1
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Wu C, Miao C, Zhou S, Chang PA, He B, Zhou X, Tang Q. Epigenetic activation of METTL14 promotes docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer by promoting pri-microRNA-129 maturation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:3734-3745. [PMID: 38546343 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of resistance to Docetaxel (DTX) compromises its therapeutic efficacy and worsens the prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa), while the underlying regulatory mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, METTL14 was found to be upregulated in DTX-resistant PCa cells and PCa tissues exhibiting progressive disease during DTX therapy. Furthermore, overexpression of METTL14 promoted the development of resistance to DTX in both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, it was observed that the hypermethylation of the E2F1 targeting site within DTX-resistant PCa cells hindered the binding ability of E2F1 to the promoter region of METTL14, thereby augmenting its transcriptional activity. Consequently, this elevated expression level of METTL14 facilitated m6A-dependent processing of pri-miR-129 and subsequently led to an increase in miR-129-5p expression. Our study highlights the crucial role of the E2F1-METTL14-miR-129-5p axis in modulating DTX resistance in PCa, underscoring METTL14 as a promising therapeutic target for DTX-resistant PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wu
- Department of Urology, Dongtai City People's Hospital, Dongtai, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Dongtai Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Dongtai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunqing Miao
- Public Health Section, Dongtai City People's Hospital, Dongtai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Department of Urology, Dongtai City People's Hospital, Dongtai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping-An Chang
- Department of Urology, Dongtai City People's Hospital, Dongtai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Urology, Dongtai City People's Hospital, Dongtai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xunrong Zhou
- Department of Urology, Dongtai City People's Hospital, Dongtai, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingsheng Tang
- Department of Urology, Dongtai City People's Hospital, Dongtai, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Hu Y, Mu H, Deng Z. RBM14 as a novel epigenetic-activated tumor oncogene is implicated in the reprogramming of glycolysis in lung cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:132. [PMID: 37060064 PMCID: PMC10105460 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-02928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-binding motif protein 14 (RBM14) is upregulated in a variety of tumors. However, the expression and biological role of RBM14 in lung cancer remain unclear. METHODS Chromatin immunoprecipitation and PCR were carried out to measure the levels of sedimentary YY1, EP300, H3K9ac, and H3K27ac in the RBM14 promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to verify the interaction between YY1 and EP300. Glycolysis was investigated according to glucose consumption, lactate production, and the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). RESULTS RBM14 level is increased in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells. The increased RBM14 expression was correlated with TP53 mutation and individual cancer stages. A high level of RBM14 predicted a poorer overall survival of LUAD patients. The upregulated RBM14 in LUAD is induced by DNA methylation and histone acetylation. The transcription factor YY1 directly binds to EP300 and recruits EP300 to the promoter regions of RBM14, which further enhances H3K27 acetylation and promotes RBM14 expression. YY1-induced upregulation of RBM14 promoted cell growth and inhibited apoptosis by affecting the reprogramming of glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that epigenetically activated RBM14 regulated growth and apoptosis by regulating the reprogramming of glycolysis and RBM14 may serve as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Respiratory, The First People's Hospital of Zigong City, No.42, Shangyihao Road, Ziliujing District, Zigong City, 643000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanshuo Mu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- Department of Respiratory, The First People's Hospital of Zigong City, No.42, Shangyihao Road, Ziliujing District, Zigong City, 643000, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Szczepanek J, Skorupa M, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Cybulski C, Tretyn A. Harnessing Epigenetics for Breast Cancer Therapy: The Role of DNA Methylation, Histone Modifications, and MicroRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087235. [PMID: 37108398 PMCID: PMC10138995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer exhibits various epigenetic abnormalities that regulate gene expression and contribute to tumor characteristics. Epigenetic alterations play a significant role in cancer development and progression, and epigenetic-targeting drugs such as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone-modifying enzymes, and mRNA regulators (such as miRNA mimics and antagomiRs) can reverse these alterations. Therefore, these epigenetic-targeting drugs are promising candidates for cancer treatment. However, there is currently no effective epi-drug monotherapy for breast cancer. Combining epigenetic drugs with conventional therapies has yielded positive outcomes and may be a promising strategy for breast cancer therapy. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, such as azacitidine, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as vorinostat, have been used in combination with chemotherapy to treat breast cancer. miRNA regulators, such as miRNA mimics and antagomiRs, can alter the expression of specific genes involved in cancer development. miRNA mimics, such as miR-34, have been used to inhibit tumor growth, while antagomiRs, such as anti-miR-10b, have been used to inhibit metastasis. The development of epi-drugs that target specific epigenetic changes may lead to more effective monotherapy options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Monika Skorupa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | | | - Cezary Cybulski
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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4
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Dnmt1/Tet2-mediated changes in Cmip methylation regulate the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by controlling the Gbp2-Pparγ-CD36 axis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:143-157. [PMID: 36609599 PMCID: PMC9898513 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic alteration of DNA methylation leads to various human diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although C-Maf-inducing protein (Cmip) has been reported to be associated with NAFLD, its exact underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate this mechanism in NAFLD in vitro and in vivo. We first identified alterations in the methylation status of the Cmip intron 1 region in mouse liver tissues with high-fat high-sucrose diet-induced NAFLD. Knockdown of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 1 significantly increased Cmip expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays of AML12 cells treated with oleic and palmitic acid (OPA) revealed that Dnmt1 was dissociated and that methylation of H3K27me3 was significantly decreased in the Cmip intron 1 region. Conversely, the knockdown of Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (Tet2) decreased Cmip expression. Following OPA treatment, the CCCTC-binding factor (Ctcf) was recruited, and H3K4me3 was significantly hypermethylated. Intravenous Cmip siRNA injection ameliorated NAFLD pathogenic features in ob/ob mice. Additionally, Pparγ and Cd36 expression levels were dramatically decreased in the livers of ob/ob mice administered siCmip, and RNA sequencing revealed that Gbp2 was involved. Gbp2 knockdown also induced a decrease in Pparγ and Cd36 expression, resulting in the abrogation of fatty acid uptake into cells. Our data demonstrate that Cmip and Gbp2 expression levels are enhanced in human liver tissues bearing NAFLD features. We also show that Dnmt1-Trt2/Ctcf-mediated reversible modulation of Cmip methylation regulates the Gbp2-Pparγ-Cd36 signaling pathway, indicating the potential of Cmip as a novel therapeutic target for NAFLD.
