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McMenemy CM, Guo D, Quinn JA, Greenhalgh DA. 14-3-3σ/Stratifin and p21 limit AKT-related malignant progression in skin carcinogenesis following MDM2-associated p53 loss. Mol Carcinog 2024. [PMID: 38869281 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
To study mechanisms driving/inhibiting skin carcinogenesis, stage-specific expression of 14-3-3σ (Stratifin) was analyzed in skin carcinogenesis driven by activated rasHa/fos expression (HK1.ras/fos) and ablation of PTEN-mediated AKT regulation (K14.creP/Δ5PTENflx/flx). Consistent with 14-3-3σ roles in epidermal differentiation, HK1.ras hyperplasia and papillomas displayed elevated 14-3-3σ expression in supra-basal keratinocytes, paralleled by supra-basal p-MDM2166 activation and sporadic p-AKT473 expression. In bi-genic HK1.fos/Δ5PTENflx/flx hyperplasia, basal-layer 14-3-3σ expression appeared, and alongside p53/p21, was associated with keratinocyte differentiation and keratoacanthoma etiology. Tri-genic HK1.ras/fos-Δ5PTENflx/flx hyperplasia/papillomas initially displayed increased basal-layer 14-3-3σ, suggesting attempts to maintain supra-basal p-MDM2166 and protect basal-layer p53. However, HK1.ras/fos-Δ5PTENflx/flx papillomas exhibited increasing basal-layer p-MDM2166 activation that reduced p53, which coincided with malignant conversion. Despite p53 loss, 14-3-3σ expression persisted in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (wdSCCs) and alongside elevated p21, limited malignant progression via inhibiting p-AKT1473 expression; until 14-3-3σ/p21 loss facilitated progression to aggressive SCC exhibiting uniform p-AKT1473. Analysis of TPA-promoted HK1.ras-Δ5PTENflx/flx mouse skin, demonstrated early loss of 14-3-3σ/p53/p21 in hyperplasia and papillomas, with increased p-MDM2166/p-AKT1473 that resulted in rapid malignant conversion and progression to poorly differentiated SCC. In 2D/3D cultures, membranous 14-3-3σ expression observed in normal HaCaT and SP1ras61 papilloma keratinocytes was unexpectedly detected in malignant T52ras61/v-fos SCC cells cultured in monolayers, but not invasive 3D-cells. Collectively, these data suggest 14-3-3σ/Stratifin exerts suppressive roles in papillomatogenesis via MDM2/p53-dependent mechanisms; while persistent p53-independent expression in early wdSCC may involve p21-mediated AKT1 inhibition to limit malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M McMenemy
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Dajiang Guo
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Jean A Quinn
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - David A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, Scotland
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2
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Di Leo L, Bodemeyer V, Bosisio FM, Claps G, Carretta M, Rizza S, Faienza F, Frias A, Khan S, Bordi M, Pacheco MP, Di Martino J, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Daniel CJ, Sears RC, Donia M, Madsen DH, Guldberg P, Filomeni G, Sauter T, Robert C, De Zio D, Cecconi F. Loss of Ambra1 promotes melanoma growth and invasion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2550. [PMID: 33953176 PMCID: PMC8100102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer. Despite improvements in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma biology and in defining new curative strategies, the therapeutic needs for this disease have not yet been fulfilled. Herein, we provide evidence that the Activating Molecule in Beclin-1-Regulated Autophagy (Ambra1) contributes to melanoma development. Indeed, we show that Ambra1 deficiency confers accelerated tumor growth and decreased overall survival in Braf/Pten-mutated mouse models of melanoma. Also, we demonstrate that Ambra1 deletion promotes melanoma aggressiveness and metastasis by increasing cell motility/invasion and activating an EMT-like process. Moreover, we show that Ambra1 deficiency in melanoma impacts extracellular matrix remodeling and induces hyperactivation of the focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1) signaling, whose inhibition is able to reduce cell invasion and melanoma growth. Overall, our findings identify a function for AMBRA1 as tumor suppressor in melanoma, proposing FAK1 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for AMBRA1 low-expressing melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Leo
- Melanoma Research Team, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valérie Bodemeyer
- Melanoma Research Team, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesca M Bosisio
- Lab of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marco Carretta
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fiorella Faienza
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alex Frias
- Melanoma Research Team, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shawez Khan
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Matteo Bordi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria P Pacheco
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Julie Di Martino
- School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose J Bravo-Cordero
- School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colin J Daniel
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Daniel H Madsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Per Guldberg
- Molecular Diagnostics Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Redox Biology Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Caroline Robert
- INSERM U981, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Dermato-Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Daniela De Zio
- Melanoma Research Team, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
- Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Brandmaier A, Hou SQ, Shen WH. Cell Cycle Control by PTEN. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2265-2277. [PMID: 28602818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Continuous and error-free chromosome inheritance through the cell cycle is essential for genomic stability and tumor suppression. However, accumulation of aberrant genetic materials often causes the cell cycle to go awry, leading to malignant transformation. In response to genotoxic stress, cells employ diverse adaptive mechanisms to halt or exit the cell cycle temporarily or permanently. The intrinsic machinery of cycling, resting, and exiting shapes the cellular response to extrinsic stimuli, whereas prevalent disruption of the cell cycle machinery in tumor cells often confers resistance to anticancer therapy. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor and a guardian of the genome that is frequently mutated or deleted in human cancer. