1
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Yu S, Jin M, Wen T, Zhao L, Zou X, Liang X, Xie Y, Pan W, Piao C. Accurate breast cancer diagnosis using a stable feature ranking algorithm. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:64. [PMID: 37024893 PMCID: PMC10080822 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers among women. Since diverse features can be collected, how to stably select the powerful ones for accurate BC diagnosis remains challenging. METHODS A hybrid framework is designed for successively investigating both feature ranking (FR) stability and cancer diagnosis effectiveness. Specifically, on 4 BC datasets (BCDR-F03, WDBC, GSE10810 and GSE15852), the stability of 23 FR algorithms is evaluated via an advanced estimator (S), and the predictive power of the stable feature ranks is further tested by using different machine learning classifiers. RESULTS Experimental results identify 3 algorithms achieving good stability ([Formula: see text]) on the four datasets and generalized Fisher score (GFS) leading to state-of-the-art performance. Moreover, GFS ranks suggest that shape features are crucial in BC image analysis (BCDR-F03 and WDBC) and that using a few genes can well differentiate benign and malignant tumor cases (GSE10810 and GSE15852). CONCLUSIONS The proposed framework recognizes a stable FR algorithm for accurate BC diagnosis. Stable and effective features could deepen the understanding of BC diagnosis and related decision-making applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaode Yu
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxue Jin
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhang Wen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Linlin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuechao Zou
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaokun Liang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaoqin Xie
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanlong Pan
- Experimental Teaching Center for Pathogen Biology and Immunology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Chenghao Piao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Benlier N, Solakhan M, Sever ÖN, Yıldırım Z, Orhan N, Çiçek H, Yıldırım M. Role of serum cathelicidin in diagnosis of patient with prostatitis and prostate carcinoma. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-022-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study investigated the diagnostic role of 75 levels measured in serum prostatitis and prostate carcinoma and in the differentiation of these two conditions.
Methods
The study was conducted with 75 patients histopathologically diagnosed with prostate carcinoma or prostatitis and followed up at the Departments of Urology and Medical Oncology and 21 healthy male subjects. Serum cathelicidin levels were investigated using the ELISA method. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS for Windows 22.0 package software. Compliance of the variables to normal distribution was examined using visual and analytic methods. In the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, cases with a p value of greater than 0.05 were accepted as normal distribution.
Results
A total of 75 patients including 45 diagnosed with prostate carcinoma and 30 diagnosed with prostatitis, as well as 21 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was detected as 23 (4–1200) ng/mL in the patients with prostate carcinoma and as 9.85 (3.9–405 ng/mL) in the patients with prostatitis. The cathelicidin levels were diagnostically significant when assessed by ROC analysis in the prostate cancer, prostatitis and control groups (p = 0.005). The cutoff values derived from the ROC curve analysis were 3.5151 ng/mL for distinguishing prostate cancer from prostatitis, 2.2620 ng/mL for prostate cancer versus control group and 1.2340 ng/mL for prostatitis versus control group.
Conclusions
In this study we showed that the serum cathelicidin levels were significantly higher in the patients diagnosed with prostate carcinoma. Measurement of serum cathelicidin levels could be used as a diagnostic marker in prostate carcinoma as well as facilitating differential diagnosis to strengthen the diagnostic suspicion before prostate biopsy and distinguish the diagnosis from prostatitis cases.
