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Multiplexed Imaging Reveals the Spatial Relationship of the Extracellular Acidity-Targeting pHLIP with Necrosis, Hypoxia, and the Integrin-Targeting cRGD Peptide. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213499. [DOI: 10.3390/cells11213499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
pH (low) insertion peptides (pHLIPs) have been developed for cancer imaging and therapy targeting the acidic extracellular microenvironment. However, the characteristics of intratumoral distribution (ITD) of pHLIPs are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to reveal the details of the ITD of pHLIPs and their spatial relationship with other tumor features of concern. The fluorescent dye-labeled pHLIPs were intravenously administered to subcutaneous xenograft mouse models of U87MG and IGR-OV1 expressing αVβ3 integrins (using large necrotic tumors). The αVβ3 integrin-targeting Cy5.5-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 was used as a reference. In vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging, whole-tumor section imaging, fluorescence microscopy, and multiplexed fluorescence colocalization analysis were performed. The ITD of fluorescent dye-labeled pHLIPs was heterogeneous, having a high degree of colocalization with necrosis. A direct one-to-one comparison of highly magnified images revealed the cellular localization of pHLIP in pyknotic, karyorrhexis, and karyolytic necrotic cells. pHLIP and hypoxia were spatially contiguous but not overlapping cellularly. The hypoxic region was found between the ITDs of pHLIP and the cRGD peptide and the Ki-67 proliferative activity remained detectable in the pHLIP-accumulated regions. The results provide a better understanding of the characteristics of ITD of pHLIPs, leading to new insights into the theranostic applications of pHLIPs.
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Amin M, Mansourian M, Burgers PC, Amin B, Jaafari MR, ten Hagen TLM. Increased Targeting Area in Tumors by Dual-Ligand Modification of Liposomes with RGD and TAT Peptides. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020458. [PMID: 35214190 PMCID: PMC8878433 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification with polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) and the use of rigid phospholipids drastically improve the pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutics and result in more manageable or reduced side-effects. A major drawback is retarded cellular delivery of content, which, along with tumor heterogeneity, are the two main obstacles against tumor targeting. To enhance cellular delivery and reach a bigger area of a tumor, we designed liposomes decorated with two ligands: one for targeting tumor vasculature via a cyclic-pentapeptide containing arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), which impacts tumor independent of passive accumulation inside tumors, and one for extravascular targeting of tumor cells via a cell-penetrating peptide derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transactivator of transcription (TAT). Liposomes with different ligand combinations were prepared and compared with respect to performance in targeting. Intravital imaging illustrates the heterogeneous behavior of RGD-liposomes in both intravascular and extravascular distribution, whereas TAT-liposomes exhibit a predictable extravascular localization but no intravascular targeting. Dual-ligand modification results in enhanced vascular targeting and a predictable extravascular behavior that improves the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes but also an augmented clearance rate of liposomes. However, the dual-modified liposome could be a great candidate for targeted delivery of non-toxic payloads or contrast agents for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. Here we show that the combination of vascular-specific and tumor cell-specific ligands in a liposomal system is beneficial in bypassing the heterogeneous expression of tumor-specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadreza Amin
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus (NICE), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Mercedeh Mansourian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9196773117, Iran; (M.M.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
| | - Peter C. Burgers
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Bahareh Amin
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar 9613873136, Iran;
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9196773117, Iran; (M.M.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948954, Iran
| | - Timo L. M. ten Hagen
- Laboratory Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
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Abstract
Radiomics describes the extraction of multiple features from medical images, including molecular imaging modalities, that with bioinformatic approaches, provide additional clinically relevant information that may be invisible to the human eye. This information may complement standard radiological interpretation with data that may better characterize a disease or that may provide predictive or prognostic information. Progressing from predefined image features, often describing heterogeneity of voxel intensities within a volume of interest, there is increasing use of machine learning to classify disease characteristics and deep learning methods based on artificial neural networks that can learn features without a priori definition and without the need for preprocessing of images. There have been advances in standardization and harmonization of methods to a level that should support multicenter studies. However, in this relatively early phase of research in the field, there are limited aspects that have been adopted into routine practice. Most of the reports in the molecular imaging field describe radiomic approaches in cancer using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET). In this review, we will describe radiomics in molecular imaging and summarize the pertinent literature in lung cancer where reports are most prevalent and mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J R Cook
- Cancer Imaging Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Vicky Goh
- Cancer Imaging Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Radiology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
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Birmingham KG, O'Melia MJ, Bordy S, Reyes Aguilar D, El-Reyas B, Lesinski G, Thomas SN. Lymph Node Subcapsular Sinus Microenvironment-On-A-Chip Modeling Shear Flow Relevant to Lymphatic Metastasis and Immune Cell Homing. iScience 2020; 23:101751. [PMID: 33241198 PMCID: PMC7672279 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A lymph node sinus-on-a-chip adhesion microfluidic platform that recapitulates the hydrodynamic microenvironment of the lymph node subcapsular sinus was engineered. This device was used to interrogate the effects of lymph node remodeling on cellular adhesion in fluid flow relevant to lymphatic metastasis. Wall shear stress levels analytically estimated and modeled after quiescent and diseased/inflamed lymph nodes were experimentally recapitulated using a flow-based microfluidic perfusion system to assess the effects of physiological flow fields on human metastatic cancer cell adhesion. Results suggest that both altered fluid flow profiles and presentation of adhesive ligands, which are predicted to manifest within the lymph node subcapsular sinus as a result of inflammation-induced remodeling, and the presence of lymph-borne monocytic cells may synergistically contribute to the dynamic extent of cell adhesion in flow relevant to lymph node invasion by cancer and monocytic immune cells during lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G. Birmingham
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, IBB 2310 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Meghan J. O'Melia
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Samantha Bordy
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - David Reyes Aguilar
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, IBB 2310 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bassel El-Reyas
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gregory Lesinski
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Susan N. Thomas
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, IBB 2310 315 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Corresponding author
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5
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Amin M, Huang W, Seynhaeve ALB, ten Hagen TLM. Hyperthermia and Temperature-Sensitive Nanomaterials for Spatiotemporal Drug Delivery to Solid Tumors. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1007. [PMID: 33105816 PMCID: PMC7690578 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has great capability in formulation, reduction of side effects, and enhancing pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutics by designing stable or long circulating nano-carriers. However, effective drug delivery at the cellular level by means of such carriers is still unsatisfactory. One promising approach is using spatiotemporal drug release by means of nanoparticles with the capacity for content release triggered by internal or external stimuli. Among different stimuli, interests for application of external heat, hyperthermia, is growing. Advanced technology, ease of application and most importantly high level of control over applied heat, and as a result triggered release, and the adjuvant effect of hyperthermia in enhancing therapeutic response of chemotherapeutics, i.e., thermochemotherapy, make hyperthermia a great stimulus for triggered drug release. Therefore, a variety of temperature sensitive nano-carriers, lipid or/and polymeric based, have been fabricated and studied. Importantly, in order to achieve an efficient therapeutic outcome, and taking the advantages of thermochemotherapy into consideration, release characteristics from nano-carriers should fit with applicable clinical thermal setting. Here we introduce and discuss the application of the three most studied temperature sensitive nanoparticles with emphasis on release behavior and its importance regarding applicability and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadreza Amin
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LEO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (W.H.); (A.L.B.S.)
- Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus (NICE), Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenqiu Huang
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LEO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (W.H.); (A.L.B.S.)
| | - Ann L. B. Seynhaeve
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LEO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (W.H.); (A.L.B.S.)
| | - Timo L. M. ten Hagen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LEO), Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.A.); (W.H.); (A.L.B.S.)