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that PTEN deficiency disrupts the fundamental processes of genetic transmission. Cells lacking PTEN exhibit cell cycle deregulation and cell fate reprogramming. Here, we review the role of PTEN in regulating the key processes in and out of cell cycle to optimize genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Brandmaier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sheng-Qi Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wen H Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Masre SF, Rath N, Olson MF, Greenhalgh DA. ROCK2/ras Ha co-operation induces malignant conversion via p53 loss, elevated NF-κB and tenascin C-associated rigidity, but p21 inhibits ROCK2/NF-κB-mediated progression. Oncogene 2017; 36:2529-2542. [PMID: 27991921 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To study ROCK2 activation in carcinogenesis, mice expressing 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT)-activated ROCK2 (K14.ROCKer) were crossed with mice expressing epidermal-activated rasHa (HK1.ras1205). At 8 weeks, 4HT-treated K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 cohorts exhibited papillomas similar to HK1.ras1205 controls; however, K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 histotypes comprised a mixed papilloma/well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (wdSCC), exhibiting p53 loss, increased proliferation and novel NF-κB expression. By 12 weeks, K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 wdSCCs exhibited increased NF-κB and novel tenascin C, indicative of elevated rigidity; yet despite continued ROCK2 activities/p-Mypt1 inactivation, progression to SCC required loss of compensatory p21 expression. K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 papillomatogenesis also required a wound promotion stimulus, confirmed by breeding K14.ROCKer into promotion-insensitive HK1.ras1276 mice, suggesting a permissive K14.ROCKer/HK1.ras1205 papilloma context (wound-promoted/NF-κB+/p53-/p21+) preceded K14.ROCKer-mediated (p-Mypt1/tenascin C/rigidity) malignant conversion. Malignancy depended on ROCKer/p-Mypt1 expression, as cessation of 4HT treatment induced disorganized tissue architecture and p21-associated differentiation in wdSCCs; yet tenascin C retention in connective tissue extracellular matrix suggests the rigidity laid down for conversion persists. Novel papilloma outgrowths appeared expressing intense, basal layer p21 that confined endogenous ROCK2/p-Mypt1/NF-κB to supra-basal layers, and was paralleled by restored basal layer p53. In later SCCs, 4HT cessation became irrelevant as endogenous ROCK2 expression increased, driving progression via p21 loss, elevated NF-κB expression and tenascin C-associated rigidity, with p-Mypt1 inactivation/actinomyosin-mediated contractility to facilitate invasion. However, p21-associated inhibition of early-stage malignant progression and the intense expression in papilloma outgrowths, identifies a novel, significant antagonism between p21 and rasHa/ROCK2/NF-κB signalling in skin carcinogenesis. Collectively, these data show that ROCK2 activation induces malignancy in rasHa-initiated/promoted papillomas in the context of p53 loss and novel NF-κB expression, whereas increased tissue rigidity and cell motility/contractility help mediate tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Masre
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
- Biomedical Science Programme, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Kebangsaan, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Rath
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - M F Olson
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D A Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology and Molecular Carcinogenesis, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
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Mathew G, Hannan A, Hertzler-Schaefer K, Wang F, Feng GS, Zhong J, Zhao JJ, Downward J, Zhang X. Targeting of Ras-mediated FGF signaling suppresses Pten-deficient skin tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13156-13161. [PMID: 27799550 PMCID: PMC5135310 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1604450113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency in PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is the underlying cause of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome and a wide variety of human cancers. In skin epidermis, we have previously identified an autocrine FGF signaling induced by loss of Pten in keratinocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that skin hyperplasia requires FGF receptor adaptor protein Frs2α and tyrosine phosphatase Shp2, two upstream regulators of Ras signaling. Although the PI3-kinase regulatory subunits p85α and p85β are dispensable, the PI3-kinase catalytic subunit p110α requires interaction with Ras to promote hyperplasia in Pten-deficient skin, thus demonstrating an important cross-talk between Ras and PI3K pathways. Furthermore, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Ras-MAPK pathway impeded epidermal hyperplasia in Pten animals. These results reveal a positive feedback loop connecting Pten and Ras pathways and suggest that FGF-activated Ras-MAPK pathway is an effective therapeutic target for preventing skin tumor induced by aberrant Pten signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grinu Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Abdul Hannan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | | | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jian Zhong
- Burke Medical Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, White Plains, NY 10605
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032;
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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6
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Kim M. Cooperative interactions of PTEN deficiency and RAS activation in melanoma metastasis. Small GTPases 2014; 1:161-164. [PMID: 21686270 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.1.3.14344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma displays frequent activation of RAS/RAF/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways as well as inactivation of CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) and PTEN tumor suppressors via genetic and epigenetic alterations. Pathogenetic roles of these melanoma-prone mutations and their genetic interactions have been established in genetically engineered mouse models. Here, we catalog frequent genetic alterations observed in human melanomas and describe mouse models of melanoma initiation and progression, including our recent study that investigated the genetic interactions of RAS activation and PTEN loss in a CDKN2A (INK4a/ARF) null melanoma prone genetic background. We showed that loss of PTEN cooperates with HRAS activation, leading to increased development of melanoma and emergence of metastasis. Moreover, we observed that RNA i-mediated PTEN inactivation in RAS-driven melanomas enhanced migration and invasion with concomitant downregulation of E-cadherin, the major regulator of epithelial and mesenchymal transition, and enhanced AKT2 phosphorylation, which has been previously linked to invasion and metastasis of several cancer types, including breast and ovary. These data show that activated RAS cooperates with PTEN loss in melanoma genesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Kim
- Molecular Oncology Department; Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