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5
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Manils J, Marruecos L, Soler C. Exonucleases: Degrading DNA to Deal with Genome Damage, Cell Death, Inflammation and Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142157. [PMID: 35883600 PMCID: PMC9316158 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA degradation might seem an unwanted event, it is essential in many cellular processes that are key to maintaining genomic stability and cell and organism homeostasis. The capacity to cut out nucleotides one at a time from the end of a DNA chain is present in enzymes called exonucleases. Exonuclease activity might come from enzymes with multiple other functions or specialized enzymes only dedicated to this function. Exonucleases are involved in central pathways of cell biology such as DNA replication, repair, and death, as well as tuning the immune response. Of note, malfunctioning of these enzymes is associated with immune disorders and cancer. In this review, we will dissect the impact of DNA degradation on the DNA damage response and its links with inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Manils
- Serra Húnter Programme, Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
- Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Laura Marruecos
- Breast Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Concepció Soler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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6
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Galetzka D, Böck J, Wagner L, Dittrich M, Sinizyn O, Ludwig M, Rossmann H, Spix C, Radsak M, Scholz-Kreisel P, Mirsch J, Linke M, Brenner W, Marron M, Poplawski A, Haaf T, Schmidberger H, Prawitt D. Hypermethylation of RAD9A intron 2 in childhood cancer patients, leukemia and tumor cell lines suggest a role for oncogenic transformation. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:117-143. [PMID: 35221838 PMCID: PMC8859646 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most childhood cancers occur sporadically and cannot be explained by an inherited mutation or an unhealthy lifestyle. However, risk factors might trigger the oncogenic transformation of cells. Among other regulatory signals, hypermethylation of RAD9A intron 2 is responsible for the increased expression of RAD9A protein, which may play a role in oncogenic transformation. Here, we analyzed the RAD9A intron 2 methylation in primary fibroblasts of 20 patients with primary cancer in childhood and second primary cancer (2N) later in life, 20 matched patients with only one primary cancer in childhood (1N) and 20 matched cancer-free controls (0N), using bisulfite pyrosequencing and deep bisulfite sequencing (DBS). Four 1N patients and one 2N patient displayed elevated mean methylation levels (≥ 10 %) of RAD9A. DBS revealed ≥ 2 % hypermethylated alleles of RAD9A, indicative for constitutive mosaic epimutations. Bone marrow samples of NHL and AML tumor patients (n=74), EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) lymphoblasts (n=6), tumor cell lines (n=5) and FaDu subclones (n=13) were analyzed to substantiate our findings. We find a broad spectrum of tumor entities with an aberrant methylation of RAD9A. We detected a significant difference in mean methylation of RAD9A for NHL versus AML patients (p ≤0.025). Molecular karyotyping of AML samples during therapy with hypermethylated RAD9A showed an evolving duplication of 1.8 kb on Chr16p13.3 including the PKD1 gene. Radiation, colony formation assays, cell proliferation, PCR and molecular karyotyping SNP-array experiments using generated FaDu subclones suggest that hypermethylation of RAD9A intron 2 is associated with genomic imbalances in regions with tumor-relevant genes and survival of the cells. In conclusion, this is the very first study of RAD9A intron 2 methylation in childhood cancer and Leukemia. RAD9A epimutations may have an impact on leukemia and tumorigenesis and can potentially serve as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Galetzka
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Böck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Wagner
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Dittrich
- Bioinformatics Department, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Olesja Sinizyn
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Heidi Rossmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Spix
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Radsak
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Mirsch
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Linke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Obstetrics and Women's Health, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuela Marron
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alicia Poplawski
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Schmidberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Prawitt
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre, Mainz, Germany
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7
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Ren K, Yu Y, Wang X, Liu H, Zhao J. MiR-340-3p-HUS1 axis suppresses proliferation and migration in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Life Sci 2021; 274:119330. [PMID: 33711383 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The functions and molecular mechanisms of miR-340-3p in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression remain unclear. On the other hand, the role of HUS1 in LUAD progression should be further explored. MAIN METHODS Data from cancer database were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were performed to detect gene expression. Colony formation and MTT assay were performed to examine cell growth in vitro. Wound healing assays and transwell assays were performed to examine cell migration. KEY FINDINGS Here, our results showed that miR-340-3p was lower expressed in LUAD tissues and LUAD-derived cell lines. And miR-340-3p suppressed the proliferation and migration ability of LUAD cells. Further, miR-340-3p inhibits HUS1 expression, which was higher expressed in LUAD tissues and promoted the proliferation and migration ability of LUAD cells. Moreover, higher HUS1 expression was associated with poor survival rate and shorter survival time in patients with LUAD, and HUS1 expression was negative correlated with that of miR-340-3p in clinical samples. In addition, overexpression of HUS1 counteracted the downregulation of cell growth by miR-340-3p. SIGNIFICANCE The study mainly indicated that miR-340-3p may play a tumor suppressor role in the progression of LUAD, with the function of restraining HUS1 expression, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiwen Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Jungang Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China.
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8
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Zhu A, Hopkins KM, Friedman RA, Bernstock JD, Broustas CG, Lieberman HB. DNMT1 and DNMT3B regulate tumorigenicity of human prostate cancer cells by controlling RAD9 expression through targeted methylation. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:220-231. [PMID: 32780107 PMCID: PMC7905840 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. RAD9 stabilizes the genome, but prostate cancer cells and tumors often have high quantities of the protein. Reduction of RAD9 level within prostate cancer cells decreases tumorigenicity of nude mouse xenographs and metastasis phenotypes in culture, indicating that RAD9 overproduction is essential for the disease. In prostate cancer DU145 cells, CpG hypermethylation in a transcription suppressor site of RAD9 intron 2 causes high-level gene expression. Herein, we demonstrate that DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3B are highly abundant in prostate cancer cells DU145, CWR22, LNCaP and PC-3; yet, these DNMTs bind primarily to the transcription suppressor in DU145, the only cells where methylation is critical for RAD9 regulation. For DU145 cells, DNMT1 or DNMT3B shRNA reduced RAD9 level and tumorigenicity, and RAD9 ectopic expression restored this latter activity in the DNMT knockdown cells. High levels of RAD9, DNMT1, DNMT3B and RAD9 transcription suppressor hypermethylation were significantly correlated in prostate tumors, and not in normal prostate tissues. Based on these results, we propose a novel model where RAD9 is regulated epigenetically by DNMT1 and DNMT3B, via targeted hypermethylation, and that consequent RAD9 overproduction promotes prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zhu
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M Hopkins
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constantinos G Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Howard B Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Guo S, Chen Z. Integrated analysis of lncRNA-associated ceRNA network identified potential regulatory interactions in osteosarcoma. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190090. [PMID: 32453338 PMCID: PMC7252519 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma (OS) through the network analysis of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMIs) and mRNAs (DEMs) were identified between OS cell lines and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) from the data deposited under GSE70415 using limma package. Functional analysis of DEMs was performed using DAVID and clusterProfiler to identify significantly enriched Gene Ontology biological processes and KEGG pathways, respectively. The DEMI-DEM interaction network was constructed using Cytoscape. LncRNA-miRNA interactions were predicted using starBase database. The ceRNA regulatory network was constructed by integrating mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs, and functional enrichment analysis was performed for the genes involved. The analysis revealed a total of 326 DEMs and 54 DEMIs between OS cells and hMSCs. We identified several novel therapeutic targets involved in the progression and metastasis of OS, such as CBX7, RAD9A, SNHG7 and miR-34a-5p. The miRNA, miR-543 (target gene: CBX7) was found to be associated with the pathway Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis. Using the ceRNA network, we established the following regulatory interactions: NEAT1/miR-543/CBX7, SNHG7/miR-34a-5p/RAD9A, and XIST/miR-34a-5p/RAD9A. CBX7, RAD9A, lncRNA SNHG7, miR-543, and miR-34a-5p may be explored as novel therapeutic targets for treatment of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Institute, Chengde Medical
College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Yaxian Gao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical Institute, Chengde Medical
College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Institute, Chengde Medical
College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical Institute, Chengde Medical
College, Chengde 067000, Hebei, China
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10
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Zhou ZQ, Zhao JJ, Chen CL, Liu Y, Zeng JX, Wu ZR, Tang Y, Zhu Q, Weng DS, Xia JC. HUS1 checkpoint clamp component (HUS1) is a potential tumor suppressor in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2018; 58:76-87. [PMID: 30182378 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The HUS1 checkpoint clamp component (HUS1), which is a member of an evolutionarily conserved, genotoxin-activated checkpoint complex (Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 [9-1-1] complex), is involved in cell cycle arrest and DNA repair in response to DNA damage. We conducted this study to investigate the biological significances of HUS1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The mRNA and protein expression levels of HUS1 were determined using Real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. One hundered and twenty four paraffin sections from HCC tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to assess the association between HUS1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was performed to calculate the OS and RFS curves. Cell proliferation and colony formation assays, cell migration and invasion assays and cell cycle assays were used to determine the suppressor role of HUS1 in vitro. A mouse model was used to determine the effect of HUS1 on tumorigenesis. The expression of HUS1 was significantly decreased in HCC cell lines and tissues, and low HUS1 expression was associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. Upregulation of HUS1 expression inhibited the cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion, as well as arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 in HCC cells in vitro. Moreover, sufficient HUS1 expression inhibited the tumor growth in nude mice. Our study revealed for the first time that HUS1 is a potential tumor suppressor that might produce an antitumor effect in human HCC. Furthermore, HUS1 may serve as a prognostic indicator and could be used for therapeutic application in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Long Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Xiong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Sheng Weng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Rad9a is involved in chromatin decondensation and post-zygotic embryo development in mice. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:969-980. [PMID: 30154445 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zygotic chromatin undergoes extensive reprogramming immediately after fertilization. It is generally accepted that maternal factors control this process. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here we report that maternal RAD9A, a key protein in DNA damage response pathway, is involved in post-zygotic embryo development, via a mouse model with conditional depletion of Rad9a alleles in oocytes of primordial follicles. Post-zygotic losses originate from delayed zygotic chromatin decondensation after depletion of maternal RAD9A. Pronucleus formation and DNA replication of most mutant zygotes are therefore deferred, which subsequently trigger the G2/M checkpoint and arrest development of most mutant zygotes. Delayed zygotic chromatin decondensation could also lead to increased reabsorption of post-implantation mutant embryos. In addition, our data indicate that delayed zygotic chromatin decondensation may be attributed to deferred epigenetic modification of histone in paternal chromatin after fertilization, as fertilization and resumption of secondary meiosis in mutant oocytes were both normal. More interestingly, most mutant oocytes could not support development beyond one-cell stage after parthenogenetic activation. Therefore, RAD9A may also play an important role in maternal chromatin reprogramming. In summary, our data reveal an important role of RAD9A in zygotic chromatin reprogramming and female fertility.