- Nanomedicine Innovation Center Erasmus (NICE), Erasmus Medical Center, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Liu LY, Ma XZ, Ouyang B, Ings DP, Marwah S, Liu J, Chen AY, Gupta R, Manuel J, Chen XC, Gage BK, Cirlan I, Khuu N, Chung S, Camat D, Cheng M, Sekhon M, Zagorovsky K, Abdou Mohamed MA, Thoeni C, Atif J, Echeverri J, Kollmann D, Fischer S, Bader GD, Chan WCW, Michalak TI, McGilvray ID, MacParland SA. Nanoparticle Uptake in a Spontaneous and Immunocompetent Woodchuck Liver Cancer Model. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4698-4715. [PMID: 32255624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a tremendous focus on the application of nanomaterials for the treatment of cancer. Nonprimate models are conventionally used to assess the biomedical utility of nanomaterials. However, these animals often lack an intact immunological background, and the tumors in these animals do not develop spontaneously. We introduce a preclinical woodchuck hepatitis virus-induced liver cancer model as a platform for nanoparticle (NP)-based in vivo experiments. Liver cancer development in these out-bred animals occurs as a result of persistent viral infection, mimicking human hepatitis B virus-induced HCC development. We highlight how this model addresses key gaps associated with other commonly used tumor models. We employed this model to (1) track organ biodistribution of gold NPs after intravenous administration, (2) examine their subcellular localization in the liver, (3) determine clearance kinetics, and (4) characterize the identity of hepatic macrophages that take up NPs using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). We found that the liver and spleen were the primary sites of NP accumulation. Subcellular analyses revealed accumulation of NPs in the lysosomes of CD14+ cells. Through RNA-seq, we uncovered that immunosuppressive macrophages within the woodchuck liver are the major cell type that take up injected NPs. The woodchuck-HCC model has the potential to be an invaluable tool to examine NP-based immune modifiers that promote host anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Y Liu
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Xue-Zhong Ma
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Ben Ouyang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Danielle P Ings
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - Sagar Marwah
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Jeff Liu
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 230, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Annie Y Chen
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Justin Manuel
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Xu-Chun Chen
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Blair K Gage
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Iulia Cirlan
- Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Nicholas Khuu
- Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Sai Chung
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Damra Camat
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Michael Cheng
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Luna Nanotech, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Y8
| | - Manmeet Sekhon
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Kyryl Zagorovsky
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
- Luna Nanotech, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Y8
| | - Mohamed A Abdou Mohamed
- Luna Nanotech, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Y8
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt 44519
| | - Cornelia Thoeni
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Jawairia Atif
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Juan Echeverri
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Dagmar Kollmann
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Sandra Fischer
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Gary D Bader
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 230, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Rosebrugh Building, Room 407, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Room 450, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Tomasz I Michalak
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6
| | - Ian D McGilvray
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6271, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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Seynhaeve A, Amin M, Haemmerich D, van Rhoon G, ten Hagen T. Hyperthermia and smart drug delivery systems for solid tumor therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 163-164:125-144. [PMID: 32092379 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is a cornerstone of cancer therapy. Irrespective of the administered drug, it is crucial that adequate drug amounts reach all cancer cells. To achieve this, drugs first need to be absorbed, then enter the blood circulation, diffuse into the tumor interstitial space and finally reach the tumor cells. Next to chemoresistance, one of the most important factors for effective chemotherapy is adequate tumor drug uptake and penetration. Unfortunately, most chemotherapeutic agents do not have favorable properties. These compounds are cleared rapidly, distribute throughout all tissues in the body, with only low tumor drug uptake that is heterogeneously distributed within the tumor. Moreover, the typical microenvironment of solid cancers provides additional hurdles for drug delivery, such as heterogeneous vascular density and perfusion, high interstitial fluid pressure, and abundant stroma. The hope was that nanotechnology will solve most, if not all, of these drug delivery barriers. However, in spite of advances and decades of nanoparticle development, results are unsatisfactory. One promising recent development are nanoparticles which can be steered, and release content triggered by internal or external signals. Here we discuss these so-called smart drug delivery systems in cancer therapy with emphasis on mild hyperthermia as a trigger signal for drug delivery.
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Johnson SP, Ogunlade O, Lythgoe MF, Beard P, Pedley RB. Longitudinal Photoacoustic Imaging of the Pharmacodynamic Effect of Vascular Targeted Therapy on Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7436-7447. [PMID: 31551349 PMCID: PMC7611302 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a novel noninvasive and nonionizing imaging technique that allows longitudinal imaging of tumor vasculature in vivo and monitoring of response to therapy, especially for vascular targeted chemotherapy agents. In this study, we used a novel high-resolution all-optical PAI scanner to observe the pharmacodynamic response to the vascular-disrupting agent OXi4503. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two models of colorectal carcinoma (SW1222 and LS174T) that possess differing pathophysiologic vascularization were established as subcutaneous tumors in mice. Monitoring of response was performed over a 16-day "regrowth" period following treatment at 40 mg/kg, and at day 2 for a "dose response" study at 40 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and sham dose. RESULTS Qualitative and quantitative changes in PA signal are observed, with an initial decrease followed by a plateau and subsequent return of signal indicating regrowth. Both tumor types exhibited a decrease in signal; however, the more vascularized SW1222 tumors show greater response to treatment. Decreasing the dose of OXi4503 led to a decrease in PA signal intensity of 60%, 52%, and 20% in SW1222 tumors and 30%, 26%, and 4% for LS174T tumors. CONCLUSIONS We have shown for the first time that PAI can observe the pharmacodynamic response of tumor vasculature to drug treatment both longitudinally and at different dose levels. Assessment of differing response to treatment based on vascular pathophysiologic differences among patients has the potential to provide personalized drug therapy; we have demonstrated that PAI, which is clinically translatable, could be a powerful tool for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peter Johnson
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Olumide Ogunlade
- UCL Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Beard
- UCL Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Barbara Pedley
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Cook GJR, Goh V. What can artificial intelligence teach us about the molecular mechanisms underlying disease? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2715-2721. [PMID: 31190176 PMCID: PMC6879441 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While molecular imaging with positron emission tomography or single-photon emission computed tomography already reports on tumour molecular mechanisms on a macroscopic scale, there is increasing evidence that there are multiple additional features within medical images that can further improve tumour characterization, treatment prediction and prognostication. Early reports have already revealed the power of radiomics to personalize and improve patient management and outcomes. What remains unclear is how these additional metrics relate to underlying molecular mechanisms of disease. Furthermore, the ability to deal with increasingly large amounts of data from medical images and beyond in a rapid, reproducible and transparent manner is essential for future clinical practice. Here, artificial intelligence (AI) may have an impact. AI encompasses a broad range of 'intelligent' functions performed by computers, including language processing, knowledge representation, problem solving and planning. While rule-based algorithms, e.g. computer-aided diagnosis, have been in use for medical imaging since the 1990s, the resurgent interest in AI is related to improvements in computing power and advances in machine learning (ML). In this review we consider why molecular and cellular processes are of interest and which processes have already been exposed to AI and ML methods as reported in the literature. Non-small-cell lung cancer is used as an exemplar and the focus of this review as the most common tumour type in which AI and ML approaches have been tested and to illustrate some of the concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J R Cook
- Cancer Imaging Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Vicky Goh
- Cancer Imaging Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Radiology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
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10
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Feroldi F, Verlaan M, Knaus H, Davidoiu V, Vugts DJ, van Dongen GAMS, Molthoff CFM, de Boer JF. High resolution combined molecular and structural optical imaging of colorectal cancer in a xenograft mouse model. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:6186-6204. [PMID: 31065422 PMCID: PMC6491025 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.006186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of immunotherapies for cancer treatment, there is a rising clinical need to visualize the tumor microenvironment (TME) non-invasively in detail, which could be crucial to predict the efficacy of therapy. Nuclear imaging techniques enable whole-body imaging but lack the required spatial resolution. Conversely, near-infrared immunofluorescence (immuno-NIRF) is able to reveal tumor cells and/or other cell subsets in the TME by targeting the expression of a specific membrane receptor with fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides three-dimensional morphological imaging of tissues without exogenous contrast agents. The combination of the two allows molecular and structural contrast at a resolution of ~15 µm, allowing for the specific location of a cell-type target with immuno-NIRF as well as revealing the three-dimensional architectural context with OCT. For the first time, combined immuno-NIRF and OCT of a tumor is demonstrated in situ in a xenograft mouse model of human colorectal cancer, targeted by a clinically-safe fluorescent mAb, revealing unprecedented details of the TME. A handheld scanner for ex vivo examination and an endoscope designed for imaging bronchioles in vivo are presented. This technique promises to complement nuclear imaging for diagnosing cancer invasiveness, precisely determining tumor margins, and studying the biodistribution of newly developed antibodies in high detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Feroldi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Verlaan
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helene Knaus