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Carnero A, Paramio JM. The PTEN/PI3K/AKT Pathway in vivo, Cancer Mouse Models. Front Oncol 2014; 4:252. [PMID: 25295225 PMCID: PMC4172058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases, it phosphorylates PIP2 to generate PIP3 and activates the signaling pathway. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 dephosphorylates PIP3 to PIP2, and thus, negatively regulates the pathway. AKT (v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog; protein kinase B) is activated downstream of PIP3 and mediates physiological processes. Furthermore, substantial crosstalk exists with other signaling networks at all levels of the PI3K pathway. Because of its diverse array, gene mutations, and amplifications and also as a consequence of its central role in several signal transduction pathways, the PI3K-dependent axis is frequently activated in many tumors and is an attractive therapeutic target. The preclinical testing and analysis of these novel therapies requires appropriate and well-tailored systems. Mouse models in which this pathway has been genetically modified have been essential in understanding the role that this pathway plays in the tumorigenesis process. Here, we review cancer mouse models in which the PI3K/AKT pathway has been genetically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla , Seville , Spain
| | - Jesus M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Division of Biomedicine, CIEMAT , Madrid , Spain ; Oncogenomics Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, "12 de Octubre" University Hospital , Madrid , Spain
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PTEN ablation in RasHa/Fos skin carcinogenesis invokes p53-dependent p21 to delay conversion while p53-independent p21 limits progression via cyclin D1/E2 inhibition. Oncogene 2013; 33:4132-43. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Poligone B, Hayden MS, Chen L, Pentland AP, Jimi E, Ghosh S. A role for NF-κB activity in skin hyperplasia and the development of keratoacanthomata in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71887. [PMID: 23977171 PMCID: PMC3747062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have implicated NF-κB signaling in both cutaneous development and oncogenesis. However, these studies have been limited in part by the lethality that results from extreme over- or under-expression of NF-κB in available mouse models. Even cre-driven tissue specific expression of transgenes, or targeted deletion of NF-κB can cause cell death. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate a novel mouse model of enhanced NF-κB activity in the skin. METHODS A knock-in homologous recombination technique was utilized to develop a mouse model (referred to as PD mice) with increased NF-κB activity. RESULTS The data show that increased NF-κB activity leads to hyperproliferation and dysplasia of the mouse epidermis. Chemical carcinogenesis in the context of enhanced NF-κB activity promotes the development of keratoacanthomata. CONCLUSION Our findings support an important role for NF-κB in keratinocyte dysplasia. We have found that enhanced NF-κB activity renders keratinocytes susceptible to hyperproliferation and keratoacanthoma (KA) development but is not sufficient for transformation and SCC development. We therefore propose that NF-κB activation in the absence of additional oncogenic events can promote TNF-dependent, actinic keratosis-like dysplasia and TNF-independent, KAs upon chemical carcinogensis. These studies suggest that resolution of KA cannot occur when NF-κB activation is constitutively enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Poligone
- Department of Dermatology and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew S. Hayden
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Luojing Chen
- Department of Dermatology and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alice P. Pentland
- Department of Dermatology and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Eijiro Jimi
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Safe and targeted anticancer therapy for ovarian cancer using a novel class of curcumin analogs. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:35. [PMID: 23663277 PMCID: PMC3665575 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of advanced ovarian cancer is the beginning of a long and arduous journey for a patient. Worldwide, approximately half of the individuals undergoing therapy for advanced cancer will succumb to the disease, or consequences of treatment. Well-known and widely-used chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, and doxorubicin are toxic to both cancer and non-cancerous cells, and have debilitating side effects Therefore, development of new targeted anticancer therapies that can selectively kill cancer cells while sparing the surrounding healthy tissues is essential to develop more effective therapies. We have developed a new class of synthetic curcumin analogs, diarylidenyl-piperidones (DAPs), which have higher anticancer activity and enhanced bio-absorption than curcumin. The DAP backbone structure exhibits cytotoxic (anticancer) activity, whereas the N-hydroxypyrroline (-NOH) moiety found on some variants functions as a cellular- or tissue-specific modulator (antioxidant) of cytotoxicity. The anticancer activity of the DAPs has been evaluated using a number of ovarian cancer cell lines, and the safety has been evaluated in a number of non-cancerous cell lines. Both variations of the DAP compounds showed similar levels of cell death in ovarian cancer cells, however the compounds with the -NOH modification were less toxic to non-cancerous cells. The selective cytotoxicity of the DAP-NOH compounds suggests that they will be useful as safe and effective anticancer agents. This article reviews some of the key findings of our work with the DAP compounds, and compares this to some of the targeted therapies currently used in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Roccaro AM, Sacco A, Jia X, Banwait R, Maiso P, Azab F, Flores L, Manier S, Azab AK, Ghobrial IM. Mechanisms of activity of the TORC1 inhibitor everolimus in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:6609-22. [PMID: 23048077 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The TORC1 inhibitor everolimus has previously shown significant activity as a single agent in hematologic malignancies, with reported responses of 30% to 70% in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. However, the specific mechanisms by which this class of mTOR inhibitors exerts anti-Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia activity have not been fully investigated. We therefore sought to dissect the mechanisms of everolimus-dependent modulation of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cell survival. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We confirmed that everolimus targets mTOR in patients treated with everolimus and responding to therapy. We evaluated the effect of everolimus on proliferation and survival of primary Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells, as well as of other IgM-secreting lymphoma cell lines. Everolimus-dependent mechanisms of induced apoptosis and its effect on Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells in the context of bone marrow microenvironment have been also evaluated. miRNA-155 loss-of-function studies were conducted. Moreover, the combinatory effect of bortezomib and rituximab has been tested. RESULTS We showed that everolimus targeted mTOR downstream signaling pathways, ex vivo, in patients responding to everolimus treatment. Everolimus induced toxicity in primary Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells, as well as in other IgM-secreting lymphoma cells, supported by cell-cycle arrest and caspase-dependent and -independent induction of apoptosis. Importantly, everolimus targeted Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells even in the context of bone marrow milieu, where it affected migration, adhesion, and angiogenesis. Everolimus-dependent anti-Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia activity was partially driven by miRNA-155. Moreover, everolimus synergized with bortezomib and rituximab in targeting Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells, as shown by synergistic inhibition of p65/ and p50/NF-κB activities. