse thighs was increased by 12-fold after fractionated irradiations (5 × 7.5 Gy) and by 17-fold after a single 30 Gy dose of radiation. This stimulation of cancer cell invasion was accompanied by a significant increase in the interstitial volume and a higher level of the protease MMP-2. NS-398 treatment largely prevented the stimulation of cancer cell invasion, which was associated with a reduction in interstitial volume in the irradiated thighs and a complete suppression of MMP-2 stimulation. In conclusion, this animal model using MC7-L1 cells demonstrates that radiation-induced cancer cell invasion can be largely prevented with the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Lepage
- b Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Luc Tremblay
- b Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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17
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Oweida A, Sharifi Z, Halabi H, Xu Y, Sabri S, Abdulkarim B. Differential response to ablative ionizing radiation in genetically distinct non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 17:390-9. [PMID: 27096542 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) has emerged as a highly promising treatment for medically inoperable early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients. Treatment outcomes after SABR have been excellent compared to conventional fractionated radiotherapy (CFRT). However, the biological determinants of the response to ablative doses of radiation remain poorly characterized. Furthermore, there's little data on the cellular and molecular response of genetically distinct NSCLC subtypes to radiation. We assessed the response of 3 genetically distinct lung adenocarcinoma cell lines to ablative and fractionated ionizing radiation (AIR and FIR). We studied clonogenic survival, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and senescence. We also investigated the effect of AIR and FIR on the expression of pro-invasive proteins, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and the transmembrane receptor cMET. Our findings reveal that AIR significantly reduced cell proliferation and clonogenic survival compared to FIR in A549 cells only. This differential response was not observed in HCC827 or H1975 cells. AIR significantly enhanced the invasiveness of A549 cells, but not HCC827 or H1975 cells compared to FIR. Molecular analysis of pathways involved in cell proliferation and invasion revealed that AIR significantly reduced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and upregulated cMET expression in A549 cells. Our results show a differential proliferative and invasive response to AIR that is dependent on genetic subtype and independent of intrinsic radioresistance. Further examination of these findings in a larger panel of NSCLC cell lines and in pre-clinical models is warranted for identification of biomarkers of tumor response to AIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Oweida
- a Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Zeinab Sharifi
- a Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Hani Halabi
- a Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Yaoxian Xu
- a Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- a Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- a Department of Oncology , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec , Canada
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18
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Laurenzana A, Chillà A, Luciani C, Peppicelli S, Biagioni A, Bianchini F, Tenedini E, Torre E, Mocali A, Calorini L, Margheri F, Fibbi G, Del Rosso M. uPA/uPAR system activation drives a glycolytic phenotype in melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1190-1200. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laurenzana
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Anastasia Chillà
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Cristina Luciani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Silvia Peppicelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Alessio Biagioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Elena Tenedini
- Center for Genome Research, Life Sciences Department; University of Modena; Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Eugenio Torre
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Alessandra Mocali
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Lido Calorini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
| | - Mario Del Rosso
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology; University of Florence; Florence 50134 Italy
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19
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Bouchard G, Therriault H, Geha S, Bujold R, Saucier C, Paquette B. Radiation-induced lung metastasis development is MT1-MMP-dependent in a triple-negative breast cancer mouse model. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:479-488. [PMID: 28103615 PMCID: PMC5318978 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is still difficult to establish. Some TNBC benefit from radiotherapy (RT) and are cured, while in other patients metastases appear during the first 3 years after treatment. In this study, an animal model of TNBC was used to determine whether the expression of the cell membrane protease MT1-MMP in cancer cells was associated with radiation-stimulated development of lung metastases. Methods: Using invasion chambers, irradiated fibroblasts were used as chemoattractants to assess the invasiveness of TNBC D2A1 cell lines showing downregulated expression of MT1-MMP, which were compared with D2A1-wt (wild-type) and D2A1 shMT1-mock (empty vector) cell lines. In a mouse model, a mammary gland was irradiated followed by the implantation of the downregulated MT1-MMP D2A1, D2A1-wt or D2A1 shMT1-mock cell lines. Migration of D2A1 cells in the mammary gland, number of circulating tumour cells and development of lung metastases were assessed. Results: The reduction of MT1-MMP expression decreased the invasiveness of D2A1 cells and blocked the radiation enhancement of cancer cell invasion. In BALB/c mice, irradiation of the mammary gland has stimulated the invasion of cancer cells, which was associated with a higher number of circulating tumour cells and of lung metastases. These adverse effects of radiation were prevented by downregulating the MT1-MMP. Conclusions: This study shows that the MT1-MMP is necessary for the radiation enhancement of lung metastasis development, and that its expression level and/or localisation could be evaluated as a biomarker for predicting the early recurrence observed in some TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Bouchard
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Hélène Therriault
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sameh Geha
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachel Bujold
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Service of Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Saucier
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Benoit Paquette
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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20
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Abstract
An estimated 60,000 individuals in the United States and 132,000 worldwide are yearly diagnosed with melanoma. Until recently, treatment options for patients with stages III-IV metastatic disease were limited and offered marginal, if any, improvement in overall survival. The situation changed with the introduction of B-RAF inhibitors and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 immunotherapies into the clinical practice. With only some patients responding well to the immune therapies and with very serious side effects and high costs of immunotherapy, there is still room for other approaches for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Targeted radionuclide therapy of melanoma could be divided into the domains of radioimmunotherapy (RIT), radiolabeled peptides, and radiolabeled small molecules. RIT of melanoma is currently experiencing a renaissance with the clinical trials of alpha-emitter (213)Bi-labeled and beta-emitter (188)Rhenium-labeled monoclonal antibodies in patients with metastatic melanoma producing encouraging results. The investigation of the mechanism of efficacy of melanoma RIT points at killing of melanoma stem cells by RIT and involvement of immune system such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The domain of radiolabeled peptides for targeted melanoma therapy has been preclinical so far, with work concentrated on radiolabeled peptide analogues of melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor and on melanin-binding peptides. The field of radiolabeled small molecule produced radioiodinated benzamides that cross the cellular membrane and bind to the intracellular melanin. The recent clinical trial demonstrated measurable antitumor effects and no acute or midterm toxicities. We are hopeful that the targeted radionuclide therapy of metastatic melanoma would become a clinical reality as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with the immunotherapies such as anti-PD1 programmed cell death protein 1 monoclonal antibodies within the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Norain