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Davidoiu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus A. M. S. van Dongen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla F. M. Molthoff
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LaserLaB Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1081, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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d'Esposito A, Sweeney PW, Ali M, Saleh M, Ramasawmy R, Roberts TA, Agliardi G, Desjardins A, Lythgoe MF, Pedley RB, Shipley R, Walker-Samuel S. Computational fluid dynamics with imaging of cleared tissue and of in vivo perfusion predicts drug uptake and treatment responses in tumours. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:773-787. [PMID: 31015649 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the uptake of a drug by diseased tissue, and the drug's subsequent spatiotemporal distribution, are central factors in the development of effective targeted therapies. However, the interaction between the pathophysiology of diseased tissue and individual therapeutic agents can be complex, and can vary across tissue types and across subjects. Here, we show that the combination of mathematical modelling, high-resolution optical imaging of intact and optically cleared tumour tissue from animal models, and in vivo imaging of vascular perfusion predicts the heterogeneous uptake, by large tissue samples, of specific therapeutic agents, as well as their spatiotemporal distribution. In particular, by using murine models of colorectal cancer and glioma, we report and validate predictions of steady-state blood flow and intravascular and interstitial fluid pressure in tumours, of the spatially heterogeneous uptake of chelated gadolinium by tumours, and of the effect of a vascular disrupting agent on tumour vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela d'Esposito
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul W Sweeney
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Morium Ali
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Magdy Saleh
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rajiv Ramasawmy
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Roberts
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Agliardi
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adrien Desjardins
- Department of Medical Physics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Shipley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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12
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Walker-Samuel S, Roberts TA, Ramasawmy R, Burrell JS, Johnson SP, Siow BM, Richardson S, Gonçalves MR, Pendse D, Robinson SP, Pedley RB, Lythgoe MF. Investigating Low-Velocity Fluid Flow in Tumors with Convection-MRI. Cancer Res 2018; 78:1859-1872. [PMID: 29317434 PMCID: PMC6298581 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several distinct fluid flow phenomena occur in solid tumors, including intravascular blood flow and interstitial convection. Interstitial fluid pressure is often raised in solid tumors, which can limit drug delivery. To probe low-velocity flow in tumors resulting from raised interstitial fluid pressure, we developed a novel MRI technique named convection-MRI, which uses a phase-contrast acquisition with a dual-inversion vascular nulling preparation to separate intra- and extravascular flow. Here, we report the results of experiments in flow phantoms, numerical simulations, and tumor xenograft models to investigate the technical feasibility of convection-MRI. We observed a significant correlation between estimates of effective fluid pressure from convection-MRI with gold-standard, invasive measurements of interstitial fluid pressure in mouse models of human colorectal carcinoma. Our results show how convection-MRI can provide insights into the growth and responsiveness to vascular-targeting therapy in colorectal cancers.Significance: A noninvasive method for measuring low-velocity fluid flow caused by raised fluid pressure can be used to assess changes caused by therapy. Cancer Res; 78(7); 1859-72. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walker-Samuel
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Thomas A Roberts
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rajiv Ramasawmy
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jake S Burrell
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Bernard M Siow
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Simon Richardson
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Miguel R Gonçalves
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Simon P Robinson
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Mark F Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, UK
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13
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Lu Z, Pham TT, Rajkumar V, Yu Z, Pedley RB, Årstad E, Maher J, Yan R. A Dual Reporter Iodinated Labeling Reagent for Cancer Positron Emission Tomography Imaging and Fluorescence-Guided Surgery. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1636-1645. [PMID: 29388770 PMCID: PMC5847118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination of early diagnosis and complete surgical resection offers the greatest prospect of curative cancer treatment. An iodine-124/fluorescein-based dual-modality labeling reagent, 124I-Green, constitutes a generic tool for one-step installation of a positron emission tomography (PET) and a fluorescent reporter to any cancer-specific antibody. The resulting antibody conjugate would allow both cancer PET imaging and intraoperative fluorescence-guided surgery. 124I-Green was synthesized in excellent radiochemical yields of 92 ± 5% (n = 4) determined by HPLC with an improved one-pot three-component radioiodination reaction. The A5B7 carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific antibody was conjugated to 124I-Green. High tumor uptake of the dual-labeled A5B7 of 20.21 ± 2.70, 13.31 ± 0.73, and 10.64 ± 1.86%ID/g was observed in CEA-expressing SW1222 xenograft mouse model (n = 3) at 24, 48, and 72 h post intravenous injection, respectively. The xenografts were clearly visualized by both PET/CT and ex vivo fluorescence imaging. These encouraging results warrant the further translational development of 124I-Green for cancer PET imaging and fluorescence-guided surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Lu
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital
of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116020, People’s Republic
of China
- School
of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Truc Thuy Pham
- School
of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - Vineeth Rajkumar
- UCL
Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Zilin Yu
- School
of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
| | - R Barbara Pedley
- UCL
Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Årstad
- Institute
of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - John Maher
- School of
Cancer and Pharmaceutical Studies, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, Third Floor Bermondsey Wing, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
- Department
of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN21 2UD, United Kingdom
- Department
of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King’s
College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Ran Yan
- School
of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United
Kingdom
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14
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Lokerse WJM, Bolkestein M, Dalm SU, Eggermont AMM, de Jong M, Grüll H, Koning GA. Comparing the therapeutic potential of thermosensitive liposomes and hyperthermia in two distinct subtypes of breast cancer. J Control Release 2017; 258:34-42. [PMID: 28479096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Local drug delivery of Doxorubicin (Dox) with thermosensitive liposomes (TSL) and hyperthermia (HT) has shown preclinically to achieve high local drug concentrations with good therapeutic efficacy. Currently, this is clinically studied for treatment of chest wall recurrence of breast cancer, however with various outcomes. This study examines the potency of neoadjuvant TSL HT combination therapy in two orthotopic mouse models of human breast cancer, MDA-MB-231 and T-47D, which morphologically correlate to mesenchymal and epithelial phenotypes, respectively. Both cell lines showed improved in vitro chemosensitivity and Dox uptake at HT. Dox-loaded TSL (TSLDox) was stable in vitro in FBS, BALB/c-nu plasma and human plasma, although release of the drug at HT was incomplete for the latter two. Combination treatment with TSLDox and HT in vivo was significantly more effective against MDA-MB-231 tumors, whereas T-47D tumors showed no significant therapeutic response. Ex vivo investigation revealed a higher mean vessel density and poorly differentiated extracellular matrix (ECM) in MDA-MB-231 tumors relative to T-47D tumors. Although in vitro results of the TSLDox and HT treatment were favorable for both cell types, the therapeutic efficacy in vivo was remarkably different. The well-differentiated and slowly-growing T-47D tumors may provide a microenvironment that limits drug delivery to the target cell and therefore renders the therapy ineffective. Mesenchymal and invasive MDA-MB-231 tumors display higher vascularization and less mature ECM, significantly enhancing tumor response to TSLDox and HT treatment. These results yield insight into the efficacy of TSL treatment within different tumor microenvironments, and further advance our understanding of factors that contribute to heterogeneous therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J M Lokerse
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Bolkestein
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone U Dalm
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander M M Eggermont
- Cancer Institute Gustave-Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif/Paris-Sud 94800, France
| | - Marion de Jong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Grüll
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Gerben A Koning
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Heskamp S, Hernandez R, Molkenboer-Kuenen JDM, Essler M, Bruchertseifer F, Morgenstern A, Steenbergen EJ, Cai W, Seidl C, McBride WJ, Goldenberg DM, Boerman OC. α- Versus β-Emitting Radionuclides for Pretargeted Radioimmunotherapy of Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Expressing Human Colon Cancer Xenografts. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:926-933. [PMID: 28232604 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.187021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) with the β-emitting radionuclide 177Lu is an attractive approach to treat carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing tumors. The therapeutic efficacy of PRIT might be improved using α-emitting radionuclides such as 213Bi. Herein, we report and compare the tumor-targeting properties and therapeutic efficacy of 213Bi and 177Lu for PRIT of CEA-expressing xenografts, using the bispecific monoclonal antibody TF2 (anti-CEA × anti-histamine-succinyl-glycine [HSG]) and the di-HSG-DOTA peptide IMP288. Methods: The in vitro binding characteristics of 213Bi-IMP288 were compared with those of 177Lu-IMP288. Tumor targeting of 213Bi-IMP288 and 177Lu-IMP288 was studied in mice bearing subcutaneous LS174T tumors that were pretargeted with TF2. Finally, the effect of 213Bi-IMP288 (6, 12, or 17 MBq) and 177Lu-IMP288 (60 MBq) on tumor growth and survival was assessed. Toxicity was determined by monitoring body weight, analyzing blood samples for hematologic and renal toxicity (hemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets, creatinine), and immunohistochemical analysis of the kidneys. Results: The in vitro binding characteristics of 213Bi-IMP288 (dissociation constant, 0.45 ± 0.20 nM) to TF2-pretargeted LS174T cells were similar to those of 177Lu-IMP288 (dissociation constant, 0.53 ± 0.12 nM). In vivo accumulation of 213Bi-IMP288 in LS174T tumors was observed as early as 15 min after injection (9.2 ± 2.0 percentage injected dose [%ID]/g). 213Bi-IMP288 cleared rapidly from the circulation; at 30 min after injection, the blood levels were 0.44 ± 0.28 %ID/g. Uptake in normal tissues was low, except for the kidneys, where uptake was 1.8 ± 1.1 %ID/g at 30 min after injection. The biodistribution of 213Bi-IMP288 was comparable to that of 177Lu-IMP288. Mice treated with a single dose of 213Bi-IMP288 or 177Lu-IMP288 showed significant inhibition of tumor growth. Median survival for the groups treated with phosphate-buffered saline, 6 MBq 213Bi-IMP288, 12 MBq 213Bi-IMP288, and 60 MBq 177Lu-IMP288 was 22, 31, 45, and 42 d, respectively. Mice receiving 17 MBq 213Bi-IMP288 showed significant weight loss, resulting in a median survival of only 24 d. No changes in hemoglobin, platelets, or leukocytes were observed in the treatment groups. However, immunohistochemical analysis of the kidneys of mice treated with 17 or 12 MBq 213Bi-IMP288 showed signs of tubular damage, indicating nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that PRIT with TF2 and 213Bi-IMP288 is feasible and at least as effective as 177Lu-IMP288. However, at higher doses, kidney toxicity was observed. Future studies are warranted to determine the optimal dosing schedule to improve therapeutic efficacy while reducing renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Markus Essler