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for everolimus-induced anti-Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo M Roccaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Prade E, Tobiasch M, Hitkova I, Schäffer I, Lian F, Xing X, Tänzer M, Rauser S, Walch A, Feith M, Post S, Röcken C, Schmid RM, Ebert MPA, Burgermeister E. Bile acids down-regulate caveolin-1 in esophageal epithelial cells through sterol responsive element-binding protein. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:819-32. [PMID: 22474125 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol and are major risk factors for Barrett adenocarcinoma (BAC) of the esophagus. Caveolin-1 (Cav1), a scaffold protein of membrane caveolae, is transcriptionally regulated by cholesterol via sterol-responsive element-binding protein-1 (SREBP1). Cav1 protects squamous epithelia by controlling cell growth and stabilizing cell junctions and matrix adhesion. Cav1 is frequently down-regulated in human cancers; however, the molecular mechanisms that lead to this event are unknown. We show that the basal layer of the nonneoplastic human esophageal squamous epithelium expressed Cav1 mainly at intercellular junctions. In contrast, Cav1 was lost in 95% of tissue specimens from BAC patients (n = 100). A strong cytoplasmic expression of Cav1 correlated with poor survival in a small subgroup (n = 5) of BAC patients, and stable expression of an oncogenic Cav1 variant (Cav1-P132L) in the human BAC cell line OE19 promoted proliferation. Cav1 was also detectable in immortalized human squamous epithelial, Barrett esophagus (CPC), and squamous cell carcinoma cells (OE21), but was low in BAC cell lines (OE19, OE33). Mechanistically, bile acids down-regulated Cav1 expression by inhibition of the proteolytic cleavage of 125-kDa pre-SREBP1 from the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus and nuclear translocation of active 68-kDa SREBP1. This block in SREBP1's posttranslational processing impaired transcriptional activation of SREBP1 response elements in the proximal human Cav1 promoter. Cav1 was also down-regulated in esophagi from C57BL/6 mice on a diet enriched with 1% (wt/wt) chenodeoxycholic acid. Mice deficient for Cav1 or the nuclear bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor showed hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the basal cell layer of esophageal epithelia, respectively. These data indicate that bile acid-mediated down-regulation of Cav1 marks early changes in the squamous epithelium, which may contribute to onset of Barrett esophagus metaplasia and progression to BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prade
- Department of Chemistry, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
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13
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Choi N, Zhang B, Zhang L, Ittmann M, Xin L. Adult murine prostate basal and luminal cells are self-sustained lineages that can both serve as targets for prostate cancer initiation. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:253-65. [PMID: 22340597 PMCID: PMC3285423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prostate epithelial lineage hierarchy and the cellular origin for prostate cancer remain inadequately defined. Using a lineage-tracing approach, we show that adult rodent prostate basal and luminal cells are independently self-sustained in vivo. Disrupting the tumor suppressor Pten in either lineage led to prostate cancer initiation. However, the cellular composition and onset dynamics of the resulting tumors are distinctive. Prostate luminal cells are more responsive to Pten null-induced mitogenic signaling. In contrast, basal cells are resistant to direct transformation. Instead, loss of Pten activity induces the capability of basal cells to differentiate into transformation-competent luminal cells. Our study suggests that deregulation of epithelial differentiation is a critical step for the initiation of prostate cancers of basal cell origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyun Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Michael Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Department of Pathology and Immunology
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center
- Corresponding author: Li Xin, Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, Phone: 713-798-1650, FAX: 713-798-3017,
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Darido C, Georgy SR, Wilanowski T, Dworkin S, Auden A, Zhao Q, Rank G, Srivastava S, Finlay MJ, Papenfuss AT, Pandolfi PP, Pearson RB, Jane SM. Targeting of the tumor suppressor GRHL3 by a miR-21-dependent proto-oncogenic network results in PTEN loss and tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:635-48. [PMID: 22094257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite its prevalence, the molecular basis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains poorly understood. Here, we identify the developmental transcription factor Grhl3 as a potent tumor suppressor of SCC in mice, and demonstrate that targeting of Grhl3 by a miR-21-dependent proto-oncogenic network underpins SCC in humans. Deletion of Grhl3 in adult epidermis evokes loss of expression of PTEN, a direct GRHL3 target, resulting in aggressive SCC induced by activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Restoration of Pten expression completely abrogates SCC formation. Reduced levels of GRHL3 and PTEN are evident in human skin, and head and neck SCC, associated with increased expression of miR-21, which targets both tumor suppressors. Our data define the GRHL3-PTEN axis as a critical tumor suppressor pathway in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Darido
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia
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15