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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21
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Gorad SS, Ellingsen C, Bathen TF, Mathiesen BS, Moestue SA, Rofstad EK. Identification of Metastasis-Associated Metabolic Profiles of Tumors by (1)H-HR-MAS-MRS. Neoplasia 2016; 17:767-75. [PMID: 26585232 PMCID: PMC4656806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors develop an abnormal microenvironment during growth, and similar to the metastatic phenotype, the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells is tightly linked to characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we explored relationships between metabolic profile, metastatic propensity, and hypoxia in experimental tumors in an attempt to identify metastasis-associated metabolic profiles. Two human melanoma xenograft lines (A-07, R-18) showing different TMEs were used as cancer models. Metabolic profile was assessed by proton high resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-HR-MAS-MRS). Tumor hypoxia was detected in immunostained histological preparations by using pimonidazole as a hypoxia marker. Twenty-four samples from 10 A-07 tumors and 28 samples from 10 R-18 tumors were analyzed. Metastasis was associated with hypoxia in both A-07 and R-18 tumors, and 1H-HR-MAS-MRS discriminated between tissue samples with and tissue samples without hypoxic regions in both models, primarily because hypoxia was associated with high lactate resonance peaks in A-07 tumors and with low lactate resonance peaks in R-18 tumors. Similarly, metastatic and non-metastatic R-18 tumors showed significantly different metabolic profiles, but not metastatic and non-metastatic A-07 tumors, probably because some samples from the metastatic A-07 tumors were derived from tumor regions without hypoxic tissue. This study suggests that 1H-HR-MAS-MRS may be a valuable tool for evaluating the role of hypoxia and lactate in tumor metastasis as well as for identification of metastasis-associated metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Gorad
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christine Ellingsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone F Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit S Mathiesen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siver A Moestue
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Martin OA, Anderson RL, Narayan K, MacManus MP. Does the mobilization of circulating tumour cells during cancer therapy cause metastasis? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 14:32-44. [PMID: 27550857 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite progressive improvements in the management of patients with locoregionally confined, advanced-stage solid tumours, distant metastasis remains a very common - and usually fatal - mode of failure after attempted curative treatment. Surgery and radiotherapy are the primary curative modalities for these patients, often combined with each other and/or with chemotherapy. Distant metastasis occurring after treatment can arise from previously undetected micrometastases or, alternatively, from persistent locoregional disease. Another possibility is that treatment itself might sometimes cause or promote metastasis. Surgical interventions in patients with cancer, including biopsies, are commonly associated with increased concentrations of circulating tumour cells (CTCs). High CTC numbers are associated with an unfavourable prognosis in many cancers. Radiotherapy and systemic antitumour therapies might also mobilize CTCs. We review the preclinical and clinical data concerning cancer treatments, CTC mobilization and other factors that might promote metastasis. Contemporary treatment regimens represent the best available curative options for patients who might otherwise die from locally confined, advanced-stage cancers; however, if such treatments can promote metastasis, this process must be understood and addressed therapeutically to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kailash Narayan
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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23
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Vilalta M, Rafat M, Graves EE. Effects of radiation on metastasis and tumor cell migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2999-3007. [PMID: 27022944 PMCID: PMC4956569 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that tumor cells migrate from the primary lesion to distant sites to form metastases and that these lesions limit patient outcome in a majority of cases. However, the extent to which radiation influences this process and to which migration in turn alters radiation response remains controversial. There are preclinical and clinical reports showing that focal radiotherapy can both increase the development of distant metastasis, as well as that it can induce the regression of established metastases through the abscopal effect. More recently, preclinical studies have suggested that radiation can attract migrating tumor cells and may, thereby, facilitate tumor recurrence. In this review, we summarize these phenomena and their potential mechanisms of action, and evaluate their significance for modern radiation therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vilalta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr., CCSR South Rm. 1255A, Stanford, CA, 94305-5152, USA
| | - Marjan Rafat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr., CCSR South Rm. 1255A, Stanford, CA, 94305-5152, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Dr., CCSR South Rm. 1255A, Stanford, CA, 94305-5152, USA.
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24
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Bouchard G, Therriault H, Geha S, Bérubé-Lauzière Y, Bujold R, Saucier C, Paquette B. Stimulation of triple negative breast cancer cell migration and metastases formation is prevented by chloroquine in a pre-irradiated mouse model. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:361. [PMID: 27282478 PMCID: PMC4901430 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients are at higher risk of recurrence in the first three years after treatment. This rapid relapse has been suggested to be associated with inflammatory mediators induced by radiation in healthy tissues that stimulate cancer cell migration and metastasis formation. In this study, the ability of chloroquine (CQ) to inhibit radiation-stimulated development of metastasis was assessed. Methods The capacity of CQ to prevent radiation-enhancement of cancer cell invasion was assessed in vitro with the TNBC cell lines D2A1, 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 and the non-TNBC cell lines MC7-L1, and MCF-7. In Balb/c mice, a single mammary gland was irradiated with four daily doses of 6 Gy. After the last irradiation, irradiated and control mammary glands were implanted with D2A1 cells. Mice were treated with CQ (vehicle, 40 or 60 mg/kg) 3 h before each irradiation and then every 72 h for 3 weeks. Migration of D2A1 cells in the mammary gland, the number of circulating tumor cells and lung metastasis were quantified, and also the expression of some inflammatory mediators. Results Irradiated fibroblasts have increased the invasiveness of the TNBC cell lines only, a stimulation that was prevented by CQ. On the other hand, invasiveness of the non-TNBC cell lines, which was not enhanced by irradiated fibroblasts, was also not significantly modified by CQ. In Balb/c mice, treatment with CQ prevented the stimulation of D2A1 TNBC cell migration in the pre-irradiated mammary gland, and reduced the number of circulating tumor cells and lung metastases. This protective effect of CQ was associated with a reduced expression of the inflammatory mediators interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and cyclooxygenase-2, while the levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and −9 were not modified. CQ also promoted a blocking of autophagy. Conclusion CQ prevented radiation-enhancement of TNBC cell invasion and reduced the number of lung metastases in a mouse model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2393-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Bouchard
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5 N4, Canada
| | - Hélène Therriault
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5 N4, Canada
| | - Sameh Geha
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Yves Bérubé-Lauzière
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Rachel Bujold
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5 N4, Canada.,Service of Radiation Oncology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Caroline Saucier
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Benoit Paquette
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1H 5 N4, Canada.