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Lieberman HB, Rai AJ, Friedman RA, Hopkins KM, Broustas CG. Prostate cancer: unmet clinical needs and RAD9 as a candidate biomarker for patient management. Transl Cancer Res 2018; 7:S651-S661. [PMID: 30079300 PMCID: PMC6071673 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2018.01.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a complex disease, with multiple subtypes and clinical presentations. Much progress has been made in recent years to understand the underlying genetic basis that drives prostate cancer. Such mechanistic information is useful for development of novel therapeutic targets, to identify biomarkers for early detection or to distinguish between aggressive and indolent disease, and to predict treatment outcome. Multiple tests have become available in recent years to address these clinical needs for prostate cancer. We describe several of these assays, summarizing test details, performance characteristics, and acknowledging their limitations. There is a pressing unmet need for novel biomarkers that can demonstrate improvement in these areas. We introduce one such candidate biomarker, RAD9, describe its functions in the DNA damage response, and detail why it can potentially fill this void. RAD9 has multiple roles in prostate carcinogenesis, making it potentially useful as a clinical tool for men with prostate cancer. RAD9 was originally identified as a radioresistance gene, and subsequent investigations revealed several key functions in the response of cells to DNA damage, including involvement in cell cycle checkpoint control, at least five DNA repair pathways, and apoptosis. Further studies indicated aberrant overexpression in approximately 45% of prostate tumors, with a strong correlation between RAD9 abundance and cancer stage. A causal relationship between RAD9 and prostate cancer was first demonstrated using a mouse model, where tumorigenicity of human prostate cancer cells after subcutaneous injection into nude mice was diminished when RNA interference was used to reduce the normally high levels of the protein. In addition to activity needed for the initial development of tumors, cell culture studies indicated roles for RAD9 in promoting prostate cancer progression by controlling cell migration and invasion through regulation of ITGB1 protein levels, and anoikis resistance by modulating AKT activation. Furthermore, RAD9 enhances the resistance of human prostate cancer cells to radiation in part by regulating ITGB1 protein abundance. RAD9 binds androgen receptor and inhibits androgen-induced androgen receptor's activity as a transcription factor. Moreover, RAD9 also acts as a gene-specific transcription factor, through binding p53 consensus sequences at target gene promoters, and this likely contributes to its oncogenic activity. Given these diverse and extensive activities, RAD9 plays important roles in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer and can potentially serve as a valuable biomarker useful in the management of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard B. Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex J. Rai
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Special Chemistry Laboratories, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A. Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M. Hopkins
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constantinos G. Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Zhang X, Xue D, Hao F, Xie L, He J, Gai J, Liu Y, Xu H, Li Q, Wang E. Remodeling and spacing factor 1 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:3852-3857. [PMID: 29467902 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the expression and prognostic significance of remodeling and spacing factor 1 (RSF1; HBXAP) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RSF1 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry on tissue samples from a consecutive series of 137 patients with RCC who underwent tumor resection between November 2000 and March 2004. The associations between RSF1 expression, clinicopathological factors and patient survival were investigated. Immunohistochemistry revealed that RSF1 was highly expressed in 43.1% (59/137) of the RCC samples. RSF1 expression levels were associated with the T stage of the Tumor-Node-Metastasis grading system. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that high RSF1 expression in RCC was significantly associated with a poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that RSF1 expression is an independent prognostic parameter for the duration of overall survival of patients with RCC. The results demonstrated that a high expression level of RSF1 in RCC is associated with advanced tumor stages and a poor prognosis. To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides novel evidence of the biological significance of RSF1 expression in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Xue
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Fengxia Hao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Xie
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jiani He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Junda Gai
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qingchang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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14
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Alghamian Y, Abou Alchamat G, Murad H, Madania A. Effects of γ-radiation on cell growth, cell cycle and promoter methylation of 22 cell cycle genes in the 1321NI astrocytoma cell line. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:330-337. [PMID: 28511071 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA damage caused by radiation initiates biological responses affecting cell fate. DNA methylation regulates gene expression and modulates DNA damage pathways. Alterations in the methylation profiles of cell cycle regulating genes may control cell response to radiation. In this study we investigated the effect of ionizing radiation on the methylation levels of 22 cell cycle regulating genes in correlation with gene expression in 1321NI astrocytoma cell line. METHODS 1321NI cells were irradiated with 2, 5 or 10Gy doses then analyzed after 24, 48 and 72h for cell viability using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliu bromide) assay. Flow cytometry were used to study the effect of 10Gy irradiation on cell cycle. EpiTect Methyl II PCR Array was used to identify differentially methylated genes in irradiated cells. Changes in gene expression was determined by qPCR. Azacytidine treatment was used to determine whether DNA methylation affectes gene expression. RESULTS Our results showed that irradiation decreased cell viability and caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M. Out of 22 genes tested, only CCNF and RAD9A showed some increase in DNA methylation (3.59% and 3.62%, respectively) after 10Gy irradiation, and this increase coincided with downregulation of both genes (by 4 and 2 fold, respectively). TREATMENT with azacytidine confirmed that expression of CCNF and RAD9A genes was regulated by methylation. CONCLUSIONS 1321NI cell line is highly radioresistant and that irradiation of these cells with a 10Gy dose increases DNA methylation of CCNF and RAD9A genes. This dose down-regulates these genes, favoring G2/M arrest.
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15
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Shoji H, Isomoto H, Yoshida A, Ikeda H, Minami H, Kanda T, Urabe S, Matsushima K, Takeshima F, Nakao K, Inoue H. MicroRNA-130a is highly expressed in the esophageal mucosa of achalasia patients. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:898-904. [PMID: 28810541 PMCID: PMC5526122 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal achalasia is considered as a risk factor of esophageal cancer. The etiologies of esophageal achalasia remain unknown. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has recently been established as a minimally invasive method with high curability. The aims of the present study were to identify the microRNAs (miRs) specific to esophageal achalasia, to determine their potential target genes and to assess their alteration following POEM. RNA was extracted from biopsy samples from middle esophageal mucosa and analyzed using a microarray. Differentially expressed miRs in achalasia patients compared with control samples were identified and analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Correlations between specific miR expression levels and the patients' clinical background were also investigated. In addition, alterations of selected miR expression levels before and after POEM were analyzed. The results of RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the miR-130a expression levels were significantly higher in patients with achalasia (P<0.0001). In addition, miR-130a expression was significantly correlated with male sex and smoking history in patients with achalasia. However, no significant change in miR-130a expression was observed between before and after POEM. In conclusion, miR-130a is highly expressed in the esophageal mucosa of patients with achalasia and may be a biomarker of esophageal achalasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shoji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hajime Isomoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.,Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.,Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan
| | - Haruo Ikeda
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan.,Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Kotoku, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan
| | - Hitomi Minami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Urabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsushima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Fuminao Takeshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Inoue
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-8503, Japan.,Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Kotoku, Tokyo 135-8577, Japan
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16
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Overexpression of Rsf-1 correlates with poor survival and promotes invasion in non-small cell lung cancer. Virchows Arch 2017; 470:553-560. [PMID: 28289901 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rsf-1 (HBXAP) was recently reported to play roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. There have been many reports referred to Rsf-1 overexpression in various cancers and associated with the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism of Rsf-1 in non-small cell lung cancer aggressiveness remains ambiguous. In the present study, we found that there was a significant association between Rsf-1 overexpression and poor overall survival (p = 0.028) in lung cancer. Furthermore, knockdown of Rsf-1 expression in H1299 and H460 cells with high endogenous Rsf-1 expression inhibited cell migration and invasion and downregulated MMP2 expression and nuclear levels of NF-κB. NF-κB inhibitor could also block the effect of Rsf-1 in regulation of MMP2 expression. Further experiments demonstrated that Rsf-1 depletion restrained NF-κB reporter luciferase activity and downregulated bcl-2 and p-IκB protein level. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Rsf-1 was overexpressed in lung cancer and associated with poor survival. Rsf-1 regulated cell invasion through MMP2 and NF-κB pathway.