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Ghobrial IM, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ngo H, Azab F, Sacco A, Azab A, Maiso P, Morgan B, Quang P, Issa GC, Leleu X, Roccaro AM. Targeting the bone marrow in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2011; 11 Suppl 1:S65-9. [PMID: 22035751 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a low-grade B-cell lymphoma characterized by widespread involvement of the bone marrow with lymphoplasmacytic cells. In approximately 20% of patients, the malignant clone also involves the lymph nodes and induces hepatosplenomegaly. The mechanisms by which the tumor cells home to the bone marrow and preferentially reside in the marrow niches are not fully elucidated. In this review, we examine the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in the regulation of cell growth, survival and cell dissemination in WM. We also summarize specific regulators of niche-dependent tumor proliferation in WM. These include chemokines, adhesion molecules, Src/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, NF-kB activation, and micro-RNA regulation in WM. Targeting these pathways in clinical trials could lead to significant responses in this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Issa GC, Leblebjian H, Roccaro AM, Ghobrial IM. New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Curr Opin Hematol 2011; 18:260-5. [PMID: 21519243 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3283474e5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a distinct low-grade lymphoproliferative disease. There have been recent significant advances in understanding the underlying pathogenesis of this disease, including genetic and epigenetic regulators of tumor progression. RECENT FINDINGS Current studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in cell proliferation, dissemination, and drug resistance. SUMMARY This review provides an update of the advances in the pathogenesis of factors both intrinsic (in the tumor clone) and extrinsic (in the bone marrow microenvironment) that regulate tumor progression in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. We next discuss novel agents that have been recently tested in clinical trials based on the advances observed in the pathogenesis of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghayas C Issa
- Medical Oncology, Pharmacy Department, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Ghobrial IM, Weller E, Vij R, Munshi NC, Banwait R, Bagshaw M, Schlossman R, Leduc R, Chuma S, Kunsman J, Laubach J, Jakubowiak AJ, Maiso P, Roccaro A, Armand P, Dollard A, Warren D, Harris B, Poon T, Sam A, Rodig S, Anderson KC, Richardson PG. Weekly bortezomib in combination with temsirolimus in relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a multicentre, phase 1/2, open-label, dose-escalation study. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12:263-72. [PMID: 21345726 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma is the second most prevalent haematological malignancy and is incurable. Our aim was to assess the response and safety of the combination of temsirolimus (an mTOR inhibitor) and bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. METHODS We did an open-label, dose-escalation study in three centres in the USA. Patients were enrolled from June, 2007, to December, 2009. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma after one or more treatment (including lenalidomide, bortezomib, or thalidomide), with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2. Patients were assigned a dose level in the order of their entry into the study. Phase 1 was to assess the safety and establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of the combination and phase 2 was to assess overall response rate at the MTD. Intravenous temsirolimus was given at 15 or 25 mg and intravenous bortezomib at 1·3 or 1·6 mg/m(2) once a week, with dose escalation until dose-limiting adverse events were recorded in two of the three people in the dose cohort. Use of steroids were not permitted. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with a partial response or better. Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis, with all patients who had been enrolled included. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00483262. FINDINGS 20 patients were enrolled into the phase 1 study and 43 into phase 2. All patients were heavily pretreated (median five lines in the phase 1 cohort, and four lines in the phase 2 cohort). The MTD was determined to be 1·6 mg/m(2) bortezomib on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 in combination with 25 mg temsirolimus on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29, for a cycle of 35 days. In the phase 2 study, the proportion of patients with a partial response or better was 33% (14 of 43; 90% CI 21-47). Long-term follow-up of patients is ongoing. There were three deaths during treatment in the phase 1 and 2 studies: one patient died of septic shock in the phase 1 study; one patient died with H1N1 influenza infection and one died with cardiac amyloid and ventricular arrhythmia unrelated to treatment in the phase 2 study. In the phase 1 study, the most common treatment-related grade 3-4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (13 patients), lymphopenia (ten), neutropenia (nine), leucopenia (seven), and anaemia (five). In the phase 2 study, the most common treatment-related grade 3-4 adverse events were thrombocytopenia (25 patients), lymphopenia (24), neutropenia (17), leucopenia (ten), anaemia (seven), and diarrhoea (five). Four patients in the phase 1 study had sensory peripheral neuropathy (grade 2 or less); in the phase 2 study, 11 had sensory peripheral neuropathy (all grade 2 or less) and seven motor peripheral neuropathy (one grade 3, six grade 2 or less). INTERPRETATION mTOR inhibitors could have a role in combination with weekly bortezomib for the treatment of patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma without the addition of steroids. FUNDING Millennium Inc, Pfizer Inc, Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Ghobrial IM, Gertz M, Laplant B, Camoriano J, Hayman S, Lacy M, Chuma S, Harris B, Leduc R, Rourke M, Ansell SM, Deangelo D, Dispenzieri A, Bergsagel L, Reeder C, Anderson KC, Richardson PG, Treon SP, Witzig TE. Phase II trial of the oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus in relapsed or refractory Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1408-14. [PMID: 20142598 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal transduction pathway controls cell proliferation and survival. Everolimus is an oral agent targeting raptor mTOR (mTORC1). The trial's goal was to determine the antitumor activity and safety of single-agent everolimus in patients with relapsed/refractory Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had measurable disease (immunoglobulin M monoclonal protein > 1,000 mg/dL with > 10% marrow involvement or nodal masses > 2 cm), a platelet count more than 75,000 x 10(6)/L, a neutrophil count more than 1,000 x 10(6)/L, and a creatinine and bilirubin less than 2 x the laboratory upper limit of normal. Patients received everolimus 10 mg orally daily and were evaluated monthly. Tumor response was assessed after cycles 2 and 6 and then every three cycles until progression. Results Fifty patients were treated. The median age was 63 years (range, 43 to 85 years). The overall response rate (complete response plus partial remission [PR] plus minimal response [MR]) was 70% (95% CI, 55% to 82%), with a PR of 42% and 28% MR. The median duration of response and median progression-free survival (PFS) have not been reached. The estimated PFS at 6 and 12 months is 75% (95% CI, 64% to 89%) and 62% (95% CI, 48% to 80%), respectively. Grade 3 or higher related toxicities were observed in 56% of patients. The most common were hematologic toxicities with cytopenias. Pulmonary toxicity occurred in 10% of patients. Dose reductions due to toxicity occurred in 52% of patients. CONCLUSION Everolimus has high single-agent activity with an overall response rate of 70% and manageable toxicity in patients with relapsed WM and offers a potential new therapeutic strategy for this patient group.
