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Aparicio AM, Tidwell RSS, Yadav SS, Chen JS, Zhang M, Liu J, Guo S, Pilié PG, Yu Y, Song X, Vundavilli H, Jindal S, Zhu K, Viscuse PV, Lebenthal JM, Hahn AW, Soundararajan R, Corn PG, Zurita AJ, Subudhi SK, Zhang J, Wang W, Huff C, Troncoso P, Allison JP, Sharma P, Logothetis CJ. A Modular Trial of Androgen Signaling Inhibitor Combinations Testing a Risk-Adapted Strategy in Patients with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:2751-2763. [PMID: 38683200 PMCID: PMC11216872 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and safety of risk-adapted combinations of androgen signaling inhibitors and inform disease classifiers for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a modular, randomized phase II trial, 192 men were treated with 8 weeks of abiraterone acetate, prednisone, and apalutamide (AAPA; module 1) and then allocated to modules 2 or 3 based on satisfactory (≥50% PSA decline from baseline and <5 circulating tumor cell/7.5 mL) versus unsatisfactory status. Men in the former were randomly assigned to continue AAPA alone (module 2A) or with ipilimumab (module 2B). Men in the latter group had carboplatin + cabazitaxel added to AAPA (module 3). Optional baseline biopsies were subjected to correlative studies. RESULTS Median overall survival (from allocation) was 46.4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 39.2-68.2], 41.4 (95% CI, 33.3-49.9), and 18.7 (95% CI, 14.3-26.3) months in modules 2A (n = 64), 2B (n = 64), and 3 (n = 59), respectively. Toxicities were within expectations. Of 192 eligible patients, 154 (80.2%) underwent pretreatment metastatic biopsies. The aggressive-variant prostate cancer molecular profile (defects in ≥2 of p53, RB1, and PTEN) was associated with unsatisfactory status. Exploratory analyses suggested that secreted phosphoprotein 1-positive and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2-positive macrophages, druggable myeloid cell markers, and germline pathogenic mutations were enriched in the unsatisfactory group. CONCLUSIONS Adding ipilimumab to AAPA did not improve outcomes in men with androgen-responsive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Despite the addition of carboplatin + cabazitaxel, men in the unsatisfactory group had shortened survivals. Adaptive designs can enrich for biologically and clinically relevant disease subgroups to contribute to the development of marker-informed, risk-adapted therapy strategies in men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca S. S. Tidwell
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shalini S. Yadav
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Anatomical Pathology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Genomic Medicine; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick G. Pilié
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haswanth Vundavilli
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Keyi Zhu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul V. Viscuse
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Justin M. Lebenthal
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew W. Hahn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul G. Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amado J. Zurita
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sumit K. Subudhi
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Anatomical Pathology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James P. Allison
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christopher J. Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sivaganesh V, Ta TM, Peethambaran B. Pentagalloyl Glucose (PGG) Exhibits Anti-Cancer Activity against Aggressive Prostate Cancer by Modulating the ROR1 Mediated AKT-GSK3β Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7003. [PMID: 39000112 PMCID: PMC11241829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgen-receptor-negative, androgen-independent (ARneg-AI) prostate cancer aggressively proliferates and metastasizes, which makes treatment difficult. Hence, it is necessary to continue exploring cancer-associated markers, such as oncofetal Receptor Tyrosine Kinase like Orphan Receptor 1 (ROR1), which may serve as a form of targeted prostate cancer therapy. In this study, we identify that Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG), a plant-derived gallotannin small molecule inhibitor, modulates ROR1-mediated oncogenic signaling and mitigates prostate cancer phenotypes. Results indicate that ROR1 protein levels were elevated in the highly aggressive ARneg-AI PC3 cancer cell line. PGG was selectively cytotoxic to PC3 cells and induced apoptosis of PC3 (IC50 of 31.64 µM) in comparison to normal prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells (IC50 of 74.55 µM). PGG was found to suppress ROR1 and downstream oncogenic pathways in PC3 cells. These molecular phenomena were corroborated by reduced migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression of PC3 cells. PGG minimally and moderately affected RWPE-1 and ARneg-AI DU145, respectively, which may be due to these cells having lower levels of ROR1 expression in comparison to PC3 cells. Additionally, PGG acted synergistically with the standard chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel to lower the IC50 of both compounds about five-fold (combination index = 0.402) in PC3 cells. These results suggest that ROR1 is a key oncogenic driver and a promising target in aggressive prostate cancers that lack a targetable androgen receptor. Furthermore, PGG may be a selective and potent anti-cancer agent capable of treating ROR1-expressing prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sivaganesh
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (T.M.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 4170 City Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (T.M.T.)
| | - Bela Peethambaran
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, 600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (V.S.); (T.M.T.)
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Iyer RF, Verweij MC, Nair SS, Morrow D, Mansouri M, Chakravarty D, Beechwood T, Meyer C, Uebelhoer L, Lauron EJ, Selseth A, John N, Thin TH, Dzedzik S, Havenar-Daughton C, Axthelm MK, Douglas J, Korman A, Bhardwaj N, Tewari AK, Hansen S, Malouli D, Picker LJ, Früh K. CD8 + T cell targeting of tumor antigens presented by HLA-E. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7515. [PMID: 38728394 PMCID: PMC11086602 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The nonpolymorphic major histocompatibility complex E (MHC-E) molecule is up-regulated on many cancer cells, thus contributing to immune evasion by engaging inhibitory NKG2A/CD94 receptors on NK cells and tumor-infiltrating T cells. To investigate whether MHC-E expression by cancer cells can be targeted for MHC-E-restricted T cell control, we immunized rhesus macaques (RM) with rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) vectors genetically programmed to elicit MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells and to express established tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) including prostatic acidic phosphatase (PAP), Wilms tumor-1 protein, or Mesothelin. T cell responses to all three tumor antigens were comparable to viral antigen-specific responses with respect to frequency, duration, phenotype, epitope density, and MHC restriction. Thus, CMV-vectored cancer vaccines can bypass central tolerance by eliciting T cells to noncanonical epitopes. We further demonstrate that PAP-specific, MHC-E-restricted CD8+ T cells from RhCMV/PAP-immunized RM respond to PAP-expressing HLA-E+ prostate cancer cells, suggesting that the HLA-E/NKG2A immune checkpoint can be exploited for CD8+ T cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi F. Iyer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Marieke C. Verweij
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Sujit S. Nair
- Department of Urology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - David Morrow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Mandana Mansouri
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Dimple Chakravarty
- Department of Urology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Teresa Beechwood
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Luke Uebelhoer
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Andrea Selseth
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Nessy John
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Tin Htwe Thin
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Siarhei Dzedzik
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | | | - Alan Korman
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 14158, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Department of Urology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ashutosh K. Tewari
- Department of Urology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Scott Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Hanley PJ. Elusive physiological role of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP): generation of choline for sperm motility via auto-and paracrine cholinergic signaling. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1327769. [PMID: 38187135 PMCID: PMC10766772 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1327769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) exists as two splice variants, secreted PAP and transmembrane PAP, the latter of which is implicated in antinociceptive signaling in dorsal root ganglia. However, PAP is predominantly expressed in the prostate gland and the physiological role of seminal PAP, first identified in 1938, is largely unknown. Here, the author proposes that PAP, following ejaculation, functions to hydrolyze phosphocholine (PC) in seminal fluid and generate choline, which is imported by sperm via a choline transporter and converted to acetylcholine (ACh) by choline acetyltransferase. Auto- and paracrine cholinergic signaling, or choline directly, may subsequently stimulate sperm motility via α7 nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) and contractility of the female reproductive tract through muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). Consistent with a role of PAP in cholinergic signaling, 1) seminal vesicles secrete PC, 2) the prostate gland secretes PAP, 3) PAP specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of PC into inorganic phosphate and choline, 4) seminal choline levels increase post-ejaculation, 5) pharmacological inhibition of choline acetyltransferase inhibits sperm motility, 6) inhibition or genetic deletion of α7 nAChRs impairs sperm motility, and 7) mAChRs are expressed in the uterus and oviduct (fallopian tube). Notably, PAP does not degrade glycerophosphocholine (GPC), the predominant choline source in the semen of rats and other mammals. Instead, uterine GPC phosphodiesterases may liberate choline from seminal GPC. In summary, the author deduces that PAP in humans, and uterine GPC phosphodiesterases in other mammals, function to generate choline for sperm cholinergic signaling, which promotes sperm motility and possibly contractility of the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hanley
- IMM Institute for Molecular Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Sivaganesh V, Peethambaran B. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 inhibitor strictinin exhibits anti-cancer properties against highly aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:1188-1209. [PMID: 38213538 PMCID: PMC10784114 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim It is important to identify anti-cancer compounds that can inhibit specific molecular targets to eradicate androgen-receptor negative (ARneg), androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer, which is an aggressive form of prostate cancer with limited treatment options. The goal of this study was to selectively target prostate cancer cells that have high levels of oncogenic protein Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) by using strictinin, a small molecule ROR1 inhibitor. Methods The methods performed in this study include western blots, methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) proliferation assays, phosphatidylserine apoptosis assays, apoptosis flow cytometry (Annexin V, caspase 3/7), migration scratch assays, Boyden chamber invasion assays, and cell cycle flow cytometry. Results Strictinin was most lethal against PC3 [half-maximal drug inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 277.2 µmol/L], an ARneg-AI cell type that expresses the highest levels of ROR1. Strictinin inhibited ROR1 expression, downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT)-glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3β) pro-survival signaling, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers in PC3 cells. Additionally, strictinin decreased PC3 cell migration and invasion, while increasing S-phase cell cycle arrest. In ARneg-AI DU145 cells, strictinin inhibited ROR1 expression and modulated downstream AKT-GSK3β signaling. Furthermore, strictinin exhibited anti-migratory, anti-invasive, but minimal pro-apoptotic effects in DU145 cells likely due to DU145 having less ROR1 expression in comparison to PC3 cells. Throughout the study, strictinin minimally impacted the phenotype of normal prostatic epithelial cells RWPE-1 (IC50 of 658.5 µmol/L). Strictinin was further identified as synergistic with docetaxel [combination index (CI) = 0.311] and the combination therapy was found to reduce the IC50 of strictinin to 38.71 µmol/L in PC3 cells. Conclusions ROR1 is an emerging molecular target that can be utilized for treating prostate cancer. The data from this study establishes strictinin as a potential therapeutic agent that targets ARneg-AI prostate cancer with elevated ROR1 expression to reduce the migration, invasion, cell cycle progression, and survival of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sivaganesh
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Bela Peethambaran
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Nanotechnology-Based Nucleic Acid Vaccines for Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Pharm Res 2023; 40:123-144. [PMID: 36376606 PMCID: PMC9663189 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer vaccines represent a promising approach for effective treatment of cancer and along with recent advantages of nucleic acid-based vaccines for other diseases form a prospective and potentially efficacious direction of the research, development and clinical applications. Despite the ongoing several clinical trials of mRNA vaccines for the treatment of various types of cancer, to-date no cancer vaccines were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. The present review analyzes and summarizes major approaches for treating of different forms of ovarian cancer including mRNA-based vaccines as well as nanotechnology-based approaches for their delivery.