- Klinik und Poliklinik fur Nuklearmedizin, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre-Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre-Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Security, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik J Steenbergen
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Weibo Cai
- Medical Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christof Seidl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Gébleux R, Stringhini M, Casanova R, Soltermann A, Neri D. Non-internalizing antibody-drug conjugates display potent anti-cancer activity upon proteolytic release of monomethyl auristatin E in the subendothelial extracellular matrix. Int J Cancer 2016; 140:1670-1679. [PMID: 27943268 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a promising class of biopharmaceuticals with the potential to localize at the tumor site and improve the therapeutic index of cytotoxic drugs. While it is generally believed that ADCs need to be internalized into tumor cells in order to display optimal therapeutic activity, it has recently been shown that non-internalizing antibodies can efficiently liberate disulfide-linked drugs at the extracellular tumor site, leading to potent anti-cancer activity in preclinical animal models. Here, we show that engineered variants of the F16 antibody, specific to a splice isoform of tenascin-C, selectively localize to the subendothelial tumor extracellular matrix in three mouse models of human cancer (U87, A431, MDA-MB-231). A site-specific coupling of F16 in IgG format with a monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) derivative, featuring a valine-citrulline dipeptide linker equipped with a self-immolative spacer, yielded an ADC product, which cured tumor-bearing mice at a dose of 7 mg/Kg. The observation of an efficient extracellular proteolytic cleavage of the valine-citrulline linker was surprising, as it has generally been assumed that this peptidic structure would be selectively cleaved by cathepsin B in intracellular compartments. The products described in this article may be useful for the treatment of human malignancies, as their cognate antigen is strongly expressed in the majority of human solid tumors, lymphomas and aggressive leukemias, while being virtually undetectable in most normal adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Gébleux
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stringhini
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Casanova
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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17
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Ramasawmy R, Johnson SP, Roberts TA, Stuckey DJ, David AL, Pedley RB, Lythgoe MF, Siow B, Walker-Samuel S. Monitoring the Growth of an Orthotopic Tumour Xenograft Model: Multi-Modal Imaging Assessment with Benchtop MRI (1T), High-Field MRI (9.4T), Ultrasound and Bioluminescence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156162. [PMID: 27223614 PMCID: PMC4880291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research using orthotopic and transgenic models of cancer requires imaging methods to non-invasively quantify tumour burden. As the choice of appropriate imaging modality is wide-ranging, this study aimed to compare low-field (1T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a novel and relatively low-cost system, against established preclinical techniques: bioluminescence imaging (BLI), ultrasound imaging (US), and high-field (9.4T) MRI. METHODS A model of colorectal metastasis to the liver was established in eight mice, which were imaged with each modality over four weeks post-implantation. Tumour burden was assessed from manually segmented regions. RESULTS All four imaging systems provided sufficient contrast to detect tumours in all of the mice after two weeks. No significant difference was detected between tumour doubling times estimated by low-field MRI, ultrasound imaging or high-field MRI. A strong correlation was measured between high-field MRI estimates of tumour burden and all the other modalities (p < 0.001, Pearson). CONCLUSION These results suggest that both low-field MRI and ultrasound imaging are accurate modalities for characterising the growth of preclinical tumour models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Ramasawmy
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - S. Peter Johnson
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Roberts
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Stuckey
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna L. David
- UCL Institute for Women’s Health, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark F. Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Siow
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Johnson SP, Ramasawmy R, Campbell-Washburn AE, Wells JA, Robson M, Rajkumar V, Lythgoe MF, Pedley RB, Walker-Samuel S. Acute changes in liver tumour perfusion measured non-invasively with arterial spin labelling. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:897-904. [PMID: 27031853 PMCID: PMC4984798 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive measures of tumour vascular perfusion are desirable, in order to assess response to vascular targeting (or modifying) therapies. In this study, hepatic arterial spin labelling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was investigated to measure acute changes in perfusion of colorectal cancer in the liver, in response to vascular disruption therapy with OXi4503. METHODS SW1222 and LS174T tumours were established in the liver of MF1 nu/nu mice via intrasplenic injection. Perfusion and R2(*) MRI measurements were acquired with an Agilent 9.4T horizontal bore scanner, before and at 90 min after 40 mg kg(-1) OXi4503. RESULTS A significant decrease in SW1222 tumour perfusion was observed (-43±33%, P<0.005). LS174T tumours had a significantly lower baseline level of perfusion. Intrinsic susceptibility MRI showed a significant increase in R2(*) in LS174T tumours (28±25%, P<0.05). An association was found between the change in tumour perfusion and the proximity to large vessels, with pre-treatment blood flow predictive of subsequent response. Histological evaluation confirmed the onset of necrosis and evidence of heterogeneous response between tumour deposits. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic ASL-MRI can detect acute response to targeted tumour vascular disruption entirely non-invasively. Hepatic ASL of liver tumours has potential for use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peter Johnson
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Rajiv Ramasawmy
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Adrienne E Campbell-Washburn
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jack A Wells
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Mathew Robson
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Vineeth Rajkumar
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - R Barbara Pedley
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Simon Walker-Samuel
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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19
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Cheal SM, Xu H, Guo HF, Lee SG, Punzalan B, Chalasani S, Fung EK, Jungbluth A, Zanzonico PB, Carrasquillo JA, O'Donoghue J, Smith-Jones PM, Wittrup KD, Cheung NKV, Larson SM. Theranostic pretargeted radioimmunotherapy of colorectal cancer xenografts in mice using picomolar affinity ⁸⁶Y- or ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTA-Bn binding scFv C825/GPA33 IgG bispecific immunoconjugates. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:925-937. [PMID: 26596724 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE GPA33 is a colorectal cancer (CRC) antigen with unique retention properties after huA33-mediated tumor targeting. We tested a pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) approach for CRC using a tetravalent bispecific antibody with dual specificity for GPA33 tumor antigen and DOTA-Bn-(radiolanthanide metal) complex. METHODS PRIT was optimized in vivo by titrating sequential intravenous doses of huA33-C825, the dextran-based clearing agent, and the C825 haptens (177)Lu-or (86)Y-DOTA-Bn in mice bearing the SW1222 subcutaneous (s.c.) CRC xenograft model. RESULTS Using optimized PRIT, therapeutic indices (TIs) for tumor radiation-absorbed dose of 73 (tumor/blood) and 12 (tumor/kidney) were achieved. Estimated absorbed doses (cGy/MBq) to tumor, blood, liver, spleen, and kidney for single-cycle PRIT were 65.8, 0.9 (TI 73), 6.3 (TI 10), 6.6 (TI 10), and 5.3 (TI 12), respectively. Two cycles of PRIT (66.6 or 111 MBq (177)Lu-DOTA-Bn) were safe and effective, with a complete response of established s.c. tumors (100 - 700 mm(3)) in nine of nine mice, with two mice alive without recurrence at >140 days. Tumor log kill in this model was estimated to be 2.1 - 3.0 based on time to 500-mm(3) tumor recurrence. In addition, PRIT dosimetry/diagnosis was performed by PET imaging of the positron-emitting DOTA hapten (86)Y-DOTA-Bn. CONCLUSION We have developed anti-GPA33 PRIT as a triple-step theranostic strategy for preclinical detection, dosimetry, and safe targeted radiotherapy of established human colorectal mouse xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Cheal
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E. 68th Street, Z-2064, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hong-Fen Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sang-Gyu Lee
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E. 68th Street, Z-2064, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Blesida Punzalan
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E. 68th Street, Z-2064, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sandhya Chalasani
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward K Fung
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E. 68th Street, Z-2064, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Achim Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pat B Zanzonico
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge A Carrasquillo
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph O'Donoghue
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter M Smith-Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E. 68th Street, Z-2064, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven M Larson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 415 E. 68th Street, Z-2064, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Eetezadi S, Ekdawi SN, Allen C. The challenges facing block copolymer micelles for cancer therapy: In vivo barriers and clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 91:7-22. [PMID: 25308250 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of block copolymer micelles (BCMs) in oncology has benefitted from advances in polymer chemistry, drug formulation and delivery as well as in vitro and in vivo biological models. While great strides have been made in each of these individual areas, there remains some disappointment overall, citing, in particular, the absence of more BCM formulations in clinical evaluation and practice. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the challenges presented by in vivo systems to the effective design and development of BCMs. In particular, the barriers posed by systemic administration and tumor properties are examined. The impact of critical features, such as the size, stability and functionalization of BCMs is discussed, while key pre-clinical endpoints and models are critiqued. Given clinical considerations, we present this work as a means to stimulate a renewed focus on the unique chemical versatility bestowed by BCMs and a measured grasp of representative in vitro and in vivo models.