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19
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Roccaro AM, Sacco A, Husu EN, Pitsillides C, Vesole S, Azab AK, Azab F, Melhem M, Ngo HT, Quang P, Maiso P, Runnels J, Liang MC, Wong KK, Lin C, Ghobrial IM. Dual targeting of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as an antitumor strategy in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Blood 2010; 115:559-69. [PMID: 19965685 PMCID: PMC2810978 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-235747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown clinical activity of a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 inhibitor in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM). However, 50% of patients did not respond to therapy. We therefore examined mechanisms of activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR in WM, and mechanisms of overcoming resistance to therapy. We first demonstrated that primary WM cells show constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, supported by decreased expression of phosphate and tensin homolog tumor suppressor gene (PTEN) at the gene and protein levels, together with constitutive activation of Akt and mTOR. We illustrated that dual targeting of the PI3K/mTOR pathway by the novel inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 showed higher cytotoxicity on WM cells compared with inhibition of the PI3K or mTOR pathways alone. In addition, NVP-BEZ235 inhibited both rictor and raptor, thus abrogating the rictor-induced Akt phosphorylation. NVP-BEZ235 also induced significant cytotoxicity in WM cells in a caspase-dependent and -independent manner, through targeting the Forkhead box transcription factors. In addition, NVP-BEZ235 targeted WM cells in the context of bone marrow microenvironment, leading to significant inhibition of migration, adhesion in vitro, and homing in vivo. These studies therefore show that dual targeting of the PI3K/mTOR pathway is a better modality of targeted therapy for tumors that harbor activation of the PI3K/mTOR signaling cascade, such as WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo M Roccaro
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Puig I, Champeval D, De Santa Barbara P, Jaubert F, Lyonnet S, Larue L. Deletion of Pten in the mouse enteric nervous system induces ganglioneuromatosis and mimics intestinal pseudoobstruction. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:3586-96. [PMID: 19884655 DOI: 10.1172/jci39929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis is a benign proliferation of nerve ganglion cells, nerve fibers, and supporting cells of the enteric nervous system (ENS) that can result in abnormally large enteric neuronal cells (ENCs) in the myenteric plexus and chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIPO). As phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a phosphatase that is critical for controlling cell growth, proliferation, and death, we investigated the role of PTEN in the ENS by generating mice with an embryonic, ENC-selective deletion within the Pten locus. Mutant mice died 2 to 3 weeks after birth, with clinical signs of CIPO and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of ENCs resulting from increased activity of the PI3K/PTEN-AKT-S6K signaling pathway. Further analysis revealed that PTEN was only expressed in developing mouse embryonic ENCs from E15.5 and that the rate of ENC proliferation decreased once PTEN was expressed. Specific deletion of the Pten gene in ENCs therefore induced hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the later stages of embryogenesis. This phenotype was reversed by administration of a pharmacological inhibitor of AKT. In some human ganglioneuromatosis forms of CIPO, PTEN expression was found to be abnormally low and S6 phosphorylation increased. Our study thus reveals that loss of PTEN disrupts development of the ENS and identifies the PI3K/PTEN-AKT-S6K signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target for ganglioneuromatosis forms of CIPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Puig
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Developmental Genetics of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
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21
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Mutation of the Rb1 pathway leads to overexpression of mTor, constitutive phosphorylation of Akt on serine 473, resistance to anoikis, and a block in c-Raf activation. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5710-7. [PMID: 19703998 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00197-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atk can be activated by two independent phosphorylation events. Growth factor-dependent phosphorylation of threonine 308 (Akt-308) by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent PDK1 leads to activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor) complex 1 (TORC1) and stimulation of protein synthesis. Phosphorylation on serine 473 (Akt-473) is catalyzed by mTor in a second complex (TORC2), and Akt-473 phosphorylates Foxo3a to inhibit apoptosis. Accumulation of both phosphorylated forms of Akt is frequent in cancer, and TORC2 activity is required for progression to prostate cancer with Pten mutation. Here, we link Akt-473 to the Rb1 pathway and show that mTor is overexpressed with loss of the Rb1 family pathway. This leads to constitutive Akt-473 and, in turn, phosphorylation of Foxo3a and resistance to cell adhesion-dependent apoptosis (anoikis). Additionally, Akt-473 accumulation blocks c-Raf activation, thereby preventing downstream Erk activation. This block cannot be overcome by constitutively active Ras, and it also prevents induction of the Arf tumor suppressor by Ras. These studies link inactivation of the Rb1 pathway, a hallmark of cancer, to accumulation of Akt-473, resistance to anoikis, and a block in c-Raf/Erk activation.