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17
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Chk1 Activation Protects Rad9A from Degradation as Part of a Positive Feedback Loop during Checkpoint Signalling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144434. [PMID: 26658951 PMCID: PMC4676731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of Rad9A at S387 is critical for establishing a physical interaction with TopBP1, and to downstream activation of Chk1 for checkpoint activation. We have previously demonstrated a phosphorylation of Rad9A that occurs at late time points in cells exposed to genotoxic agents, which is eliminated by either Rad9A overexpression, or conversion of S387 to a non-phosphorylatable analogue. Based on this, we hypothesized that this late Rad9A phosphorylation is part of a feedback loop regulating the checkpoint. Here, we show that Rad9A is hyperphosphorylated and accumulates in cells exposed to bleomycin. Following the removal of bleomycin, Rad9A is polyubiquitinated, and Rad9A protein levels drop, indicating an active degradation process for Rad9A. Chk1 inhibition by UCN-01 or siRNA reduces Rad9A levels in cells synchronized in S-phase or exposed to DNA damage, indicating that Chk1 activation is required for Rad9A stabilization in S-phase and during checkpoint activation. Together, these results demonstrate a positive feedback loop involving Rad9A-dependend activation of Chk1, coupled with Chk1-dependent stabilization of Rad9A that is critical for checkpoint regulation.
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18
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Downs B, Wang SM. Epigenetic changes in BRCA1-mutated familial breast cancer. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:237-40. [PMID: 25800897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Familial breast cancer occurs in about 10% of breast cancer cases. Germline mutation in BRCA1 is the most penetrant predisposition for the disease. Mutated BRCA1 leads to disease by causing genome instability via multiple mechanisms including epigenetic changes. This review summarizes recent progress in studying the correlation between BRCA1 predisposition and epigenetic alterations in BRCA1-type familial breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Downs
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - San Ming Wang
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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19
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Zhang Z, Cai Z, Li K, Fang Y, An L, Hu Z, Wang S, Hang H. The Effect of Ionizing Radiation on mRNA Levels of the DNA Damage Response Genes Rad9, Rad1 and Hus1 in Various Mouse Tissues. Radiat Res 2015; 183:94-104. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13781.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011 China
| | - Zeyuan Cai
- Center for Peptide and Protein Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kaiming Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011 China
| | - Yu Fang
- Center for Peptide and Protein Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lili An
- Center for Peptide and Protein Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhishang Hu
- Center for Peptide and Protein Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haiying Hang
- Center for Peptide and Protein Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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Yun H, Shi R, Yang Q, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhou X, Mu K. Over expression of hRad9 protein correlates with reduced chemosensitivity in breast cancer with administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7548. [PMID: 25520248 PMCID: PMC5378947 DOI: 10.1038/srep07548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Rad 9 (hRad9), part of the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex plays an important role in DNA damage repair as an up-stream regulator of checkpoint signaling, however little is known about its role in response to chemotherapy of breast cancer and whether hRad9 inhibition can potentiate the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy on breast cancer cells remains to be elucidated. Fifty cases of breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant therapy were collected. All these cases were revised and classified into chemotherapy sensitive (CS) or chemotherapy resistant (CR) group according to the Miller and Payne (MP) grading system. Immunohistochemically, hRad9 positive tumours showed nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining. hRad9 over-expression was associated with an impaired neoadjuvant chemotherapy response. A significant correlation was found between expression of hRad9 and Cyclin D1. In vitro, hRad9 was knocked down using siRNA in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Deregulated expression of Rad9 accompanied by down expression of chk1 enhanced the sensitivity of human breast cancer cells to doxorubicin. Our work suggests that hRad9 might be a potential predictor for the response to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer and its clinical value as a target for improving chemosensitivity needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Yun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ranran Shi
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Qingrui Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xingchen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Kun Mu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
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21
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Rsf-1 overexpression serves as a prognostic marker in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7595-601. [PMID: 24798976 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rsf-1 (HBXAP) was recently reported to be overexpressed in various cancers and associated with the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the expression of Rsf-1 and its clinical significance in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been reported. In the present study, we analyzed the expression pattern of Rsf-1 in human HCC tissues and found that Rsf-1 was overexpressed in 41.1 % of HCC specimens. There was a significant association between Rsf-1 overexpression and tumor stage (p = 0.0322), AFP (p = 0.0184), and tumor relapse (p = 0.0112). Furthermore, Rsf-1 overexpression correlated with poor overall survival in HCC patients (p < 0.001). Rsf-1 overexpression could serve as an independent predictor for poor recurrence-free survival (p = 0.0079). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown in SK-Hep-1 cells with high endogenous Rsf-1 expression inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, with downregulation of cyclin E protein. In conclusion, Rsf-1 is overexpressed in HCCs and serves as a novel tumor marker. Rsf-1 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through regulation of cell cycle proteins.
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22
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Rsf-1 overexpression in human prostate cancer, implication as a prognostic marker. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5771-6. [PMID: 24584698 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rsf-1 (HBXAP) was recently reported to be overexpressed in various cancers and associated with the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the expression of Rsf-1 and its clinical significance in human prostate cancer have not been reported. In the present study, we analyzed the expression pattern of Rsf-1 in human prostate cancer tissues and found that Rsf-1 was overexpressed in 45 % of prostate cancer specimens. There was a significant association between Rsf-1 overexpression and tumor stage (p=0.0039) and preoperative PSA level (p=0.015). Furthermore, Rsf-1 overexpression correlated with poor biomedical recurrence-free survival in prostate cancer patients (p<0.001). Rsf-1 overexpression could serve as an independent predictor for poor recurrence-free survival (p=0.012). In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown in DU145 cells with high endogenous Rsf-1 expression decrease cell proliferation, colony formation, and invasion. In conclusion, Rsf-1 is overexpressed in human prostate cancers and serves as a novel prognostic marker. Rsf-1 contributes to prostate cancer cell growth and invasion, which makes it a candidate therapeutic target.