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21
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Vassileva V, Rajkumar V, Mazzantini M, Robson M, Badar A, Sharma S, Årstad E, Hochhauser D, Lythgoe MF, Kinghorn J, Boxer GM, Pedley RB. Significant Therapeutic Efficacy with Combined Radioimmunotherapy and Cetuximab in Preclinical Models of Colorectal Cancer. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:1239-45. [PMID: 26045312 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.157362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Despite extensive efforts to improve the clinical management of patients with colorectal cancer, approved treatments for advanced disease offer limited survival benefit. Therefore, the identification of novel treatment strategies is essential. We evaluated the preclinical efficacy of combination radioimmunotherapy, using a humanized (131)I-labeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody ((131)I-huA5B7), with cetuximab in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Three human CRC cell lines--SW1222, LoVo, and LS174T--were used to generate subcutaneous xenografts, and stably luciferase-transfected SW1222 cells were used to establish a model of hepatic metastases in immunocompromised mice. Imaging and biodistribution studies were conducted to confirm the selective tumor localization of (131)I-huA5B7. Efficacy was evaluated on the basis of tumor growth delay and survival, along with markers of DNA damage response, cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis. RESULTS Selective tumor targeting was achieved with (131)I-huA5B7 alone or in combination with cetuximab without observable toxicity. Compared with monotherapy, combining cetuximab with radioimmunotherapy significantly and synergistically reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival of mice in 2 of the subcutaneous and in the metastatic tumor model. Evidence of DNA damage, G2/M arrest, significantly decreased proliferation, and increased apoptosis were observed with radioimmunotherapy and the combination therapy. However, a significant decrease in DNA-protein kinase expression with the combination regimen suggests that the addition of cetuximab suppressed DNA repair. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate enhanced therapeutic efficacy with the combination of cetuximab and radioimmunotherapy in CRC, which could potentially translate into successful clinical outcomes. This strategy could improve the treatment of residual disease postoperatively and ultimately prevent or delay recurrence. Furthermore, other carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing malignancies could also benefit from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vessela Vassileva
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United
| | - Vineeth Rajkumar
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United
| | - Mario Mazzantini
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United
| | - Mathew Robson
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United
| | - Adam Badar
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Surinder Sharma
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United
| | - Erik Årstad
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Hochhauser
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (CABI), Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jane Kinghorn
- Translational Research Office, University College London
| | - Geoffrey M Boxer
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United
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22
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Rajkumar V, Goh V, Siddique M, Robson M, Boxer G, Pedley RB, Cook GJR. Texture analysis of (125)I-A5B7 anti-CEA antibody SPECT differentiates metastatic colorectal cancer model phenotypes and anti-vascular therapy response. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1882-7. [PMID: 25989271 PMCID: PMC4580400 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to test the ability of texture analysis to differentiate the spatial heterogeneity of (125)I-A5B7 anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody distribution by nano-single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in well-differentiated (SW1222) and poorly differentiated (LS174T) hepatic metastatic colorectal cancer models before and after combretastatin A1 di-phosphate anti-vascular therapy. METHODS Nano-SPECT imaging was performed following tail vein injection of 20 MBq (125)I-A5B7 in control CD1 nude mice (LS174T, n=3 and SW1222, n=4), and CA1P-treated mice (LS174T, n=3; SW1222, n=4) with liver metastases. Grey-level co-occurrence matrix textural features (uniformity, homogeneity, entropy and contrast) were calculated in up to three liver metastases in 14 mice from control and treatment groups. RESULTS Before treatment, the LS174T metastases (n=7) were more heterogeneous than SW1222 metastases (n=12) (uniformity, P=0.028; homogeneity, P=0.01; contrast, P=0.045). Following CA1P, LS174T metastases (n=8) showed less heterogeneity than untreated LS174T controls (uniformity, P=0.021; entropy, P=0.006). Combretastatin A1 di-phosphate-treated SW1222 metastases (n=11) showed no difference in texture features compared with controls (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Supporting the potential for novel imaging biomarkers, texture analysis of (125)I-A5B7 SPECT shows differences in spatial heterogeneity of antibody distribution between well-differentiated (SW1222) and poorly differentiated (LS174T) liver metastases before treatment. Following anti-vascular treatment, LS174T metastases, but not SW1222 metastases, were less heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rajkumar
- UCL Cancer Institute, University
College London, 72 Huntley St, London
WC1E 6BT
UK
| | - V Goh
- Division of Imaging Sciences and
Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, St Thomas'
Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - M Siddique
- Division of Imaging Sciences and
Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, St Thomas'
Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London
SE1 7EH, UK
| | - M Robson
- UCL Cancer Institute, University
College London, 72 Huntley St, London
WC1E 6BT
UK
| | - G Boxer
- UCL Cancer Institute, University
College London, 72 Huntley St, London
WC1E 6BT
UK
| | - R B Pedley
- UCL Cancer Institute, University
College London, 72 Huntley St, London
WC1E 6BT
UK
| | - G J R Cook
- Division of Imaging Sciences and
Biomedical Engineering, Kings College London, St Thomas'
Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London
SE1 7EH, UK
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23
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Ekdawi SN, Stewart JM, Dunne M, Stapleton S, Mitsakakis N, Dou YN, Jaffray DA, Allen C. Spatial and temporal mapping of heterogeneity in liposome uptake and microvascular distribution in an orthotopic tumor xenograft model. J Control Release 2015; 207:101-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Oliveira de Oliveira LB, Faccin Bampi V, Ferreira Gomes C, Braga da Silva JL, Encarnação Fiala Rechsteiner SM. Morphological characterization of sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis by SEM in oral squamous cell carcinoma. SCANNING 2014; 36:293-300. [PMID: 23801220 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The word angiogenesis indicates the formation of new vascular segments from existing vessels such as capillaries and venules. Blood vessel formation in tumors is the result of rapid, disorganized vascular growth through two distinct mechanisms: sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis. The objective of this study was to elucidate the morphological aspects of these two vascular growth mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma induced in hamster buccal pouch. Eight Syrian golden hamsters had their right buccal pouch treated with DMBA 0.5% and 10% carbamide peroxide for 90 days in order to produce squamous cell carcinoma in this site. Next, buccal pouches of the animals were submitted to the vascular corrosion technique and then analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The vascular figures of sprouts were observed in the entire vascular network of the buccal pouches, as opposed to the intussusceptive angiogenesis that was predominantly observed in the sub-epithelial network. It was possible to differentiate the figures of sprouts from artifacts by the analysis of the blind ending of these structures. Intussusceptive angiogenesis was identified by the presence of holes trespassing the lumen of the capillaries. Vascular expansion occurred through intussusceptive angiogenesis in two ways: by the fusion of the pillars to form a new capillary and, by increasing the girth of the pillar to form meshes. The method of corrosion associated with scanning electron microscopy proved to be an excellent tool to study the two types of angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma in the hamster buccal pouch.
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25
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Browning RJ, Rajkumar V, Pedley RB, Eckersley RJ, Blower PJ. Prospects for enhancement of targeted radionuclide therapy of cancer using ultrasound. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:279-84. [PMID: 24347456 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery is a promising means of enhancing delivery, distribution and effectiveness of drugs within tumours. In this review, prospects for exploiting ultrasound to improve the tumour delivery and distribution of radiolabelled antibodies for radioimmunotherapy and to overcome barriers imposed by tumour microenvironment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Browning
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, London, SE1 9EH, UK
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26
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Panagiotaki E, Walker-Samuel S, Siow B, Johnson SP, Rajkumar V, Pedley RB, Lythgoe MF, Alexander DC. Noninvasive quantification of solid tumor microstructure using VERDICT MRI. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1902-12. [PMID: 24491802 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for biomarkers that are useful for noninvasive imaging of tumor pathophysiology and drug efficacy. Through its use of endogenous water, diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI) can be used to probe local tissue architecture and structure. However, most DW-MRI studies of cancer tissues have relied on simplistic mathematical models, such as apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) or intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) models, which produce equivocal results on the relation of the model parameter estimate with the underlying tissue microstructure. Here, we present a novel technique called VERDICT (Vascular, Extracellular and Restricted Diffusion for Cytometry in Tumors) to quantify and map histologic features of tumors in vivo. VERDICT couples DW-MRI to a mathematical model of tumor tissue to access features such as cell size, vascular volume fraction, intra- and extracellular volume fractions, and pseudo-diffusivity associated with blood flow. To illustrate VERDICT, we used two tumor xenograft models of colorectal cancer with different cellular and vascular phenotypes. Our experiments visualized known differences in the tissue microstructure of each model and the significant decrease in cell volume resulting from administration of the cytotoxic drug gemcitabine, reflecting the apoptotic volume decrease. In contrast, the standard ADC and IVIM models failed to detect either of these differences. Our results illustrate the superior features of VERDICT for cancer imaging, establishing it as a noninvasive method to monitor and stratify treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eletheria Panagiotaki
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Image Computing; Division of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging; UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Sneddon D, Poulsen SA. Agents described in the Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database for imaging carbonic anhydrase IX expression. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 29:753-63. [PMID: 24506208 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2013.848205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is selectively expressed in a range of hypoxic tumours and is a validated endogenous hypoxia marker with prognostic significance; hence, CA IX is of great interest as a molecular imaging target in oncology. In this review, we present an overview of the different imaging agents and imaging modalities that have been applied for the in vivo detection of CA IX. The imaging agents reviewed are all entries in the Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) and comprise antibody, antibody fragments and small molecule imaging agents. The effectiveness of these agents for imaging CA IX in vivo gave variable performance; however, a number of agents proved very capable. As molecular imaging has become indispensable in current medical practice we anticipate that the clinical significance of CA IX will see continued development and improvements in imaging agents for targeting this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Sneddon
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia
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28