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Cdc6 and cyclin E2 are PTEN-regulated genes associated with human prostate cancer metastasis. Neoplasia 2009; 11:66-76. [PMID: 19107233 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is frequently inactivated in metastatic prostate cancer, yet the molecular consequences of this and their association with the metastatic phenotype are incompletely understood. We performed transcriptomic analysis and identified genes altered by conditional PTEN reexpression in C4-2, a human metastatic prostate cancer cell line with inactive PTEN. PTEN-regulated genes were disproportionately represented among genes altered in human prostate cancer progression and metastasis but not among those associated with tumorigenesis. From the former set, we identified two novel putative PTEN targets, cdc6 and cyclin E2, which were overexpressed in metastatic human prostate cancer and up-regulated as a function of PTEN depletion in poorly metastatic DU145 human prostate cancer cells harboring a wild type PTEN. Inhibition of cdc6 and cyclin E2 levels as a consequence of PTEN expression was associated with cell cycle G(1) arrest, whereas use of PTEN activity mutants revealed that regulation of these genes was dependent on PTEN lipid phosphatase activity. Computational and promoter-reporter evaluations implicated the E2F transcription factor in PTEN regulation of cdc6 and cyclin E2 expression. Our results suggest a hypothetical model whereby PTEN loss upregulates cell cycle genes such as cdc6 and cyclin E2 that in turn promote metastatic colonization at distant sites.
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Renner O, Blanco-Aparicio C, Carnero A. Genetic modelling of the PTEN/AKT pathway in cancer research. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 10:618-27. [PMID: 18940742 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-008-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The focus on targeted therapies has been fuelled by extensive research on molecular pathways and their role in tumorigenesis. Novel models of human cancer have been created to evaluate the role of specific genes in the different stages of cancer. Currently, mouse modelling of human cancer is possible through the expression of oncogenes, specific genetic mutations or the inactivation of tumour suppressor genes, and these models have begun to provide us with an understanding of the molecular pathways involved in tumour initiation and progression at the physiological level. Additionally, these mouse models serve as an excellent system to evaluate the efficacy of currently developed molecular targeted therapies and identify new potential targets for future therapies. The PTEN/AKT pathway is implicated in signal transduction through tyrosine kinase receptors and heterotrimeric G protein-linked receptors. Deregulation of the PTEN/AKT pathway is a common event in human cancer. Despite the abundant literature, the physiological role of each element of the pathway has begun to be uncovered thanks to genetically engineered mice. This review will summarise some of the key animal models which have helped us to understand this signalling network and its contribution to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Renner
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Yao D, Alexander CL, Quinn JA, Chan WC, Wu H, Greenhalgh DA. Fos cooperation with PTEN loss elicits keratoacanthoma not carcinoma, owing to p53/p21WAF-induced differentiation triggered by GSK3β inactivation and reduced AKT activity. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1758-69. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.021147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate gene synergism in multistage skin carcinogenesis, the RU486-inducible cre/lox system was employed to ablate Pten function (K14.cre/Δ5Ptenflx) in mouse epidermis expressing activated Fos (HK1.Fos). RU486-treated HK1.Fos/Δ5Ptenflx mice exhibited hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis and tumours that progressed to highly differentiated keratoacanthomas, rather than to carcinomas, owing to re-expression of high p53 and p21WAF levels. Despite elevated MAP kinase activity, cyclin D1 and cyclin E2 overexpression, and increased AKT activity that produced areas of highly proliferative papillomatous keratinocytes, increasing levels of GSK3β inactivation induced a novel p53/p21WAF expression profile, which subsequently halted proliferation and accelerated differentiation to give the hallmark keratosis of keratoacanthomas. A pivotal facet to this GSK3β-triggered mechanism centred on increasing p53 expression in basal layer keratinocytes. This increase in expression reduced activated AKT expression and released inhibition of p21WAF, which accelerated keratinocyte differentiation, as indicated by unique basal layer expression of differentiation-specific keratin K1 alongside premature filaggrin and loricrin expression. Thus, Fos synergism with Pten loss elicited a benign tumour context where GSK3β-induced p53/p21WAF expression continually switched AKT-associated proliferation into differentiation, preventing further progression. This putative compensatory mechanism required the critical availability of normal p53 and/or p21WAF, otherwise deregulated Fos, Akt and Gsk3β associate with malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denggao Yao
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University Faculty of Medicine, Robertson Building, Glasgow, G11 6NU, UK
| | - Claire L. Alexander
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University Faculty of Medicine, Robertson Building, Glasgow, G11 6NU, UK
| | - Jean A. Quinn
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University Faculty of Medicine, Robertson Building, Glasgow, G11 6NU, UK
| | - Weng-Chyn Chan
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University Faculty of Medicine, Robertson Building, Glasgow, G11 6NU, UK
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David A. Greenhalgh
- Section of Dermatology, Division of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University Faculty of Medicine, Robertson Building, Glasgow, G11 6NU, UK
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25