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3
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Wollny T, Wnorowska U, Piktel E, Suprewicz Ł, Król G, Głuszek K, Góźdź S, Kopczyński J, Bucki R. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate-Triggered Expression of Cathelicidin LL-37 Promotes the Growth of Human Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7443. [PMID: 35806446 PMCID: PMC9267432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been proven that tumour growth and progression are regulated by a variety of mediators released during the inflammatory process preceding the tumour appearance, but the role of inflammation in the development of bladder cancer is ambiguous. This study was designed around the hypothesis that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), as a regulator of several cellular processes important in both inflammation and cancer development, may exert some of the pro-tumorigenic effects indirectly due to its ability to regulate the expression of human cathelicidin (hCAP-18). LL-37 peptide released from hCAP-18 is involved in the development of various types of cancer in humans, especially those associated with infections. Using immunohistological staining, we showed high expression of hCAP-18/LL-37 and sphingosine kinase 1 (the enzyme that forms S1P from sphingosine) in human bladder cancer cells. In a cell culture model, S1P was able to stimulate the expression and release of hCAP-18/LL-37 from human bladder cells, and the addition of LL-37 peptide dose-dependently increased their proliferation. Additionally, the effect of S1P on LL-37 release was inhibited in the presence of FTY720P, a synthetic immunosuppressant that blocks S1P receptors. Together, this study presents the possibility of paracrine relation in which LL-37 production following cell stimulation by S1P promotes the development and growth of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Wollny
- Holy Cross Oncology Center of Kielce, Artwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (T.W.); (K.G.); (S.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Urszula Wnorowska
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (U.W.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Independent Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2B, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (U.W.); (Ł.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Król
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Głuszek
- Holy Cross Oncology Center of Kielce, Artwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (T.W.); (K.G.); (S.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Stanisław Góźdź
- Holy Cross Oncology Center of Kielce, Artwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (T.W.); (K.G.); (S.G.); (J.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Janusz Kopczyński
- Holy Cross Oncology Center of Kielce, Artwińskiego 3, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (T.W.); (K.G.); (S.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (U.W.); (Ł.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
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4
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Hypoxia Enhances the Expression of RNASET2 in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells: Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147564. [PMID: 34299186 PMCID: PMC8303897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a key component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and promotes not only tumor growth and metastasis, but also negatively affects infiltrating immune cells by impairing host immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells and their biology is weakened in the TME in many ways, including the modulation of their viability. RNASET2 belongs to the T2 family of extracellular ribonucleases and, besides its nuclease activity, it exerts many additional functions. Indeed, RNASET2 is involved in several human pathologies, including cancer, and it is functionally relevant in the TME. RNASET2 functions are not restricted to cancer cells and its expression could be relevant also in other cell types which are important players in the TME, including DCs. Therefore, this study aimed to unravel the effect of hypoxia (2% O2) on the expression of RNASET2 in DCs. Here, we showed that hypoxia enhanced the expression and secretion of RNASET2 in human monocyte-derived DCs. This paralleled the HIF-1α accumulation and HIF-dependent and -independent signaling, which are associated with DCs’ survival/autophagy/apoptosis. RNASET2 expression, under hypoxia, was regulated by the PI3K/AKT pathway and was almost completely abolished by TLR4 ligand, LPS. Taken together, these results highlight how hypoxia- dependent and -independent pathways shape RNASET2 expression in DCs, with new perspectives on its implication for TME and, therefore, in anti-tumor immunity.
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5
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Ercolano G, Gomez-Cadena A, Dumauthioz N, Vanoni G, Kreutzfeldt M, Wyss T, Michalik L, Loyon R, Ianaro A, Ho PC, Borg C, Kopf M, Merkler D, Krebs P, Romero P, Trabanelli S, Jandus C. PPARɣ drives IL-33-dependent ILC2 pro-tumoral functions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2538. [PMID: 33953160 PMCID: PMC8100153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a critical role in protection against helminths and in diverse inflammatory diseases by responding to soluble factors such as the alarmin IL-33, that is often overexpressed in cancer. Nonetheless, regulatory factors that dictate ILC2 functions remain poorly studied. Here, we show that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is selectively expressed in ILC2s in humans and in mice, acting as a central functional regulator. Pharmacologic inhibition or genetic deletion of PPARγ in ILC2s significantly impair IL-33-induced Type-2 cytokine production and mitochondrial fitness. Further, PPARγ blockade in ILC2s disrupts their pro-tumoral effect induced by IL-33-secreting cancer cells. Lastly, genetic ablation of PPARγ in ILC2s significantly suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Our findings highlight a crucial role for PPARγ in supporting the IL-33 dependent pro-tumorigenic role of ILC2s and suggest that PPARγ can be considered as a druggable pathway in ILC2s to inhibit their effector functions. Hence, PPARγ targeting might be exploited in cancer immunotherapy and in other ILC2-driven mediated disorders, such as asthma and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ercolano
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alejandra Gomez-Cadena
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nina Dumauthioz
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Vanoni
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tania Wyss
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Romain Loyon
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Medical Oncology, Besançon, France
| | - Angela Ianaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Borg
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,University Hospital of Besançon, Department of Medical Oncology, Besançon, France
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Trabanelli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jandus
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Di Virgilio F. P2X7 is a cytotoxic receptor….maybe not: implications for cancer. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:55-61. [PMID: 33011962 PMCID: PMC7955003 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is rich in extracellular ATP. This nucleotide affects both cancer and infiltrating immune cell responses by acting at P2 receptors, chiefly P2X7. ATP is then degraded to generate adenosine, a very powerful immunosuppressant. The purinergic hypothesis put forward by Geoff Burnstock prompted innovative investigation in this field and provided the intellectual framework to interpret a myriad of experimental findings. This is a short appraisal of how Geoff's inspiration influenced cancer studies and my own investigation highlighting the key role of the P2X7 receptor.