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25
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Gu Q, He Y, Ji J, Yao Y, Shen W, Luo J, Zhu W, Cao H, Geng Y, Xu J, Zhang S, Cao J, Ding WQ. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediates radiation-induced invasiveness through the SDF-1α/CXCR4 pathway in non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10893-907. [PMID: 25843954 PMCID: PMC4484427 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important procedure for the treatment of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, recent evidence has shown that irradiation can promote the invasion and metastasis of several types of cancer, and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which radiation enhances the invasiveness of NSCLC cells. We found that after irradiation, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was increased and translocated into the nucleus, where it bound to the hypoxia response element (HRE) in the CXCR4 promoter and promoted the transcription of CXCR4. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) also plays a role in the radiation-induced expression of CXCR4. Our results revealed that 2 Gy X-ray irradiation promoted the metastasis and invasiveness of H1299, A549 and H460 cells, which were significantly enhanced by SDF-1α treatment. Blocking the SDF-1α/CXCR4 interaction could suppress the radiation-induced invasiveness of NSCLC cells. The PI3K/pAkt and MAPK/pERK1/2 pathways were found to be involved in radiation-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. In vivo, irradiation promoted the colonization of H1299 cells in the liver and lung, which was mediated by CXCR4. Altogether, our findings have elucidated the underlying mechanisms of the irradiation-enhanced invasiveness of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Ji
- Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yifan Yao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialin Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Han Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Geng
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, United States
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26
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Ebos JML. Prodding the Beast: Assessing the Impact of Treatment-Induced Metastasis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3427-35. [PMID: 26229121 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The arsenal of treatments for most cancers fit broadly into the categories of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapy. All represent proven and successful strategies, yet each can trigger local (tumor) and systemic (host) processes that elicit unwanted, often opposing, influences on cancer growth. Under certain conditions, nearly all cancer treatments can facilitate metastatic spread, often in parallel (and sometimes in clear contrast) with tumor reducing benefits. The paradox of treatment-induced metastasis (TIM) is not new. Supporting preclinical studies span decades, but are often overlooked. With recent evidence of prometastatic effects following treatment with targeted agents blocking the tumor microenvironment, a closer inspection of this literature is warranted. The TIM phenomena may diminish the impact of effective therapies and play a critical role in eventual resistance. Alternatively, it may simply exemplify the gap between animal and human studies, and therefore have little impact for patient disease and treatment. This review will focus on the preclinical model systems used to evaluate TIM and explore the mechanisms that influence overall treatment efficacy. Understanding the role of TIM in established and emerging drug treatment strategies may help provide rationales for future drug combination approaches with antimetastatic agents to improve outcomes and reduce resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M L Ebos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York. Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
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27
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Kim MH, Jung SY, Ahn J, Hwang SG, Woo HJ, An S, Nam SY, Lim DS, Song JY. Quantitative proteomic analysis of single or fractionated radiation-induced proteins in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:2. [PMID: 26056562 PMCID: PMC4459121 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy is widely used to treat cancer alone or in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. However, damage to normal tissues and radioresistance of tumor cells are major obstacles to successful radiotherapy. Furthermore, the immune network around tumors appears to be connected to tumor progression and recurrence. METHODS We investigated the cytosolic proteins produced by irradiated tumor cells by using a quantitative proteomic approach based on stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were treated with a single or fractionated 10 Gray dose of (137)Cs γ-radiation, which was selected based on cell viability. RESULTS Radiation-induced proteins were differentially expressed based on the fractionated times of radiation and were involved in multiple biological functions, including energy metabolism and cytoskeleton organization. We identified 46 proteins increased by at least 1.3-fold, and high ranks were determined for cathepsin D, gelsolin, arginino-succinate synthase 1, peroxiredoxin 5, and C-type mannose receptor 2. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a number of tumor-derived factors upregulated by γ-radiation are promising targets for modulation of the immune response during radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyoung Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706 Korea ; Laboratory of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Youn Jung
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706 Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706 Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706 Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Woo
- Laboratory of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungkwan An
- Department of Microbiological Engineering, Kon-Kuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Young Nam
- Radiation Health Institute, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jie-Young Song
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706 Korea
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28
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Zheng Q, Liu Y, Zhou HJ, Du YT, Zhang BP, Zhang J, Miao GY, Liu B, Zhang H. X-ray radiation promotes the metastatic potential of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells via modulation of biomechanical and cytoskeletal properties. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:894-903. [PMID: 25586002 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114561664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the metastatic potential of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) cells after X-ray irradiation as well as radiation-induced changes in the biomechanical properties and cytoskeletal structure that are relevant to metastasis. Tca-8113 TSCC cells were X-ray-irradiated at increasing doses (0, 1, 2, or 4 Gy), and 24 h later, migration was evaluated with the wound healing and transwell migration assays, while invasion was assessed with the Matrigel invasion assay. Confocal and atomic force microscopy were used to examine changes in the structure of the actin cytoskeleton and Young's modulus (cell stiffness), respectively. X-ray radiation induced dose-dependent increases in invasive and migratory potentials of cells relative to unirradiated control cells (p < 0.05). The Young's modulus of irradiated cells was decreased by radiation exposure (p < 0.05), which was accompanied by alterations in the integrity and organization of the cytoskeletal network, as evidenced by a decrease in the signal intensity of actin fibers (p < 0.05). X-ray irradiation enhanced migration and invasiveness in Tca-8113 TSCC cells by altering their biomechanical properties and the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. A biomechanics-based analysis can provide an additional platform for assessing tumor response to radiation and optimization of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zheng
