1
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Manzar N, Ganguly P, Khan UK, Ateeq B. Transcription networks rewire gene repertoire to coordinate cellular reprograming in prostate cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 89:76-91. [PMID: 36702449 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) represent the most commonly deregulated DNA-binding class of proteins associated with multiple human cancers. They can act as transcriptional activators or repressors that rewire the cistrome, resulting in cellular reprogramming during cancer progression. Deregulation of TFs is associated with the onset and maintenance of various cancer types including prostate cancer. An emerging subset of TFs has been implicated in the regulation of multiple cancer hallmarks during tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the role of key TFs which modulate transcriptional cicuitries involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer. We further highlight the role of TFs associated with key cancer hallmarks, including, chromatin remodeling, genome instability, DNA repair, invasion, and metastasis. We also discuss the pluripotent function of TFs in conferring lineage plasticity, that aids in disease progression to neuroendocrine prostate cancer. At the end, we summarize the current understanding and approaches employed for the therapeutic targeting of TFs and their cofactors in the clinical setups to prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Manzar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Promit Ganguly
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Umar Khalid Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India; Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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2
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Xu C, Zhao S, Cai L. Epigenetic (De)regulation in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:321-360. [PMID: 38113006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease exhibiting both genetic and epigenetic deregulations. Epigenetic alterations are defined as changes not based on DNA sequence, which include those of DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. Androgen receptor (AR) is the main driver for PCa and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a backbone treatment for patients with PCa; however, ADT resistance almost inevitably occurs and advanced diseases develop termed castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), due to both genetic and epigenetic changes. Due to the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications, inhibitors targeting epigenetic factors have become promising anti-cancer agents. In this chapter, we focus on recent studies about the dysregulation of epigenetic regulators crucially involved in the initiation, development, and progression of PCa and discuss the potential use of inhibitors targeting epigenetic modifiers for treatment of advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Xu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ling Cai
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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3
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Shen M, Demers LK, Bailey SD, Labbé DP. To bind or not to bind: Cistromic reprogramming in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:963007. [PMID: 36212399 PMCID: PMC9539323 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.963007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “cistrome” refers to the genome-wide location of regulatory elements associated with transcription factor binding-sites. The cistrome of key regulatory factors in prostate cancer etiology are substantially reprogrammed and altered during prostatic transformation and disease progression. For instance, the cistrome of the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-inducible transcription factor central in normal prostate epithelium biology, is directly impacted and substantially reprogrammed during malignant transformation. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that additional transcription factors that are frequently mutated, or aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer, such as the pioneer transcription factors Forkhead Box A1 (FOXA1), the homeobox protein HOXB13, and the GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2), and the ETS-related gene (ERG), and the MYC proto-oncogene, contribute to the reprogramming of the AR cistrome. In addition, recent findings have highlighted key roles for the SWI/SNF complex and the chromatin-modifying helicase CHD1 in remodeling the epigenome and altering the AR cistrome during disease progression. In this review, we will cover the role of cistromic reprogramming in prostate cancer initiation and progression. Specifically, we will discuss the impact of key prostate cancer regulators, as well as the role of epigenetic and chromatin regulators in relation to the AR cistrome and the transformation of normal prostate epithelium. Given the importance of chromatin-transcription factor dynamics in normal cellular differentiation and cancer, an in-depth assessment of the factors involved in producing these altered cistromes is of great relevance and provides insight into new therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Shen
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Léa-Kristine Demers
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Swneke D. Bailey
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David P. Labbé
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: David P. Labbé,
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4
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Sheikhhassani V, Scalvini B, Ng J, Heling LWHJ, Ayache Y, Evers TMJ, Estébanez‐Perpiñá E, McEwan IJ, Mashaghi A. Topological dynamics of an intrinsically disordered N‐terminal domain of the human androgen receptor. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4334. [PMID: 35634773 PMCID: PMC9134807 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human androgen receptor contains a large N‐terminal domain (AR‐NTD) that is highly dynamic and this poses a major challenge for experimental and computational analysis to decipher its conformation. Misfolding of the AR‐NTD is implicated in prostate cancer and Kennedy's disease, yet our knowledge of its structure is limited to primary sequence information of the chain and a few functionally important secondary structure motifs. Here, we employed an innovative combination of molecular dynamics simulations and circuit topology (CT) analysis to identify the tertiary structure of AR‐NTD. We found that the AR‐NTD adopts highly dynamic loopy conformations with two identifiable regions with distinct topological make‐up and dynamics. This consists of a N‐terminal region (NR, residues 1–224) and a C‐terminal region (CR, residues 225–538), which carries a dense core. Topological mapping of the dynamics reveals a traceable time‐scale dependent topological evolution. NR adopts different positioning with respect to the CR and forms a cleft that can partly enclose the hormone‐bound ligand‐binding domain (LBD) of the androgen receptor. Furthermore, our data suggest a model in which dynamic NR and CR compete for binding to the DNA‐binding domain of the receptor, thereby regulating the accessibility of its DNA‐binding site. Our approach allowed for the identification of a previously unknown regulatory binding site within the CR core, revealing the structural mechanisms of action of AR inhibitor EPI‐001, and paving the way for other drug discovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Sheikhhassani
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Scalvini
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Julian Ng
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Laurens W. H. J. Heling
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Yosri Ayache
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Tom M. J. Evers
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Eva Estébanez‐Perpiñá
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) of the University of Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain
| | - Iain J. McEwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen Scotland UK
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- Medical Systems Biophysics and Bioengineering, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Genome Research, Faculty of Science Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
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5
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Dahiya UR, Heemers HV. Analyzing the Androgen Receptor Interactome in Prostate Cancer: Implications for Therapeutic Intervention. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060936. [PMID: 35326387 PMCID: PMC8946651 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. AR’s transactivation activity is turned on by the binding of androgens, the male sex steroid hormones. AR is critical for the development and maintenance of the male phenotype but has been recognized to also play an important role in human diseases. Most notably, AR is a major driver of prostate cancer (CaP) progression, which remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in American men. Androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs) that interfere with interactions between AR and its activating androgen ligands have been the mainstay for treatment of metastatic CaP. Although ADTs are effective and induce remissions, eventually they fail, while the growth of the majority of ADT-resistant CaPs remains under AR’s control. Alternative approaches to inhibit AR activity and bypass resistance to ADT are being sought, such as preventing the interaction between AR and its cofactors and coregulators that is needed to execute AR-dependent transcription. For such strategies to be efficient, the 3D conformation of AR complexes needs to be well-understood and AR-regulator interaction sites resolved. Here, we review current insights into these 3D structures and the protein interaction sites in AR transcriptional complexes. We focus on methods and technological approaches used to identify AR interactors and discuss challenges and limitations that need to be overcome for efficient therapeutic AR complex disruption.