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Surface protein profiling of prostate-derived extracellular vesicles by mass spectrometry and proximity assays. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1402. [PMID: 36550367 PMCID: PMC9780212 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of intercellular communication and a promising class of biomarkers. Surface proteins of EVs play decisive roles in establishing a connection with recipient cells, and they are putative targets for diagnostic assays. Analysis of the surface proteins can thus both illuminate the biological functions of EVs and help identify potential biomarkers. We developed a strategy combining high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and proximity ligation assays (PLA) to first identify and then validate surface proteins discovered on EVs. We applied our workflow to investigate surface proteins of small EVs found in seminal fluid (SF-sEV). We identified 1,014 surface proteins and verified the presence of a subset of these on the surface of SF-sEVs. Our work demonstrates a general strategy for deep analysis of EVs' surface proteins across patients and pathological conditions, proceeding from unbiased screening by HRMS to ultra-sensitive targeted analyses via PLA.
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Liang T, Wang SK, Smith C, Zhang H, Hu Y, Seymen F, Koruyucu M, Kasimoglu Y, Kim JW, Zhang C, Saunders TL, Simmer JP, Hu JCC. Enamel defects in Acp4 R110C/R110C mice and human ACP4 mutations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16477. [PMID: 36183038 PMCID: PMC9526733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ACP4 (OMIM*606362) encodes a transmembrane protein that belongs to histidine acid phosphatase (ACP) family. Recessive mutations in ACP4 cause non-syndromic hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI1J, OMIM#617297). While ACP activity has long been detected in developing teeth, its functions during tooth development and the pathogenesis of ACP4-associated AI remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized 2 AI1J families and identified a novel ACP4 disease-causing mutation: c.774_775del, p.Gly260Aspfs*29. To investigate the role of ACP4 during amelogenesis, we generated and characterized Acp4R110C mice that carry the p.(Arg110Cys) loss-of-function mutation. Mouse Acp4 expression was the strongest at secretory stage ameloblasts, and the protein localized primarily at Tomes' processes. While Acp4 heterozygous (Acp4+/R110C) mice showed no phenotypes, incisors and molars of homozygous (Acp4R110C/R110C) mice exhibited a thin layer of aplastic enamel with numerous ectopic mineralized nodules. Acp4R110C/R110C ameloblasts appeared normal initially but underwent pathology at mid-way of secretory stage. Ultrastructurally, sporadic enamel ribbons grew on mineralized dentin but failed to elongate, and aberrant needle-like crystals formed instead. Globs of organic matrix accumulated by the distal membranes of defective Tomes' processes. These results demonstrated a critical role for ACP4 in appositional growth of dental enamel probably by processing and regulating enamel matrix proteins around mineralization front apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shih-Kai Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No. 1, Changde St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, 100, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, No. 8, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, 100, Taiwan
| | - Charles Smith
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Figen Seymen
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Altinbas University, 34147, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Koruyucu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yelda Kasimoglu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuhua Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thomas L Saunders
- Division of Molecular, Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James P Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Jan C-C Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Zhou X, Dai W, Qin Y, Qi S, Zhang Y, Tian W, Gu X, Zheng B, Xiao J, Yu W, Chen X, Su D. Electroacupuncture relieves neuropathic pain by inhibiting degradation of the ecto-nucleotidase PAP in the dorsal root ganglions of CCI mice. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:991-1005. [PMID: 35138669 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although electroacupuncture is widely used in chronic pain management, it is quite controversial due to its unclear mechanism. We hypothesised that EA alleviates pain by inhibiting degradation of the ecto-nucleotidase prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and facilitating ATP dephosphorylation in dorsal root ganglions (DRGs). METHODS We applied EA in male C57 mice subjected to chronic constriction injury (CCI) and assessed extracellular ATP and 5'-nucleotidease expression in DRGs. Specifically, we used a luminescence assay, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and nociceptive-related behavioural changes to gather data, and we tested for effects after PAP expression was inhibited with an adeno-associated virus (AAV). Moreover, membrane PAP degradation was investigated in cultured DRG neurons and the inhibitory effects of EA on this degradation were assessed using immunoprecipitation. RESULTS EA treatment alleviated CCI surgery induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity. Furthermore, extracellular ATP decreased significantly in both the DRGs and dorsal horn of EA-treated mice. PAP protein but not mRNA increased in L4-L5 DRGs, and inhibition of PAP expression via AAV microinjection reversed the analgesic effect of EA. Membrane PAP degradation occurred through a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway in cultured DRG neurons; EA treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of adaptor protein complex 2, which subsequently reduced the endocytosis of membrane PAP. CONCLUSIONS EA treatment alleviated peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity in mice by inhibiting membrane PAP degradation via reduced endocytosis and subsequently promote ATP dephosphorylation in DRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Wanbing Dai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Siyi Qi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Weitian Tian
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Xiyao Gu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Beijie Zheng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
| | - Diansan Su
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, Postal Code: 200127
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10
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Macrophages as a Therapeutic Target in Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Way to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020440. [PMID: 35053602 PMCID: PMC8773572 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy and the fifth cause of cancer death in men. The treatment for localized or locally advanced stages offers a high probability of cure. Even though the therapeutic landscape has significantly improved over the last decade, metastatic PC (mPC) still has a poor prognosis mainly due to the development of therapy resistance. In this context, the use of immunotherapy alone or in combination with other drugs has been explored in recent years. However, T-cell directed immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited activity with inconclusive results in mPC patients, most likely due to the highly immunosuppressive PC tumor microenvironment (TME). In this scenario, targeting macrophages, a highly abundant immunosuppressive cell type in the TME, could offer a new therapeutic strategy to improve immunotherapy efficacy. In this review, we summarize the growing field of macrophage-directed immunotherapies and discuss how these could be applied in the treatment of mPC, focusing on their combination with ICIs.
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11
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Chiba Y, Yoshizaki K, Tian T, Miyazaki K, Martin D, Saito K, Yamada A, Fukumoto S. Integration of Single-Cell RNA- and CAGE-seq Reveals Tooth-Enriched Genes. J Dent Res 2021; 101:220345211049785. [PMID: 34806461 PMCID: PMC9052834 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211049785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ development is dictated by the regulation of genes preferentially expressed in tissues or cell types. Gene expression profiling and identification of specific genes in organs can provide insights into organogenesis. Therefore, genome-wide analysis is a powerful tool for clarifying the mechanisms of development during organogenesis as well as tooth development. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a suitable tool for unraveling the gene expression profile of dental cells. Using scRNA-seq, we can obtain a large pool of information on gene expression; however, identification of functional genes, which are key molecules for tooth development, via this approach remains challenging. In the present study, we performed cap analysis of gene expression sequence (CAGE-seq) using mouse tooth germ to identify the genes preferentially expressed in teeth. The CAGE-seq counts short reads at the 5'-end of transcripts; therefore, this method can quantify the amount of transcripts without bias related to the transcript length. We hypothesized that this CAGE data set would be of great help for further understanding a gene expression profile through scRNA-seq. We aimed to identify the important genes involved in tooth development via bioinformatics analyses, using a combination of scRNA-seq and CAGE-seq. We obtained the scRNA-seq data set of 12,212 cells from postnatal day 1 mouse molars and the CAGE-seq data set from postnatal day 1 molars. scRNA-seq analysis revealed the spatiotemporal expression of cell type-specific genes, and CAGE-seq helped determine whether these genes are preferentially expressed in tooth or ubiquitously. Furthermore, we identified candidate genes as novel tooth-enriched and dental cell type-specific markers. Our results show that the integration of scRNA-seq and CAGE-seq highlights the genes important for tooth development among numerous gene expression profiles. These findings should contribute to resolving the mechanism of tooth development and establishing the basis for tooth regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chiba
- Section of Oral Medicine for
Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental
Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K. Yoshizaki
- Section of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development,
Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T. Tian
- Section of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development,
Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K. Miyazaki
- Section of Orthodontics and
Dentofacial Orthopedics, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development,
Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - D. Martin
- Genomics and Computational
Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication
Disorders, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Genomics and Computational Biology Core
- Genomics and Computational
Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication
Disorders, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K. Saito
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry,
Department of Community Social Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - A. Yamada
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry,
Department of Community Social Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - S. Fukumoto
- Section of Oral Medicine for
Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental
Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry,
Department of Community Social Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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12
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Ding M, Malhotra R, Ottosson T, Lundqvist M, Mebrahtu A, Brengdahl J, Gehrmann U, Bäck E, Ross-Thriepland D, Isaksson I, Magnusson B, Sachsenmeier KF, Tegel H, Hober S, Uhlén M, Mayr LM, Davies R, Rockberg J, Schiavone LH. Secretome screening reveals immunomodulating functions of IFNα-7, PAP and GDF-7 on regulatory T-cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16767. [PMID: 34408239 PMCID: PMC8373891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the key cells regulating peripheral autoreactive T lymphocytes. Tregs exert their function by suppressing effector T cells. Tregs have been shown to play essential roles in the control of a variety of physiological and pathological immune responses. However, Tregs are unstable and can lose the expression of FOXP3 and suppressive functions as a consequence of outer stimuli. Available literature suggests that secreted proteins regulate Treg functional states, such as differentiation, proliferation and suppressive function. Identification of secreted proteins that affect Treg cell function are highly interesting for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes in either hyperactive or immunosuppressed populations. Here, we report a phenotypic screening of a human secretome library in human Treg cells utilising a high throughput flow cytometry technology. Screening a library of 575 secreted proteins allowed us to identify proteins stabilising or destabilising the Treg phenotype as suggested by changes in expression of Treg marker proteins FOXP3 and/or CTLA4. Four proteins including GDF-7, IL-10, PAP and IFNα-7 were identified as positive regulators that increased FOXP3 and/or CTLA4 expression. PAP is a phosphatase. A catalytic-dead version of the protein did not induce an increase in FOXP3 expression. Ten interferon proteins were identified as negative regulators that reduced the expression of both CTLA4 and FOXP3, without affecting cell viability. A transcriptomics analysis supported the differential effect on Tregs of IFNα-7 versus other IFNα proteins, indicating differences in JAK/STAT signaling. A conformational model experiment confirmed a tenfold reduction in IFNAR-mediated ISG transcription for IFNα-7 compared to IFNα-10. This further strengthened the theory of a shift in downstream messaging upon external stimulation. As a summary, we have identified four positive regulators of FOXP3 and/or CTLA4 expression. Further exploration of these Treg modulators and their method of action has the potential to aid the discovery of novel therapies for both autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ding
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rajneesh Malhotra
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Ottosson
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lundqvist
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aman Mebrahtu
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Brengdahl
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gehrmann
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Bäck
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Mechanistic Biology and Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Douglas Ross-Thriepland
- grid.417815.e0000 0004 5929 4381Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ida Isaksson
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Sample Management, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Magnusson
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Tegel
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenz M. Mayr
- grid.417815.e0000 0004 5929 4381Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rick Davies
- grid.417815.e0000 0004 5929 4381Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johan Rockberg
- grid.5037.10000000121581746Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Holmberg Schiavone
- grid.418151.80000 0001 1519 6403Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Zaitsev VG, Zheltova AA, Martynova SA, Tibirkova EV. Can conventional clinical chemistry tests help doctors in the monitoring of oncology patients? RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of laboratory assays in the diagnostic care of oncology patients can markedly increase the efficacy of cancer treatments. Many cancer-specific biomarker assays have been developed. However, the use of these has some limitations due to their cost. Moreover, not every diagnostic laboratory can perform a complete set of these assays. On the other hand, the smart use of conventional clinical chemistry tests could improve the management of cancer. They could be especially valuable tools in the long-term care of patients with a verified diagnosis. In this review, we discuss the utilization of the conventional clinical chemistry assays for the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of various oncological diseases. The use of conventional blood tests to assess the levels of chemical elements, metabolites and proteins (including enzymatic activity measurements) in the care of oncology patients is discussed. We have shown that some clinical chemistry assays could be used in the management of distinct kinds of cancer.