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - H J Zhou
- School of Stomatology, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Y T Du
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - B P Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - J Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - G Y Miao
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - B Liu
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China Corresponding authors with equal contribution
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China Corresponding authors with equal contribution
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29
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Vilalta M, Rafat M, Giaccia AJ, Graves EE. Recruitment of circulating breast cancer cells is stimulated by radiotherapy. Cell Rep 2014; 8:402-9. [PMID: 25017065 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a localized therapy that is highly effective in killing primary tumor cells located within the field of the radiation beam. We present evidence that irradiation of breast tumors can attract migrating breast cancer cells. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) produced by tumor cells in response to radiation stimulates the recruitment of migrating tumor cells to irradiated tumors, suggesting a mechanism of tumor recurrence after radiation facilitated by transit of unirradiated, viable circulating tumor cells to irradiated tumors. Data supporting this hypothesis are presented through in vitro invasion assays and in vivo orthotopic models of breast cancer. Our work provides a mechanism for tumor recurrence in which RT attracts cells outside the radiation field to migrate to the site of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vilalta
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marjan Rafat
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward E Graves
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Division of Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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30
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Moncharmont C, Levy A, Guy JB, Falk AT, Guilbert M, Trone JC, Alphonse G, Gilormini M, Ardail D, Toillon RA, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Magné N. Radiation-enhanced cell migration/invasion process: a review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:133-42. [PMID: 24908570 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a keystone treatment in cancer. Photon radiation has proved its benefits in overall survival in many clinical studies. However, some patients present local recurrences or metastases when cancer cells survive to treatment. Metastasis is a process which includes adhesion of the cell to the extracellular matrix, degradation of the matrix by proteases, cell motility, intravasation in blood or lymphatic vessels, extravasation in distant parenchyma and development of cell colonies. Several studies demonstrated that ionizing radiation might promote migration and invasion of tumor cells by intricate implications in the micro-environment, cell-cell junctions, extracellular matrix junctions, proteases secretion, and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This review reports various cellular pathways involved in the photon-enhanced cell invasion process for which potential therapeutic target may be employed for enhancing antitumor effectiveness. Understanding these mechanisms could lead to therapeutic strategies to counter the highly invasive cell lines via specific inhibitors or carbon-ion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Moncharmont
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, EMR3738, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Department of Radiotherapy, Institut de Cancérologie de la Lucien Neuwirth, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Antonin Levy
- Department of Radiotherapy, GustaveRoussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Guy
- Department of Radiotherapy, Institut de Cancérologie de la Lucien Neuwirth, St Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Alexander T Falk
- Department of Radiotherapy, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Matthieu Guilbert
- INSERM U908, Growth Factor Signalling in Breast Cancer, Functional Proteomics, University Lille 1, IFR-147, 59000 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jane-Chloé Trone
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, EMR3738, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Gersende Alphonse
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, EMR3738, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Marion Gilormini
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, EMR3738, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Dominique Ardail
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, EMR3738, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Robert-Alain Toillon
- INSERM U908, Growth Factor Signalling in Breast Cancer, Functional Proteomics, University Lille 1, IFR-147, 59000 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Claire Rodriguez-Lafrasse
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, EMR3738, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 69921 Oullins, France
| | - Nicolas Magné
- Laboratoire de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, EMR3738, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, 69921 Oullins, France; Department of Radiotherapy, Institut de Cancérologie de la Lucien Neuwirth, St Priest en Jarez, France.
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31
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Martin OA, Anderson RL, Russell PA, Cox RA, Ivashkevich A, Swierczak A, Doherty JP, Jacobs DHM, Smith J, Siva S, Daly PE, Ball DL, Martin RF, MacManus MP. Mobilization of viable tumor cells into the circulation during radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 88:395-403. [PMID: 24315565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether radiation therapy (RT) could mobilize viable tumor cells into the circulation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS AND MATERIALS We enumerated circulating tumor cells (CTCs) by fluorescence microscopy of blood samples immunostained with conventional CTC markers. We measured their DNA damage levels using γ-H2AX, a biomarker for radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, either by fluorescence-activated cell sorting or by immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Twenty-seven RT-treated NSCLC patients had blood samples analyzed by 1 or more methods. We identified increased CTC numbers after commencement of RT in 7 of 9 patients treated with palliative RT, and in 4 of 8 patients treated with curative-intent RT. Circulating tumor cells were also identified, singly and in clumps in large numbers, during RT by cytopathologic examination (in all 5 cases studied). Elevated γ-H2AX signal in post-RT blood samples signified the presence of CTCs derived from irradiated tumors. Blood taken after the commencement of RT contained tumor cells that proliferated extensively in vitro (in all 6 cases studied). Circulating tumor cells formed γ-H2AX foci in response to ex vivo irradiation, providing further evidence of their viability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a rationale for the development of strategies to reduce the concentration of viable CTCs by modulating RT fractionation or by coadministering systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - R Ashley Cox