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6
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Deng T, Xiao Y, Dai Y, Xie L, Li X. Roles of Key Epigenetic Regulators in the Gene Transcription and Progression of Prostate Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:743376. [PMID: 34977151 PMCID: PMC8714908 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.743376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a top-incidence malignancy, and the second most common cause of death amongst American men and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men around the world. Androgen receptor (AR), the key transcription factor, is critical for the progression of PCa by regulating a series of target genes by androgen stimulation. A number of co-regulators of AR, including co-activators or co-repressors, have been implicated in AR-mediated gene transcription and PCa progression. Epigenetic regulators, by modifying chromatin integrity and accessibility for transcription regulation without altering DNA sequences, influence the transcriptional activity of AR and further regulate the gene expression of AR target genes in determining cell fate, PCa progression and therapeutic response. In this review, we summarized the structural interaction of AR and epigenetic regulators including histone or DNA methylation, histone acetylation or non-coding RNA, and functional synergy in PCa progression. Importantly, epigenetic regulators have been validated as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A series of epigenetic target drugs have been developed, and have demonstrated the potential to treat PCa alone or in combination with antiandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanggang Deng
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yugang Xiao
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Kukkonen K, Taavitsainen S, Huhtala L, Uusi-Makela J, Granberg KJ, Nykter M, Urbanucci A. Chromatin and Epigenetic Dysregulation of Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3325. [PMID: 34283056 PMCID: PMC8268970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of chromatin and epigenetics has been defined as the overarching cancer hallmark. By disrupting transcriptional regulation in normal cells and mediating tumor progression by promoting cancer cell plasticity, this process has the ability to mediate all defined hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we collect and assess evidence on the contribution of chromatin and epigenetic dysregulation in prostate cancer. We highlight important mechanisms leading to prostate carcinogenesis, the emergence of castration-resistance upon treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, and resistance to antiandrogens. We examine in particular the contribution of chromatin structure and epigenetics to cell lineage commitment, which is dysregulated during tumorigenesis, and cell plasticity, which is altered during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konsta Kukkonen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Sinja Taavitsainen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Laura Huhtala
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Joonas Uusi-Makela
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Kirsi J. Granberg
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Matti Nykter
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Feng J, Xu X, Fan X, Yi Q, Tang L. BAF57/SMARCE1 Interacting with Splicing Factor SRSF1 Regulates Mechanical Stress-Induced Alternative Splicing of Cyclin D1. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020306. [PMID: 33670012 PMCID: PMC7927079 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cyclin D1 regulates cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity of the cell cycle, and cyclin D1 alternative splicing generates a cyclin D1b isoform, acting as a mediator of aberrant cellular proliferation. As alternative splicing processes are sensitive to mechanical stimuli, whether the alternative splicing of cyclin D1 is regulated by mechanical stress and what kinds of factors may act as the regulator of mechano-induced alternative splicing remain unknown. Methods: The alternative splicing of Cyclin D1 was examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in osteoblast cell lines and keratinocyte cells loaded by a cyclic stretch. The expression of splicing factors and switching defective/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) complex subunits were detected in stretched cells using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The protein interaction was tested by co-immunoprecipitation assay (Co-IP). Results:Cyclin D1 expression decreased with its splice variant upregulated in stretched cells. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) and SWI/SNF complex subunit Brahma-related gene-1-associated factor 57 (BAF57), also named SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1 (SMARCE1), could respond to mechanical stimuli. Overexpression and knockdown experiments indicated the BAF57/SMARCE1 is probably a critical factor regulating the alternative splicing of cyclin D1. Co-IP showed an interaction between BAF57/SMARCE1 and SRSF1, implying a possible underlying mechanism of the regulator role of BAF57/SMARCE1 in the splicing process of cyclin D1. Conclusions: The splicing factor SRSF1 and BAF57/SMARCE1 are possibly responsible for the mechanical stress-induced alternative splicing of cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401120, China; (J.F.); (X.X.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xichao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401120, China; (J.F.); (X.X.)
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China;
| | - Qian Yi
- Department of Physiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401120, China; (J.F.); (X.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 86-23-65102507
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9
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Hartley A, Leung HY, Ahmad I. Targeting the BAF complex in advanced prostate cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:173-181. [PMID: 32936685 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1821644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The BRG1/BRM associated factors (BAF) complex is a chromatin remodeling SWI/SNF which is mutated in 20% of cancers. This complex has many interchangeable subunits which may have oncogenic or tumor suppressor activity in a context-dependent manner. The BAF complex is mutated in 35-50% of metastatic prostate cancer (PC); however, its role in advanced disease is unclear. This review attempts to consolidate current knowledge of the BAF complex in PC and explore potential therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED This review covers the known roles of some BAF subunits, their alterations, and the models which best explain their mechanisms in driving PC. Following this, the authors provide their expert perspective on how this complex could be targeted in the future with a personalized medicine approach. EXPERT OPINION Personalized medicine would allow for patient stratification to exploit synthetic lethal strategies in targeting a mutated BAF complex as shown experimentally in other cancers. BAF dependency can also be targeted in patients stratified for other molecular markers such as BRG1 targeting in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deficient PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hartley
- Urology Research Group, CRUK Beatson Institute , Glasgow, UK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Urology Research Group, CRUK Beatson Institute , Glasgow, UK
- Institue of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Urology Research Group, CRUK Beatson Institute , Glasgow, UK
- Institue of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow , Glasgow, UK
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10
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Alpsoy A, Utturkar SM, Carter BC, Dhiman A, Torregrosa-Allen SE, Currie MP, Elzey BD, Dykhuizen EC. BRD9 Is a Critical Regulator of Androgen Receptor Signaling and Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2020; 81:820-833. [PMID: 33355184 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Switch/sucrose-nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complexes are critical regulators of chromatin dynamics during transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. A recently identified SWI/SNF subcomplex termed GLTSCR1/1L-BAF (GBAF; or "noncanonical BAF", ncBAF) uniquely contains bromodomain-containing protein BRD9 and glioma tumor suppressor candidate region 1 (GLTSCR1) or its paralog GLTSCR1-like (GLTSCR1L). Recent studies have identified a unique dependency on GBAF (ncBAF) complexes in synovial sarcoma and malignant rhabdoid tumors, both of which possess aberrations in canonical BAF (cBAF) and Polybromo-BAF (PBAF) complexes. Dependencies on GBAF in malignancies without SWI/SNF aberrations, however, are less defined. Here, we show that GBAF, particularly its BRD9 subunit, is required for the viability of prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and for optimal xenograft tumor growth in vivo. BRD9 interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), and modulates AR-dependent gene expression. The GBAF complex exhibits overlapping genome localization and transcriptional targets as bromodomain and extraterminal domain-containing (BET) proteins, which are established AR coregulators. Our results demonstrate that GBAF is critical for coordinating SWI/SNF-BET cooperation and uncover a new druggable target for AR-positive prostate cancers, including those resistant to androgen deprivation or antiandrogen therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: Advanced prostate cancers resistant to androgen receptor antagonists are still susceptible to nontoxic BRD9 inhibitors, making them a promising alternative for halting AR signaling in progressed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aktan Alpsoy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sagar M Utturkar
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Benjamin C Carter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Alisha Dhiman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sandra E Torregrosa-Allen
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Melanie P Currie
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Emily C Dykhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. .,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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11
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Rubin MA, Bristow RG, Thienger PD, Dive C, Imielinski M. Impact of Lineage Plasticity to and from a Neuroendocrine Phenotype on Progression and Response in Prostate and Lung Cancers. Mol Cell 2020; 80:562-577. [PMID: 33217316 PMCID: PMC8399907 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity can occur via phenotype transitions, often after chronic exposure to targeted anticancer agents. This process, termed lineage plasticity, is associated with acquired independence to an initial oncogenic driver, resulting in treatment failure. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and prostate cancers, lineage plasticity manifests when the adenocarcinoma phenotype transforms into neuroendocrine (NE) disease. The exact molecular mechanisms involved in this NE transdifferentiation remain elusive. In small cell lung cancer (SCLC), plasticity from NE to nonNE phenotypes is driven by NOTCH signaling. Herein we review current understanding of NE lineage plasticity dynamics, exemplified by prostate cancer, NSCLC, and SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern and Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern and Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre and Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Phillip D Thienger
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern and Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Marcin Imielinski
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Cyrta J, Augspach A, De Filippo MR, Prandi D, Thienger P, Benelli M, Cooley V, Bareja R, Wilkes D, Chae SS, Cavaliere P, Dephoure N, Uldry AC, Lagache SB, Roma L, Cohen S, Jaquet M, Brandt LP, Alshalalfa M, Puca L, Sboner A, Feng F, Wang S, Beltran H, Lotan T, Spahn M, Kruithof-de Julio M, Chen Y, Ballman KV, Demichelis F, Piscuoglio S, Rubin MA. Role of specialized composition of SWI/SNF complexes in prostate cancer lineage plasticity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5549. [PMID: 33144576 PMCID: PMC7642293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer initially responds to hormonal treatment, but ultimately becomes resistant and requires more potent therapies. One mechanism of resistance observed in around 10–20% of these patients is lineage plasticity, which manifests in a partial or complete small cell or neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) phenotype. Here, we investigate the role of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex in NEPC. Using large patient datasets, patient-derived organoids and cancer cell lines, we identify mSWI/SNF subunits that are deregulated in NEPC and demonstrate that SMARCA4 (BRG1) overexpression is associated with aggressive disease. We also show that SWI/SNF complexes interact with different lineage-specific factors in NEPC compared to prostate adenocarcinoma. These data point to a role for mSWI/SNF complexes in therapy-related lineage plasticity, which may also be relevant for other solid tumors. The differentiation of prostate adenocarcinoma to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (CRPC-NE) is a mechanism of resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. Here the authors show that SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex is deregulated in CRPC-NE and that the complex interacts with different lineage specific factors throughout prostate cancer transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Cyrta
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.,The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Anke Augspach
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rosaria De Filippo
- Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Davide Prandi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Phillip Thienger
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Benelli
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38122, Trento, Italy.,Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital of Prato, 59100, Prato, Italy
| | - Victoria Cooley
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - David Wilkes
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sung-Suk Chae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Paola Cavaliere
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Noah Dephoure
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Anne-Christine Uldry
- Proteomics Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Braga Lagache
- Proteomics Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Roma
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Cohen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Muriel Jaquet
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura P Brandt
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed Alshalalfa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Loredana Puca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Felix Feng
- Proteomics Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamara Lotan
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Martin Spahn
- Lindenhofspital Bern, Prostate Center Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Urology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057, Essen, Germany
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Urology, Inselspital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Karla V Ballman
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,Visceral Surgery Research Laboratory, Clarunis, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.,Clarunis Universitäres Bauchzentrum Basel, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland. .,Inselspital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Bern Center for Precision Medicine, 3008, Bern, Switzerland.