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7
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Wu L, Xu Y, Zhao H, Li Y. RNase T2 in Inflammation and Cancer: Immunological and Biological Views. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1554. [PMID: 32903619 PMCID: PMC7438567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNase T2 family consists of evolutionarily conserved endonucleases that express in many different species, including animals, plants, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses. The main biological roles of these ribonucleases are cleaving or degrading RNA substrates. They preferentially cleave single-stranded RNA molecules between purine and uridine residues to generate two nucleotide fragments with 2'3'-cyclic phosphate adenosine/guanosine terminus and uridine residue, respectively. Accumulating studies have revealed that RNase T2 is critical for the pathophysiology of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we introduce the distribution, structure, and functions of RNase T2, its differential roles in inflammation and cancer, and the perspective for its research and related applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanquan Xu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huakan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Clinical Medicine Research Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Jin S, Yang Z, Hao X, Tang W, Ma W, Zong H. Roles of HMGB1 in regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Biomark Res 2020; 8:21. [PMID: 32551121 PMCID: PMC7298841 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are notable contributors to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and are closely associated with tumor progression; in addition, MDSCs are present in most patients with cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate MDSCs in the etiopathogenesis of human tumor immunity remain unclear. The secreted alarmin high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a proinflammatory factor and inducer of many inflammatory molecules during MDSC development. In this review, we detail the currently reported characteristics of MDSCs in tumor immune escape and the regulatory role of secreted HMGB1 in MDSC differentiation, proliferation, activity and survival. Notably, different posttranslational modifications of HMGB1 may have various effects on MDSCs, and these effects need further identification. Moreover, exosome-derived HMGB1 is speculated to exert a regulatory effect on MDSCs, but no report has confirmed this hypothesis. Therefore, the effects of HMGB1 on MDSCs need more research attention, and additional investigations should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiling Jin
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China.,Academy of medical science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xin Hao
- Henan college of Health Cadres, Zhengzhou, 450008 Henan China
| | - Wenxue Tang
- Departments of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan China.,Center for Precision Medicine of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China.,Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, NO.40 North Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Wang Ma
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Hong Zong
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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9
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Kashani B, Zandi Z, Bashash D, Zaghal A, Momeny M, Poursani EM, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Mousavi SA, Ghaffari SH. Small molecule inhibitor of TLR4 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation: new insight into the anticancer effect of TAK-242 (Resatorvid). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 85:47-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Acquati F, Mortara L, De Vito A, Baci D, Albini A, Cippitelli M, Taramelli R, Noonan DM. Innate Immune Response Regulation by the Human RNASET2 Tumor Suppressor Gene. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2587. [PMID: 31749812 PMCID: PMC6848152 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between cancer development or progression and immune system dysregulation has long been established. Virtually every cell type belonging to both the innate and adaptive immune system has been reported to be involved in a complex interplay that might culminate into either a pro- or anti-tumorigenic response. Among the cellular components of the innate immune system, cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage lineage have been consistently shown to play a key role in the tumorigenic process. The most advanced human tumors are reported to be strongly infiltrated with Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) endowed with the ability to contribute to tumor growth and dissemination. However, given their widely acknowledged functional plasticity, macrophages can display anti-tumor properties as well. Based on these premises, experimental approaches to promote the in vivo macrophage shift from pro-tumor to anti-tumor phenotype represent one of the most promising research field aimed at developing immune system-mediated tumor suppressive therapies. In this context, the human RNASET2 oncosuppressor gene has emerged as a potential tool for macrophage-mediated tumor suppression. A growing body of experimental evidence has been reported to suggest a role for this gene in the regulation of macrophage activity in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Moreover, several recent reports suggest a role for this gene in a broad range of cell types involved in immune response, pointing at RNASET2 as a putative regulator of several functional features within the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Acquati
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Annarosaria De Vito
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Denisa Baci
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Adriana Albini
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Taramelli
- Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.,Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
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11
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Rojas A, Araya P, Romero J, Delgado-López F, Gonzalez I, Añazco C, Perez-Castro R. Skewed Signaling through the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products Alters the Proinflammatory Profile of Tumor-Associated Macrophages. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2018; 11:97-105. [PMID: 30091031 PMCID: PMC6250617 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-018-0214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumors are complex tissues composed of variable amounts of both non-cellular components (matrix proteins) and a multitude of stromal cell types, which are under an active cross-talk with tumor cells. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major leukocyte population among the tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Once they are infiltrated into tumor stroma they undergo a polarized activation, where the M1 and M2 phenotypes represent the two extreme of the polarization heterogeneity spectrum. It is known that TAMs acquire a specific phenotype (M2), oriented toward tumor growth, angiogenesis and immune-suppression. A growing body of evidences supports the presence of tuning mechanisms in order to skew or restraint the inflammatory response of TAMs and thus forces them to function as active tumor-promoting immune cells. The receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin protein family of cell surface molecules, being activated by several danger signals and thus signaling to promote the production of many pro-inflammatory molecules. Interestingly, this receptor is paradoxically expressed in both M1 and M2 macrophages phenotypes. This review addresses how RAGE signaling has been drifted away in M2 macrophages, and thus taking advantage of the abundance of RAGE ligands at tumor microenvironment, particularly HMGB1, to reinforce the supportive M2 macrophages strategy to support tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Labs., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave, Talca, Chile.