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14
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Lacerda-Abreu MA, Russo-Abrahão T, Leite Tenório Aguiar R, Monteiro RDQ, Rumjanek FD, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Ectophosphatase activity in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:411-421. [PMID: 33140880 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the female population worldwide, and its development is thought to be associated with genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled and accelerated growth of breast cells. This abnormal behavior requires extra energy, and indeed, tumor cells display a rewired energy metabolism compared to normal breast cells. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a glycolytic substrate of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and has an important role in cancer cell proliferation. For cells to obtain Pi, ectoenzymes in the plasma membrane with their catalytic site facing the extracellular environment can hydrolyze phosphorylated molecules, and this is an initial and possibly limiting step for the uptake of Pi by carriers that behave as adjuvants in the process of energy harvesting and thus partially contributes to tumor energy requirements. In this study, the activity of an ectophosphatase in MDA-MB-231 cells was biochemically characterized, and the results showed that the activity of this enzyme was higher in the acidic pH range and that the enzyme had a Km = 4.5 ± 0.5 mM para-nitrophenylphosphate and a Vmax = 2280 ± 158 nM × h-1 × mg protein-1 . In addition, classical acid phosphatase inhibitors, including sodium orthovanadate, decreased enzymatic activity. Sodium orthovanadate was able to inhibit ectophosphatase activity while also inhibiting cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration, which are important processes in tumor progression, especially in metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells that have higher ectophosphatase activity than MCF-7 and MCF-10 breast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Lacerda-Abreu
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Russo-Abrahão
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Leite Tenório Aguiar
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson de Queiroz Monteiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Franklin D Rumjanek
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José R Meyer-Fernandes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Zimmermann H. History of ectonucleotidases and their role in purinergic signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114322. [PMID: 33161020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases are key for purinergic signaling. They control the duration of activity of purinergic receptor agonists. At the same time, they produce hydrolysis products as additional ligands of purinergic receptors. Due to the considerable diversity of enzymes, purinergic receptor ligands and purinergic receptors, deciphering the impact of extracellular purinergic receptor control has become a challenge. The first group of enzymes described were the alkaline phosphatases - at the time not as nucleotide-metabolizing but as nonspecific phosphatases. Enzymes now referred to as nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases and ecto-5'-nucleotidase were the first and only nucleotide-specific ectonucleotidases identified. And they were the first group of enzymes related to purinergic signaling. Additional research brought to light a surprising number of ectoenzymes with broad substrate specificity, which can also hydrolyze nucleotides. This short overview traces the development of the field and briefly highlights important results and benefits for therapies of human diseases achieved within nearly a century of investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Goethe University, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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16
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Zhong EH, Ledderose C, De Andrade Mello P, Enjyoji K, Lunderberg JM, Junger W, Robson SC. Structural and functional characterization of engineered bifunctional fusion proteins of CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C15-C29. [PMID: 33052071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00430.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular diphosphate and triphosphate nucleotides are released from activated or injured cells to trigger vascular and immune P2 purinergic receptors, provoking inflammation and vascular thrombosis. These metabokines are scavenged by ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (E-NTPDase1 or CD39). Further degradation of the monophosphate nucleoside end products occurs by surface ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NMPase) or CD73. These ectoenzymatic processes work in tandem to promote adenosinergic responses, which are immunosuppressive and antithrombotic. These homeostatic ectoenzymatic mechanisms are lost in the setting of oxidative stress, which exacerbates inflammatory processes. We have engineered bifunctional enzymes made up from ectodomains (ECDs) of CD39 and CD73 within a single polypeptide. Human alkaline phosphatase-ectodomain (ALP-ECD) and human acid phosphatase-ectodomain (HAP-ECD) fusion proteins were also generated, characterized, and compared with these CD39-ECD, CD73-ECD, and bifunctional fusion proteins. Through the application of colorimetrical functional assays and high-performance liquid chromatography kinetic assays, we demonstrate that the bifunctional ectoenzymes express high levels of CD39-like NTPDase activity and CD73-like NMPase activity. Chimeric CD39-CD73-ECD proteins were superior in converting triphosphate and diphosphate nucleotides into nucleosides when compared with ALP-ECD and HAP-ECD. We also note a pH sensitivity difference between the bifunctional fusion proteins and parental fusions, as well as ectoenzymatic property distinctions. Intriguingly, these innovative reagents decreased platelet activation to exogenous agonists in vitro. We propose that these chimeric fusion proteins could serve as therapeutic agents in inflammatory diseases, acting to scavenge proinflammatory ATP and also generate anti-inflammatory adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Zhong
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carola Ledderose
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paola De Andrade Mello
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin Mark Lunderberg
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wolfgang Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Wang Y, Copeland J, Shin M, Chang Y, Venton BJ. CD73 or CD39 Deletion Reveals Different Mechanisms of Formation for Spontaneous and Mechanically Stimulated Adenosine and Sex Specific Compensations in ATP Degradation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:919-928. [PMID: 32083837 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is important for local neuromodulation, and rapid adenosine signaling can occur spontaneously or after mechanical stimulation, but little is known about how adenosine is formed in the extracellular space for those stimulations. Here, we studied mechanically stimulated and spontaneous adenosine to determine if rapid adenosine is formed by extracellular breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using mice globally deficient in extracellular breakdown enzymes, either CD39 (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1, NTPDase1) or CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase). CD39 knockout (KO) mice have a lower frequency of spontaneous adenosine events than wild-type (WT, C57BL/6). Surprisingly, CD73KO mice demonstrate sex differences in spontaneous adenosine; males maintain similar event frequencies as WT, but females have significantly fewer events and lower concentrations. Examining the mRNA expression of other enzymes that metabolize ATP revealed tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) was upregulated in male CD73KO mice, but not secreted prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) or transmembrane PAP. Thus, TNAP upregulation compensates for CD73 loss in males but not in females. These sex differences highlight that spontaneous adenosine is formed by metabolism of extracellular ATP by many enzymes. For mechanically stimulated adenosine, CD39KO or CD73KO did not change stimulation frequency, concentration, or t1/2. Thus, the mechanism of formation for mechanically stimulated adenosine is likely direct release of adenosine, different than spontaneous adenosine. Understanding these different mechanisms of rapid adenosine formation will help to develop pharmacological treatments that differentially target modes of rapid adenosine signaling, and all treatments should be studied in both sexes, given possible differences in extracellular ATP degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jeffrey Copeland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department of Biology, Eastern Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22802, United States
| | - Mimi Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Yuanyu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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18
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Zhang J, Yuan Y, Han Z, Li Y, van Zijl PCM, Yang X, Bulte JWM, Liu G. Detecting acid phosphatase enzymatic activity with phenol as a chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent (PhenolCEST MRI). Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111442. [PMID: 31252256 PMCID: PMC6717000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenol contains an exchangeable hydroxyl proton resonant at 4.8 ppm from the resonance frequency of water in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrum, enabling itself to be detected at sub-mM concentration by either chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) or exchange-based T2 relaxation enhancement (T2ex) effect under acidic and basic conditions, respectively. We recently investigated the T2ex effects of phenol and its derivatives, but the CEST characteristics of phenols are unknown in detail, and no study on using the natural CEST MRI effects of phenol for detecting enzymatic activity has been conducted. Herein, on the basis of the inherent CEST MR property of phenol, namely phenolCEST, we developed the first MRI approach to detect acid phosphatase (AcP) enzymatic activity. Upon the activity of AcP at pH = 5.0, non-CEST-detectable enzyme substrate phenyl phosphate was converted to CEST-detectable phenol, providing a simple way to quantify AcP activity directly without the need for a second signalling probe. We showed the application of this phenolCEST biosensor for measuring AcP activity in both enzyme solutions and cell lysates of prostate cells. This work opens a door for the utilization of phenolCEST MRI technique in sensor design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yue Yuan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zheng Han
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yuguo Li
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter C M van Zijl
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jeff W M Bulte
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guanshu Liu
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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19
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Rahimi-Balaei M, Buchok M, Vihko P, Parkinson FE, Marzban H. Loss of prostatic acid phosphatase and α-synuclein cause motor circuit degeneration without altering cerebellar patterning. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222234. [PMID: 31509576 PMCID: PMC6738605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), which is secreted by prostate, increases in some diseases such as prostate cancer. PAP is also present in the central nervous system. In this study we reveal that α-synuclein (Snca) gene is co-deleted/mutated in PAP null mouse. It is indicated that mice deficient in transmembrane PAP display neurological alterations. By using immunohistochemistry, cerebellar cortical neurons and zone and stripes pattern were studied in Pap-/- ;Snca-/- mouse cerebellum. We show that the Pap-/- ;Snca-/- cerebellar cortex development appears to be normal. Compartmentation genes expression such as zebrin II, HSP25, and P75NTR show the zone and stripe phenotype characteristic of the normal cerebellum. These data indicate that although aggregation of PAP and SNCA causes severe neurodegenerative diseases, PAP-/- with absence of the Snca does not appear to interrupt the cerebellar architecture development and zone and stripe pattern formation. These findings question the physiological and pathological role of SNCA and PAP during cerebellar development or suggest existence of the possible compensatory mechanisms in the absence of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Matthew Buchok