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13
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Mammalian SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complexes: Emerging Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Trends Genet 2020; 36:936-950. [PMID: 32873422 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule-based targeting of chromatin regulatory factors has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in recent years. The development and ongoing clinical evaluation of novel agents targeting a range of chromatin regulatory processes, including DNA or histone modifiers, histone readers, and chromatin regulatory protein complexes, has inspired the field to identify and act upon the full compendium of therapeutic opportunities. Emerging studies highlight the frequent involvement of altered mammalian Switch/Sucrose-Nonfermentable (mSWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complexes (also called BAF complexes) in both human cancer and neurological disorders, suggesting new mechanisms and accompanying routes toward therapeutic intervention. Here, we review current approaches for direct targeting of mSWI/SNF complex structure and function and discuss settings in which aberrant mSWI/SNF biology is implicated in oncology and other diseases.
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14
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Matos B, Howl J, Jerónimo C, Fardilha M. The disruption of protein-protein interactions as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105145. [PMID: 32814172 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male-specific cancers worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality rates associated with advanced disease stages. The current treatment options of PCa are prostatectomy, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the selection of which is usually dependent upon the stage of the disease. The development of PCa to a castration-resistant phenotype (CRPC) is associated with a more severe prognosis requiring the development of a new and effective therapy. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) have been recognised as an emerging drug modality and targeting PPIs is a promising therapeutic approach for several diseases, including cancer. The efficacy of several compounds in which target PPIs and consequently impair disease progression were validated in phase I/II clinical trials for different types of cancer. In PCa, various small molecules and peptides proved successful in inhibiting important PPIs, mainly associated with the androgen receptor (AR), Bcl-2 family proteins, and kinases/phosphatases, thus impairing the growth of PCa cells in vitro. Moreover, a majority of these compounds require further validation in vivo and, preferably, in clinical trials. In addition, several other PPIs associated with PCa progression have been identified and now require experimental validation as potential therapeutic loci. In conclusion, we consider the disruption of PPIs to be a promising though challenging therapeutic strategy for PCa. Agents which modulate PPIs might be employed as a monotherapy or as an adjunct to classical chemotherapeutics to overcome drug resistance and improve efficacy. The discovery of new PPIs with important roles in disease progression, and of novel optimized strategies to target them are major challenges for the scientific and pharmacological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Matos
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - John Howl
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg., 1st Floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar- University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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15
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Hasan N, Ahuja N. The Emerging Roles of ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1859. [PMID: 31769422 PMCID: PMC6966483 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive cancer with low survival rates. Genetic and epigenetic dysregulation has been associated with the initiation and progression of pancreatic tumors. Multiple studies have pointed to the involvement of aberrant chromatin modifications in driving tumor behavior. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes regulate chromatin structure and have critical roles in stem cell maintenance, development, and cancer. Frequent mutations and chromosomal aberrations in the genes associated with subunits of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes have been detected in different cancer types. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the genomic alterations and mechanistic studies of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in pancreatic cancer. Our review is focused on the four main subfamilies: SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF), imitation SWI (ISWI), chromodomain-helicase DNA-binding protein (CHD), and INOsitol-requiring mutant 80 (INO80). Finally, we discuss potential novel treatment options that use small molecules to target these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nita Ahuja
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
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16
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Mota STS, Vecchi L, Zóia MAP, Oliveira FM, Alves DA, Dornelas BC, Bezerra SM, Andrade VP, Maia YCP, Neves AF, Goulart LR, Araújo TG. New Insights into the Role of Polybromo-1 in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122852. [PMID: 31212728 PMCID: PMC6627401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human protein Polybromo-1 (PBMR1/BAF180) is a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex that has been reported to be deregulated in tumors. However, its role in prostate cancer (PCa) is largely unknown. In this study, we described the PBRM1 transcriptional levels and the protein expression/localization in tissues of PCa patients and in prostatic cell lines. Increased PBRM1 mRNA levels were found in PCa samples, when compared to benign disease, and were correlated with higher Gleason score. We also verified that only the nuclear localization of PBRM1 protein is correlated with a more aggressive disease and high Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) levels in tissue microarrays. Intriguing expression patterns of mRNA and protein were identified in the cell lines. Although PBRM1 protein was restricted to the nuclei, in tumor cell lines in non-neoplastic cells, it was also present in vesicular-like structures that were dispersed within the cytoplasm. We knocked-down PBRM1 in the castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) cell line PC-3 and we verified that PBRM1 promotes the expression of several markers of aggressiveness, including EpCAM, TGF-β, and N-Cadherin. Therefore, our data supported the hypothesis that PBRM1 displays a pivotal role in the promotion and maintenance of the malignant behavior of PCa, especially in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T S Mota
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas-MG 387400-128, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia-MG 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Lara Vecchi
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia-MG 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Mariana A P Zóia
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia-MG 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Fabrícia M Oliveira
- Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas-MG 387400-128, Brazil.
| | - Douglas A Alves
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas-MG 387400-128, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia-MG 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Bruno C Dornelas
- Pathology Division, Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia-MG 38400-902, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Yara C P Maia
- Medical Faculty, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia-MG 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Adriana F Neves
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goias-GO, Goiânia-GO 75704-020, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia-MG 38400-902, Brazil.
- University of California Davis, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Thaise G Araújo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Patos de Minas-MG 387400-128, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia-MG 38400-902, Brazil.
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17
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Liu H, Zhao YR, Chen B, Ge Z, Huang JS. High expression of SMARCE1 predicts poor prognosis and promotes cell growth and metastasis in gastric cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3493-3509. [PMID: 31118775 PMCID: PMC6498956 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s195137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide with a high risk for recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, further understanding of the metastatic mechanism and the development of treatment strategies are required. Although increasing evidence suggests that SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin, Subfamily E, Member 1 (SMARCE1) promotes cancer metastasis, its role in GC remains unclear. Materials and methods: GC samples (n=122) were used to investigate the association between SMARCE1 expression, patient clinicopathological features, and prognosis. The expression of SMARCE1 in GC tissues was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. MGC-803 and AGS cells were transfected with lentivirus to upregulate or downregulate SMARCE1 expression. The roles of SMARCE1 in GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were determined using Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing, transwell migration, and invasion assay. Nude mice models were established to observe tumorigenesis. The specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor U0126 was utilized to verify the involved pathway. Results: SMARCE1 was highly expressed in GC tissues and cell lines. High expression of SMARCE1 was correlated with the malignant clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients, including tumor size, depth of invasion, degree of differentiation, lymph node involvement, and TNM stage (all P<0.05). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that high SMARCE1 expression predicted poor prognosis in GC patients (P<0.01). Moreover, SMARCE1 was an independent risk factor of poor prognosis (P<0.01). Functional study revealed that overexpression of SMARCE1 markedly promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo. Furthermore, SMARCE1 activated the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. U0126 significantly inhibited the SMARCE1-induced proliferation and mobility of GC cells. Conclusion: SMARCE1 promoted growth and metastasis of GC, indicating its potential usefulness as a prognostic biomarker and target for therapeutic intervention against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Rong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Sheng Huang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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18
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Inhibition of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Aggressiveness by Cathepsin D Blockage: Role of Annexin A1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061337. [PMID: 30884823 PMCID: PMC6471925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are more aggressive than other breast cancer (BC) subtypes and lack effective therapeutic options. Unraveling marker events of TNBCs may provide new directions for development of strategies for targeted TNBC therapy. Herein, we reported that Annexin A1 (AnxA1) and Cathepsin D (CatD) are highly expressed in MDA-MB-231 (TNBC lineage), compared to MCF-10A and MCF-7. Since the proposed concept was that CatD has protumorigenic activity associated with its ability to cleave AnxA1 (generating a 35.5 KDa fragment), we investigated this mechanism more deeply using the inhibitor of CatD, Pepstatin A (PepA). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated that PepA inhibits CatD activity by occupying its active site; the OH bond from PepA interacts with a CO bond from carboxylic acids of CatD catalytic aspartate dyad, favoring the deprotonation of Asp33 and consequently inhibiting CatD. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with PepA induced apoptosis and autophagy processes while reducing the proliferation, invasion, and migration. Finally, in silico molecular docking demonstrated that the catalytic inhibition comprises Asp231 protonated and Asp33 deprotonated, proving all functional results obtained. Our findings elucidated critical CatD activity in TNBC cell trough AnxA1 cleavage, indicating the inhibition of CatD as a possible strategy for TNBC treatment.