| | - Paulina Araya
- Biomedical Research Labs., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave, Talca, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Romero
- Biomedical Research Labs., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave, Talca, Chile
| | - Fernando Delgado-López
- Biomedical Research Labs., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave, Talca, Chile
| | - Ileana Gonzalez
- Biomedical Research Labs., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave, Talca, Chile
| | - Carolina Añazco
- Biomedical Research Labs., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave, Talca, Chile
| | - Ramon Perez-Castro
- Biomedical Research Labs., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave, Talca, Chile
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12
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Scaldaferri D, Bosi A, Fabbri M, Pedrini E, Inforzato A, Valli R, Frattini A, De Vito A, Noonan DM, Taramelli R, Mortara L, Acquati F. The human RNASET2 protein affects the polarization pattern of human macrophages in vitro. Immunol Lett 2018; 203:102-111. [PMID: 30218741 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent key inflammatory cellular effectors of the innate immune response. Despite being widely acknowledged as professional phagocytes, the functional roles played by these cells have been progressively widened over the years to encompass regulation of the adaptive immune system, stimulation or suppression of cancer cell growth and tissue remodeling. These diverse functional features have led to the concept of "macrophage plasticity", i.e. the ability of these cells to express a wide range of phenotypes endowed with different functional roles. Several activation programs have been described for mammalian macrophages, based mainly on their differential transcriptional profiles. Based on established in vitro experimental conditions, many researchers currently refer to the M1 (or M1-like) and M2 (or M2-like) terms to describe the two extremes of a rather broad spectrum of polarization states that macrophages can experience in vivo. In light of the widely recognized opposite roles of M1-like and M2-like macrophages on cancer growth, and our largely incomplete knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of the M1-like versus M2-like balance within a tumor mass, we report here results from in vitro assays pointing at the human RNASET2 gene as a potential regulator of the balance between M1-like/M2-like macrophage polarization. Not only do our results confirm previous in vivo data, thus further supporting a role for this pleiotropic protein in the innate immune system, but they also define RNASET2 as a new molecular target with potential applications for in vivo reprogramming of macrophage polarization, an increasingly appraised anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Scaldaferri
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bosi
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Marco Fabbri
- Unit of Haematopathology, European Institute of Oncology, IEO, Milan, 20141, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pedrini
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Valli
- Cytogenetic Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Annalisa Frattini
- Cytogenetic Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy; IRGB - National Research Council (CNR), UOS Milan, 20090, Italy
| | - Annarosaria De Vito
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Douglas M Noonan
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy; Laboratory of Vascular Biology and Angiogenesis, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Roberto Taramelli
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mortara
- Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy.
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Human Genetics Unit, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy; Interuniversity Research Center in Protein Biotechnologies "The Protein Factory"- Politecnico Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria, Varese, 21100, Italy.