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pirkko Vihko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fiona E. Parkinson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hassan Marzban
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Shao C, Zhao M, Chen X, Sun H, Yang Y, Xiao X, Guo Z, Liu X, Lv Y, Chen X, Sun W, Wu D, Gao Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Individual Variation in the Urinary Proteome Revealed Significant Gender Differences. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1110-1122. [PMID: 30894400 PMCID: PMC6553935 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease biomarkers are the measurable changes associated with a pathophysiological process. Without homeostatic control, urine accumulates systematic changes in the body. Thus, urine is an attractive biological material for the discovery of disease biomarkers. One of the major bottlenecks in urinary biomarker discovery is that the concentration and composition of urinary proteins are influenced by many physiological factors. To elucidate the individual variation and related factors influencing the urinary proteome, we comprehensively analyzed the urine samples from healthy adult donors (aged 20-69 years). Co-expression network analysis revealed protein clusters representing the metabolic status, gender-related differences and age-related differences in urinary proteins. In particular, we demonstrated that gender is a crucial factor contributing to individual variation. Proteins that were increased in the male urine samples include prostate-secreted proteins and TIMP1, a protein whose abundance alters under various cancers and renal diseases; however, the proteins that were increased in the female urine samples have known functions in the immune system. Nine gender-related proteins were validated on 85 independent samples by multiple reaction monitoring. Five of these proteins were further used to build a model that could accurately distinguish male and female urine samples with an area under curve value of 0.94. Based on the above results, we strongly suggest that future biomarker investigations should consider gender as a crucial factor in experimental design and data analysis. Finally, reference intervals of each urinary protein were estimated, providing a baseline for the discovery of abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shao
- From the ‡Center for Bioinformatics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- §State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences(Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Mindi Zhao
- ¶Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, 100730, China
- ‖Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Xizhao Chen
- **Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haidan Sun
- ‡‡Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Yehong Yang
- ‡‡Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- ‡‡Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
- §§Cytology Lab, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- ‡‡Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- ‡‡Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College
| | - Yang Lv
- **Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- **Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- ‡‡Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College;
| | - Di Wu
- **Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China;
| | - Youhe Gao
- ¶¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Normal University, Gene Engineering Drug and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
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21
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Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) Predicts Prostate Cancer Progress in a Population-Based Study: The Renewal of PAP? DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:7090545. [PMID: 30809318 PMCID: PMC6364107 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7090545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To characterize the disease progression and median survival of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) according to the prostatic-specific acid phosphatase (PAP) analysis in a population-based study from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Materials and Methods Prostate cancer patients with completed PAP results were identified using the SEER database of the National Cancer Institute. The Mann-Whitney Sum test was utilized to compare the statistical significance for measurement data and ranked data. Data were stratified by ages, races, TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM), pathological grades, number of tumors, PAP, and survival duration. Multivariable logistic analysis was performed to identify predictors of the presence of invasion and metastases. Cox regression was analyzed for the factors associated with all-cause mortality and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Moreover, survival curve was used to detect the survival months. The unknown data were excluded from these tests. Results In total, there are 5184 PAP+ patients and 3161 PAP- patients involved. The Mann-Whitney Sum test showed that slightly greater tumor size (P = 0.03), elevated lymphatic (P = 0.005) and distant (P < 0.001) metastasis rate, higher pathological grade (P < 0.001), localized tumor number (P < 0.001), and shortened survival months (P < 0.001) were observed in the PAP+ group compared with the PAP- group. In the multivariable logistic regression, invasion and metastasis Hazard Ratio (HR) were elevated significantly (P < 0.001) in the PAP+ individuals. In the survival analysis, PAP- patients experienced the prolonged median survival. In the postsurgical patients, the survival months were still longer in PAP+ patients compared with the negative ones (P < 0.001), though surgery prolonged the survival months of both groups. Survival months stratified by localized, invasion, and metastasis situations were analyzed. In the three stratified subgroups, the survival duration is significantly decreased in the PAP+ individuals in the localized PCa group (P < 0.001) and the metastasis group (P = 0.013). Conclusions The findings of this study provide population-based estimates of the PCa progress and prognosis for patients with different PAP results, which may suggest a renewed period for the PAP.
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Lin CL, Chang CH, Chang YS, Lu SC, Hsieh YL. Treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin prevents mechanical allodynia in resiniferatoxin neuropathy in a mouse model. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.039511. [PMID: 30578250 PMCID: PMC6361210 DOI: 10.1242/bio.039511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Specialized microdomains which have cholesterol-rich membrane regions contain transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) are involved in pain development. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the depletion of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) – a membrane-bound ectonucleotidase – and disordered adenosine signaling reduce the antinociceptive effect. The role of membrane integrity in the PAP-mediated antinociceptive effect in small-fiber neuropathy remains unclear, especially with respect to whether TRPV1 and PAP are colocalized in the same microdomain which is responsible for PAP-mediated antinociception. Immunohistochemistry was conducted on the dorsal root ganglion to identify the membrane compositions, and pharmacological interventions were conducted using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβC) – a membrane integrity disruptor that works by depleting cholesterol – in pure small-fiber neuropathy with resiniferatoxin (RTX). Immunohistochemical evidence indicated that TRPV1 and PAP were highly colocalized with flotillin 1 (66.7%±9.7%) and flotillin 2 (73.7%±6.0%), which reside in part in the microdomain. MβC mildly depleted PAP, which maintained the ability to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] and delayed the development of mechanical allodynia. MβC treatment had no role in thermal transduction and neuronal injury following RTX neuropathy. In summary, this study demonstrated the following: (1) membrane cholesterol depletion preserves PAP-mediated antinociception through PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis and (2) pain hypersensitivity that develops after TRPV1(+) neuron depletion-mediated neurodegeneration following RTX neuropathy is attributable to the downregulation of PAP analgesic signaling. Summary: The role and mechanism of cholesterol-rich membrane integrity in pain development for small-fiber neuropathy remains unclear. Depletion of membrane cholesterol contents preserves functional PAP profiles and the antinociceptive effect after RTX neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Lung Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hong Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Shuang Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Chin Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Ultrastructural Laboratory, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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23
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Husson T, Duboc JB, Quenez O, Charbonnier C, Rotharmel M, Cuenca M, Jegouzo X, Richard AC, Frebourg T, Deleuze JF, Boland A, Genin E, Debette S, Tzourio C, Campion D, Nicolas G, Guillin O. Identification of potential genetic risk factors for bipolar disorder by whole-exome sequencing. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:268. [PMID: 30518751 PMCID: PMC6281607 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at assessing the burden of rare (minor allele frequency < 1%) predicted damaging variants in the whole exome of 92 bipolar I disorder (BD) patients and 1051 controls of French ancestry. Patients exhibiting an extreme phenotype (earlier onset and family history of mood disorder) were preferentially included to increase the power to detect an association. A collapsing strategy was used to test the overall burden of rare variants in cases versus controls at the gene level. Only protein-truncating and predicted damaging missense variants were included in the analysis. Thirteen genes exhibited p values exceeding 10-3 and could be considered as potential risk factors for BD. Furthermore, the validity of the association was supported when the Exome Aggregation Consortium database non-Finnish European population was used as controls for eight of them. Their gene products are involved in various cerebral processes, some of which were previously implicated in BD and belong to pathways implicated in the therapeutic effect of lithium, the main mood stabilizer. However, exome-wide threshold for association study was not reached, emphasizing that larger samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Husson
- 0000 0004 1765 2814grid.477068.aDepartment of Research, Centre hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France ,grid.41724.34Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Duboc
- 0000 0004 1765 2814grid.477068.aDepartment of Research, Centre hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- grid.41724.34Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- grid.41724.34Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Maud Rotharmel
- 0000 0004 1765 2814grid.477068.aDepartment of Research, Centre hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France ,grid.41724.34Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Macarena Cuenca
- 0000 0004 1765 2814grid.477068.aDepartment of Research, Centre hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Jegouzo
- 0000 0004 1765 2814grid.477068.aDepartment of Research, Centre hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- grid.41724.34Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- grid.41724.34Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Génomique, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Emmanuelle Genin
- 0000 0004 0472 3249grid.411766.3Inserm UMR-1078, CHRU Brest, Univ. Brest, Brest, France
| | - Stéphanie Debette
- 0000 0001 2106 639Xgrid.412041.2Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Tzourio
- 0000 0001 2106 639Xgrid.412041.2Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR1219, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- 0000 0004 1765 2814grid.477068.aDepartment of Research, Centre hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France ,grid.41724.34Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- grid.41724.34Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Guillin
- Department of Research, Centre hospitalier du Rouvray, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France. .,Department of Genetics, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, F 76000, Rouen, France.