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19
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Abstract
Despite the high long-term survival in localized prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer remains largely incurable even after intensive multimodal therapy. The lethality of advanced disease is driven by the lack of therapeutic regimens capable of generating durable responses in the setting of extreme tumor heterogeneity on the genetic and cell biological levels. Here, we review available prostate cancer model systems, the prostate cancer genome atlas, cellular and functional heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment, tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic mechanisms underlying therapeutic resistance, and technological advances focused on disease detection and management. These advances, along with an improved understanding of the adaptive responses to conventional cancer therapies, anti-androgen therapy, and immunotherapy, are catalyzing development of more effective therapeutic strategies for advanced disease. In particular, knowledge of the heterotypic interactions between and coevolution of cancer and host cells in the tumor microenvironment has illuminated novel therapeutic combinations with a strong potential for more durable therapeutic responses and eventual cures for advanced disease. Improved disease management will also benefit from artificial intelligence-based expert decision support systems for proper standard of care, prognostic determinant biomarkers to minimize overtreatment of localized disease, and new standards of care accelerated by next-generation adaptive clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocan Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Denise J Spring
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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20
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Sandoval GJ, Pulice JL, Pakula H, Schenone M, Takeda DY, Pop M, Boulay G, Williamson KE, McBride MJ, Pan J, St Pierre R, Hartman E, Garraway LA, Carr SA, Rivera MN, Li Z, Ronco L, Hahn WC, Kadoch C. Binding of TMPRSS2-ERG to BAF Chromatin Remodeling Complexes Mediates Prostate Oncogenesis. Mol Cell 2018; 71:554-566.e7. [PMID: 30078722 PMCID: PMC6140332 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the fusion of TMPRSS2, an androgen-regulated gene, and the ETS family transcription factor ERG occur in over half of prostate cancers. However, the mechanism by which ERG promotes oncogenic gene expression and proliferation remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify a binding interaction between ERG and the mammalian SWI/SNF (BAF) ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex, which is conserved among other oncogenic ETS factors, including ETV1, ETV4, and ETV5. We find that ERG drives genome-wide retargeting of BAF complexes in a manner dependent on binding of ERG to the ETS DNA motif. Moreover, ERG requires intact BAF complexes for chromatin occupancy and BAF complex ATPase activity for target gene regulation. In a prostate organoid model, BAF complexes are required for ERG-mediated basal-to-luminal transition, a hallmark of ERG activity in prostate cancer. These observations suggest a fundamental interdependence between ETS transcription factors and BAF chromatin remodeling complexes in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel J Sandoval
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John L Pulice
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hubert Pakula
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - David Y Takeda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marius Pop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gaylor Boulay
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaylyn E Williamson
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J McBride
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Pan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roodolph St Pierre
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Hartman
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Miguel N Rivera
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Cigall Kadoch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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21
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Protein-Protein Interaction Modulators for Epigenetic Therapies. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 110:65-84. [PMID: 29413000 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is becoming an attractive approach for drug discovery. This is particularly true for difficult or emerging targets, such as epitargets that may be elusive to drugs that fall into the traditional chemical space. The chemical nature of the PPIs makes attractive the use of peptides or peptidomimetics to selectively modulate such interactions. Despite the fact peptide-based drug discovery has been challenging, the use of peptides as leads compounds for drug discovery is still a valid strategy. This chapter discusses the current status of PPIs in epigenetic drug discovery. A special emphasis is made on peptides and peptide-like compounds as potential drug candidates.
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Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4 Regulates PPARγ Stability and Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38550. [PMID: 27917940 PMCID: PMC5137149 DOI: 10.1038/srep38550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor which controls lipid and glucose metabolism. It is also the master regulator of adipogenesis. In adipocytes, ligand-dependent PPARγ activation is associated with proteasomal degradation; therefore, regulation of PPARγ degradation may modulate its transcriptional activity. Here, we show that neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 (NEDD4), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, interacts with the hinge and ligand binding domains of PPARγ and is a bona fide E3 ligase for PPARγ. NEDD4 increases PPARγ stability through the inhibition of its proteasomal degradation. Knockdown of NEDD4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes reduces PPARγ protein levels and suppresses adipocyte conversion. PPARγ correlates positively with NEDD4 in obese adipose tissue. Together, these findings support NEDD4 as a novel regulator of adipogenesis by modulating the stability of PPARγ.
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Clare SE, Gupta A, Choi M, Ranjan M, Lee O, Wang J, Ivancic DZ, Kim JJ, Khan SA. Progesterone receptor blockade in human breast cancer cells decreases cell cycle progression through G2/M by repressing G2/M genes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:326. [PMID: 27215412 PMCID: PMC4878043 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The synthesis of specific, potent progesterone antagonists adds potential agents to the breast cancer prevention and treatment armamentarium. The identification of individuals who will benefit from these agents will be a critical factor for their clinical success. Methods We utilized telapristone acetate (TPA; CDB-4124) to understand the effects of progesterone receptor (PR) blockade on proliferation, apoptosis, promoter binding, cell cycle progression, and gene expression. We then identified a set of genes that overlap with human breast luteal-phase expressed genes and signify progesterone activity in both normal breast cells and breast cancer cell lines. Results TPA administration to T47D cells results in a 30 % decrease in cell number at 24 h, which is maintained over 72 h only in the presence of estradiol. Blockade of progesterone signaling by TPA for 24 h results in fewer cells in G2/M, attributable to decreased expression of genes that facilitate the G2/M transition. Gene expression data suggest that TPA affects several mechanisms that progesterone utilizes to control gene expression, including specific post-translational modifications, and nucleosomal organization and higher order chromatin structure, which regulate access of PR to its DNA binding sites. Conclusions By comparing genes induced by the progestin R5020 in T47D cells with those increased in the luteal-phase normal breast, we have identified a set of genes that predict functional progesterone signaling in tissue. These data will facilitate an understanding of the ways in which drugs such as TPA may be utilized for the prevention, and possibly the therapy, of human breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2355-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Akash Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - MiRan Choi
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Manish Ranjan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Oukseub Lee
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - David Z Ivancic
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior Street, Lurie 4-111, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Lomelí H, Castillo-Robles J. The developmental and pathogenic roles of BAF57, a special subunit of the BAF chromatin-remodeling complex. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1555-69. [PMID: 27149204 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian SWI/SNF or BAF chromatin-remodeling complexes are polymorphic assemblies of homologous subunit families that remodel nucleosomes. BAF57 is a subunit of the BAF complexes; it is encoded only in higher eukaryotes and is present in all mammalian assemblies. Its main structural feature is a high-mobility group domain, the DNA-binding properties of which suggest that BAF57 may play topological roles as the BAF complex enters or exits the nucleosome. BAF57 displays specific interactions with a number of proteins outside the BAF complex. Through these interactions, it can accomplish specific functions. In the embryo, BAF57 is responsible for the silencing of the CD4 gene during T-cell differentiation, and during the repression of neuronal genes in non-neuronal cells, BAF57 interacts with the transcriptional corepressor, Co-REST, and facilitates repression. Extensive work has demonstrated a specific role of BAF57 in regulating the interactions between BAF and nuclear hormone receptors. Despite its involvement in oncogenic pathways, new generation sequencing studies do not support a prominent role for BAF57 in the initiation of cancer. On the other hand, evidence has emerged to support a role for BAF57 as a metastasis factor, a prognosis marker and a therapeutic target. In humans, BAF57 is associated with disease, as mutations in this gene predispose to important congenital disorders, including menigioma disease or the Coffin-Siris syndrome. In this article, we present an exhaustive analysis of the BAF57 molecular and biochemical properties, cellular functions, loss-of-function phenotypes in living organisms and pathological manifestations in cases of human mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Lomelí
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jorge Castillo-Robles
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Epigenomic regulation of oncogenesis by chromatin remodeling. Oncogene 2016; 35:4423-36. [PMID: 26804164 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the intricate gene expression program represents one of major driving factors for the development, progression and maintenance of human cancer, and is often associated with acquired therapeutic resistance. At the molecular level, cancerous phenotypes are the outcome of cellular functions of critical genes, regulatory interactions of histones and chromatin remodeling complexes in response to dynamic and persistent upstream signals. A large body of genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that the chromatin remodelers integrate the extracellular and cytoplasmic signals to control gene activity. Consequently, widespread dysregulation of chromatin remodelers and the resulting inappropriate expression of regulatory genes, together, lead to oncogenesis. We summarize the recent developments and current state of the dysregulation of the chromatin remodeling components as the driving mechanism underlying the growth and progression of human tumors. Because chromatin remodelers, modifying enzymes and protein-protein interactions participate in interpreting the epigenetic code, selective chromatin remodelers and bromodomains have emerged as new frontiers for pharmacological intervention to develop future anti-cancer strategies to be used either as single-agent or in combination therapies with chemotherapeutics or radiotherapy.