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13
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New insights into hypoxia-related mechanisms involved in different microvascular patterns of bronchopulmonary carcinoids and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Role of ribonuclease T2 (RNASET2) and HIF-1α. Hum Pathol 2018; 79:66-76. [PMID: 29763721 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease T2 (RNASET2) is a pleiotropic and polyfunctional protein, which exerts several different activities in neoplastic cells since the early steps of tumor development. Besides having an antitumorigenic activity, RNASET2 inhibits both bFGF-induced and VEGF-induced angiogenesis and has a role as a stress-response, alarmin-like, protein. In this study, we investigated RNASET2 expression in well-differentiated and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung (Lu-NENs), which are known to show clear-cut differences in morphology, biology and clinical behavior. In addition, we explored possible relationships between RNASET2 expression and a series of immunohistochemical markers related to hypoxic stress, apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis. Our results showed a significantly higher expression of RNASET2, HIF-1α, and its target CA IX in poorly differentiated than in well-differentiated Lu-NENs, the former also showing higher proliferation and apoptotic rates, as well as a lower microvessel density (MVD) than the latter. Moreover, we were able to demonstrate in vitro an overexpression of RNASET2 in consequence of the activation of HIF-1α. In conclusion, we suggest that in poorly differentiated Lu-NENs, RNASET2 expression may be induced by HIF-1α, behaving as an alarmin-like molecule. In this aggressive group of cancers, which have highly deregulated proliferation pathways, RNASET2 fails to exert the growth-inhibiting effects described in other types of neoplasms. Its increased expression, however, may contribute to the typical phenotypic alterations seen in poorly differentiated Lu-NENs, such as the high apoptotic rate and the extensive necrosis, and may also enhance the low MVD observed in these neoplasms.
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14
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Wang W, Zheng Y, Jia J, Li C, Duan Q, Li R, Wang X, Shao Y, Chen C, Yan H. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 promotes the viability and invasion of skin squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating YB-1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:499-506. [PMID: 28672959 PMCID: PMC5488501 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 serves a function in the host defense against microbial invasion, and also regulates cell proliferation, immune activity and angiogenesis. Previous studies have reported that LL-37 participates in the development of numerous tumour types, such as ovarian cancer, lung cancer, melanoma and breast cancer. However, the function of LL-37 in the development of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of the current study was to investigate how LL-37 promotes the expression of Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) in SCC. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to inhibit the expression of YB-1, and in vitro MTT and Transwell migration assays were used to evaluate the effect of reduced YB-1 on the viability and invasion of A431 cells. A431 cells were stimulated with LL-37, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses were used to detect changes in YB-1 expression. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway inhibitors were also used to evaluate the mechanism of LL-37-induced YB-1 protein expression. It was found that YB-1 expression was increased in SCC tissue compared with normal tissue. Inhibiting YB-1 expression using siRNA significantly reduced the viability and suppressed the invasion of tumour cells (P<0.05 for both). LL-37 treatment at 0.05 µg/ml for 24 or 48 h significantly promoted YB-1 protein expression (P<0.05), and this was dependent on the NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that by upregulating the expression of YB-1, LL-37 can promote the occurrence and development of SCC, and this process involves the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Changji Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Duan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Ruilian Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China.,Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Caifeng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Huling Yan
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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15
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Rojas A, Añazco C, Araya P. M2 macrophages do not fly into a "RAGE". Inflamm Res 2017; 66:13-15. [PMID: 27699448 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key elements in orchestrating host responses inside tumor stroma. This population may undergo a polarized activation process, thus rendering a heterogeneous spectrum of phenotypes, where the classically activated type 1 macrophages (M1) and the alternative activated type 2 macrophages (M2) represent two extreme phenotypes. In this commentary, based on very recent research findings, we intend to highlight how complex could be the crosstalk among all components of tumor stroma, where the coexistence of non-natural partners may even skew the canonical responses that we can expect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave., Talca, Chile.
| | - Carolina Añazco
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave., Talca, Chile
| | - Paulina Araya
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, 3605 San Miguel Ave., Talca, Chile
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16
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Jia J, Zheng Y, Wang W, Shao Y, Li Z, Wang Q, Wang Y, Yan H. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 promotes YB-1 expression, and the viability, migration and invasion of malignant melanoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:240-248. [PMID: 27922666 PMCID: PMC5355658 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, LL-37, is a multifunctional peptide with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities, such as chemotaxis and neutralizing endotoxins. Previous studies have demonstrated that it LL-37 serves a functional role in the development of numerous types of cancer including ovarian, breast, prostate and lung cancer. However, its role in the development of malignant melanoma (MM) remains unclear. To determine the role of LL-37 and the potential interaction with Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) in MM, RNA interference, western blot, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, MTT and Transwell assays were performed. The current study demonstrated that LL-37 induced YB-1 expression, and increased tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion of A375 and A875 MM cell lines. In addition, inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) attenuated LL-37-induced YB-1 expression. These results demonstrate that, through the upregulation of YB-1 expression and the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, LL-37 may promote the malignant progression of MM cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Jia