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Walker-Samuel S, Ramasawmy R, Torrealdea F, Rega M, Rajkumar V, Johnson SP, Richardson S, Gonçalves M, Parkes HG, Arstad E, Thomas DL, Pedley RB, Lythgoe MF, Golay X. In vivo imaging of glucose uptake and metabolism in tumors. Nat Med 2013; 19:1067-72. [PMID: 23832090 PMCID: PMC5275770 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumors have a greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy production than normal tissues. We developed a noninvasive method for imaging glucose uptake in vivo that is based on magnetic resonance imaging and allows the uptake of unlabeled glucose to be measured through the chemical exchange of protons between hydroxyl groups and water. This method differs from existing molecular imaging methods because it permits detection of the delivery and uptake of a metabolically active compound in physiological quantities. We show that our technique, named glucose chemical exchange saturation transfer (glucoCEST), is sensitive to tumor glucose accumulation in colorectal tumor models and can distinguish tumor types with differing metabolic characteristics and pathophysiologies. The results of this study suggest that glucoCEST has potential as a useful and cost-effective method for characterizing disease and assessing response to therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Walker-Samuel
- University College London Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine and Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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29
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Örbom A, Eriksson SE, Elgström E, Ohlsson T, Nilsson R, Tennvall J, Strand SE. The Intratumoral Distribution of Radiolabeled 177Lu-BR96 Monoclonal Antibodies Changes in Relation to Tumor Histology over Time in a Syngeneic Rat Colon Carcinoma Model. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1404-10. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.117028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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30
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Yan R, Sander K, Galante E, Rajkumar V, Badar A, Robson M, El-Emir E, Lythgoe MF, Pedley RB, Årstad E. A one-pot three-component radiochemical reaction for rapid assembly of 125I-labeled molecular probes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:703-9. [PMID: 23194416 DOI: 10.1021/ja307926g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear imaging in conjunction with radioactive tracers enables noninvasive measurements of biochemical events in vivo. However, access to tracers remains limited due to the lack of methods for rapid assembly of radiolabeled molecules with the prerequisite biological activity. Herein, we report a one-pot, three-component, copper(II)-mediated reaction of azides, alkynes, and [(125)I]iodide to yield 5-[(125)I]iodo-1,2,3-triazoles. Using a selection of azides and alkynes in a combinatorial approach, we have synthesized a library of structurally diverse (125)I-labeled triazoles functionalized with bioconjugation groups, fluorescent dyes, and biomolecules. Our preliminary biological evaluation suggests that 5-[(125)I]iodo-1,2,3-triazoles are resistant to deiodination in vivo, both as small molecular probes and as antibody conjugates. The ability to incorporate radioactive iodide into triazoles directly from the parent azides and alkynes makes the method broadly applicable and offers the potential to rapidly assemble molecular probes from an array of structurally diverse, and readily available, building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yan
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Department of Chemistry, University College London, 235 Euston Road (T-5), London NW1 2BU, UK
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Burrell JS, Bradley RS, Walker-Samuel S, Jamin Y, Baker LCJ, Boult JKR, Withers PJ, Halliday J, Waterton JC, Robinson SP. MRI measurements of vessel calibre in tumour xenografts: comparison with vascular corrosion casting. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:323-9. [PMID: 22921880 PMCID: PMC3657196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vessel size index (Rv, μm) has been proposed as a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived imaging biomarker in oncology, for the non-invasive assessment of tumour blood vessel architecture and vascular targeted therapies. Appropriate pre-clinical evaluation of Rv in animal tumour models will improve the interpretation and guide the introduction of the biomarker into clinical studies. The objective of this study was to compare Rv measured in vivo with vessel size measurements from high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (μCT) of vascular corrosion casts measured post mortem from the same tumours, with and without vascular targeted therapy. MRI measurements were first acquired from subcutaneous SW1222 colorectal xenografts in mice following treatment with 0 (n = 6), 30 (n = 6) or 200 mg/kg (n = 3) of the vascular disrupting agent ZD6126. The mice were then immediately infused with a low viscosity resin and, following polymerisation and maceration of surrounding tissues, the resulting tumour vascular casts were dissected and subsequently imaged using an optimised μCT imaging approach. Vessel diameters were not measurable by μCT in the 200 mg/kg group as the high dose of ZD6126 precluded delivery of the resin to the tumour vascular bed. The mean Rv for the three treatment groups was 24, 23 and 23.5 μm respectively; the corresponding μCT measurements from corrosion casts from the 0 and 30 mg/kg cohorts were 25 and 28 μm. The strong association between the in vivo MRI and post mortem μCT values supports the use of Rv as an imaging biomarker in clinical trials of investigational vascular targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S Burrell
- CR-UK & EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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A comparative study of PDGFR inhibition with imatinib on radiolabeled antibody targeting and clearance in two pathologically distinct models of colon adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:2019-29. [PMID: 22833213 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of radioimmunotherapy to selectively kill tumour cells is well established. However, optimisation is required with regards to increasing tumour localisation of antibodies. We used the PDGF-receptor inhibitor imatinib mesylate to improve tumour-specific antibody localisation in two models of colorectal adenocarcinoma and correlated antibody localisation with changes to tumour microvasculature. Mice bearing human colorectal xenografts (LS174T or SW1222) were treated with imatinib prior to administration of radiolabeled anti-CEA antibodies ((125)I-A5B7). Whole tumour and regional localisation of radiolabeled antibodies were measured. Microvessel density and pericyte coverage were quantified in whole tumours and correlated with (125)I-A5B7 localisation. Imatinib increased uptake of (125)I-A5B7 in LS174T but not SW1222 tumours after 48 h (p < 0.05). Imatinib reduced microvessel density in both models (p < 0.05) but reduced pericyte attachment to endothelial cells only in SW1222 xenografts (p < 0.05). Imatinib increases antibody distribution in LS174T tumours but not SW1222 tumours, and this correlated to changes in tumour microvessels. Accelerated clearance of radiolabeled antibody from normal tissues in both models resulted in enhanced tumour to normal tissue ratios. This improvement in tumour/normal tissue ratio has potential clinical benefit from a therapy and imaging perspective, and merits further investigation.
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Laufer J, Johnson P, Zhang E, Treeby B, Cox B, Pedley B, Beard P. In vivo preclinical photoacoustic imaging of tumor vasculature development and therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2012; 17:056016. [PMID: 22612139 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.17.5.056016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of a novel all-optical photoacoustic scanner for imaging the development of tumor vasculature and its response to a therapeutic vascular disrupting agent is described. The scanner employs a Fabry-Perot polymer film ultrasound sensor for mapping the photoacoustic waves and an image reconstruction algorithm based upon attenuation-compensated acoustic time reversal. The system was used to noninvasively image human colorectal tumor xenografts implanted subcutaneously in mice. Label-free three-dimensional in vivo images of whole tumors to depths of almost 10 mm with sub-100-micron spatial resolution were acquired in a longitudinal manner. This enabled the development of tumor-related vascular features, such as vessel tortuosity, feeding vessel recruitment, and necrosis to be visualized over time. The system was also used to study the temporal evolution of the response of the tumor vasculature following the administration of a therapeutic vascular disrupting agent (OXi4503). This revealed the well-known destruction and recovery phases associated with this agent. These studies illustrate the broader potential of this technology as an imaging tool for the preclinical and clinical study of tumors and other pathologies characterized by changes in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Laufer
- University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Yang J, Staples O, Thomas LW, Briston T, Robson M, Poon E, Simões ML, El-Emir E, Buffa FM, Ahmed A, Annear NP, Shukla D, Pedley BR, Maxwell PH, Harris AL, Ashcroft M. Human CHCHD4 mitochondrial proteins regulate cellular oxygen consumption rate and metabolism and provide a critical role in hypoxia signaling and tumor progression. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:600-11. [PMID: 22214851 PMCID: PMC3266784 DOI: 10.1172/jci58780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the regulatory subunit of HIFs (HIF-1α or HIF-2α) is associated with metabolic adaptation, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. Understanding how HIFs are regulated is of intense interest. Intriguingly, the molecular mechanisms that link mitochondrial function with the HIF-regulated response to hypoxia remain to be unraveled. Here we describe what we believe to be novel functions of the human gene CHCHD4 in this context. We found that CHCHD4 encodes 2 alternatively spliced, differentially expressed isoforms (CHCHD4.1 and CHCHD4.2). CHCHD4.1 is identical to MIA40, the homolog of yeast Mia40, a key component of the mitochondrial disulfide relay system that regulates electron transfer to cytochrome c. Further analysis revealed that CHCHD4 proteins contain an evolutionarily conserved coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix (CHCH) domain important for mitochondrial localization. Modulation of CHCHD4 protein expression in tumor cells regulated cellular oxygen consumption rate and metabolism. Targeting CHCHD4 expression blocked HIF-1α induction and function in hypoxia and resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Overexpression of CHCHD4 proteins in tumor cells enhanced HIF-1α protein stabilization in hypoxic conditions, an effect insensitive to antioxidant treatment. In human cancers, increased CHCHD4 expression was found to correlate with the hypoxia gene expression signature, increasing tumor grade, and reduced patient survival. Thus, our study identifies a mitochondrial mechanism that is critical for regulating the hypoxic response in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Staples
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luke W. Thomas
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Briston
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Robson
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evon Poon
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria L. Simões
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ethaar El-Emir
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M. Buffa
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Afshan Ahmed
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas P. Annear
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepa Shukla
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara R. Pedley
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick H. Maxwell
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Ashcroft
- Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom.
Tumour Biology Section, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Division of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Marcucci F, Corti A. How to improve exposure of tumor cells to drugs: promoter drugs increase tumor uptake and penetration of effector drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:53-68. [PMID: 21983328 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by an abnormal architecture and composition that limit the uptake and distribution of antitumor drugs. Over the last two decades, drugs have been identified that improve the tumor uptake and distribution of drugs that have direct antitumor effects. We propose to refer to these drugs as promoter drugs, and as effector drugs to drugs that have direct antitumor effects. Some promoter drugs have received regulatory approval, while others are in active clinical development. This review gives an overview of promoter drugs, by classifying them according to their mechanism of action: promoter drugs that modulate tumor blood flow, modify the barrier function of tumor vessels, induce tumor cell killing, and overcome stromal barriers. Eventually, we discuss those that we feel are the main conclusions to be drawn from promoter drug research that has been performed so far, and suggest areas of future investigation to improve the efficacy of promoter drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Marcucci
- Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia, Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute (CNESPS), Istituto Superiore di Sanita' (ISS), Rome, Italy.