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alesia Ivashkevich
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Laboratory of DNA Repair and Genomics, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Disease, Monash Institute for Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Swierczak
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy P Doherty
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daphne H M Jacobs
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jai Smith
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shankar Siva
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia E Daly
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David L Ball
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roger F Martin
- Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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32
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Bouchard G, Bouvette G, Therriault H, Bujold R, Saucier C, Paquette B. Pre-irradiation of mouse mammary gland stimulates cancer cell migration and development of lung metastases. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1829-38. [PMID: 24002607 PMCID: PMC3790160 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In most patients with breast cancer, radiotherapy induces inflammation that is characterised by an increase of promigratory factors in healthy tissues surrounding the tumour. However, their role in the emergence of the migration phenotype and formation of metastases is still unclear. Methods: A single mammary gland of BALB/c mice was irradiated with four doses of 6 Gy given at a 24-h interval. After the last session of irradiation, treated and control mammary glands were either collected for quantification of promigratory and proinflammatory factors or were implanted with fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator (FUCCI)-expressing mouse mammary cancer D2A1 cells. The migration of cancer cells in the mammary glands was monitored by optical imaging. On day 21, mammary tumours and lungs were collected for histology analyses and the quantification of metastases. Results: Pre-irradiation of the mammary gland increased by 1.8-fold the migration of cancer cells, by 2-fold the quantity of circulating cancer cells and by 2.4-fold the number of lung metastases. These adverse effects were associated with the induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Conclusion: The emergence of the metastasis phenotype is believed to be associated with the accumulation of mutations in cancer cells. Our results suggest an alternative mechanism based on promigratory factors from irradiated mammary glands. In clinic, the efficiency of radiotherapy could be improved by anti-inflammatory agents that would prevent the stimulation of cancer cell migration induced by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bouchard
- Centre for Research in Radiotherapy, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Cardinale V, De Filippis G, Corsi A, La Penna A, Rossi M, Catalano C, Bianco P, De Santis A, Alvaro D. An isolate alpha-fetoprotein producing gastric cancer liver metastasis emerged in a patient previously affected by radiation induced liver disease. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:398-403. [PMID: 23898374 PMCID: PMC3724969 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i7.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of an isolated hepatic neoplasia which originated in a site of the liver previously affected by radiation induced liver disease (RILD) in a patient resected for gastric cancer and referred to us for high serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. This case challenged us in distiguishing, even histologically, between primary liver cancer and AFP producing gastric cancer metastasis. Only a panel of immunohistochemical markers allowed the definitive diagnosis of liver metastasis of endodermal stem cell-derived and AFP producing gastric cancer. We discuss the criteria for a differential diagnosis, as well as the possible link between RILD and emergence of liver neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Vincenzo Cardinale, Domenico Alvaro, Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Kuonen F, Laurent J, Secondini C, Lorusso G, Stehle JC, Rausch T, Faes-Van't Hull E, Bieler G, Alghisi GC, Schwendener R, Andrejevic-Blant S, Mirimanoff RO, Rüegg C. Inhibition of the Kit ligand/c-Kit axis attenuates metastasis in a mouse model mimicking local breast cancer relapse after radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:4365-74. [PMID: 22711708 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Local breast cancer relapse after breast-saving surgery and radiotherapy is associated with increased risk of distant metastasis formation. The mechanisms involved remain largely elusive. We used the well-characterized 4T1 syngeneic, orthotopic breast cancer model to identify novel mechanisms of postradiation metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 4T1 cells were injected in 20 Gy preirradiated mammary tissue to mimic postradiation relapses, or in nonirradiated mammary tissue, as control, of immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Molecular, biochemical, cellular, histologic analyses, adoptive cell transfer, genetic, and pharmacologic interventions were carried out. RESULTS Tumors growing in preirradiated mammary tissue had reduced angiogenesis and were more hypoxic, invasive, and metastatic to lung and lymph nodes compared with control tumors. Increased metastasis involved the mobilization of CD11b(+)c-Kit(+)Ly6G(high)Ly6C(low)(Gr1(+)) myeloid cells through the HIF1-dependent expression of Kit ligand (KitL) by hypoxic tumor cells. KitL-mobilized myeloid cells homed to primary tumors and premetastatic lungs, to give rise to CD11b(+)c-Kit(-) cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of HIF1, silencing of KitL expression in tumor cells, and inhibition of c-Kit with an anti-c-Kit-blocking antibody or with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor prevented the mobilization of CD11b(+)c-Kit(+) cells and attenuated metastasis. C-Kit inhibition was also effective in reducing mobilization of CD11b(+)c-Kit(+) cells and inhibiting lung metastasis after irradiation of established tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our work defines KitL/c-Kit as a previously unidentified axis critically involved in promoting metastasis of 4T1 tumors growing in preirradiated mammary tissue. Pharmacologic inhibition of this axis represents a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent metastasis in breast cancer patients with local relapses after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Kuonen
- Department of Radio-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Switzerland