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Nibbs RJB, Gilchrist DS, King V, Ferra A, Forrow S, Hunter KD, Graham GJ. The atypical chemokine receptor D6 suppresses the development of chemically induced skin tumors. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1884-92. [PMID: 17607362 PMCID: PMC1904306 DOI: 10.1172/jci30068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of CC chemokines, acting through CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) 1 to 5, is instrumental in shaping inflammatory responses. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that the atypical chemokine receptor D6 actively sequesters and destroys many of these proinflammatory CC chemokines. This is critical for effective resolution of inflammation in vivo. Inflammation can be protumorigenic, and proinflammatory CC chemokines have been linked with various aspects of cancer biology, yet there is scant evidence supporting a critical role for these molecules in de novo tumor formation. Here, we show that D6-deficient mice have increased susceptibility to cutaneous tumor development in response to chemical carcinogenesis protocols and, remarkably, that D6 deletion is sufficient to make resistant mouse strains susceptible to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Conversely, transgenic D6 expression in keratinocytes dampens cutaneous inflammation and can confer considerable protection from tumor formation in susceptible backgrounds. Tumor susceptibility consistently correlated with the level of recruitment of T cells and mast cells, cell types known to support the development of skin tumors in mice. These data demonstrate the importance of proinflammatory CC chemokines in de novo tumorigenesis and reveal chemokine sequestration by D6 to be a novel and effective method of tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J B Nibbs
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT constitute an important pathway regulating the signaling of multiple biological processes such as apoptosis, metabolism, cell proliferation and cell growth. PTEN is a dual protein/lipid phosphatase and its main substrate phosphatidyl-inositol 3,4,5 triphosphate (PIP3) is the product of PI3K. Increase in PIP3 recruits AKT to the membrane where is activated by other kinases also dependent on PIP3. Many components of this pathway have been described as causal forces in cancer. PTEN activity is lost by mutations, deletions or promoter methylation silencing at high frequency in many primary and metastatic human cancers. Germ line mutations of PTEN are found in several familial cancer predisposition syndromes. Recently, many activating mutations in the PI3KCA gene (coding for the p110alpha catalytic subunit of PI3K) have been described in human tumors. Activation of PI3K and AKT are reported to occur in breast, ovarian, pancreatic, esophageal and other cancers. Genetically modified mice confirm these PTEN activities. Tissue-specific deletions of PTEN usually provoke cancer. Moreover, an absence of PTEN cooperates with an absence of p53 to promote cancer. However, we have observed very different results with the expression of activated versions of AKT in several tissues. Activated AKT transgenic lines do not develop tumors in breast or prostate tissues and do not cooperate with an absence of p53. This data suggest that an AKT-independent mechanism contributes to PTEN tumorigenesis. Crosses with transgenic mice expressing possible PTEN targets indicate that neither cyclin D1 nor p53 are these AKT-independent targets. However, AKT is more than a passive bridge toward PTEN tumorigenesis, since its expression not only allows but also enforces and accelerates the tumorigenic process in combination with other oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Mo L, Zheng X, Huang HY, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Cordon-Cardo C, Sun TT, Wu XR. Hyperactivation of Ha-ras oncogene, but not Ink4a/Arf deficiency, triggers bladder tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:314-25. [PMID: 17256055 PMCID: PMC1770948 DOI: 10.1172/jci30062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ras is a potent mitogenic oncogene, its tumorigenicity depends on cellular context and cooperative events. Here we show that low-level expression of a constitutively active Ha-ras in mouse urothelium induces simple urothelial hyperplasia that is resistant to progression to full-fledged bladder tumors even in the absence of Ink4a/Arf. In stark contrast, doubling of the gene dosage of the activated Ha-ras triggered early-onset, rapidly growing, and 100% penetrant tumors throughout the urinary tract. Tumor initiation required superseding a rate-limiting step between simple and nodular hyperplasia, the latter of which is marked by the emergence of mesenchymal components and the coactivation of AKT and STAT pathways as well as PTEN inactivation. These results indicate that overactivation of Ha-ras is both necessary and sufficient to induce bladder tumors along a low-grade, noninvasive papillary pathway, and they shed light on the recent findings that ras activation, via point mutation, overexpression, or intensified signaling from FGF receptor 3, occurs in 70%-90% of these tumors in humans. Our results highlight the critical importance of the dosage/strength of Ha-ras activation in dictating its tumorigenicity--a mechanism of oncogene activation not fully appreciated to date. Finally, our results have clinical implications, as inhibiting ras and/or its downstream effectors, such as AKT and STAT3/5, could provide alternative means to treat low-grade, superficial papillary bladder tumors, the most common tumor in the urinary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Mo
- Department of Urology and
Department of Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and
Department of Dermatology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Zheng
- Department of Urology and
Department of Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and
Department of Dermatology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hong-Ying Huang
- Department of Urology and
Department of Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and
Department of Dermatology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ellen Shapiro
- Department of Urology and
Department of Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and
Department of Dermatology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology and
Department of Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and
Department of Dermatology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Cordon-Cardo
- Department of Urology and
Department of Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and
Department of Dermatology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Urology and
Department of Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and
Department of Dermatology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology and
Department of Pharmacology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Division of Molecular Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
Department of Cell Biology and
Department of Dermatology, New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Manhattan Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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