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Adeola HA, Smith M, Kaestner L, Blackburn JM, Zerbini LF. Novel potential serological prostate cancer biomarkers using CT100+ cancer antigen microarray platform in a multi-cultural South African cohort. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13945-64. [PMID: 26885621 PMCID: PMC4924690 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/1969] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need for high throughput diagnostic tools for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of prostate cancer (PCa) in Africa. The role of cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) in PCa in men of African descent is poorly researched. Hence, we aimed to elucidate the role of 123 Tumour Associated Antigens (TAAs) using antigen microarray platform in blood samples (N = 67) from a South African PCa, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and disease control (DC) cohort. Linear (fold-over-cutoff) and differential expression quantitation of autoantibody signal intensities were performed. Molecular signatures of candidate PCa antigen biomarkers were identified and analyzed for ethnic group variation. Potential cancer diagnostic and immunotherapeutic inferences were drawn. We identified a total of 41 potential diagnostic/therapeutic antigen biomarkers for PCa. By linear quantitation, four antigens, GAGE1, ROPN1, SPANXA1 and PRKCZ were found to have higher autoantibody titres in PCa serum as compared with BPH where MAGEB1 and PRKCZ were highly expressed. Also, p53 S15A and p53 S46A were found highly expressed in the disease control group. Statistical analysis by differential expression revealed twenty-four antigens as upregulated in PCa samples, while 11 were downregulated in comparison to BPH and DC (FDR = 0.01). FGFR2, COL6A1and CALM1 were verifiable biomarkers of PCa analysis using urinary shotgun proteomics. Functional pathway annotation of identified biomarkers revealed similar enrichment both at genomic and proteomic level and ethnic variations were observed. Cancer antigen arrays are emerging useful in potential diagnostic and immunotherapeutic antigen biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry A Adeola
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muneerah Smith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa Kaestner
- Urology Department, Grootes Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M Blackburn
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Luiz F Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Infectious Diseases & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Meeusen B, Janssens V. Tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer: Emerging targets for therapeutic intervention and tumor stratification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:98-134. [PMID: 29031806 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant protein phosphorylation is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, and in many cases a prerequisite to sustain tumor development and progression. Like protein kinases, protein phosphatases are key regulators of cell signaling. However, their contribution to aberrant signaling in cancer cells is overall less well appreciated, and therefore, their clinical potential remains largely unexploited. In this review, we provide an overview of tumor suppressive protein phosphatases in human cancer. Along their mechanisms of inactivation in defined cancer contexts, we give an overview of their functional roles in diverse signaling pathways that contribute to their tumor suppressive abilities. Finally, we discuss their emerging roles as predictive or prognostic markers, their potential as synthetic lethality targets, and the current feasibility of their reactivation with pharmacologic compounds as promising new cancer therapies. We conclude that their inclusion in clinical practice has obvious potential to significantly improve therapeutic outcome in various ways, and should now definitely be pushed forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Meeusen
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Janssens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation & Proteomics, Dept. of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven & Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Boyd-Tressler AM, Lane GS, Dubyak GR. Up-regulated Ectonucleotidases in Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein- and Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 1-Deficient Jurkat Leukemia Cells Counteract Extracellular ATP/AMP Accumulation via Pannexin-1 Channels during Chemotherapeutic Drug-Induced Apoptosis. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:30-47. [PMID: 28461585 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels mediate the efflux of ATP and AMP from cancer cells in response to induction of extrinsic apoptosis by death receptors or intrinsic apoptosis by chemotherapeutic agents. We previously described the accumulation of extracellular ATP /AMP during chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in Jurkat human leukemia cells. In this study, we compared how different signaling pathways determine extracellular nucleotide pools in control Jurkat cells versus Jurkat lines that lack the Fas-associated death domain (FADD) or receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) cell death regulatory proteins. Tumor necrosis factor-α induced extrinsic apoptosis in control Jurkat cells and necroptosis in FADD-deficient cells; treatment of both lines with chemotherapeutic drugs elicited similar intrinsic apoptosis. Robust extracellular ATP/AMP accumulation was observed in the FADD-deficient cells during necroptosis, but not during apoptotic activation of Panx1 channels. Accumulation of extracellular ATP/AMP was similarly absent in RIP1-deficient Jurkat cells during apoptotic responses to chemotherapeutic agents. Apoptotic activation triggered equivalent proteolytic gating of Panx1 channels in all three Jurkat cell lines. The differences in extracellular ATP/AMP accumulation correlated with cell-line-specific expression of ectonucleotidases that metabolized the released ATP/AMP. CD73 mRNA, and αβ-methylene-ADP-inhibitable ecto-AMPase activity were elevated in the FADD-deficient cells. In contrast, the RIP1-deficient cells were defined by increased expression of tartrate-sensitive prostatic acid phosphatase as a broadly acting ectonucleotidase. Thus, extracellular nucleotide accumulation during regulated tumor cell death involves interplay between ATP/AMP efflux pathways and different cell-autonomous ectonucleotidases. Differential expression of particular ectonucleotidases in tumor cell variants will determine whether chemotherapy-induced activation of Panx1 channels drives accumulation of immunostimulatory ATP versus immunosuppressive adenosine within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Boyd-Tressler
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.L., G.R.D.), Department of Pharmacology (A.M.B.-T., G.R.D.), and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.R.D.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Graham S Lane
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.L., G.R.D.), Department of Pharmacology (A.M.B.-T., G.R.D.), and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.R.D.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - George R Dubyak
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics (G.S.L., G.R.D.), Department of Pharmacology (A.M.B.-T., G.R.D.), and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center (G.R.D.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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27
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Peres C, Matos AI, Conniot J, Sainz V, Zupančič E, Silva JM, Graça L, Sá Gaspar R, Préat V, Florindo HF. Poly(lactic acid)-based particulate systems are promising tools for immune modulation. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:41-57. [PMID: 27826003 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most successful and versatile polymers explored for controlled delivery of bioactive molecules. Its attractive properties of biodegradability and biocompatibility in vivo have contributed in a meaningful way to the approval of different products by the FDA and EMA for a wide range of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, in the past two decades. This polymer has been widely used for the preparation of particles as delivery systems of several therapeutic molecules, including vaccines. These PLA vaccine carriers have shown to induce a sustained and targeted release of different bacterial, viral and tumor-associated antigens and adjuvants in vivo, triggering distinct immune responses. The present review intends to highlight and discuss the major advantages of PLA as a promising polymer for the development of potent vaccine delivery systems against pathogens and cancer. It aims to provide a critical discussion based on preclinical data to better understand the major effect of PLA-based carrier properties on their interaction with immune cells and thus their role in the modulation of host immunity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE During the last decades, vaccination has had a great impact on global health with the control of many severe diseases. Polymeric nanosystems have emerged as promising strategies to stabilize vaccine antigens, promoting their controlled release to phagocytic cells, thus avoiding the need for multiple administrations. One of the most promising polymers are the aliphatic polyesters, which include the poly(lactic acid). This is a highly versatile biodegradable and biocompatible polymer. Products containing this polymer have already been approved for all food and some biomedical applications. Despite all favorable characteristics presented above, PLA has been less intensively discussed than other polymers, such as its copolymer PLGA, including regarding its application in vaccination and particularly in tumor immunotherapy. The present review discusses the major advantages of poly(lactic acid) for the development of potent vaccine delivery systems, providing a critical view on the main properties that determine their effect on the modulation of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana I Matos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Conniot
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Vanessa Sainz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Eva Zupančič
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luís Graça
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rogério Sá Gaspar
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Véronique Préat
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery & Biomaterials, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Staley LA, Ebbert MTW, Bunker D, Bailey M, Ridge PG, Goate AM, Kauwe JSK. Variants in ACPP are associated with cerebrospinal fluid Prostatic Acid Phosphatase levels. BMC Genomics 2016; 17 Suppl 3:439. [PMID: 27357282 PMCID: PMC4943489 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (PAP) is an enzyme that is produced primarily in the prostate and functions as a cell growth regulator and potential tumor suppressor. Understanding the genetic regulation of this enzyme is important because PAP plays an important role in prostate cancer and is expressed in other tissues such as the brain. METHODS We tested association between 5.8 M SNPs and PAP levels in cerebrospinal fluid across 543 individuals in two datasets using linear regression. We then performed meta-analyses using METAL =with a significance threshold of p < 5 × 10(-8) and removed SNPs where the direction of the effect was different between the two datasets, identifying 289 candidate SNPs that affect PAP cerebrospinal fluid levels. We analyzed each of these SNPs individually and prioritized SNPs that had biologically meaningful functional annotations in wANNOVAR (e.g. non-synonymous, stop gain, 3' UTR, etc.) or had a RegulomeDB score less than 3. RESULTS Thirteen SNPs met our criteria, suggesting they are candidate causal alleles that underlie ACPP regulation and expression. CONCLUSIONS Given PAP's expression in the brain and its role as a cell-growth regulator and tumor suppressor, our results have important implications in brain health such as cancer and other brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) and mental health (e.g., anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay A Staley
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Mark T W Ebbert
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Daniel Bunker
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Matthew Bailey
- Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Perry G Ridge
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - John S K Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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Wu CH, Ho WY, Lee YC, Lin CL, Hsieh YL. EXPRESS: NGF-trkA signaling modulates the analgesic effects of prostatic acid phosphatase in resiniferatoxin-induced neuropathy. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916656846. [PMID: 27306411 PMCID: PMC4956004 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916656846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain in small-fiber neuropathy results from injury to and sensitization of nociceptors. Functional prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) acts as an analgesic effector. However, the mechanism responsible for the modulation of PAP neuropathology, which leads to loss of the analgesic effect after small-fiber neuropathy, remains unclear. Results We used a resiniferatoxin (RTX)-induced small-fiber neuropathy model to examine whether functional PAP(+) neurons are essential to maintain the analgesic effect. PAP(+) neurons were categorized into small to medium neurons (25th–75th percentile: 17.1–23.7 µm); these neurons were slightly reduced by RTX (p = 0.0003). By contrast, RTX-induced activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), an injury marker, in PAP(+) neurons (29.0% ± 5.6% vs. 0.2% ± 0.2%, p = 0.0043), indicating PAP neuropathology. Moreover, the high-affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor (trkA) colocalized with PAP and showed similar profiles after RTX-induced neuropathy, and the PAP/trkA ratios correlated with the degree of mechanical allodynia (r = 0.62, p = 0.0062). The NGF inducer 4-methylcatechol (4MC) normalized the analgesic effects of PAP; specifically, it reversed the PAP and trkA profiles and relieved mechanical allodynia. Administering 2.5S NGF showed similar results to those of administering 4MC. This finding suggests that the analgesic effect of functional PAP is mediated by NGF-trkA signaling, which was confirmed by NGF neutralization. Conclusions This study revealed that functional PAP(+) neurons are essential for the analgesic effect, which is mediated by NGF-trkA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Wu