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Shao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxiao Li
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Huling Yan
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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17
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Huber R, Meier B, Otsuka A, Fenini G, Satoh T, Gehrke S, Widmer D, Levesque MP, Mangana J, Kerl K, Gebhardt C, Fujii H, Nakashima C, Nonomura Y, Kabashima K, Dummer R, Contassot E, French LE. Tumour hypoxia promotes melanoma growth and metastasis via High Mobility Group Box-1 and M2-like macrophages. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29914. [PMID: 27426915 PMCID: PMC4947927 DOI: 10.1038/srep29914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark of cancer that is strongly associated with invasion, metastasis, resistance to therapy and poor clinical outcome. Tumour hypoxia affects immune responses and promotes the accumulation of macrophages in the tumour microenvironment. However, the signals linking tumour hypoxia to tumour-associated macrophage recruitment and tumour promotion are incompletely understood. Here we show that the damage-associated molecular pattern High-Mobility Group Box 1 protein (HMGB1) is released by melanoma tumour cells as a consequence of hypoxia and promotes M2-like tumour-associated macrophage accumulation and an IL-10 rich milieu within the tumour. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HMGB1 drives IL-10 production in M2-like macrophages by selectively signalling through the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE). Finally, we show that HMGB1 has an important role in murine B16 melanoma growth and metastasis, whereas in humans its serum concentration is significantly increased in metastatic melanoma. Collectively, our findings identify a mechanism by which hypoxia affects tumour growth and metastasis in melanoma and depict HMGB1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Huber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Meier
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Atsushi Otsuka
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Fenini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Gehrke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Widmer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Mangana
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Kerl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Skin cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hiroko Fujii
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chisa Nakashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Nonomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Contassot
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich 8091, Switzerland
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18
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Tonk M, Vilcinskas A, Rahnamaeian M. Insect antimicrobial peptides: potential tools for the prevention of skin cancer. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:7397-405. [PMID: 27418360 PMCID: PMC4980408 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides/proteins (AMPs) are biologically active molecules with diverse structural properties that are produced by mammals, plants, insects, ticks, and microorganisms. They have a range of antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and even anticancer activities, and their biological properties could therefore be exploited for therapeutic and prophylactic applications. Cancer and cancer drug resistance are significant current health challenges, so the development of innovative cancer drugs with minimal toxicity toward normal cells and novel modes of action that can evade resistance may provide a new direction for anticancer therapy. The skin is the first line of defense against heat, sunlight, injury, and infection, and skin cancer is thus the most common type of cancer. The skin that has been exposed to sunlight is particularly susceptible, but lesions can occur anywhere on the body. Skin cancer awareness and self-efficacy are necessary to improve sun protection behavior, but more effective preventative approaches are also required. AMPs may offer a new prophylactic approach against skin cancer. In this mini review, we draw attention to the potential use of insect AMPs for the prevention and treatment of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miray Tonk
- LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology and Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology and Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse, 35394, Giessen, Germany.,Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Rahnamaeian
- LOEWE Center for Insect Biotechnology and Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Strasse, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
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19
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Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 promotes the proliferation and invasion of skin squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating DNA-binding protein A. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1745-1752. [PMID: 27588122 PMCID: PMC4998069 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 not only contributes to the host defence against microbial invasion but also regulates immune activity, angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Studies have shown that LL-37 participates in the development of a variety of tumours, such as lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer and melanoma. However, the role of LL-37 in the development of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is not clear. The present study used immunohistochemistry to confirm that the expression of human DNA-binding protein A (dbpA) was increased in SCC tissues. After stimulating SCC A341 cells, LL-37 was shown promote the proliferation, migration and invasion of these malignant cells. LL-37 also promoted the upregulation of dbpA mRNA and protein expression. In addition, after using small interfering RNA to silence the normal dbpA expression in these malignant cells, the proliferation and invasion of the tumor cells were significantly reduced. When the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC was used to inhibit the process of LL-37-stimulated cells, it was found that the original upregulated expression of dbpA was downregulated. Overall, the present demonstrated that by upregulating the expression of dbpA, LL-37 can promote the proliferation and invasion of tumour cells, and that this process depends on the NF-κB signalling pathway.