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Rhoden JJ, Wittrup KD. Dose dependence of intratumoral perivascular distribution of monoclonal antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:860-7. [PMID: 22057714 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intravenously delivered antibodies have been previously found to distribute in a perivascular fashion in a variety of tumor types and despite targeting a range of different antigens. Properties of both the antibody and the targeted antigen, such as the administered dose, binding affinity, and antigen metabolic half-life, are predicted to influence the observed perivascular distribution. Here, the effect of antibody dose on the perivascular distribution is determined using an unbiased image analysis approach to quantify the microscopic distribution of the antibody around thousands of blood vessels per tumor. This method allows the quantitative determination of the localization of blood vessels, extravasated antibody, and tumor antigen following the administration of antibody doses covering two orders of magnitude in the dose range commonly utilized in preclinical studies. A mathematical model of antibody extravasation, diffusion, binding, and endocytosis in a Krogh cylinder geometry with parameters directly measured or taken from the literature is quantitatively consistent with the experimentally determined profiles. A previously reported scaling analysis is employed to extend these results to any tumor model in which the antigen density and turnover rate are known, allowing facile quantitative prediction of the minimum antibody dose required for complete tumor saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Rhoden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Liu SK, Bham SAS, Fokas E, Beech J, Im J, Cho S, Harris AL, Muschel RJ. Delta-like ligand 4-notch blockade and tumor radiation response. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103:1778-98. [PMID: 22010178 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microenvironment plays an important role in regulating tumor response to radiotherapy. Ionizing radiation can disrupt tumor vasculature, and Notch pathway inhibition can interfere with functional angiogenesis. We explored the potential cooperativity between Notch inhibition and ionizing radiation in delaying tumor growth. METHODS Human colorectal carcinoma LS174T cells, which express the Notch ligand delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4), and human head and neck cancer FaDu cells, which do not, were grown as subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice. The mice were treated with dibenzazepine (DBZ), a γ-secretase inhibitor that blocks all Notch signaling, or a DLL4-specific blocking monoclonal antibody, alone or in combination with ionizing radiation (n = 5-10 mice per group), and response was assessed by tumor growth delay. Microbubble contrast Doppler ultrasound was used to measure tumor blood flow. Tumor Notch activity was monitored by in vivo bioluminescence from a Notch luciferase reporter. Vessel density was assessed using Chalkley vessel counting. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS In LS174T xenografts, the average time for tumor volumes to reach four times the starting volume was longer for mice treated with the DLL4 monoclonal antibody than for mice treated with DBZ (16.4 vs 9.5 days, difference = 6.9 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.7 to 10.1 days, P < .001). Both Notch inhibitors suppressed tumor Notch activity within 24 hours of administration compared with vehicle (change in luciferase activity, vehicle vs DBZ: 103% vs 28%, difference = 75%, 95% CI = 39% to 109%, P = .002; vehicle vs DLL4 antibody: 172% vs 26%, difference = 146%, 95% CI = 86% to 205%, P < .001). Administration of the DLL4 antibody or DBZ after ionizing radiation resulted in a supra-additive growth delay compared with vehicle (vehicle vs DLL4 antibody + ionizing radiation: 6.8 vs 44.3 days, difference = 37.5 days, 95% CI = 32 to 43 days, P < .001; vehicle vs DBZ + ionizing radiation: 7.1 vs 24.4 days, difference = 17.3 days, 95% CI = 15.9 to 18.6 days, P < .001). Treatment of mice with the DLL4 antibody alone or in combination with ionizing radiation increased tumor vessel density but reduced tumor blood flow. Combination therapy with DLL4 antibody and ionizing radiation resulted in extensive tumor necrosis in LS174T xenografts and enhanced tumor growth delay in FaDu xenografts. CONCLUSION The combination of specific DLL4-Notch blockade and ionizing radiation impairs tumor growth by promoting nonfunctional tumor angiogenesis and extensive tumor necrosis, independent of tumor DLL4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley K Liu
- DPhil, Molecular Oncology Unit, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Yan R, El-Emir E, Rajkumar V, Robson M, Jathoul AP, Pedley RB, Årstad E. One-Pot Synthesis of an 125I-Labeled Trifunctional Reagent for Multiscale Imaging with Optical and Nuclear Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6793-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yan R, El-Emir E, Rajkumar V, Robson M, Jathoul AP, Pedley RB, Årstad E. One-Pot Synthesis of an 125I-Labeled Trifunctional Reagent for Multiscale Imaging with Optical and Nuclear Techniques. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Research Spotlight - Radioimmunotherapy: optimizing delivery to solid tumors. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:567-72. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a cancer treatment that exploits the specific targeting capability of monoclonal antibodies to deliver cytotoxic radionuclides to antigen-expressing tumor cells or stromal targets. While this has been extremely successful in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, RIT of solid tumors has produced less prolonged effects. In our laboratory, we have developed a bench-to-bedside translational pipeline with the aim of optimizing RIT for solid tumors. We will show how preclinical models of colorectal adenocarcinoma were initially used to study reciprocal interactions between elements of the tumor microenvironment and RIT and to test novel therapeutic strategies. These studies were then used to facilitate the design of novel trials carried out in close collaboration with our clinical colleagues.
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Burrell JS, Walker-Samuel S, Baker LCJ, Boult JKR, Ryan AJ, Waterton JC, Halliday J, Robinson SP. Investigating temporal fluctuations in tumor vasculature with combined carbogen and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particle (CUSPIO) imaging. Magn Reson Med 2011; 66:227-34. [PMID: 21305600 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A combined carbogen ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) imaging protocol was developed and applied in vivo in two murine colorectal tumor xenograft models, HCT116 and SW1222, with established disparate vascular morphology, to investigate whether additional information could be extracted from the combination of two susceptibility MRI biomarkers. Tumors were imaged before and during carbogen breathing and subsequently following intravenous administration of USPIO particles. A novel segmentation method was applied to the image data, from which six categories of R(2)* response were identified, and compared with histological analysis of the vasculature. In particular, a strong association between a negative ΔR(2)*(carbogen) followed by positive ΔR(2)*(USPIO) with the uptake of the perfusion marker Hoechst 33342 was determined. Regions of tumor tissue where there was a significant ΔR(2)*(carbogen) but no significant ΔR(2)*(USPIO) were also identified, suggesting these regions became temporally isolated from the vascular supply during the experimental timecourse. These areas correlated with regions of tumor tissue where there was CD31 staining but no Hoechst 33342 uptake. Significantly, different combined carbogen USPIO responses were determined between the two tumor models. Combining ΔR(2)*(carbogen) and ΔR(2)*(USPIO) with a novel segmentation scheme can facilitate the interpretation of susceptibility contrast MRI data and enable a deeper interrogation of tumor vascular function and architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S Burrell
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Williams LJ, Akerman S, Kanthou C, Tozer GM. An automatic algorithm for the segmentation and morphological analysis of microvessels in immunostained histological tumour sections. J Microsc 2010; 242:262-78. [PMID: 21118252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2010.03464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A fully automatic segmentation and morphological analysis algorithm for the analysis of microvessels from CD31 immunostained histological tumour sections is presented. Development of the algorithm exploited the distinctive hues of stained vascular endothelial cells, cell nuclei and background, to provide the seeds for a 'region-growing' method for object segmentation in the 3D hue, saturation, value (HSV) colour model. The segmented objects, identified as microvessels by CD31 immunostaining, were post-processed with three morphological tasks: joining separate objects that were likely to belong to a single vessel, closing objects that had a narrow gap around their periphery, and splitting objects with multiple lumina into individual vessels. The automatic segmentation was validated against a hand-segmented set of 44 images from three different SW1222 human colorectal carcinomas xenografted into mice. 96.3 ± 0.9% of pixels were found to be correctly classified. Automated segmentation was carried out on a further 53 images from three histologically distinct mouse fibrosarcomas (MFs) for morphological comparison with the SW1222 tumours. Four morphometric measurements were calculated for each segmented vessel: vascular area (VA), ratio of lumen area to vascular area (lu/VA), eccentricity (e), and roundness (ro). In addition, the total vascular area relative to tumour tissue area (rVA) was calculated. lu/VA, e and ro were found to be significantly smaller in MF tumours than in SW1222 tumours (p < 0.05; unpaired t-test). The algorithm is available through the website http://www.caiman.org.uk where images can be uploaded, processed and sent back to users. The output from CAIMAN consists of the original image with boundaries of segmented vessels overlaid, the calculated parameters and a Matlab file, which contains the segmentation that the user can use to derive further results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Reyes-Aldasoro
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Tumour Microcirculation Group, The University of Sheffield, School of Medicine, U.K
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Folarin AA, Konerding MA, Timonen J, Nagl S, Pedley RB. Three-dimensional analysis of tumour vascular corrosion casts using stereoimaging and micro-computed tomography. Microvasc Res 2010; 80:89-98. [PMID: 20303995 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to perform effective translational research for cancer therapy, we need to employ pre-clinical models which reflect the clinical situation. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively compare the vascular architecture of human colorectal cancer and experimental tumour models to determine the suitability of animal models for vascular studies and antivascular therapy. METHODS In this study we investigated the three-dimensional properties of colonic tumour vasculature in both human clinical tissues (normal mucosa control [n=20], carcinoma [n=20] and adenoma [n=6]) and murine colorectal xenografts (LS147T [n=6] and SW1222 [n=6]). Scanning Electron Microscope Stereoimaging (SEM) and X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) methods were employed for 3D analyses of the vascular corrosion casts from these tissues. RESULTS Morphological measurements showed that there were significant differences in the underlying morphology in the different tissues. Of the studied xenografts, LS147T is more consistently similar to the vascular architecture of the human carcinoma than SW1222. The only reversal of this is for the inter-vessel distance. CONCLUSION While SEM stereoimaging provided better surface detailed resolution of the corrosion casts, it was complimented by the fully 3D micro-CT method. Comparison made between the xenografts and clinical tumours showed that the LS147T xenografts shared many similarities with the clinical tumour vasculature. This study provides insight into how to select the most suitable pre-clinical models for translational studies of clinical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Folarin
- Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK.