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Fokas E, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ. The impact of tumor microenvironment on cancer treatment and its modulation by direct and indirect antivascular strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 31:823-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhou LY, Wang ZM, Gao YB, Wang LY, Zeng ZC. Stimulation of hepatoma cell invasiveness and metastatic potential by proteins secreted from irradiated nonparenchymal cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 84:822-8. [PMID: 22420973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether factors secreted by irradiated liver nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) may influence invasiveness and/or metastatic potential of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and to elucidate a possible mechanism for such effect. METHODS AND MATERIALS Primary rat NPCs were cultured and divided into irradiated (10-Gy X-ray) and nonirradiated groups. Forty-eight hours after irradiation, conditioned medium from irradiated (SR) or nonirradiated (SnonR) cultures were collected and added to sublethally irradiated cultures of the hepatoma McA-RH7777 cell line. Then, hepatoma cells were continuously passaged for eight generations (RH10Gy-SR and RH10Gy-SnonR). The invasiveness and metastatic potential of McA-RH7777, RH10Gy-SnonR, and RH10Gy-SR cells were evaluated using an in vitro gelatinous protein (Matrigel) invasion and an in vivo metastasis assay. In addition, SR and SnonR were tested using rat cytokine antibody arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In vitro gelatinous protein invasion assay indicated that the numbers of invading cells was significantly higher in RH10Gy-SR (40 ± 4.74) than in RH10Gy-SnonR (30.6 ± 3.85) cells, and lowest in McA-RH7777 (11.4 ± 3.56) cells. The same pattern was observed in vivo in a lung metastasis assay, as evaluated by number of metastatic lung nodules seen with RH10Gy-SR (28.83 ± 5.38), RH10Gy-SnonR (22.17 ± 4.26), and McA-RH7777 (8.3 ± 3.8) cells. Rat cytokine antibody arrays and ELISA demonstrated that metastasis-promoting cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6), circulating growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor), and metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were upregulated in SR compared with SnonR. CONCLUSIONS Radiation can increase invasiveness and metastatic potential of sublethally irradiated hepatoma cells, and soluble mediators released from irradiated NPCs promote this potential. Increased secretion of metastasis-related cytokines and factors from NPCs after irradiation may be a possible mechanism for the radiation-induced invasiveness and metastatic potential of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yuan Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Mosch B, Pietzsch D, Pietzsch J. Irradiation affects cellular properties and Eph receptor expression in human melanoma cells. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:113-25. [PMID: 22568947 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray irradiation influences metastatic properties of tumor cells and, moreover, metastasis and cellular motility can be modified by members of the Eph receptor/ephrin family of receptor tyrosine kinases. We hypothesized that irradiation-induced changes in cellular properties relevant for metastasis in melanoma cells could be mediated by Eph receptor/ephrin signaling. In this pilot study, we analyzed one pre-metastatic (Mel-Juso) and three metastatic human melanoma (Mel-Juso-L3, A375, and A2058) cells lines and predominantly found anti-metastatic effects of X-ray irradiation with impaired cell growth, clonal growth and motility. Additionally, we observed an irradiation-induced increase in adhesion paralleled by a decrease in migration in Mel-Juso and Mel-Juso-L3 cells and, in part, also in A375 cells. We further demonstrate a decrease of EphA2 both in expression and activity at 7 d after irradiation paralleled by an upregulation of EphA3. Analyzing downstream signaling after irradiation, we detected decreased Src kinase phosphorylation, but unchanged focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, indicating, in part, irradiation-induced downregulation of signaling via the EphA2-Src-FAK axis in melanoma cells. However, to which extent this finding contributes to the modification of metastasis-relevant cellular properties remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Mosch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
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Zhang GJ, Gao R, Wang JS, Fu JK, Zhang MX, Jin X. Various doses of fractioned irradiation modulates multidrug resistance 1 expression differently through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in esophageal cancer cells. Dis Esophagus 2011; 24:481-8. [PMID: 21309917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of different regimen of radiotherapy on multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) expression and analyze the role hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) played in the whole process. Fifty-four cell lines established from 96 esophageal cancer biopsy samples were given various doses of fractioned irradiation. The mRNA and protein levels of HIF1α and MDR1 post-irradiation were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. HIF1α-siRNA was used to verify the effect of HIF1α on radiation-mediated MDR1 modulation. In esophageal cancer cells surviving 28 Gy irradiation (2 Gy/f, 14 fractions), MDR1 mRNA expression increased 65.27 ± 5.58%, and HIF1α was elevated by 27.21 ± 2.25%. Interestingly, their expression decreased by 54.38 ± 11.53% and 32.08 ± 4.75% after 7 Gy irradiation (0.5 Gy/f, 14 fractions). HIF1α expression showed a positive correlation with MDR1 expression in the whole process (P < 0.05). Silencing of HIF1α decreased MDR1 expression and blocked changes in MDR1 and HIF1α expression induced by fractioned irradiation. These results indicate that MDR1 is differentially modulated by different doses of fractionated radiation, which should be taken into account when combining radiotherapy and chemotherapy for patients with esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-J Zhang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, China
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Paquette B, Therriault H, Desmarais G, Wagner R, Royer R, Bujold R. Radiation-enhancement of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell invasion prevented by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:534-41. [PMID: 21792195 PMCID: PMC3170962 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidences support that radiation can promote the invasion of cancer cells. As interactions between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells can have an important role in tumour progression, we determined whether an irradiation to fibroblasts can enhance the invasiveness of breast cancer cells. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inflammatory enzyme frequently induced by radiotherapy, was investigated. METHODS Irradiated 3T3 fibroblasts were plated in the lower compartment of invasion chambers and used as chemoattractant for non-irradiated human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231, which are oestrogen receptor negative (ER(-)) and the oestrogen receptor positive (ER(+)) MCF-7 cells. Stimulation of COX-2 expression in irradiated 3T3 cells was measured by a semi-quantitative qPCR and western blot. Capacity of the major product of COX-2, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), to stimulate the production of the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and cancer cell invasion were assessed with a zymography gel and invasion chambers. RESULTS Irradiation (5 Gy) of 3T3 fibroblasts increased COX-2 expression and enhanced by 5.8-fold the invasiveness of non-irradiated MDA-MB-231 cells, while their migration was not modified. Addition of the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 completely prevented radiation-enhancement of cancer cell invasion. Further supporting the potential role of COX-2, addition of PGE(2) has increased cancer cell invasion and release of MMP-2 from the MDA-MB-231 cells. This effect of radiation was dependant on the expression of membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP, which is required to activate the MMP-2, but was not associated with the ER status. Although irradiated fibroblasts stimulated the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 ER(-) cells, no enhancement was measured with the ER(+) cell line MCF-7. CONCLUSIONS Radiation-enhancement of breast cancer cell invasion induced by irradiated 3T3 fibroblasts is not dependant on the ER status, but rather the expression of MT1-MMP. This adverse effect of radiation can be prevented by a specific COX-2 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paquette
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4.