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Mayes K, Qiu Z, Alhazmi A, Landry JW. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes as novel targets for cancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:183-233. [PMID: 24889532 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The progression to advanced stage cancer requires changes in many characteristics of a cell. These changes are usually initiated through spontaneous mutation. As a result of these mutations, gene expression is almost invariably altered allowing the cell to acquire tumor-promoting characteristics. These abnormal gene expression patterns are in part enabled by the posttranslational modification and remodeling of nucleosomes in chromatin. These chromatin modifications are established by a functionally diverse family of enzymes including histone and DNA-modifying complexes, histone deposition pathways, and chromatin remodeling complexes. Because the modifications these enzymes deposit are essential for maintaining tumor-promoting gene expression, they have recently attracted much interest as novel therapeutic targets. One class of enzyme that has not generated much interest is the chromatin remodeling complexes. In this review, we will present evidence from the literature that these enzymes have both causal and enabling roles in the transition to advanced stage cancers; as such, they should be seriously considered as high-value therapeutic targets. Previously published strategies for discovering small molecule regulators to these complexes are described. We close with thoughts on future research, the field should perform to further develop this potentially novel class of therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Mayes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Zhijun Qiu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Aiman Alhazmi
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Joseph W Landry
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. While localized lesions are effectively treated through radical prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy, treatment for metastatic disease leverages the addiction of these tumors on the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis for growth and disease progression. Though initially effective, tumors resistant to AR-directed therapeutics ultimately arise (a stage of the disease known as castration-resistant prostate cancer) and are responsible for PCa-specific mortality. Importantly, an abundance of clinical and preclinical evidence strongly implicates AR signaling cascades in the development of metastatic disease in both early and late stages, and thus a concerted effort has been made to delineate the AR-specific programs that facilitate progression to metastatic PCa. A multitude of downstream AR targets as well as critical AR cofactors have been identified which impinge upon both the AR pathway as well as associated metastatic phenotypes. This review will highlight the functional significance of these pathways to disseminated disease and define the molecular underpinnings behind these unique, AR-driven, metastatic signatures.
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Yamaguchi T, Kurita T, Nishio K, Tsukada J, Hachisuga T, Morimoto Y, Iwai Y, Izumi H. Expression of BAF57 in ovarian cancer cells and drug sensitivity. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:359-66. [PMID: 25611552 PMCID: PMC4409878 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The SMARCE1 (SWI / SNF-related, matrix-associated, and actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily e, member 1) encodes BAF57 protein. Previously, we reported that BAF57 is a predictive marker of endometrial carcinoma. In this study, we investigated BAF57 expression in ovarian cancer cell lines and their sensitivities to cisplatin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and 5-fluorouracil. BAF57 expression was strongly correlated with sensitivities to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil in 10 ovarian cancer cell lines. Paclitaxel sensitivity was also correlated with BAF57 expression, but without significance. In A2780 ovarian cancer cells, knockdown of BAF57 using specific siRNA increased cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and the sensitivities to these anticancer agents. cDNA microarray analysis of A2780 cells transfected with BAF57 siRNA showed that 134 genes were positively regulated by BAF57, including ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 2 (ABCG2) encoding breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). We confirmed that knockdown of BAF57 decreased BCRP expression in ovarian cancer cells by Western blot analysis, and that ABCG2 gene expression might be regulated transcriptionally. These results suggested that BAF57 is involved in ovarian cancer cell growth and sensitivity to anticancer agents, and that BAF57 may be a target for ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamaguchi
- Hematology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Prensner JR, Zhao S, Erho N, Schipper M, Iyer MK, Dhanasekaran SM, Magi-Galluzzi C, Mehra R, Sahu A, Siddiqui J, Davicioni E, Den RB, Dicker AP, Karnes RJ, Wei JT, Klein EA, Jenkins RB, Chinnaiyan AM, Feng FY. RNA biomarkers associated with metastatic progression in prostate cancer: a multi-institutional high-throughput analysis of SChLAP1. Lancet Oncol 2014; 15:1469-1480. [PMID: 25456366 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)71113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved clinical predictors for disease progression are needed for localised prostate cancer, since only a subset of patients develop recurrent or refractory disease after first-line treatment. Therefore, we undertook an unbiased analysis to identify RNA biomarkers associated with metastatic progression after prostatectomy. METHODS Prostate cancer samples from patients treated with radical prostatectomy at three academic institutions were analysed for gene expression by a high-density Affymetrix GeneChip platform, encompassing more than 1 million genomic loci. In a discovery cohort, all protein-coding genes and known long non-coding RNAs were ranked by fold change in expression between tumours that subsequently metastasised versus those that did not. The top ranked gene was then validated for its prognostic value for metastatic progression in three additional independent cohorts. 95% of the gene expression assays were done in a Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments certified laboratory facility. All genes were assessed for their ability to predict metastatic progression by receiver-operating-curve area-under-the-curve analyses. Multivariate analyses were done for the primary endpoint of metastatic progression, with variables including Gleason score, preoperative prostate-specific antigen concentration, seminal vesicle invasion, surgical margin status, extracapsular extension, lymph node invasion, and expression of the highest ranked gene. FINDINGS 1008 patients were included in the study: 545 in the discovery cohort and 463 in the validation cohorts. The long non-coding RNA SChLAP1 was identified as the highest-ranked overexpressed gene in cancers with metastatic progression. Validation in three independent cohorts confirmed the prognostic value of SChLAP1 for metastatic progression. On multivariate modelling, SChLAP1 expression (high vs low) independently predicted metastasis within 10 years (odds ratio [OR] 2·45, 95% CI 1·70-3·53; p<0·0001). The only other variable that independently predicted metastasis within 10 years was Gleason score (8-10 vs 5-7; OR 2·14, 95% CI 1·77-2·58; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION We identified and validated high SChLAP1 expression as significantly prognostic for metastatic disease progression of prostate cancer. Our findings suggest that further development of SChLAP1 as a potential biomarker, for treatment intensification in aggressive prostate cancer, warrants future study. FUNDING Prostate Cancer Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Department of Defense, Early Detection Research Network, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Prensner
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Matthew Schipper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew K Iyer
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Saravana M Dhanasekaran
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cristina Magi-Galluzzi
- Anatomic Pathology, Robert J Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anirban Sahu
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqui
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Robert B Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - John T Wei
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric A Klein
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Ziaee S, Chung LWK. Induction of integrin α2 in a highly bone metastatic human prostate cancer cell line: roles of RANKL and AR under three-dimensional suspension culture. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:208. [PMID: 25200184 PMCID: PMC4171564 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) bone metastasis can be markedly enhanced by increased receptor activator of NF kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expression in PCa cells. Molecular mechanisms that account for the increased predilection of PCa for bone include increased bone turnover, promotion of PCa cell growth and survival in the bone environment, and recruitment of bystander dormant cells to participate in bone metastasis. The current study tests the hypothesis that PCa cells acquire high adhesion to bone matrix proteins, which controls PCa bone colonization, under the RANKL/RANK and AR axes. Methods We used a highly bone metastatic RANKL-overexpressing LNCaP PCa cell line, LNCaPRANKL, as a model to pursue the molecular mechanisms underlying the increased adhesion of PCa cells to collagens. A three-dimensional (3-D) suspension PCa organoid model was developed. The functions of integrin α2 in cell adhesion and survival were evaluated by flow cytometry and western blot. AR expression and functionality were compared in 2-D monolayer versus 3-D suspension cultures using AR promoter- and PSA promoter-luciferase activity. AR role in cell adhesion was assessed using an adhesion assay. Results LNCaPRANKL cells were shown to adhere tightly to ColI matrix through increased α2 integrin expression. This increased adhesion, concomitant with activation of the FAK and Akt pathways, was further enhanced by culturing LNCaPRANKL cells in 3-D suspension. Under the influence of 3-D suspension culture, AR was restored in LNCaPRANKL cells via downregulation of AP-4 transcription factor, and supported increased α2 integrin expression and adhesion to ColI. Conclusion 3-D suspension culture and in vivo PCa tumor growth restore AR through downregulation of AP-4, enhancing integrin α2 expression and adhesion to ColI which is rich in bone matrices. The interactions of PCa with ColI, mediated by integrin α2 and AR expression, could be a key molecular event accounting for PCa bone metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-208) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Hic-5 is a transcription coregulator that acts before and/or after glucocorticoid receptor genome occupancy in a gene-selective manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4007-12. [PMID: 24591583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400522111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand activation and DNA-binding dictate the outcome of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated transcriptional regulation by inducing diverse receptor conformations that interact differentially with coregulators. GR recruits many coregulators via the well-characterized AF2 interaction surface in the GR ligand-binding domain, but Lin11, Isl-1, Mec-3 (LIM) domain coregulator Hic-5 (TGFB1I1) binds to the relatively uncharacterized tau2 activation domain in the hinge region of GR. Requirement of hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) for glucocorticoid-regulated gene expression was defined by Hic-5 depletion and global gene-expression analysis. Hic-5 depletion selectively affected both activation and repression of GR target genes, and Hic-5 served as an on/off switch for glucocorticoid regulation of many genes. For some hormone-induced genes, Hic-5 facilitated recruitment of Mediator complex. In contrast, many genes were not regulated by glucocorticoid until Hic-5 was depleted. On these genes Hic-5 prevented GR occupancy and chromatin remodeling and thereby inhibited their hormone-dependent regulation. Transcription factor binding to genomic sites is highly variable among different cell types; Hic-5 represents an alternative mechanism for regulating transcription factor-binding site selection that could apply both within a given cell type and among different cell types. Thus, Hic-5 is a versatile coregulator that acts by multiple gene-specific mechanisms that influence genomic occupancy of GR as well transcription complex assembly.