- Kaohsiung Medical University Chung Ho Memorial Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Kaohsiung Medical University Chung Ho Memorial HospitalKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung Medical University Hospital
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30
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Araujo CL, Quintero IB, Ovaska K, Herrala AM, Hautaniemi S, Vihko PT. Transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase (TMPAP) delays cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle. Prostate 2016; 76:151-62. [PMID: 26419820 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common form of prostate cancer. We have previously shown in a murine model that prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) deficiency leads to increased cell proliferation and development of prostate adenocarcinoma. The association between PAP and prostate cancer has been reported. Indeed, high PAP enzymatic activity is detected in the serum of patients with metastatic disease while its expression is reduced in prostate cancer tissue. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the onset of the disease remains poorly understood. We previously identified a novel transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase (TMPAP) isoform, which interacts with snapin. TMPAP is expressed on the plasma membrane, as well as endosomal/lysosomal and exosomal membrane vesicles by means of a tyrosine-based lysosomal targeting motif (Yxxϕ). METHODS We used stable overexpression of the secreted isoform (SPAP) and TMPAP in LNCaP cells, live cell imaging, microarray and qRT-PCR analyses, and fluid phase uptake of HRP and transferrin. RESULTS Our results indicate that the stable overexpression of TMPAP, but not SPAP in LNCaP cells reduces cell growth while increasing endo/exocytosis and cell size. Specifically, cells overexpressing TMPAP accumulate in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and show altered gene expression profile. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that TMPAP may function as a non-canonical tumor suppressor by delaying cell growth in G1 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- César L Araujo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ileana B Quintero
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Ovaska
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annakaisa M Herrala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko T Vihko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Chronic pain is one of the most debilitating and expensive diseases, yet current therapies are often insufficient in bringing about long-term relief. Further, many treatments for chronic pain also carry significant side effects. The molecule adenosine has long been identified as a potent inhibitor of nociceptive circuits in the spinal cord; however, the widespread expression of adenosine receptors in many organ systems has limited its use as an analgesic. Recently several 5' ectonucleotidases, including tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), have been characterized for their ability to generate endogenous adenosine in nociceptive circuitry of the dorsal spinal cord. These ectonucleotidases have the ability to hydrolyze the endogenous pronociceptive nucleotides like adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the antinociceptive nucleoside adenosine. This chapter discusses the role of TNAP and other ectonucleotidases in nociceptive circuits, and their potential as future targets of new therapeutics to treat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Street
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,
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32
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Alonso A, Pulido R. The extended human PTPome: a growing tyrosine phosphatase family. FEBS J 2015; 283:1404-29. [PMID: 26573778 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tyr phosphatases are, by definition, enzymes that dephosphorylate phospho-Tyr (pTyr) from proteins. This activity is found in several structurally diverse protein families, including the protein Tyr phosphatase (PTP), arsenate reductase, rhodanese, haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) and His phosphatase (HP) families. Most of these families include members with substrate specificity for non-pTyr substrates, such as phospho-Ser/phospho-Thr, phosphoinositides, phosphorylated carbohydrates, mRNAs, or inorganic moieties. A Cys is essential for catalysis in PTPs, rhodanese and arsenate reductase enzymes, whereas this work is performed by an Asp in HAD phosphatases and by a His in HPs, via a catalytic mechanism shared by all of the different families. The category that contains most Tyr phosphatases is the PTP family, which, although it received its name from this activity, includes Ser, Thr, inositide, carbohydrate and RNA phosphatases, as well as some inactive pseudophosphatase proteins. Here, we propose an extended collection of human Tyr phosphatases, which we call the extended human PTPome. The addition of new members (SACs, paladin, INPP4s, TMEM55s, SSU72, and acid phosphatases) to the currently categorized PTP group of enzymes means that the extended human PTPome contains up to 125 proteins, of which ~ 40 are selective for pTyr. We set criteria to ascribe proteins to the extended PTPome, and summarize the more important features of the new PTPome members in the context of their phosphatase activity and their relationship with human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alonso
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), CSIC-Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rafael Pulido
- Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Nalpas NC, Magee DA, Conlon KM, Browne JA, Healy C, McLoughlin KE, Rue-Albrecht K, McGettigan PA, Killick KE, Gormley E, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. RNA sequencing provides exquisite insight into the manipulation of the alveolar macrophage by tubercle bacilli. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13629. [PMID: 26346536 PMCID: PMC4642568 DOI: 10.1038/srep13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis, causes an estimated $3 billion annual losses to global agriculture due, in part, to the limitations of current diagnostics. Development of next-generation diagnostics requires a greater understanding of the interaction between the pathogen and the bovine host. Therefore, to explore the early response of the alveolar macrophage to infection, we report the first application of RNA-sequencing to define, in exquisite detail, the transcriptomes of M. bovis-infected and non-infected alveolar macrophages from ten calves at 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours post-infection. Differentially expressed sense genes were detected at these time points that revealed enrichment of innate immune signalling functions, and transcriptional suppression of host defence mechanisms (e.g., lysosome maturation). We also detected differentially expressed natural antisense transcripts, which may play a role in subverting innate immune mechanisms following infection. Furthermore, we report differential expression of novel bovine genes, some of which have immune-related functions based on orthology with human proteins. This is the first in-depth transcriptomics investigation of the alveolar macrophage response to the early stages of M. bovis infection and reveals complex patterns of gene expression and regulation that underlie the immunomodulatory mechanisms used by M. bovis to evade host defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David A Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Conlon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Claire Healy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kirsten E McLoughlin
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kévin Rue-Albrecht
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul A McGettigan
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kate E Killick
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Yegutkin GG. Enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides: functional implications and measurement of activities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 49:473-97. [PMID: 25418535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.953627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides mediate diverse signaling effects in virtually all organs and tissues. Most models of purinergic signaling depend on functional interactions between distinct processes, including (i) the release of endogenous ATP and other nucleotides, (ii) triggering of signaling events via a series of nucleotide-selective ligand-gated P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors as well as adenosine receptors and (iii) ectoenzymatic interconversion of purinergic agonists. The duration and magnitude of purinergic signaling is governed by a network of ectoenzymes, including the enzymes of the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) family, the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family, ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and other alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Along with "classical" inactivating ectoenzymes, recent data provide evidence for the co-existence of a counteracting ATP-regenerating pathway comprising the enzymes of the adenylate kinase (AK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK/NME/NM23) families and ATP synthase. This review describes recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on purine-converting ectoenzymes as a complex and integrated network regulating purinergic signaling in such (patho)physiological states as immunomodulation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, arterial calcification and other diseases. The second part of this review provides a comprehensive overview and basic principles of major approaches employed for studying purinergic activities, including spectrophotometric Pi-liberating assays, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses of purine substrates and metabolites, capillary electrophoresis, bioluminescent, fluorometric and electrochemical enzyme-coupled assays, histochemical staining, and further emphasizes their advantages, drawbacks and suitability for assaying a particular catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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35
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in men and current treatment of advanced prostate cancer is ineffective. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment option for metastatic prostate cancer but its clinical application is still in the early stages of development. In order to treat metastatic prostate tumors, new directions must be taken to improve current immunotherapeutic strategies. These include the identification of effective tumor antigens (Ags), the induction of the HLA class II pathway for Ag processing and CD4+ T cell activation, and the ability of tumor cells to act like Ag presenting cells. In this review, we suggest a model for tumor Ag selection, epitope modification and self-processing for presentation by class II proteins as a means of restoring immune activation and tumor clearance. We also outline the importance of a Gamma-IFN-inducible Lysosomal Thiol reductase (GILT) in Ag and modified peptide processing by tumor cells, generation of functional epitopes for T cell recognition, and inclusion of immune checkpoint blockers in cancer immunotherapy. Taken together, this review provides a framework for the future development of novel cancer vaccines and the improvement of existing immunotherapeutics in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bently P Doonan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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36
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Kolos IK, Makarchikov AF. [Identification of thiamine monophosphate hydrolyzing enzymes in chicken liver]. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2015; 86:39-49. [PMID: 25816604 DOI: 10.15407/ubj86.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, thiamine monophosphate (TMP) is an intermediate on the path of thiamine diphosphate, the coenzyme form of vitamin B1, degradation. The enzymes involved in TMP metabolism in animal tissues are not identified hitherto. The aim of this work was to study TMP hydrolysis in chicken liver. Two phosphatases have been found to contribute to TMP hydrolysis in liver homogenate. The first one, possessing a maximal activity at pH 6.0, is soluble, whereas the second one represents a membrane-bound enzyme with a pH optimum of 9.0. Membrane-bound TMPase activity was enhanced 1.7-fold by 5 mM Mg2+ ions and strongly inhibited by levamisole in uncompetitive manner with K1 of 53 μM, indicating the involvement of alkaline phosphatase. An apparent Km of alkaline phosphatase for TMP was calculated from the Hanes plot to be 0.6 mM. The soluble TMPase has an apparent Km of 0.7 mM; this enzyme is Mg2+ independent and insensitive to levamisole. As estimated by gel filtration on a Toyopearl HW-55 column, the soluble enzyme has a molecular mass of 17.8 kDa, TMPase activity being eluted simultaneously with peaks of flavinmononucleotide and p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity. Thus, TMP appears to be a physiological substrate for a low-molecular weight acid phosphatase, also known as low-molecular-weight protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase.