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Li J, Fan ZZ, Sun J, Xu JH. In vitro antimetastatic effect of Changweiqing through antiinvasion of hypoxic colorectal carcinoma LoVo cells. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:517-24. [PMID: 21725877 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0785-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the in vitro effects and the primary mechanisms of Changweiqing (, CWQ) on antimetastasis and antiinvasion of hypoxic colon carcinoma cells. In addition, to provide experimental evidence for the Chinese medicinal theory of "strengthening the body's resistance to eliminate pathogenic factors" in the treatment of colorectal cancer, including its invasion and metastasis. METHODS First, CWQ sera were prepared with serum-pharmacology methods. Then, the modified hypoxic chamber was designed and flushed with 5% CO(2) and 95% N(2) at 37 °C to induce a hypoxic environment. The effect of CWQ serum on the viability of LoVo cells was tested with MTT cytotoxicity assay. The wound model and chamber model were established to estimate the effects of CWQ serum on migration and invasion of LoVo cells. The model for cell adhesion was established to evaluate the effect of CWQ serum on LoVo cells' adhesion. The gelatin zymography model was performed to determine the effects of CWQ serum on the activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The effects of CWQ serum on the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1α) nuclear translocation and the mRNA level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in LoVo cells were determined by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses, respectively. RESULTS CWQ inhibited LoVo cells' migration based on wound healing assay. The inhibitive effect could reach about 68.00% under hypoxic culture and about 29.87% under normoxic culture when cells were treated with 10% CWQ serum for 24 h. The results from both cell invasion and adhesion assays showed that CWQ serum could dose-dependently repress the invasion of LoVo cells and inhibit cells from adhering to extra cellular matrix (ECM). Under the hypoxic culture condition, RT-PCR analysis showed that 10% CWQ serum had down-regulated the expression of VEGF by 45.87%, and the result of Western blot analysis provided further evidence. The HIF-1α amount in the nucleus of the LoVo cells was also diminished in a dose-dependent manner, as shown by the Western blot. Gel zymogram assay revealed that CWQ serum could suppress the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. CONCLUSIONS CWQ could effectively inhibit tumor metastasis in vitro The antimetastatic effects of CWQ were associated with the inhibition of cell motility, which was evidenced by inhibition of cell invasion and adhesion. The molecular mechanisms of the inhibition of tumor invasion by CWQ were due to the reduced expression of both HIF-1α and VEGF and the suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, Putuo Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, China
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Li T, Zeng ZC, Wang L, Qiu SJ, Zhou JW, Zhi XT, Yu HH, Tang ZY. Radiation enhances long-term metastasis potential of residual hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice through TMPRSS4-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:617-26. [PMID: 21637307 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence and metastasis are frequently observed after radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced by radiation has been claimed to be involved, the mechanism is not clarified yet. In the present study, by using MHCC97L, a human HCC cell line with metastatic potential, and its xenograft in nude mice, we found that radiation induced a 48- to 72-h temporary increase in the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF both in vitro and in vivo, but only the in vitro invasiveness of MHCC97L cells was enhanced, while the in vivo metastatic potential of tumors was suppressed. Whereas, 30 days after radiation, when the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF decreased to unirradiated control levels, the in vivo dissemination and metastatic potential of residual tumors have just begun to increase with overexpression of TMPRSS4, which induced loss of E-cadherin through induction of Smad-Interacting Protein 1 (SIP1), an E-cadherin transcriptional repressor, and led to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This process was blocked by treatment of siRNA-TMPRSS4. In conclusion, our study revealed novel findings regarding the biphasic effect of radiation on the metastatic potential of residual HCC. Overexpression of TMPRSS4 has a critical role in radiation-induced long-term dissemination and metastasis of residual HCC by facilitating EMT. These findings may provide new clues to suppress the radiation-induced dissemination and metastasis, thereby improve the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Li
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, The Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai, PRC
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Wu X, Takekoshi T, Sullivan A, Hwang ST. Inflammation and tumor microenvironment in lymph node metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:927-44. [PMID: 24212647 PMCID: PMC3756397 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In nearly all human cancers, the presence of lymph node (LN) metastasis increases clinical staging and portends worse prognosis (compared to patients without LN metastasis). Herein, principally reviewing experimental and clinical data related to malignant melanoma, we discuss diverse factors that are mechanistically involved in LN metastasis. We highlight recent data that link tumor microenvironment, including inflammation (at the cellular and cytokine levels) and tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis, with nodal metastasis. Many of the newly identified genes that appear to influence LN metastasis facilitate general motility, chemotactic, or invasive properties that also increase the ability of cancer cells to disseminate and survive at distant organ sites. These new biomarkers will help predict clinical outcome and point to novel future therapies in metastatic melanoma as well as other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Goetze K, Scholz M, Taucher-Scholz G, Mueller-Klieser W. Tumor cell migration is not influenced by p21 in colon carcinoma cell lines after irradiation with X-ray or (12)C heavy ions. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2010; 49:427-435. [PMID: 20535615 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-010-0297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis and recurrences are major problems regarding an effective treatment of solid malignant tumors in clinical oncology. Since the impact of radiation on cell motility is not yet well understood, intrinsic and radiation-induced changes in cell migration have been discussed as possible mechanisms involved in the limitations of radiotherapy. This holds true for conventional radiation treatment and even more for the cellular and molecular effects of therapeutically relevant (12)C heavy ions. The present study is therefore focused on the investigation of tumor cell migration in vitro after irradiation with X-rays and (12)C heavy ions and on radiation-induced changes in the expression of proteins that are potentially relevant for motility. Two colon carcinoma cell lines, HCT116 and HCT116 p21-/-, were chosen for this study, which should be isogenic except for their p21-status. We can show here that cells lacking p21 react almost alike to radiation as wild type cells regarding survival and tumor cell migration 24 h after irradiation. Interestingly, differences in protein expression 24 h after irradiation of beta(1) integrin and protein kinase B isoforms Akt1 and Akt2 seem to exist. We conclude that tumor cell migration is unaffected by the p21-status in colorectal carcinoma cells and that the expression of the aforementioned proteins alone is not accountable for the differences observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Goetze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Integrin