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Abstract
Genes encoding subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex constitute, collectively, one of the most frequently mutated targets in cancer. Although mutations in SWI/SNF genes are uncommon in prostate cancer, a new study shows that SChLAP1, a long noncoding RNA frequently expressed in aggressive prostate tumors, drives cancer by directly disrupting SNF5, a core subunit of the SWI/SNF complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and the Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Balasubramaniam S, Comstock CES, Ertel A, Jeong KW, Stallcup MR, Addya S, McCue PA, Ostrander WF, Augello MA, Knudsen KE. Aberrant BAF57 signaling facilitates prometastatic phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2657-67. [PMID: 23493350 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BAF57, a component of the switching-defective and sucrose nonfermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex conglomerate, modulates androgen receptor activity to promote prostate cancer. However, the molecular consequences of tumor-associated BAF57 expression have remained undefined in advanced disease such as castration-resistant prostate cancer and/or metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Clinical human specimens of primary and metastatic prostate cancer were immunohistochemically examined for tumor-grade association of BAF57 expression. Global gene expression analyses were conducted in models mimicking tumor-associated BAF57 expression. Aberrant BAF57-dependent gene expression changes, bypass of androgen-mediated signaling, and chromatin-specific SWI/SNF complex alterations with respect to cytoskeletal remodelers such as integrins were validated. Cell migration assays were used to profile the biologic phenotypes conferred under conditions simulating tumor-derived BAF57 expression. RESULTS Immunohistochemical quantitation of primary human specimens revealed that BAF57 was significantly and aberrantly elevated as a function of tumor grade. Critically, gene expression analyses showed that BAF57 deregulation circumvented androgen-mediated signaling, elicited α2 integrin upregulation, and altered other SWI/SNF complex components at the α2 integrin locus. BAF57-dependent α2 integrin induction conferred a prometastatic migratory advantage, which was attenuated by anti-α2 integrin antibody blockade. Furthermore, BAF57 was found to be markedly upregulated in human prostate cancer metastases of the lung, lymph node, and dura. CONCLUSION The findings herein, identifying tumor-associated BAF57 perturbation as a means to bypass androgen-signaling events that facilitate novel prometastatic phenotypes, link BAF57 upregulation to tumor dissemination. These data thereby establish BAF57 as a putative marker of metastatic potential that could be leveraged for therapeutic intervention.
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Chaiyachati BH, Kaundal RK, Zhao J, Wu J, Flavell R, Chi T. LoxP-FRT Trap (LOFT): a simple and flexible system for conventional and reversible gene targeting. BMC Biol 2012. [PMID: 23198860 PMCID: PMC3529186 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conditional gene knockout (cKO) mediated by the Cre/LoxP system is indispensable for exploring gene functions in mice. However, a major limitation of this method is that gene KO is not reversible. A number of methods have been developed to overcome this, but each method has its own limitations. Results We describe a simple method we have named LOFT [LoxP-flippase (FLP) recognition target (FRT) Trap], which is capable of reversible cKO and free of the limitations associated with existing techniques. This method involves two alleles of a target gene: a standard floxed allele, and a multi-functional allele bearing an FRT-flanked gene-trap cassette, which inactivates the target gene while reporting its expression with green fluorescent protein (GFP); the trapped allele is thus a null and GFP reporter by default, but is convertible into a wild-type allele. The floxed and trapped alleles can typically be generated using a single construct bearing a gene-trap cassette doubly flanked by LoxP and FRT sites, and can be used independently to achieve conditional and constitutive gene KO, respectively. More importantly, in mice bearing both alleles and also expressing the Cre and FLP recombinases, sequential function of the two enzymes should lead to deletion of the target gene, followed by restoration of its expression, thus achieving reversible cKO. LOFT should be generally applicable to mouse genes, including the growing numbers of genes already floxed; in the latter case, only the trapped alleles need to be generated to confer reversibility to the pre-existing cKO models. LOFT has other applications, including the creation and reversal of hypomorphic mutations. In this study we proved the principle of LOFT in the context of T-cell development, at a hypomorphic allele of Baf57/Smarce1 encoding a subunit of the chromatin-remodeling Brg/Brahma-associated factor (BAF) complex. Interestingly, the FLP used in the current work caused efficient reversal in peripheral T cells but not thymocytes, which is advantageous for studying developmental epigenetic programming of T-cell functions, a fundamental issue in immunology. Conclusions LOFT combines well-established basic genetic methods into a simple and reliable method for reversible gene targeting, with the flexibility of achieving traditional constitutive and conditional KO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara H Chaiyachati
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University Medical School, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Matsumoto T, Sakari M, Okada M, Yokoyama A, Takahashi S, Kouzmenko A, Kato S. The androgen receptor in health and disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2012; 75:201-24. [PMID: 23157556 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Androgens play pivotal roles in the regulation of male development and physiological processes, particularly in the male reproductive system. Most biological effects of androgens are mediated by the action of nuclear androgen receptor (AR). AR acts as a master regulator of downstream androgen-dependent signaling pathway networks. This ligand-dependent transcriptional factor modulates gene expression through the recruitment of various coregulator complexes, the induction of chromatin reorganization, and epigenetic histone modifications at target genomic loci. Dysregulation of androgen/AR signaling perturbs normal reproductive development and accounts for a wide range of pathological conditions such as androgen-insensitive syndrome, prostate cancer, and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy. In this review we summarize recent advances in understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms of AR action as well as newly recognized aspects of AR-mediated androgen signaling in both men and women. In addition, we offer a perspective on the use of animal genetic model systems aimed at eventually developing novel therapeutic AR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Matsumoto
- Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Kwek SS, Dao V, Roy R, Hou Y, Alajajian D, Simko JP, Small EJ, Fong L. Diversity of antigen-specific responses induced in vivo with CTLA-4 blockade in prostate cancer patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3759-66. [PMID: 22956585 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is a surface receptor on activated T cells that delivers an inhibitory signal, serving as an immune checkpoint. Treatment with anti-CTLA-4 Abs can induce clinical responses to different malignancies, but the nature of the induced Ag-specific recognition is largely unknown. Using microarrays spotted with >8000 human proteins, we assessed the diversity of Ab responses modulated by treatment with CTLA-4 blockade and GM-CSF. We find that advanced prostate cancer patients who clinically respond to treatment also develop enhanced Ab responses to a higher number of Ags than nonresponders. These induced Ab responses targeted Ags to which preexisting Abs are more likely to be present in the clinical responders compared with nonresponders. The majority of Ab responses are patient-specific, but immune responses against Ags shared among clinical responders are also detected. One of these shared Ags is PAK6, which is expressed in prostate cancer and to which CD4(+) T cell responses were also induced. Moreover, immunization with PAK6 can be both immunogenic and protective in mouse tumor models. These results demonstrate that immune checkpoint blockade modulates Ag-specific responses to both individualized and shared Ags, some of which can mediate anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena S Kwek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Clinckemalie L, Vanderschueren D, Boonen S, Claessens F. The hinge region in androgen receptor control. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 358:1-8. [PMID: 22406839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The region between the DNA-binding domain and the ligand-binding domain of nuclear receptors is termed the hinge region. Although this flexible linker is poorly conserved, diverse functions have been ascribed to it. For the androgen receptor (AR), the hinge region and in particular the (629)RKLKKL(634) motif, plays a central role in controlling AR activity, not only because it acts as the main part of the nuclear translocation signal, but also because it regulates the transactivation potential and intranuclear mobility of the receptor. It is also a target site for acetylation, ubiquitylation and methylation. The interplay between these different modifications as well as the phosphorylation at serine 650 will be discussed here. The hinge also has an important function in AR binding to classical versus selective androgen response elements. In addition, the number of coactivators/corepressors that might act via interaction with the hinge region is still growing. The importance of the hinge region is further illustrated by the different somatic mutations described in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer. In conclusion, the hinge region serves as an integrator for signals coming from different pathways that provide feedback to the control of AR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Clinckemalie
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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van de Wijngaart DJ, Dubbink HJ, van Royen ME, Trapman J, Jenster G. Androgen receptor coregulators: recruitment via the coactivator binding groove. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:57-69. [PMID: 21871527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are key regulators of male sexual differentiation and essential for development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues. The androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone mediate their effect by binding to, and activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Upon activation, the AR is able to recognize specific DNA sequences in gene promoters and enhancers from where it recruits coregulators to orchestrate chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation. The number of proteins that bind to the AR has surpassed 200 and many of them enhance (coactivator) or repress (corepressor) its transactivating capacity. For most of these coregulators, their AR binding interface and their exact mode of action still needs to be elucidated, but for some of the more classical coactivators and corepressors, we gained insight in their working mechanisms. Of particular interest are specific sequences (LxxLL and FxxLF-like motifs) in a subset of coactivators that interact with the AR via a coactivator binding groove in the ligand-binding domain. As compared to other steroid receptors, the conformation of the AR coactivator binding pocket is unique and preferentially binds FxxLF-like motifs. This predisposition is expected to contribute to the regulation of specific sets of target genes via recruitment of selected coregulators. This review provides an overview of these (inter)actions with a focus on the unique characteristics of the AR coactivator binding groove.