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20
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Lualdi M, Pedrini E, Rea K, Monti L, Scaldaferri D, Gariboldi M, Camporeale A, Ghia P, Monti E, Tomassetti A, Acquati F, Taramelli R. Pleiotropic modes of action in tumor cells of RNASET2, an evolutionary highly conserved extracellular RNase. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7851-65. [PMID: 25797262 PMCID: PMC4480721 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As widely recognized, tumor growth entails a close and complex cross-talk among cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment. We recently described the human RNASET2 gene as one key player of such microenvironmental cross-talk. Indeed, the protein encoded by this gene is an extracellular RNase which is able to control cancer growth in a non-cell autonomous mode by inducing a sustained recruitment of immune-competent cells belonging to the monocyte/macrophage lineage within a growing tumor mass. Here, we asked whether this oncosuppressor gene is sensitive to stress challenges and whether it can trigger cell-intrinsic processes as well. Indeed, RNASET2 expression levels were consistently found to increase following stress induction. Moreover, changes in RNASET2 expression levels turned out to affect several cancer-related parameters in vitro in an ovarian cancer cell line model. Of note, a remarkable rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton organization, together with changes in cell adhesion and motility, emerged as putative mechanisms by which such cell-autonomous role could occur. Altogether, these biological features allow to put forward the hypothesis that the RNASET2 protein can act as a molecular barrier for limiting the damages and tissue remodeling events occurring during the earlier step of cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lualdi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pedrini
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Katia Rea
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Monti
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Debora Scaldaferri
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marzia Gariboldi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Annalisa Camporeale
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Present address: Molecular Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Department of Onco-Hematology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Monti
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Italy
| | - Antonella Tomassetti
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Acquati
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Taramelli
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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21
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Caso R, Miller G. Role of tumor associated macrophages in regulating pancreatic cancer progression. World J Immunol 2016; 6:9-18. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v6.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Unfortunately, patient survival has not substantially improved in the last couple of decades despite advances in treatment modalities that have been successful in other cancer types. The poor response of pancreatic cancer to therapy is a major obstacle faced by clinicians. Increasing attention is being paid to how tumor cells and non-tumor cells influence each other in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a highlight in this field because of their vast presence in the tumor microenvironment. TAMs promote angiogenesis, metastasis, and suppress the anti-tumor immune response. Here we review the current understanding of the role of TAMs in regulating the progression of pancreatic cancer.
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22
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Macrophages and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:211-6. [PMID: 26708507 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages make up part of the innate immune system and provide one of the first defenses against variety of treats. Macrophages can also modulate the adaptive immune system. Efficient sensing and response to tissue environmental cues highlights the complexity and dynamic nature of macrophages and their plasticity. Macrophages may have divergent roles depending on their polarity and stimulus received. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the critical role played by macrophages in tumor initiation, development, and progression. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In addition, we give an overview on recent advances related to the therapeutic implication associated with targeting TAMs in pancreas cancer.
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23
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Li D, Liu W, Wang X, Wu J, Quan W, Yao Y, Bals R, Ji S, Wu K, Guo J, Wan H. Cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide produced by macrophages, promotes colon cancer by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2939-50. [PMID: 25596747 PMCID: PMC4413629 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we found that levels of cathelicidin, an antimicrobial peptide, were increased in colon cancer tissues compared to noncancerous tissues. Importantly, cathelicidin was mainly expressed in immune cells. Contact with tumor cells caused macrophages to secrete cathelicidin. Neutralization of cathelicidin, in vivo, significantly reduced the engraftment of macrophages into colon tumors, as well as proliferation of tumor cells, resulting in an inhibition of tumor growth. Furthermore, treatment with cathelicidin neutralizing antibody de-activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro. Cathelicidin activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inducing phosphorylation of PTEN, leading to activation of PI3K/Akt signaling and subsequent phosphorylation of GSK3β, resulting in stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. These data indicate that cathelicidin, expressed by immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, promotes colon cancer growth through activation of the PTEN/PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo People's Hospital, 200060 Shanghai, China
| | - Junlu Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Quan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Bals
- Department of Internal Medicine V - Pulmonology, Allergology, Respiratory Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Shurong Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiyin Wu
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jia Guo
- Tongji University Suzhou Institute, 215000 Suzhou, China
| | - Haiying Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, 200065 Shanghai, China