β1-dependent invasive migration of irradiation-tolerant human lung adenocarcinoma cells in 3D collagen matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 396:651-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Kargiotis O, Geka A, Rao JS, Kyritsis AP. Effects of irradiation on tumor cell survival, invasion and angiogenesis. J Neurooncol 2010; 100:323-38. [PMID: 20449629 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing irradiation is a widely applied therapeutic method for the majority of solid malignant neoplasms, including brain tumors where, depending on localization, this might often be the only feasible primary intervention.Without doubt, it has been proved to be a fundamental tool available in the battlefield against cancer, offering a clear survival benefit in most cases. However, numerous studies have associated tumor irradiation with enhanced aggressive phenotype of the remaining cancer cells. A cell population manages to survive after the exposure, either because it receives sublethal doses and/or because it successfully utilizes the repair mechanisms. The biology of irradiated cells is altered leading to up-regulation of genes that favor cell survival, invasion and angiogenesis. In addition, hypoxia within the tumor mass limits the cytotoxicity of irradiation, whereas irradiation itself may worsen hypoxic conditions, which also contribute to the generation of resistant cells. Activation of cell surface receptors, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor, utilization of signaling pathways, and over-expression of cytokines, proteases and growth factors, for example the matrix metalloproteinases and vascular endothelial growth factor, protect tumor and non-tumor cells from apoptosis, increase their ability to invade to adjacent or distant areas, and trigger angiogenesis. This review will try to unfold the various molecular events and interactions that control tumor cell survival, invasion and angiogenesis and which are elicited or influenced by irradiation of the tumor mass, and to emphasize the importance of combining irradiation therapy with molecular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odysseas Kargiotis
- Neurosurgical Research Institute, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Jia JB, Wang WQ, Sun HC, Liu L, Zhu XD, Kong LQ, Chai ZT, Zhang W, Zhang JB, Xu HX, Zeng ZC, Wu WZ, Wang L, Tang ZY. A novel tripeptide, tyroserleutide, inhibits irradiation-induced invasiveness and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:861-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
The urokinase receptor (u-PAR) is one of the most critical molecules in migration, invasion, intravasation, and metastasis and is also a key regulator between tumour cell proliferation and dormancy. It is overexpressed in most human solid cancer types, which has led to increasing translational and clinical research on this molecule. The current review discusses in particular the in vivo, translational, and putative clinical relevance of u-PAR in the context of this latest development. It outlines how u-PAR is already being used and might increasingly be applied as a diagnostic tool, for example, in distinguishing benign from malignant neoplasms, as a molecular marker for predicting clinical response to chemotherapy or novel targeted therapy, and finally as a promising tool for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In melanoma, radiotherapy has generally been considered as a palliative treatment option indicated only for advanced cases or disseminated disease. In the 70s of the previous century, the technological advances in radiotherapy, linked to rapid development of computer sciences, resulted in restored interest for radiotherapy in melanoma management. Although a fundamental lack of well designed prospective and/or randomized clinical trials critically influenced the integration of radiotherapy into treatment strategies in melanoma, radiotherapy was recently recognized as an indispensable part in the multidisciplinary management of patients with melanoma. Altogether, approximately 23% of melanoma patients should receive at least one course of radiotherapy during the course of the disease. In this review, radiobiological properties of melanoma that govern the decisions for the fractionation patterns used in the treatment of this disease are described. Moreover, the indications for irradiation and the results of pertinent clinical studies from the literature, creating a rationale for the use of radiotherapy in the management of this disease, are reviewed and a brief description of radiotherapy techniques is given. CONCLUSIONS Basic treatment modality in melanoma is surgery. However, whenever surgery is not radical or there are adverse prognostic factors identified on histopathological examination of resected tissue specimen, it needs to be supplemented. Also, in patients with unresectable disease or in those not being suitable for major surgery or who refuse proposed surgical intervention, other effective mode(s) of therapy need to be implemented. From this perspective, supported by clinical experiences and literature results, radiotherapy is a valuable option: it is effective and safe, in curative and palliative setting.
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Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common and effective therapies for cancer. Generally, patients are treated with X-rays produced by electron accelerators. Many years ago, researchers proposed that high-energy charged particles could be used for this purpose, owing to their physical and radiobiological advantages compared with X-rays. Particle therapy is an emerging technique in radiotherapy. Protons and carbon ions have been used for treating many different solid cancers, and several new centers with large accelerators are under construction. Debate continues on the cost:benefit ratio of this technique, that is, on whether the high costs of accelerators and beam delivery in particle therapy are justified by a clear clinical advantage. This Review considers the present clinical results in the field, and identifies and discusses the research questions that have resulted with this technique.
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Mosch B, Mueller K, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J. Influence of irradiation on metabolism and metastatic potential of B16-F10 melanoma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:1002-12. [PMID: 19895277 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903258871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyse short term and long term X-ray irradiation effects on proliferation, viability, glucose and amino acid uptake of murine melanoma cells in vitro and metastasis in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS B16-F10 melanoma cells were irradiated with different doses of X-ray irradiation (200 kV) in the range from 1-20 Gy. One, two and three days respectively 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment cells were analysed concerning cell growth, viability, proliferation, cell cycle distribution, glucose and amino acid transport. Moreover the capability of the cells for in vivo metastasis was examined. RESULTS As short term response on irradiation we detected decreased cell growth, viability and arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Long term response involves re-start of proliferation, increased cell growth and glucose uptake but still decreased viability and amino acid transport. In vivo metastasis is lost immediately after irradiation and regained to a low extent beyond two weeks time for recurrence of cells before injection. CONCLUSIONS In vitro data suggest that surviving melanoma cells compensate the initial irradiation-dependent damage of proliferation within three weeks possibly by increase in glucose uptake. For metastasis in vivo the role of additional mechanisms is strongly suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Mosch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Biology, Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Dresden, Germany.
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