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Jung I, Sohn DH, Choi J, Kim JM, Jeon S, Seol JH, Seong RH. SRG3/mBAF155 stabilizes the SWI/SNF-like BAF complex by blocking CHFR mediated ubiquitination and degradation of its major components. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:512-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Dhar S, Thota A, Rao MRS. Insights into role of bromodomain, testis-specific (Brdt) in acetylated histone H4-dependent chromatin remodeling in mammalian spermiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:6387-405. [PMID: 22215678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.288167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermiogenesis is of considerable biological interest especially due to the unique chromatin remodeling events that take place during spermatid maturation. Here, we have studied the expression of chromatin remodeling factors in different spermatogenic stages and narrowed it down to bromodomain, testis-specific (Brdt) as a key molecule participating in chromatin remodeling during rat spermiogenesis. Our immunocytochemistry experiments reveal that Brdt colocalizes with acetylated H4 in elongating spermatids. Remodeling assays showed an acetylation-dependent but ATP-independent chromatin reorganization property of Brdt in haploid round spermatids. Furthermore, Brdt interacts with Smarce1, a member of the SWI/SNF family. We have studied the genomic organization of smarce1 and identified that it has two splice variants expressed during spermatogenesis. The N terminus of Brdt is involved in the recognition of Smarce1 as well as in the reorganization of hyperacetylated round spermatid chromatin. Interestingly, the interaction between Smarce1 and Brdt increases dramatically upon histone hyperacetylation both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our results indicate this interaction to be a vital step in the chromatin remodeling process during mammalian spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Dhar
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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Jin F, Claessens F, Fondell JD. Regulation of androgen receptor-dependent transcription by coactivator MED1 is mediated through a newly discovered noncanonical binding motif. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:858-70. [PMID: 22102282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) activation by cognate ligand generally involves allosteric realignment of C-terminal α-helices thus generating a binding surface for coactivators containing canonical LXXLL α-helical motifs. The androgen receptor (AR) is uncommon among NRs in that ligand triggers an intramolecular interaction between its N- and C-terminal domains (termed the N/C interaction) and that coactivators can alternatively bind to surfaces in the AR N-terminal or hinge regions. The evolutionary conserved Mediator complex plays a key coregulatory role in steroid hormone-dependent transcription and is chiefly targeted to NRs via the LXXLL-containing MED1 subunit. Whereas MED1 has been demonstrated to serve as a key transcriptional coactivator for AR, the mechanisms by which AR recruits MED1 have remained unclear. Here we show that MED1 binds to a distinct AR N-terminal region termed transactivation unit-1 (Tau-1) via two newly discovered noncanonical α-helical motifs located between MED1 residues 505 and 537. Neither of the two MED1 LXXLL motifs is required for AR binding, whereas loss of the intramolecular AR N/C interaction decreases MED1 binding. We further demonstrate that mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation of MED1 enhances the AR-MED1 interaction in prostate cancer cells. In sum, our findings reveal a novel AR-coactivator binding mechanism that may have clinical implications for AR activity in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Kajiro M, Tsuchiya M, Kawabe YI, Furumai R, Iwasaki N, Hayashi Y, Katano M, Nakajima Y, Goto N, Watanabe T, Murayama A, Oishi H, Ema M, Takahashi S, Kishimoto H, Yanagisawa J. The E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of Trip12 is essential for mouse embryogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25871. [PMID: 22028794 PMCID: PMC3196520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a post-translational protein modification that regulates many biological conditions [1], [2], [3], [4]. Trip12 is a HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates ARF and APP-BP1 [5], [6]. However, the significance of Trip12 in vivo is largely unknown. Here we show that the ubiquitin ligase activity of Trip12 is indispensable for mouse embryogenesis. A homozygous mutation in Trip12 (Trip12mt/mt) that disrupts the ubiquitin ligase activity resulted in embryonic lethality in the middle stage of development. Trip12mt/mt embryos exhibited growth arrest and increased expression of the negative cell cycle regulator p16[7], [8], [9], [10]. In contrast, Trip12mt/mt ES cells were viable. They had decreased proliferation, but maintained both the undifferentiated state and the ability to differentiate. Trip12mt/mt ES cells had increased levels of the BAF57 protein (a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex) and altered gene expression patterns. These data suggest that Trip12 is involved in global gene expression and plays an important role in mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kajiro
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mai Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoh-ichi Kawabe
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryohei Furumai
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoya Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miyuki Katano
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakajima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Natsuka Goto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiko Murayama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junn Yanagisawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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ZMIZ1 preferably enhances the transcriptional activity of androgen receptor with short polyglutamine tract. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25040. [PMID: 21949845 PMCID: PMC3176788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-induced transcription factor and contains the polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts within its N-terminal transactivation domain. The length of polyQ tracts has been suggested to alter AR transcriptional activity in prostate cancer along with other endocrine and neurologic disorders. Here, we assessed the role of ZMIZ1, an AR co-activator, in regulating the activity of the AR with different lengths of polyQ tracts as ARQ9, ARQ24, and ARQ35 in prostate cancer cells. ZMIZ1, but not ZMIZ2 or ARA70, preferably augments ARQ9 induced androgen-dependent transcription on three different androgen-inducible promoter/reporter vectors. A strong protein-protein interaction between ZMIZ1 and ARQ9 proteins was shown by immunoprecipitation assays. In the presence of ZMIZ1, the N and C-terminal interaction of the ARQ9 was more pronounced than ARQ24 and ARQ35. Both Brg1 and BAF57, the components of SWI/SNF complexes, were shown to be involved in the enhancement of ZMIZ1 on AR activity. Using the chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP), we further demonstrated a strong recruitment of ZMIZ1 by ARQ9 on the promoter of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) gene. These results demonstrate a novel regulatory role of ZMIZ1 in modulating the polyQ tract length of AR in prostate cancer cells.