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Kosaka N, Ogawa M, Paik DS, Paik CH, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Semiquantitative assessment of the microdistribution of fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibody in small peritoneal disseminations of ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:820-5. [PMID: 19961490 PMCID: PMC2848296 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniform antibody microdistribution throughout tumor nodules is crucial for antibody-targeted therapy, because non-uniform microdistribution leads to suboptimal therapeutic effect, a commonly observed limitation of therapeutic antibodies. Herein, we evaluated the microdistribution of different doses of intraperitoneally injected fluorescence-labeled full-antibody trastuzumab (15, 50, and 150 microg) and its Fab fragment (trastuzumab-Fab: 15 and 50 microg) in a mouse model of ovarian cancer with peritoneal disseminated tumor. A semiquantitative approach (central/peripheral accumulation ratio; C/P ratio) was developed using in situ fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, we compared the microdistribution of intact trastuzumab with a mixed injection of trastuzumab and trastuzumab-Fab or serial injections of trastuzumab using in situ multicolor fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescence images after the administration of 15 or 50 microg trastuzumab and 15 microg trastuzumab-Fab demonstrated antibody accumulation in the tumor periphery, whereas administration of 150 microg trastuzumab and 50 microg trastuzumab-Fab showed relatively uniform accumulation throughout the tumor nodule. Using serial injections (19-h interval) of trastuzumab-rhodamine green and carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), it was observed that the latterly injected trastuzumab-TAMRA was distributed more centrally than trastuzumab-rhodamine green injected first, whereas no difference was observed in the control mixed-injection group. Moreover, the mixed injection of trastuzumab and trastuzumab-Fab showed that trastuzumab-Fab distributed more centrally than the same amount of co-injected trastuzumab. Our results suggest that the strategies of increasing dose and using Fab fragments can be used to achieve a uniform antibody distribution within peritoneal disseminated nodules after intraperitoneal injection. Furthermore, serial-injection and mixed-injection strategies can modify antibody microdistribution within tumors and have the potential for preferential delivery of anticancer drugs to either the tumor periphery or its center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kosaka
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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The effects of vandetanib on paclitaxel tumor distribution and antitumor activity in a xenograft model of human ovarian carcinoma. Neoplasia 2010; 11:1155-64. [PMID: 19881951 DOI: 10.1593/neo.09866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of vandetanib, a small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor, on paclitaxel (PTX) tumor distribution and antitumor activity in xenograft models of human ovarian carcinoma. Nude mice bearing A2780-1A9 xenografts received daily (5, 10, or 15 days) doses of vandetanib (50 mg/kg per os), combined with PTX (20 mg/kg intravenously). Morphologic and functional modifications associated with the tumor vasculature (CD31 and alpha-smooth muscle actin staining and Hoechst 33342 perfusion) and PTX concentrations in plasma and tumor tissues were analyzed. Activity was evaluated as inhibition of tumor growth subcutaneously and spreading into the peritoneal cavity. Vandetanib treatment produced no significant change in tumor vessel density, although a reduced number of large vessels, an increased percentage of mature vessels, and diminished tumor perfusion were evident. Pretreatment with vandetanib led to decreased tumor PTX levels within 1 hour of PTX injection, although 24 hours later, tumor PTX levels were comparable with controls. In efficacy studies, the combination of vandetanib plus PTX improved antitumor activity compared with vandetanib or PTX alone, with greater effects being obtained when PTX was administered before vandetanib. The combination of PTX plus vandetanib reduced tumor burden in the peritoneal cavity of mice and significantly increased their survival. Analysis of vascular changes and PTX tumor uptake in vandetanib-treated tumors may help to guide the scheduling of vandetanib plus PTX combinations and may have implications for the design of clinical trials with these drugs.
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Williamson MJ, Silva MD, Terkelsen J, Robertson R, Yu L, Xia C, Hatsis P, Bannerman B, Babcock T, Cao Y, Kupperman E. The relationship among tumor architecture, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of bortezomib in mouse xenograft models. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:3234-43. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dearling JLJ, Flynn AA, Qureshi U, Whiting S, Boxer GM, Green A, Begent RHJ, Pedley RB. Localization of radiolabeled anti-CEA antibody in subcutaneous and intrahepatic colorectal xenografts: influence of tumor size and location within host organ on antibody uptake. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:883-94. [PMID: 19875045 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) has been shown to be more effective against solid tumor micrometastases, possibly due to an inverse relationship between tumor size and radiolabeled antibody uptake. In this study, the accretion of radiolabeled antibody in intrahepatic micrometastases in an experimental model was investigated using quantitative digital autoradiography, enabling the analysis of antibody uptake in microscopic tumors. METHODS Mice bearing subcutaneous or intrahepatic metastatic models of LS174T colorectal cancer were injected with radiolabeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody ([(125)I]A5B7). Tissues were taken to investigate distribution of radionuclide and tumor uptake. In a therapy study, mice bearing intrahepatic metastatic tumors were injected with [(131)I]A5B7. RESULTS Subcutaneous tumors and large metastatic deposits had similar uptake (e.g., approximately 15%ID/g at 24 h). Small metastatic deposits had higher uptake (e.g., approximately 80%ID/g at 24 h) and prolonged retention at later time points. Small deposit uptake was significantly reduced by accompanying large deposits in the same liver. RIT resulted in increased survival time (untreated mean survival of 21.6+/-12.9 vs. treated mean survival of 39.1+/-30.8 days), but there was a large range of response within groups, presumably due to variation in pattern and extent of tumor as observed in the biodistribution study. Liver function tests and body weight did not change with tumor growth or therapy response, strongly supporting the use of in vivo imaging in metastatic tumor therapy studies. CONCLUSIONS Radioimmunodetection and therapy might be greatly influenced by the size and distribution of intrahepatic tumor deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L J Dearling
- Cancer Research UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Research Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, UK.
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Panasyuk G, Nemazanyy I, Zhyvoloup A, Filonenko V, Davies D, Robson M, Pedley RB, Waterfield M, Gout I. mTORbeta splicing isoform promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30807-14. [PMID: 19726679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.056085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) promotes growth in response to nutrients and growth factors and is deregulated in numerous pathologies, including cancer. The mechanisms by which mTOR senses and regulates energy metabolism and cell growth are relatively well understood, whereas the molecular events underlining how it mediates survival and proliferation remain to be elucidated. Here, we describe the existence of the mTOR splicing isoform, TOR beta, which, in contrast to the full-length protein (mTOR alpha), has the potential to regulate the G(1) phase of the cell cycle and to stimulate cell proliferation. mTOR beta is an active protein kinase that mediates downstream signaling through complexing with Rictor and Raptor proteins. Remarkably, overexpression of mTOR beta transforms immortal cells and is tumorigenic in nude mice and therefore could be a proto-oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Panasyuk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv-143, Ukraine
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Ahlskog JKJ, Schliemann C, Mårlind J, Qureshi U, Ammar A, Pedley RB, Neri D. Human monoclonal antibodies targeting carbonic anhydrase IX for the molecular imaging of hypoxic regions in solid tumours. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:645-57. [PMID: 19623173 PMCID: PMC2736829 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxia, which is commonly observed in areas of primary tumours and of metastases, influences response to treatment. However, its characterisation has so far mainly been restricted to the ex vivo analysis of tumour sections using monoclonal antibodies specific to carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) or by pimonidazole staining, after the intravenous administration of this 2-nitroimidazole compound in experimental animal models. Methods: In this study, we describe the generation of high-affinity human monoclonal antibodies (A3 and CC7) specific to human CA IX, using phage technology. Results: These antibodies were able to stain CA IX ex vivo and to target the cognate antigen in vivo. In one of the two animal models of colorectal cancer studied (LS174T), CA IX imaging closely matched pimonidazole staining, with a preferential staining of tumour areas characterised by little vascularity and low perfusion. In contrast, in a second animal model (SW1222), distinct staining patterns were observed for pimonidazole and CA IX targeting. We observed a complementary pattern of tumour regions targeted in vivo by the clinical-stage vascular-targeting antibody L19 and the anti-CA IX antibody A3, indicating that a homogenous pattern of in vivo tumour targeting could be achieved by a combination of the two antibodies. Conclusion: The new human anti-CA IX antibodies are expected to be non-immunogenic in patients with cancer and may serve as broadly applicable reagents for the non-invasive imaging of hypoxia and for pharmacodelivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K J Ahlskog
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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Zhang EZ, Laufer JG, Pedley RB, Beard PC. In vivohigh-resolution 3D photoacoustic imaging of superficial vascular anatomy. Phys Med Biol 2009; 54:1035-46. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/4/014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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