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23
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Wen FC, Chang TW, Tseng YL, Lee JC, Chang MC. hRAD9 functions as a tumor suppressor by inducing p21-dependent senescence and suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through inhibition of Slug transcription. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1481-90. [PMID: 24403312 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have opposing roles in tumor progression, in that, one is a barrier against tumorigenesis, whereas the other is required for invasive malignancies. Here, we report that the DNA damage response (DDR) protein hRAD9 contributes to induction of senescence and inhibition of EMT. Our data show that hRAD9 is frequently downregulated in breast and lung cancers. Loss of hRAD9 expression is associated with tumor stage in breast and lung cancers, as well as with acquisition of an invasive phenotype. Ectopic hRAD9 expression in highly invasive cancer cell lines, H1299 and MDA-MB 231, with low endogenous hRAD9 induced senescence by upregulation of nuclear p21, independent of the p53 status. Ectopic expression of hRAD9 also significantly attenuated cellular migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model in vivo. In contrast, silencing hRAD9 in lower invasive cancer cell lines, A549 and MCF7, with high endogenous hRAD9 dramatically increased their migration and invasion abilities, and simultaneously activated EMT. Knockdown of hRAD9 increased, whereas ectopic expression of hRAD9 decreased, the expression of Slug. Moreover, hRAD9 directly bound to the promoter region of slug gene and repressed its transcriptional activity. Taken together, these results suggest that hRAD9 is a potential tumor suppressor in breast and lung cancers and that it is likely to function by upregulating p21 and inhibiting Slug to regulate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Chih Wen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Wang Chang
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and
| | - Yau-Lin Tseng
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and
| | - Janq-Chang Lee
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and
| | - Ming-Chung Chang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, Department of Nutrition, College of Medicine and Nursing, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
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24
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Broustas CG, Zhu A, Lieberman HB. Rad9 protein contributes to prostate tumor progression by promoting cell migration and anoikis resistance. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41324-33. [PMID: 23066031 PMCID: PMC3510830 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rad9 as part of the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex is known to participate in cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA repair. However, Rad9 can act as a sequence-specific transcription factor, modulating expression of a number of genes. Importantly, Rad9 is up-regulated in prostate cancer cell lines and clinical specimens. Its expression correlates positively with advanced stage tumors and its down-regulation reduces tumor burden in mice. We show here that transient down-regulation of Rad9 by RNA interference reduces DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival in vitro. In addition, transient or stable down-regulation of Rad9 impairs migration and invasion of the cells. Moreover, stable reduction of Rad9 renders DU145 cell growth anchorage-dependent. It also decreases expression of integrin β1 protein and sensitizes DU145 and LNCaP cells to anoikis and impairs Akt activation. On the other hand, stable expression of Mrad9, the mouse homolog, in DU145/shRNA Rad9 cells restores migration, invasion, anchorage-independent growth, integrin β1 expression, and anoikis resistance with a concomitant elevation of Akt activation. We thus demonstrate for the first time that Rad9 contributes to prostate tumorigenesis by increasing not only tumor proliferation and survival but also tumor migration and invasion, anoikis resistance, and anchorage-independent growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G. Broustas
- From the Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 and
| | - Aiping Zhu
- From the Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 and
| | - Howard B. Lieberman
- From the Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032 and
- the Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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Abstract
Rad9 plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability by regulating cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, telomere stability, and apoptosis. Rad9 controls these processes mainly as part of the heterotrimeric 9-1-1 (Rad9-Hus1-Rad1) complex. However, in recent years it has been demonstrated that Rad9 can also act independently of the 9-1-1 complex as a transcriptional factor, participate in immunoglobulin class switch recombination, and show 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Aberrant Rad9 expression has been associated with prostate, breast, lung, skin, thyroid, and gastric cancers. High expression of Rad9 is causally related to, at least, human prostate cancer growth. On the other hand, deletion of Mrad9, the mouse homolog, is responsible for increased skin cancer incidence. These results reveal that Rad9 can act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. Which of the many functions of Rad9 are causally related to initiation and progression of tumorigenesis and the mechanistic details by which Rad9 induces or suppresses tumorigenesis are presently not known, but are crucial for the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos G Broustas
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Liu S, Dong Q, Wang E. Rsf-1 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and cell proliferation in colon cancer. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1485-91. [PMID: 22528946 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0399-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rsf-1 (HBXAP) was recently reported to be overexpressed in various cancers and associated with the malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the expression of Rsf-1 and its biological roles in colon cancer have not been reported. The molecular mechanism of Rsf-1 in cancer aggressiveness remains ambiguous. In the present study, we analyzed the expression pattern of Rsf-1 in colon cancer tissues and found that Rsf-1 was overexpressed in 50.4 % of colon cancer specimens. There was a significant association between Rsf-1 overexpression and TNM stage (p = 0.0205), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0025), and poor differentiation (p = 0.0235). Furthermore, Rsf-1 overexpression correlated with a poor prognosis in colon cancer patients (p = 0.0011). In addition, knockdown of Rsf-1 expression in HT29 and HCT116 cells with high endogenous Rsf-1 expression decrease cell proliferation and colony formation ability. Further analysis showed that Rsf-1 knockdown decreased cyclin E expression and phospho-Rb level. In conclusion, Rsf-1 is overexpressed in colon cancers and contributes to malignant cell growth by cyclin E and phospho-Rb modulation, which makes Rsf-1 a candidate therapeutic target in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Liu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Li Q, Dong Q, Wang E. Rsf-1 is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancers and regulates cyclinD1 expression and ERK activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Weis E, Schoen H, Victor A, Spix C, Ludwig M, Schneider-Raetzke B, Kohlschmidt N, Bartsch O, Gerhold-Ay A, Boehm N, Grus F, Haaf T, Galetzka D. Reduced mRNA and protein expression of the genomic caretaker RAD9A in primary fibroblasts of individuals with childhood and independent second cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25750. [PMID: 21991345 PMCID: PMC3185005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of secondary cancer in childhood cancer survivors is largely unclear. Exposure of normal somatic cells to radiation and/or chemotherapy can damage DNA and if not all DNA lesions are properly fixed, the mis-repair may lead to pathological consequences. It is plausible to assume that genetic differences, i.e. in the pathways responsible for cell cycle control and DNA repair, play a critical role in the development of secondary cancer. Methodology/Findings To identify factors that may influence the susceptibility for second cancer formation, we recruited 20 individuals who survived a childhood malignancy and then developed a second cancer as well as 20 carefully matched control individuals with childhood malignancy but without a second cancer. By antibody microarrays, we screened primary fibroblasts of matched patients for differences in the amount of representative DNA repair-associated proteins. We found constitutively decreased levels of RAD9A and several other DNA repair proteins in two-cancer patients, compared to one-cancer patients. The RAD9A protein level increased in response to DNA damage, however to a lesser extent in the two-cancer patients. Quantification of mRNA expression by real-time RT PCR revealed lower RAD9A mRNA levels in both untreated and 1 Gy γ-irradiated cells of two-cancer patients. Conclusions/Significance Collectively, our results support the idea that modulation of RAD9A and other cell cycle arrest and DNA repair proteins contribute to the risk of developing a second malignancy in childhood cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Weis
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Schoen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Victor
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Spix
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Oliver Bartsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aslihan Gerhold-Ay
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Boehm
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Ocular Proteomics and Immunology Center, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franz Grus
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Ocular Proteomics and Immunology Center, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Danuta Galetzka
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Ishikawa K, Ishii H, Saito T, Ichimura K. Multiple functions of rad9 for preserving genomic integrity. Curr Genomics 2011; 7:477-80. [PMID: 18369403 DOI: 10.2174/138920206779315746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-damage checkpoints sense and respond to genomic damage. Human Rad9 (hRad9), an evolutionarily conserved gene with multiple functions for preserving genomic integrity, plays multiple roles in fundamental biological processes, including the regulation of the DNA damage response, cell cycle checkpoint control, DNA repair, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, exonuclease activity, ribonucleotide synthesis and embryogenesis. This review examines work that provides significant insight into the molecular mechanisms of several individual cellular processes which might be beneficial for developing novel therapeutic approaches to cancerous diseases with genomic instability.