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Comstock CES, Augello MA, Schiewer MJ, Karch J, Burd CJ, Ertel A, Knudsen ES, Jessen WJ, Aronow BJ, Knudsen KE. Cyclin D1 is a selective modifier of androgen-dependent signaling and androgen receptor function. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8117-8127. [PMID: 21212260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.170720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
D-type cyclins regulate cellular outcomes in part through cyclin-dependent, kinase-independent mechanisms that modify transcription factor action, and recent in vivo studies showed that cyclin D1 associates with a large number of transcriptional regulators in cells of the retina and breast. Given the frequency of cyclin D1 alterations in cancer, it is imperative to delineate the molecular mechanisms by which cyclin D1 controls key transcription factor networks in human disease. Prostate cancer was used as a paradigm because this tumor type is reliant at all stages of the disease on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, and cyclin D1 has been shown to negatively modulate AR-dependent expression of prostate-specific antigen (KLK3/PSA). Strategies were employed to control cyclin D1 expression under conditions of hormone depletion, and the effect of cyclin D1 on subsequent androgen-dependent gene expression was determined using unbiased gene expression profiling. Modulating cyclin D1 conferred widespread effects on androgen signaling and revealed cyclin D1 to be a selective effector of hormone action. A subset of androgen-induced target genes, known to be directly regulated by AR, was strongly suppressed by cyclin D1. Analyses of AR occupancy at target gene regulatory loci of clinical relevance demonstrated that cyclin D1 limits AR residence after hormone stimulation. Together, these findings reveal a new function for cyclin D1 in controlling hormone-dependent transcriptional outcomes and demonstrate a pervasive role for cyclin D1 in regulating transcription factor dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason Karch
- the Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
| | - Craig J Burd
- NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Adam Ertel
- From the Kimmel Cancer Center,; Department of Cancer Biology
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- From the Kimmel Cancer Center,; Department of Cancer Biology
| | - Walter J Jessen
- the Covance Biomarker Center of Excellence, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, and
| | - Bruce J Aronow
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- From the Kimmel Cancer Center,; Department of Cancer Biology,; Department of Urology, and; Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107,.
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Sharma A, Yeow WS, Ertel A, Coleman I, Clegg N, Thangavel C, Morrissey C, Zhang X, Comstock CES, Witkiewicz AK, Gomella L, Knudsen ES, Nelson PS, Knudsen KE. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor controls androgen signaling and human prostate cancer progression. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4478-92. [PMID: 21099110 DOI: 10.1172/jci44239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB; encoded by RB1) is a tumor suppressor that is frequently disrupted in tumorigenesis and acts in multiple cell types to suppress cell cycle progression. The role of RB in tumor progression, however, is poorly defined. Here, we have identified a critical role for RB in protecting against tumor progression through regulation of targets distinct from cell cycle control. In analyses of human prostate cancer samples, RB loss was infrequently observed in primary disease and was predominantly associated with transition to the incurable, castration-resistant state. Further analyses revealed that loss of the RB1 locus may be a major mechanism of RB disruption and that loss of RB function was associated with poor clinical outcome. Modeling of RB dysfunction in vitro and in vivo revealed that RB controlled nuclear receptor networks critical for tumor progression and that it did so via E2F transcription factor 1-mediated regulation of androgen receptor (AR) expression and output. Through this pathway, RB depletion induced unchecked AR activity that underpinned therapeutic bypass and tumor progression. In agreement with these findings, disruption of the RB/E2F/nuclear receptor axis was frequently observed in the transition to therapy resistance in human disease. Together, these data reveal what we believe to be a new paradigm for RB function in controlling prostate tumor progression and lethal tumor phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Saladi SV, Keenen B, Marathe HG, Qi H, Chin KV, de la Serna IL. Modulation of extracellular matrix/adhesion molecule expression by BRG1 is associated with increased melanoma invasiveness. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:280. [PMID: 20969766 PMCID: PMC3098014 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic melanoma is an aggressive malignancy that is resistant to therapy and has a poor prognosis. The progression of primary melanoma to metastatic disease is a multi-step process that requires dynamic regulation of gene expression through currently uncharacterized epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression often involves changes in chromatin structure that are catalyzed by chromatin remodeling enzymes. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression during metastasis is important for developing an effective strategy to treat metastatic melanoma. SWI/SNF enzymes are multisubunit complexes that contain either BRG1 or BRM as the catalytic subunit. We previously demonstrated that heterogeneous SWI/SNF complexes containing either BRG1 or BRM are epigenetic modulators that regulate important aspects of the melanoma phenotype and are required for melanoma tumorigenicity in vitro. RESULTS To characterize BRG1 expression during melanoma progression, we assayed expression of BRG1 in patient derived normal skin and in melanoma specimen. BRG1 mRNA levels were significantly higher in stage IV melanomas compared to stage III tumors and to normal skin. To determine the role of BRG1 in regulating the expression of genes involved in melanoma metastasis, we expressed BRG1 in a melanoma cell line that lacks BRG1 expression and examined changes in extracellular matrix and adhesion molecule expression. We found that BRG1 modulated the expression of a subset of extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes and adhesion proteins. Furthermore, BRG1 altered melanoma adhesion to different extracellular matrix components. Expression of BRG1 in melanoma cells that lack BRG1 increased invasive ability while down-regulation of BRG1 inhibited invasive ability in vitro. Activation of metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 expression greatly contributed to the BRG1 induced increase in melanoma invasiveness. We found that BRG1 is recruited to the MMP2 promoter and directly activates expression of this metastasis associated gene. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that BRG1 expression increases during melanoma progression. Our study has identified BRG1 target genes that play an important role in melanoma metastasis and we show that BRG1 promotes melanoma invasive ability in vitro. These results suggest that increased BRG1 levels promote the epigenetic changes in gene expression required for melanoma metastasis to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Vinod Saladi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Bridget Keenen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Himangi G Marathe
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Huiling Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Khew-Voon Chin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, The University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Ivana L de la Serna
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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48
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Bakshi R, Hassan MQ, Pratap J, Lian JB, Montecino MA, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Imbalzano AN, Stein GS. The human SWI/SNF complex associates with RUNX1 to control transcription of hematopoietic target genes. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:569-76. [PMID: 20506188 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1, RUNX1) transcription factor is a key regulator of hematopoietic differentiation that forms multi-protein complexes with co-regulatory proteins. These complexes are assembled at target gene promoters in nuclear microenvironments to mediate phenotypic gene expression and chromatin-related epigenetic modifications. Here, immunofluorescence microscopy and biochemical assays are used to show that RUNX1 associates with the human ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The SWI/SNF subunits BRG1 and INI1 bind in vivo to RUNX1 target gene promoters (e.g., GMCSF, IL3, MCSF-R, MIP, and p21). These interactions correlate with histone modifications characteristic of active chromatin, including acetylated H4 and dimethylated H3 lysine 4. Downregulation of RUNX1 by RNA interference diminishes the binding of BRG1 and INI1 at selected target genes. Taken together, our findings indicate that RUNX1 interacts with the human SWI/SNF complex to control hematopoietic-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Bakshi
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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49
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Keppler BR, Archer TK. Ubiquitin-dependent and ubiquitin-independent control of subunit stoichiometry in the SWI/SNF complex. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35665-74. [PMID: 20829358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.173997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is a key player in multiple chromatin transactions. Core subunits of this complex, including the ATPase, Brg-1, and various Brg-1-associated factors (BAFs), work in concert to maintain a functional remodeling complex. This intra-complex regulation is supervised by protein-protein interactions, as stoichiometric levels of BAF proteins are maintained by proteasomal degradation. We show that the mechanism of BAF155-mediated stabilization of BAF57 involves blocking its ubiquitination by preventing interaction with TRIP12, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Consequently, as opposed to complexed BAF57, whose principal lysines are unavailable for ubiquitination, uncomplexed BAF57 can be freely ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome. Additionally, a BAF57 mutant, which contains no lysine residues, was found to retain its ability to be stabilized by interaction with BAF155, suggesting that in addition to the ubiquitin-dependent mechanism of BAF57 degradation, there exists a ubiquitin-independent mechanism that may involve the direct interaction of BAF57 with the proteasome. We propose that this regulatory mechanism exists to ensure functional fidelity of the complex and prevent the accumulation of uncomplexed proteins, which may disrupt the normal activity of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Keppler
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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50
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Tanner TM, Denayer S, Geverts B, Tilborgh NV, Kerkhofs S, Helsen C, Spans L, Dubois V, Houtsmuller AB, Claessens F, Haelens A. A 629RKLKK633 motif in the hinge region controls the androgen receptor at multiple levels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1919-27. [PMID: 20186458 PMCID: PMC11115488 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor protein has specific domains involved in DNA binding, ligand binding, and transactivation, whose activities need to be integrated during transcription activation. The hinge region, more particular a (629)RKLKK(633) motif, seems to play a crucial role in this process. Indeed, although the motif is not part of the DNA-binding domain, its positive residues are involved in optimal DNA binding and nuclear translocation as shown by mutation analysis. When the mutated ARs are forced into the nucleus, however, the residues seem to play different roles in transactivation. Moreover, we show by FRAP analysis that during activation, the AR is distributed in the nucleus in a mobile and two immobile fractions, and that mutations in the (629)RKLKK(633) motif affect the distribution of the AR over these three intranuclear fractions. Taken together, the (629)RKLKK(633) motif is a multifunctional motif that integrates nuclear localization, receptor stability, DNA binding, transactivation potential and intranuclear mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin M. Tanner
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Denayer
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Geverts
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Van Tilborgh
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Kerkhofs
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien Spans
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adriaan B. Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemie Haelens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1, Herestraat 49, Box 901, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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