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Central or peripheral delivery of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist improves mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of painful diabetic neuropathy. Neuroscience 2014; 285:312-23. [PMID: 25451280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, and a significant proportion of individuals suffer debilitating pain that significantly affects their quality of life. Unfortunately, symptomatic treatment options have limited efficacy, and often carry significant risk of systemic adverse effects. Activation of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) by the analgesic small molecule adenosine has been shown to have antinociceptive benefits in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The current study used a mouse model of painful diabetic neuropathy to determine the effect of diabetes on endogenous adenosine production, and if central or peripheral delivery of adenosine receptor agonists could alleviate signs of mechanical allodynia in diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced using streptozocin in male A/J mice. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds were measured weekly to characterize neuropathy phenotype. Hydrolysis of AMP into adenosine by ectonucleotidases was determined in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord at 8 weeks post-induction of diabetes. AMP, adenosine and the specific A1R agonist, N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), were administered both centrally (intrathecal) and peripherally (intraplantar) to determine the effect of activation of adenosine receptors on mechanical allodynia in diabetic mice. Eight weeks post-induction, diabetic mice displayed significantly decreased hydrolysis of extracellular AMP in the DRG; at this same time, diabetic mice displayed significantly decreased mechanical withdrawal thresholds compared to nondiabetic controls. Central delivery AMP, adenosine and CPA significantly improved mechanical withdrawal thresholds in diabetic mice. Surprisingly, peripheral delivery of CPA also improved mechanical allodynia in diabetic mice. This study provides new evidence that diabetes significantly affects endogenous AMP hydrolysis, suggesting that altered adenosine production could contribute to the development of painful diabetic neuropathy. Moreover, central and peripheral activation of A1R significantly improved mechanical sensitivity, warranting further investigation into this important antinociceptive pathway as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Consequences of the lack of CD73 and prostatic acid phosphatase in the lymphoid organs. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:485743. [PMID: 25242869 PMCID: PMC4158563 DOI: 10.1155/2014/485743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD73, ecto-5′-nucleotidase, is the key enzyme catalyzing the conversion of extracellular AMP to adenosine that controls vascular permeability and immunosuppression. Also prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) possesses ecto-5′-nucleotidase/AMPase activity and is present in leukocytes. However, its role related to immune system is unknown. Therefore, we analyzed enzymatic activities and leukocyte subtypes of CD73 and PAP knockouts and generated CD73/PAP double knockout mice to elucidate the contribution of CD73 and PAP to immunological parameters. Enzymatic assays confirmed the ability of recombinant human PAP to hydrolyze [3H]AMP, although at much lower rate than human CD73. Nevertheless, 5′-nucleotidase/AMPase activity in splenocytes and lymphocytes from PAP−/− mice tended to be lower than in wild-type controls, suggesting potential contribution of PAP, along with CD73, into lymphoid AMP metabolism ex vivo. Single knockouts had decreased number of CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in thymus and CD73/PAP double knockouts exhibited reduced percentages of CD4+ cells in spleen, regulatory T cells in lymph nodes and thymus, and CD4+ and CD8+ cells in blood. These findings suggest that PAP has a synergistic role together with CD73 in the immune system by contributing to the balance of leukocyte subpopulations and especially to the number of regulatory T cells in lymph nodes and thymus.
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39
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Muniyan S, Ingersoll MA, Batra SK, Lin MF. Cellular prostatic acid phosphatase, a PTEN-functional homologue in prostate epithelia, functions as a prostate-specific tumor suppressor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:88-98. [PMID: 24747769 PMCID: PMC4140952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) plays a vital role in the progression of human cancers. Nevertheless, those ubiquitous TSGs have been shown with limited roles in various stages of diverse carcinogenesis. Investigation on identifying unique TSG, especially for early stage of carcinogenesis, is imperative. As such, the search for organ-specific TSGs has emerged as a major strategy in cancer research. Prostate cancer (PCa) has the highest incidence in solid tumors in US males. Cellular prostatic acid phosphatase (cPAcP) is a prostate-specific differentiation antigen. Despite intensive studies over the past several decades on PAcP as a PCa biomarker, the role of cPAcP as a PCa-specific tumor suppressor has only recently been emerged and validated. The mechanism underlying the pivotal role of cPAcP as a prostate-specific TSG is, in part, due to its function as a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) as well as a phosphoinositide phosphatase (PIP), an apparent functional homologue to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in PCa cells. This review is focused on discussing the function of this authentic prostate-specific tumor suppressor and the mechanism behind the loss of cPAcP expression leading to prostate carcinogenesis. We review other phosphatases' roles as TSGs which regulate oncogenic PI3K signaling in PCa and discuss the functional similarity between cPAcP and PTEN in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Matthew A Ingersoll
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ming-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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40
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Johnson IRD, Parkinson-Lawrence EJ, Shandala T, Weigert R, Butler LM, Brooks DA. Altered endosome biogenesis in prostate cancer has biomarker potential. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1851-62. [PMID: 25080433 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in males, affecting one in eight men by the time they reach the age of 70 years. Current diagnostic tests for prostate cancer have significant problems with both false negatives and false positives, necessitating the search for new molecular markers. A recent investigation of endosomal and lysosomal proteins revealed that the critical process of endosomal biogenesis might be altered in prostate cancer. Here, a panel of endosomal markers was evaluated in prostate cancer and nonmalignant cells and a significant increase in gene and protein expression was found for early, but not late endosomal proteins. There was also a differential distribution of early endosomes, and altered endosomal traffic and signaling of the transferrin receptors (TFRC and TFR2) in prostate cancer cells. These findings support the concept that endosome biogenesis and function are altered in prostate cancer. Microarray analysis of a clinical cohort confirmed the altered endosomal gene expression observed in cultured prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, in prostate cancer patient tissue specimens, the early endosomal marker and adaptor protein APPL1 showed consistently altered basement membrane histology in the vicinity of tumors and concentrated staining within tumor masses. These novel observations on altered early endosome biogenesis provide a new avenue for prostate cancer biomarker investigation and suggest new methods for the early diagnosis and accurate prognosis of prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS This discovery of altered endosome biogenesis in prostate cancer may lead to novel biomarkers for more precise cancer detection and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R D Johnson
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma J Parkinson-Lawrence
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tetyana Shandala
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Lisa M Butler
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Adelaide Prostate Cancer Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Kong HY, Byun J. Emerging roles of human prostatic Acid phosphatase. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 21:10-20. [PMID: 24009853 PMCID: PMC3762301 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent non-skin related cancers. It is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among males in most Western countries. If prostate cancer is diagnosed in its early stages, there is a higher probability that it will be completely cured. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) is a non-specific phosphomonoesterase synthesized in prostate epithelial cells and its level proportionally increases with prostate cancer progression. PAP was the biochemical diagnostic mainstay for prostate cancer until the introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which improved the detection of early-stage prostate cancer and largely displaced PAP. Recently, however, there is a renewed interest in PAP because of its usefulness in prognosticating intermediate to high-risk prostate cancers and its success in the immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Although PAP is believed to be a key regulator of prostate cell growth, its exact role in normal prostate as well as detailed molecular mechanism of PAP regulation is still unclear. Here, many different aspects of PAP in prostate cancer are revisited and its emerging roles in other environment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Young Kong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Yongin 448-701, Republic of Korea
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Mice deficient in transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase display increased GABAergic transmission and neurological alterations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97851. [PMID: 24846136 PMCID: PMC4028278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), the first diagnostic marker and present therapeutic target for prostate cancer, modulates nociception at the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), but its function in the central nervous system has remained unknown. We studied expression and function of TMPAP (the transmembrane isoform of PAP) in the brain by utilizing mice deficient in TMPAP (PAP−/− mice). Here we report that TMPAP is expressed in a subpopulation of cerebral GABAergic neurons, and mice deficient in TMPAP show multiple behavioral and neurochemical features linked to hyperdopaminergic dysregulation and altered GABAergic transmission. In addition to increased anxiety, disturbed prepulse inhibition, increased synthesis of striatal dopamine, and augmented response to amphetamine, PAP-deficient mice have enlarged lateral ventricles, reduced diazepam-induced loss of righting reflex, and increased GABAergic tone in the hippocampus. TMPAP in the mouse brain is localized presynaptically, and colocalized with SNARE-associated protein snapin, a protein involved in synaptic vesicle docking and fusion, and PAP-deficient mice display altered subcellular distribution of snapin. We have previously shown TMPAP to reside in prostatic exosomes and we propose that TMPAP is involved in the control of GABAergic tone in the brain also through exocytosis, and that PAP deficiency produces a distinct neurological phenotype.