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Lieberman HB, Bernstock JD, Broustas CG, Hopkins KM, Leloup C, Zhu A. The role of RAD9 in tumorigenesis. J Mol Cell Biol 2011; 3:39-43. [PMID: 21278450 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjq039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD9 regulates multiple cellular processes that influence genomic integrity, and for at least some of its functions the protein acts as part of a heterotrimeric complex bound to HUS1 and RAD1 proteins. RAD9 participates in DNA repair, including base excision repair, homologous recombination repair and mismatch repair, multiple cell cycle phase checkpoints and apoptosis. In addition, functions including the transactivation of downstream target genes, immunoglobulin class switch recombination, as well as 3'-5' exonuclease activity have been reported. Aberrant RAD9 expression has been linked to breast, lung, thyroid, skin and prostate tumorigenesis, and a cause-effect relationship has been demonstrated for the latter two. Interestingly, human RAD9 overproduction correlates with prostate cancer whereas deletion of Mrad9, the corresponding mouse gene, in keratinocytes leads to skin cancer. These results reveal that RAD9 protein can function as an oncogene or tumor suppressor, and aberrantly high or low levels can have deleterious health consequences. It is not clear which of the many functions of RAD9 is critical for carcinogenesis, but several alternatives are considered herein and implications for the development of novel cancer therapies based on these findings are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard B Lieberman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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31
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Maniwa Y, Nishio W, Yoshimura M. Application of hRad9 in lung cancer treatment as a molecular marker and a molecular target. Thorac Cancer 2011; 2:7-15. [PMID: 27755837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-7714.2010.00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage sensor proteins work as upstream components of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathways that are essential for cell cycle control and the induction of apoptosis. hRad9 is a member of a family of proteins that act as DNA damage sensors and plays an important role as an upstream regulator of checkpoint signaling. We clarified the significant accumulation of hRad9 in the nuclei of tumor cells in surgically-resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens and found the capacity to produce a functional hRad9 protein was intact in lung cancer cells. This finding suggested that hRad9 was a vital component in the pathways that lead to the survival and progression of NSCLC and suggested that hRad9 was a good candidate for a molecular target to control lung cancer cell growth. RNA interference targeting hRad9 was performed to examine this hypothesis. The impairment of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathway induced cancer cell death. hRad9 might be a novel molecular target for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Maniwa
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshimura
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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32
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Wang XC, Tian LL, Wu HL, Jiang XY, Du LQ, Zhang H, Wang YY, Wu HY, Li DG, She Y, Liu QF, Fan FY, Meng AM. Expression of miRNA-130a in nonsmall cell lung cancer. Am J Med Sci 2010; 340:385-8. [PMID: 20625274 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3181e892a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short regulatory RNAs that negatively modulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level and are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of several types of cancer. The miRNA-130a has been shown to play a role in antagonizing the inhibitory effects of GAX on endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation, and antagonizing the inhibitory effects of HoxA5 on tube formation in vitro. Here the authors show, for the first time, that miRNA-130a expression is increased in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues. Statistical analysis showed that overexpression of miRNA-130a was strongly associated with lymph node metastasis, stage of tumor node metastasis classification and poor prognosis. Moreover, there was a significant difference in miRNA-130a expression levels between smoking and nonsmoking patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that miRNA-130a was an independent prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC. Together, these data suggest that miRNA-130a may comprise a potential novel prognostic marker for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin, China
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33
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Nielsen DA, Hamon S, Yuferov V, Jackson C, Ho A, Ott J, Kreek MJ. Ethnic diversity of DNA methylation in the OPRM1 promoter region in lymphocytes of heroin addicts. Hum Genet 2010; 127:639-49. [PMID: 20237803 PMCID: PMC3739429 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mu-opioid receptor is the site of action of many endogenous opioids as well as opiates. We hypothesize that differences in DNA methylation of specific CpG dinucleotides between former severe heroin addicts in methadone maintenance treatment and control subjects will depend, in part, upon ethnicity. DNA methylation analysis of the mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) promoter region was performed on African-Americans (118 cases, 80 controls) and Hispanics (142 cases, 61 controls) and these were compared with a similar Caucasian cohort from our earlier study. In controls, a higher methylation level was found in the African-Americans compared with the Hispanics or Caucasians. Significant experiment-wise differences in methylation levels were found at the -25 and +12 CpG sites in the controls among the three ethnicities. The overall methylation level of the CpG sites were significantly higher in the former heroin addicts when compared with the controls (point-wise P = 0.0457). However, in the African-Americans, the degree of methylation was significantly decreased experiment-wise in the former heroin addicts at the +12 CpG site (P = 0.0032, Bonferroni corrected general estimating equations). In Hispanics, the degree of methylation was increased in the former heroin addicts at the -25 (P < 0.001, experiment-wise), -14 (P = 0.001, experiment-wise), and +27 (P < 0.001, experiment-wise) CpG sites. These changes in methylation of the OPRM1 promoter region may lead to altered expression of the mu-opioid receptor gene in the lymphocytes of former heroin addicts who are stabilized in methadone maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Nielsen
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Michael E. DeBakey V.A. Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara Hamon
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
| | - Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
| | - Colin Jackson
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ann Ho
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jurg Ott
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, Box 171, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
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Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division during which the two daughter cells separate completely. Although less well understood than some of the earlier phases of the cell cycle, recent discoveries have shed light on the mechanisms that orchestrate this process, including cleavage furrow formation, midbody maturation and abscission. One of the reasons why research on cytokinesis has been attracting increasing attention is the concept that failure of this process in mammals is associated with carcinogenesis. In this minireview, we will discuss the possible links between cytokinesis and cancer, and highlight key mechanisms that connect these processes.
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35
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Han L, Hu Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Hopkins KM, Lieberman HB, Hang H. Mouse Rad1 deletion enhances susceptibility for skin tumor development. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:67. [PMID: 20334655 PMCID: PMC2864214 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cells are constantly exposed to stresses from cellular metabolites as well as environmental genotoxins. DNA damage caused by these genotoxins can be efficiently fixed by DNA repair in cooperation with cell cycle checkpoints. Unrepaired DNA lesions can lead to cell death, gene mutation and cancer. The Rad1 protein, evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, exists in cells as monomer as well as a component in the 9-1-1 protein complex. Rad1 plays crucial roles in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control, but its contribution to carcinogenesis is unknown. Results To address this question, we constructed mice with a deletion of Mrad1. Matings between heterozygous Mrad1 mutant mice produced Mrad1+/+ and Mrad1+/- but no Mrad1-/- progeny, suggesting the Mrad1 null is embryonic lethal. Mrad1+/- mice demonstrated no overt abnormalities up to one and half years of age. DMBA-TPA combinational treatment was used to induce tumors on mouse skin. Tumors were larger, more numerous, and appeared earlier on the skin of Mrad1+/- mice compared to Mrad1+/+ animals. Keratinocytes isolated from Mrad1+/- mice had significantly more spontaneous DNA double strand breaks, proliferated slower and had slightly enhanced spontaneous apoptosis than Mrad1+/+ control cells. Conclusion These data suggest that Mrad1 is important for preventing tumor development, probably through maintaining genomic integrity. The effects of heterozygous deletion of Mrad1 on proliferation and apoptosis of keratinocytes is different from those resulted from Mrad9 heterozygous deletion (from our previous study), suggesting that Mrad1 also functions independent of Mrad9 besides its role in the Mrad9-Mrad1-Mhus1 complex in mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Road Datun, Beijing 100101, China
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Li Z, Chen B, Wu Y, Jin F, Xia Y, Liu X. Genetic and epigenetic silencing of the beclin 1 gene in sporadic breast tumors. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:98. [PMID: 20230646 PMCID: PMC2858113 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beclin 1, an important autophagy-related protein in human cells, is involved in cell death and cell survival. Beclin 1 mapped to human chromosome 17q21. It is widely expressed in normal mammary epithelial cells. Although down-regulated expression with mono-allelic deletions of beclin 1 gene was frequently observed in breast tumors, whether there was other regulatory mechanism of beclin 1 was to be investigated. We studied the expression of beclin 1 and explored the possible regulatory mechanisms on its expression in breast tumors. METHODS 20 pairs of tumors and adjacent normal tissues from patients with sporadic breast invasive ductal cancer (IDCs) were collected. The mRNA expression of beclin 1 was detected by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and microsatellite methods. The protein expression of beclin 1, p53, BRCA1 and BRCA2 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. CpG islands in 5' genomic region of beclin 1 gene were identified using MethylPrimer Program. Sodium bisulfite sequencing was used in examining the methylation status of each CpG island. RESULTS Decreased beclin 1 mRNA expression was detected in 70% of the breast tumors, and the protein levels were co-related to the mRNA levels. Expression of beclin 1 mRNA was demonstrated to be much higher in the BRCA1 positive tumors than that in the BRCA1 negative ones. Loss of heterozygosity was detected in more than 45% of the breast tumors, and a dense cluster of CpG islands was found from the 5' end to the intron 2 of the beclin 1 gene. Methylation analysis showed that the promoter and the intron 2 of beclin 1 were aberrantly methylated in the tumors with decreased expression. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that LOH and aberrant DNA methylation might be the possible reasons of the decreased expression of beclin 1 in the breast tumors. The findings here shed some new light on the regulatory mechanisms of beclin 1 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Li
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yiqing Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yongjing Xia
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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Dual inactivation of Hus1 and p53 in the mouse mammary gland results in accumulation of damaged cells and impaired tissue regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:21282-7. [PMID: 19918068 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904965106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, checkpoint proteins halt cell cycle progression and promote repair or apoptosis, thereby preventing mutation accumulation and suppressing tumor development. The DNA damage checkpoint protein Hus1 associates with Rad9 and Rad1 to form the 9-1-1 complex, which localizes to DNA lesions and promotes DNA damage signaling and repair. Because complete inactivation of mouse Hus1 results in embryonic lethality, we developed a system for regulated Hus1 inactivation in the mammary gland to examine roles for Hus1 in tissue homeostasis and tumor suppression. Hus1 inactivation in the mammary epithelium resulted in genome damage that induced apoptosis and led to depletion of Hus1-null cells from the mammary gland. Conditional Hus1 knockout females retained grossly normal mammary gland morphology, suggesting compensation by cells that failed to undergo Cre-mediated Hus1 deletion. p53-deficiency delayed the clearance of Hus1-null cells from conditional Hus1 knockout mice and caused the accumulation of damaged, dying cells in the mammary gland. Notably, compensatory responses were impaired following combined Hus1 and p53 loss, resulting in aberrant mammary gland morphology and lactation defects. Overall, these results establish a requirement for Hus1 in the survival and proliferation of mammary epithelium and identify a role for p53 in mammary gland tissue regeneration and homeostasis.