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Araujo CL, Quintero IB, Kipar A, Herrala AM, Pulkka AE, Saarinen L, Hautaniemi S, Vihko P. Prostatic acid phosphatase is the main acid phosphatase with 5'-ectonucleotidase activity in the male mouse saliva and regulates salivation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C1017-27. [PMID: 24717577 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00062.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that in addition to the well-known secreted isoform of prostatic acid phosphatase (sPAP), a transmembrane isoform exists (TMPAP) that interacts with snapin (a SNARE-associated protein) and regulates the endo-/exocytic pathways. We have also shown that PAP has 5'-ectonucleotidase and thiamine monophosphatase activity and elicits antinociceptive effects in mouse models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Therefore, to determine the physiological role of PAP in a typical exocrine organ, we studied the submandibular salivary gland (SMG) of PAP(-/-) and wild-type C57BL/6J mice by microarray analyses, microRNA sequencing, activity tests, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical and physiological analyses of saliva. We show that PAP is the main acid phosphatase in the wild-type male mouse saliva, accounting for 50% of the total acid phosphatase activity, and that it is expressed only in the granular convoluted tubules of the SMGs, where it is the only 5'-ectonucleotidase. The lack of PAP in male PAP(-/-) mice was associated with a significant increase in the salivation volume under secretagogue stimulation, overexpression of genes related to cell proliferation (Mki67, Aurkb, Birc5) and immune response (Irf7, Cxcl9, Ccl3, Fpr2), and upregulation of miR-146a in SMGs. An increased and sustained acinar cell proliferation was detected without signs of glandular hyperplasia. Our results indicate that in PAP(-/-) mice, SMG homeostasis is maintained by an innate immune response. Additionally, we suggest that in male mice, PAP via its 5'-ectonucleotidase activity and production of adenosine can elicit analgesic effects when animals lick their wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- César L Araujo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ileana B Quintero
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and
| | - Annakaisa M Herrala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anitta E Pulkka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lilli Saarinen
- Research Programs Unit; Genome-scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit; Genome-scale Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Vihko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland; Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Science and Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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44
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Karan D. Prostate immunotherapy: should all guns be aimed at the prostate-specific antigen? Immunotherapy 2014; 5:907-10. [PMID: 23998723 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Quintero IB, Herrala AM, Araujo CL, Pulkka AE, Hautaniemi S, Ovaska K, Pryazhnikov E, Kulesskiy E, Ruuth MK, Soini Y, Sormunen RT, Khirug L, Vihko PT. Transmembrane prostatic acid phosphatase (TMPAP) interacts with snapin and deficient mice develop prostate adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73072. [PMID: 24039861 PMCID: PMC3769315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying prostate carcinogenesis are poorly understood. Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), a prostatic epithelial secretion marker, has been linked to prostate cancer since the 1930's. However, the contribution of PAP to the disease remains controversial. We have previously cloned and described two isoforms of this protein, a secretory (sPAP) and a transmembrane type-I (TMPAP). The goal in this work was to understand the physiological function of TMPAP in the prostate. We conducted histological, ultra-structural and genome-wide analyses of the prostate of our PAP-deficient mouse model (PAP−/−) with C57BL/6J background. The PAP−/− mouse prostate showed the development of slow-growing non-metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. In order to find out the mechanism behind, we identified PAP-interacting proteins byyeast two-hybrid assays and a clear result was obtained for the interaction of PAP with snapin, a SNARE-associated protein which binds Snap25 facilitating the vesicular membrane fusion process. We confirmed this interaction by co-localization studies in TMPAP-transfected LNCaP cells (TMPAP/LNCaP cells) and in vivo FRET analyses in transient transfected LNCaP cells. The differential gene expression analyses revealed the dysregulation of the same genes known to be related to synaptic vesicular traffic. Both TMPAP and snapin were detected in isolated exosomes. Our results suggest that TMPAP is involved in endo-/exocytosis and disturbed vesicular traffic is a hallmark of prostate adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana B. Quintero
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annakaisa M. Herrala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - César L. Araujo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anitta E. Pulkka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Hautaniemi
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-scale Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Ovaska
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-scale Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Maija K. Ruuth
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ylermi Soini
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija T. Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leonard Khirug
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko T. Vihko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Muniyan S, Chaturvedi NK, Dwyer JG, LaGrange CA, Chaney WG, Lin MF. Human prostatic acid phosphatase: structure, function and regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10438-64. [PMID: 23698773 PMCID: PMC3676848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) is a 100 kDa glycoprotein composed of two subunits. Recent advances demonstrate that cellular PAcP (cPAcP) functions as a protein tyrosine phosphatase by dephosphorylating ErbB-2/Neu/HER-2 at the phosphotyrosine residues in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, which results in reduced tumorigenicity. Further, the interaction of cPAcP and ErbB-2 regulates androgen sensitivity of PCa cells. Knockdown of cPAcP expression allows androgen-sensitive PCa cells to develop the castration-resistant phenotype, where cells proliferate under an androgen-reduced condition. Thus, cPAcP has a significant influence on PCa cell growth. Interestingly, promoter analysis suggests that PAcP expression can be regulated by NF-κB, via a novel binding sequence in an androgen-independent manner. Further understanding of PAcP function and regulation of expression will have a significant impact on understanding PCa progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mails: (S.M.); (N.K.C.); (W.G.C.)
| | - Nagendra K. Chaturvedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mails: (S.M.); (N.K.C.); (W.G.C.)
| | - Jennifer G. Dwyer
- College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Chad A. LaGrange
- Department of Surgery/Urology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mail:
| | - William G. Chaney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mails: (S.M.); (N.K.C.); (W.G.C.)
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ming-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mails: (S.M.); (N.K.C.); (W.G.C.)
- Department of Surgery/Urology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; E-Mail:
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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McCoy ES, Lea WA, Mott BT, Maloney DJ, Jadhav A, Simeonov A, Zylka MJ. High-throughput screen identifies cyclic nucleotide analogs that inhibit prostatic acid phosphatase. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2013; 18:481-9. [PMID: 23190738 PMCID: PMC3608840 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112468613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The secretory and transmembrane isoforms of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) can dephosphorylate extracellular adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine, classifying PAP as an ectonucleotidase. Currently, there are no compounds that inhibit PAP in living cells. To identify small-molecule modulators of PAP, we used a 1536-well-based quantitative high-throughput fluorogenic assay to screen the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC(1280)) arrayed as eight-concentration dilution series. This fluorogenic assay used difluoro-4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate as substrate and collected data in kinetic mode. Candidate hits were subsequently tested in an orthogonal absorbance-based biochemical assay that used AMP as substrate. From these initial screens, three inhibitors of secretory human (h) and mouse (m)PAP were identified: 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) cAMP (pCPT-cAMP), calmidazolium chloride, and nalidixic acid. These compounds did not inhibit recombinant alkaline phosphatase. Of these compounds, only pCPT-cAMP and a related cyclic nucleotide analog (8-[4-chlorophenylthio] cGMP; pCPT-cGMP) inhibited the ectonucleotidase activity of transmembrane PAP in a cell-based assay. These cyclic nucleotides are structurally similar to AMP but cannot be hydrolyzed by PAP. In summary, we identified two cyclic nucleotide analogs that inhibit secretory and transmembrane PAP in vitro and in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. McCoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Wendy A. Lea
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bryan T. Mott
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David J. Maloney
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anton Simeonov
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark J. Zylka
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, CB #7545, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Abstract
Acid phosphatases are enzymes that have been studied extensively due to the fact that their dysregulation is associated with pathophysiological conditions. This characteristic has been exploited for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods. As an example, prostatic acid phosphatase was the first marker for metastatic prostate cancer diagnosis and the dysregulation of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase is associated with abnormal bone resorption linked to osteoporosis. The pioneering crystallization studies on prostatic acid phosphatase and mammalian tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase conformed significant milestones towards the elucidation of the mechanisms followed by these enzymes (Schneider et al., EMBO J 12:2609-2615, 1993). Acid phosphatases are also found in nonmammalian species such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and plants, and most of them share structural similarities with mammalian acid phosphatase enzymes. Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters following the general equation. Phosphate monoester + H2O -->/<-- alcohol + phosphate. The general classification "acid phosphatase" relies only on the optimum acidic pH for the enzymatic activity in assay conditions using non-physiological substrates. These enzymes accept a wide range of substrates in vitro, ranging from small organic molecules to phosphoproteins, constituting a heterogeneous group of enzymes from the structural point of view. These structural differences account for the divergence in cofactor dependences and behavior against substrates, inhibitors, and activators. In this group only the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is a metallo-enzyme whereas the other members do not require metal-ion binding for their catalytic activity. In addition, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and erythrocytic acid phosphatase are not inhibited by L-(+)-tartrate ion while the prostatic acid phosphatase is tartrate-sensitive. This is an important difference that can be exploited in in vitro assays to differentiate between different kinds of phosphatase activity. The search for more sensitive and specific methods of detection in clinical laboratory applications led to the development of radioimmunoassays (RIA) for determination of prostatic acid phosphatase in serum. These methods permit the direct quantification of the enzyme regardless of its activity status. Therefore, an independent structural classification exists that helps to group these enzymes according to their structural features and mechanisms. Based on this we can distinguish the histidine acid phosphatases (Van Etten, Ann N Y Acad Sci 390:27-51, 1982), the low molecular weight protein tyrosine acid phosphatases and the metal-ion dependent phosphatases. A note of caution is worthwhile mentioning here. The nomenclature of acid phosphatases has not been particularly easy for those new to the subject. Unfortunately, the acronym PAP is very common in the literature about purple acid phosphatases and prostatic acid phosphatase. In addition, LPAP is the acronym chosen to refer to the lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase which is a different enzyme. It is important to bear in mind this distinction while reviewing the literature to avoid confusion.
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49
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Human Prostatic Acid Phosphatase in Prostate Carcinogenesis. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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50
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Cotella D, Hernandez-Enriquez B, Duan Z, Wu X, Gazula VR, Brown MR, Kaczmarek LK, Sesti F. An evolutionarily conserved mode of modulation of Shaw-like K⁺ channels. FASEB J 2012; 27:1381-93. [PMID: 23233530 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-222778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated K(+) channels of the Shaw family (also known as the KCNC or Kv3 family) play pivotal roles in mammalian brains, and genetic or pharmacological disruption of their activities in mice results in a spectrum of behavioral defects. We have used the model system of Caenorhabditis elegans to elucidate conserved molecular mechanisms that regulate these channels. We have now found that the C. elegans Shaw channel KHT-1, and its mammalian homologue, murine Kv3.1b, are both modulated by acid phosphatases. Thus, the C. elegans phosphatase ACP-2 is stably associated with KHT-1, while its mammalian homolog, prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP; also known as ACPP-201) stably associates with murine Kv3.1b K(+) channels in vitro and in vivo. In biochemical experiments both phosphatases were able to reverse phosphorylation of their associated channel. The effect of phosphorylation on both channels is to produce a decrease in current amplitude and electrophysiological analyses demonstrated that dephosphorylation reversed the effects of phosphorylation on the magnitude of the macroscopic currents. ACP-2 and KHT-1 were colocalized in the nervous system of C. elegans and, in the mouse nervous system, PAP and Kv3.1b were colocalized in subsets of neurons, including in the brain stem and the ventricular zone. Taken together, this body of evidence suggests that acid phosphatases are general regulatory partners of Shaw-like K(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cotella
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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