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Differences in DNA Methylation Patterns and Expression of the CCRK Gene in Human and Nonhuman Primate Cortices. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 26:1379-89. [DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Hinshelwood RA, Clark SJ. Breast cancer epigenetics: normal human mammary epithelial cells as a model system. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:1315-28. [PMID: 18716754 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications are two critical players involved in epigenetic regulation and together play an important role in silencing tumor-suppressor genes in all cancers, including breast cancer. One of the major challenges facing breast cancer researchers is the problem of how to identify critical genes that are epigenetically silenced early in cancer initiation as these genes provide potential early diagnostic and/or therapeutic targets for breast cancer management. This review will focus on compelling evidence that normal Human Mammary Epithelial Cells (HMECs) that escape senescence in culture mimic genetic and epigenetic events occurring in early breast cancer, and provide a valuable system to delineate the early steps in epigenetic deregulation that often occur during transition of a normal breast cell to a premalignant cell. In particular, this model system has been used to investigate the relationship between gene silencing, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and polycomb association that may occur early in oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Hinshelwood
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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Integration site preference of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus, a new human retrovirus associated with prostate cancer. J Virol 2008; 82:9964-77. [PMID: 18684813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01299-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a new human gammaretrovirus identified in prostate cancer tissue from patients homozygous for a reduced-activity variant of the antiviral enzyme RNase L. Neither a casual relationship between XMRV infection and prostate cancer nor a mechanism of tumorigenesis has been established. To determine the integration site preferences of XMRV and the potential risk of proviral insertional mutagenesis, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of viral integration sites in the prostate cell line DU145 after an acute XMRV infection and compared the integration site pattern of XMRV with those found for murine leukemia virus and two human retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Among all retroviruses analyzed, XMRV has the strongest preference for transcription start sites, CpG islands, DNase-hypersensitive sites, and gene-dense regions; all are features frequently associated with structurally open transcription regulatory regions of a chromosome. Analyses of XMRV integration sites in tissues from prostate cancer patients found a similar preference for the aforementioned chromosomal features. Additionally, XMRV integration sites in cancer tissues were associated with cancer breakpoints, common fragile sites, microRNA, and cancer-related genes, suggesting a selection process that favors certain chromosomal integration sites. In both acutely infected cells and cancer tissues, no common integration site was detected within or near proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. These results are consistent with a model in which XMRV may contribute to tumorigenicity via a paracrine mechanism.
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Hu Z, Liu Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y, He W, Han L, Yang L, Hopkins KM, Yang X, Lieberman HB, Hang H. Targeted deletion of Rad9 in mouse skin keratinocytes enhances genotoxin-induced tumor development. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5552-61. [PMID: 18632607 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Rad9 gene is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans and plays crucial roles in genomic maintenance, DNA repair, and cell cycle checkpoint controls. However, the function of this gene with respect to tumorigenesis is not well-understood. A Rad9-null mutation in mice causes embryonic lethality. In this study, we created mice in which mouse Rad9, Mrad9, was deleted only in keratinocytes to permit examination of the potential function of the gene in tumor development. Mice with Mrad9(+/-) or Mrad9(-/-) keratinocytes showed no overt, spontaneous morphologic defects and seemed similar to wild-type controls. Painting the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) onto the skin of the animals caused earlier onset and more frequent formation of tumors and senile skin plaques in Mrad9(-/-) mice, compared with Mrad9(+/-) and Mrad9(+/+) littermates. DNA damage response genes p21, p53, and Mrad9B were expressed at higher levels in Mrad9(-/-) relative to Mrad9(+/+) skin. Keratinocytes isolated from Mrad9(-/-) skin had more spontaneous and DMBA-induced DNA double strand breaks than Mrad9(+/+) keratinocytes, and the levels were reduced by incubation with the antioxidant epigallocatechin gallate. These data suggest that Mrad9 plays an important role in maintaining genomic stability and preventing tumor development in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishang Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Transcriptional repression of the RUNX3/AML2 gene by the t(8;21) and inv(16) fusion proteins in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008; 112:3391-402. [PMID: 18663147 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-137083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX3/AML2 is a Runt domain transcription factor like RUNX1/AML1 and RUNX2/AML3. Regulated by 2 promoters P1 and P2, RUNX3 is frequently inactivated by P2 methylation in solid tumors. Growing evidence has suggested a role of this transcription factor in hematopoiesis. However, genetic alterations have not been reported in blood cancers. In this study on 73 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (44 children and 29 adults), we first showed that high RUNX3 expression among childhood AML was associated with a shortened event-free survival, and RUNX3 was significantly underexpressed in the prognostically favorable subgroup of AML with the t(8;21) and inv(16) translocations. We further demonstrated that this RUNX3 repression was mediated not by P2 methylation, but RUNX1-ETO and CBFbeta-MYH11, the fusion products of t(8;21) and inv(16), via a novel transcriptional mechanism that acts directly or indirectly in collaboration with RUNX1, on 2 conserved RUNX binding sites in the P1 promoter. In in vitro studies, ectopically expressed RUNX1-ETO and CBFbeta-MYH11 also inhibited endogenous RUNX3 expression. Taken together, RUNX3 was the first transcriptional target found to be commonly repressed by the t(8;21) and inv(16) fusion proteins and might have an important role in core-binding factor AML.
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Chan V, Khoo US, Wong MS, Lau K, Suen D, Li G, Kwong A, Chan TK. Localization of hRad9 in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:196. [PMID: 18616832 PMCID: PMC2483722 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background hRad9 is a cell cycle checkpoint gene that is up-regulated in breast cancer. We have previously shown that the mRNA up-regulation correlated with tumor size and local recurrence. Immunohistochemical studies were made to better define the role of hRad9 in breast carcinogenesis. Methods Localisation of hRad9 protein were performed on paired tumor and normal breast tissues. Immunoblotting with and without dephosphorylation was used to define the protein isolated from breast cancer cells. Results Increased hRad9 protein was observed in breast cancer cells nucleus compared to non-tumor epithelium. This nuclear protein existed in hyperphosphorylated forms which may be those of the hRad9-hRad1-hHus1 complex. Conclusion Finding of hyperphosphorylated forms of hRad9 in the nucleus of cancer cells is in keeping with its function in ameliorating DNA instability, whereby it inadvertently assists tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Chan
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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Bachmann N, Haeusler J, Luedeke M, Kuefer R, Perner S, Assum G, Paiss T, Hoegel J, Vogel W, Maier C. Expression changes of CAV1 and EZH2, located on 7q31 approximately q36, are rarely related to genomic alterations in primary prostate carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:103-10. [PMID: 18406871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal region 7q was repeatedly found to be rearranged in prostate carcinoma. It harbors several well described candidate tumor suppressor and oncogenes. We addressed two genes with opposite roles in cancer; CAV1, a putative tumor suppressor gene at 7q31, and EZH2 at 7q36, which is believed to promote tumor progression. Our primary aim was to assess their expression changes in primary tumors, and then to elucidate the underlying mechanism, assuming that genomic alterations of either locus could affect the other gene as well. In 35 prostate tumor samples, compared with adjacent tissues, CAV1 was overall downregulated (P < 10(-06)), whereas EZH2 was significantly overexpressed (P < 10(-06)). The observed dysregulations were coincident in nearly 70% of the cases. Copy number changes occurred in few tumors. Loss of CAV1 DNA was only marginally associated with reduced expression (P = 0.07), however, and genomic amplification of EZH2 could not explain its upregulation. Through bisulfite sequencing of four tumor samples, CpG-hypermethylation was verified as an alternative mechanism for CAV1 silencing, as reported previously. Moreover, it could also be involved in the reactivation of EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Bachmann
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Network-based global inference of human disease genes. Mol Syst Biol 2008; 4:189. [PMID: 18463613 PMCID: PMC2424293 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2008.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the genetic basis of human diseases is an important goal of biomedical research. On the basis of the assumption that phenotypically similar diseases are caused by functionally related genes, we propose a computational framework that integrates human protein–protein interactions, disease phenotype similarities, and known gene–phenotype associations to capture the complex relationships between phenotypes and genotypes. We develop a tool named CIPHER to predict and prioritize disease genes, and we show that the global concordance between the human protein network and the phenotype network reliably predicts disease genes. Our method is applicable to genetically uncharacterized phenotypes, effective in the genome-wide scan of disease genes, and also extendable to explore gene cooperativity in complex diseases. The predicted genetic landscape of over 1000 human phenotypes, which reveals the global modular organization of phenotype–genotype relationships. The genome-wide prioritization of candidate genes for over 5000 human phenotypes, including those with under-characterized disease loci or even those lacking known association, is publicly released to facilitate future discovery of disease genes.
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46
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is currently the most common type of neoplasm found in American men, other than skin cancer, and is the second leading cause of cancer death in males. Because cell cycle checkpoint proteins stabilize the genome, the relationship of one such protein, Rad9, to prostate cancer was investigated. We found that four prostate cancer cell lines (CWR22, DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3), relative to PrEC normal prostate cells, have aberrantly high levels of Rad9 protein. The 3'-end region of intron 2 of Rad9 in DU145 cells is hypermethylated at CpG islands, and treatment with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restores near-normal levels of methylation and reduces Rad9 protein abundance. Southern blot analyses indicate that PC-3 cells contain an amplified Rad9 copy number. Therefore, we provide evidence that Rad9 levels are high in prostate cancer cells due at least in part to aberrant methylation or gene amplification. The effectiveness of small interfering RNA to lower Rad9 protein levels in CWR22, DU145, and PC-3 cells correlated with reduction of tumorigenicity in nude mice, indicating that Rad9 actively contributes to the disease. Rad9 protein levels were high in 153 of 339 human prostate tumor biopsy samples examined and detectable in only 2 of 52 noncancerous prostate tissues. There was a strong correlation between Rad9 protein abundance and cancer stage. Rad9 protein level can thus provide a biomarker for advanced prostate cancer and is causally related to the disease, suggesting the potential for developing novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools based on detection or manipulation of Rad9 protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Zhu
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Expression of DNA Damage Checkpoint Protein Hus1 in Epithelial Ovarian Tumors Correlates With Prognostic Markers. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008; 27:24-32. [DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e31812dfaef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Paz N, Levanon EY, Amariglio N, Heimberger AB, Ram Z, Constantini S, Barbash ZS, Adamsky K, Safran M, Hirschberg A, Krupsky M, Ben-Dov I, Cazacu S, Mikkelsen T, Brodie C, Eisenberg E, Rechavi G. Altered adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in human cancer. Genome Res 2007; 17:1586-95. [PMID: 17908822 PMCID: PMC2045141 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6493107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing was recently shown to be abundant in the human transcriptome, affecting thousands of genes. Employing a bioinformatic approach, we identified significant global hypoediting of Alu repetitive elements in brain, prostate, lung, kidney, and testis tumors. Experimental validation confirmed this finding, showing significantly reduced editing in Alu sequences within MED13 transcripts in brain tissues. Looking at editing of specific recoding and noncoding sites, including in cancer-related genes, a more complex picture emerged, with a gene-specific editing pattern in tumors vs. normal tissues. Additionally, we found reduced RNA levels of all three editing mediating enzymes, ADAR, ADARB1, and ADARB2, in brain tumors. The reduction of ADARB2 correlated with the grade of malignancy of glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive of brain tumors, displaying a 99% decrease in ADARB2 RNA levels. Consistently, overexpression of ADAR and ADARB1 in the U87 glioblastoma multiforme cell line resulted in decreased proliferation rate, suggesting that reduced A-to-I editing in brain tumors is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. Altered epigenetic control was recently shown to play a central role in oncogenesis. We suggest that A-to-I RNA editing may serve as an additional epigenetic mechanism relevant to cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Paz
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | - Ninette Amariglio
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, Texas, USA
| | - Zvi Ram
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Shlomi Constantini
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children’s Hospital, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Zohar S. Barbash
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Konstantin Adamsky
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Michal Safran
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Avi Hirschberg
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Meir Krupsky
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Issachar Ben-Dov
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Pulmonary Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Simona Cazacu
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Chaya Brodie
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, NCI/NINDS, NIH, Bethesda 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Eli Eisenberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University 69978 Israel
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax 972-3-5302377
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Abstract
DNA methylation is one of several epigenetic changes observed in cells. Aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes, and vital cell cycle genes has led many scientists to investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms of DNA methylation under normal and pathological conditions. Although DNA methylation is necessary for normal mammalian embryogenesis, both hypo- and hypermethylation of DNA are frequently observed in carcinogenesis and other pathological disorders. DNA hypermethylation silences the transcription of many tumor suppressor genes, resulting in immortalization of tumor cells. The reverse process, demethylation and restoration of normal functional expression of genes, is augmented by DNA methylation inhibitors. Recent studies suggest that DNA hypomethylation may also control gene expression and chromosomal stability. However, the roles of and relationship between hypomethylation and hypermethylation are not well understood. This review provides a brief overview of the mechanism of DNA methylation, its relationship to extrinsic stimulation including dietary intake and aging, and of abnormally methylated DNA in breast and colorectal cancers, which could be used as prognostic and diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Rad9 modulates the P21WAF1 pathway by direct association with p53. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:37. [PMID: 17511890 PMCID: PMC1885445 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggest that human RAD9 (hRad9), encoding a DNA damage checkpoint molecule, which is frequently amplified in epithelial tumor cells of breast, lung, head and neck cancer, participates in regulation of the tumor suppressor p53-dependent transactivation of pro-survival P21WAF1. This study examined the exact mechanism of the hRad9 function, especially through the phosphorylation of the C-terminus, in the transcription regulation of P21WAF1. Results The transfection of phosphorylation-defective hRAD9 mutants of C-terminus resulted in reduction of the p53-dependent P21WAF1 transactivation; the knockdown of total hRad9 elicited an increased P21WAF1 mRNA expression. Immunoprecipitation and a ChIP assay showed that hRad9 and p53 formed a complex and both were associated with two p53-consensus DNA-binding sequences in the 5' region of P21WAF1 gene. The association was reduced in the experiment of phosphorylation-defective hRAD9 mutants. Conclusion The present study indicates the direct involvement of hRad9 in the p53-dependent P21WAF1 transcriptional mechanism, presumably via the phosphorylation sites, and alterations of the hRad9 pathway might therefore contribute to the perturbation of checkpoint activation in cancer cells.
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