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Wei F, Yang F, Jiang X, Yu W, Ren X. High-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 is a novel clinical biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9405-10. [PMID: 26113410 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of alarmin high-mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1 (HMGN1) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unknown. To address the presence of HMGN1 in the serum of different stages of NSCLC patients and healthy controls, we enrolled a consecutive sample of adult serum at diagnosis and correlated it with clinicopathologic outcomes. A total of 100 NSCLC patients and 23 healthy volunteers were enrolled from January 2012 through December 2013. Serum HMGN1 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Additionally, HMGN1 levels in 50 NSCLC patients with early-stage disease who received curative pneumonectomy were correlated with survivals. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to analyze the data. The patients with NSCLC were characterized by significantly higher serum levels of HMGN1 (0.4585 ± 0.0640 ng/ml) compared to those in healthy controls (0.3578 ± 0.0304 ng/ml). The serum HMGN1 levels were 0.4027 ± 0.0271 ng/ml, 0.4604 ± 0.0328 ng/ml, 0.5408 ± 0.0459 ng/ml, and 0.4213 ± 0.0341 ng/ml in patients with TNM stages I, II, IV, and IV, respectively (p < 0.001). There were significant differences among four groups (p < 0.001). Additionally, a positive correlation between serum HMGN1 and tumor stage was found in local disease, while serum HMGN1 level in metastatic NSCLC patients was significantly decreased. The Kaplan-Meier plots showed that patients with high serum HMGN1 had a poorer overall survival (OS) after curative pneumonectomy than those with low serum HMGN1 (p = 0.019). Inflammation triggered by alarmins plays a role in NSCLC pathogenesis. HMGN1 can serve as a useful clinical parameter for evaluating disease progression and predicting the outcomes for early-stage patients with NSCLC undergoing pneumonectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangli Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Röhrl J, Geissler EK, Hehlgans T. Friend or foe: A novel role of β-defensins in tumor development. Oncoimmunology 2014; 1:1159-1160. [PMID: 23170263 PMCID: PMC3494629 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, β-defensins were best known for their antimicrobial activity. However, β-defensins also exert immunomodulatory functions, such as the chemotactic recruitment of immune cells via chemokine receptors. We demonstrated that mouse β-defensin 14 recruits CCR6+ B cells into fibrosarcomas, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Röhrl
- Department of Immunology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg, Germany
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26
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Parker KH, Sinha P, Horn LA, Clements VK, Yang H, Li J, Tracey KJ, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. HMGB1 enhances immune suppression by facilitating the differentiation and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5723-33. [PMID: 25164013 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation often precedes malignant transformation and later drives tumor progression. Likewise, subversion of the immune system plays a role in tumor progression, with tumoral immune escape now well recognized as a crucial hallmark of cancer. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are elevated in most individuals with cancer, where their accumulation and suppressive activity are driven by inflammation. Thus, MDSCs may define an element of the pathogenic inflammatory processes that drives immune escape. The secreted alarmin HMGB1 is a proinflammatory partner, inducer, and chaperone for many proinflammatory molecules that MDSCs develop. Therefore, in this study, we examined HMGB1 as a potential regulator of MDSCs. In murine tumor systems, HMGB1 was ubiquitous in the tumor microenvironment, activating the NF-κB signal transduction pathway in MDSCs and regulating their quantity and quality. We found that HMGB1 promotes the development of MDSCs from bone marrow progenitor cells, contributing to their ability to suppress antigen-driven activation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, HMGB1 increased MDSC-mediated production of IL-10, enhanced crosstalk between MDSCs and macrophages, and facilitated the ability of MDSCs to downregulate expression of the T-cell homing receptor L-selectin. Overall, our results revealed a pivotal role for HMGB1 in the development and cancerous contributions of MDSCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Female
- HMGB1 Protein/physiology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- L-Selectin/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/physiology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Stem Cells/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Escape
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Parker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pratima Sinha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lucas A Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Virginia K Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Jianhua Li
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
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27
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Zhang Y, Ren H, Wang L, Ning Z, Zhuang Y, Gan J, Chen S, Zhou D, Zhu H, Tan D, Zhang H. Clinical impact of tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells in primary small cell esophageal carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9718-34. [PMID: 24886814 PMCID: PMC4100116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary small cell esophageal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of gastrointestinal cancer with poor prognosis. In the present study, the impact of tumour infiltrating inflammatory cells on clinico-pathological characteristics and the patients' prognosis were analysed. A total of 36 small cell esophageal carcinomas, 19 adjacent normal tissues and 16 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma samples were collected. Qualified pathologists examined eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages on histochemical slides. The infiltration of eosinophils and macrophages in small cell esophageal carcinoma was significantly increased as compared with tumor adjacent normal tissues, and was significantly less in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Macrophage count was significantly associated with (p = 0.015) lymph node-stage in small cell esophageal carcinoma. When we grouped patients into two groups by counts of infiltrated inflammatory cells, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high macrophage infiltration group (p = 0.004) and high eosinophil infiltration group (p = 0.027) had significantly enhanced survival. In addition, multivariate analysis unveiled that eosinophil count (p = 0.002) and chemotherapy (Yes vs. No, p = 0.001) were independent prognostic indicators. Taken together, infiltration of macrophages and eosinophils into the solid tumor appear to be important in the progression of small cell esophageal carcinoma and patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Zhang
- Department of Information, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Hongzheng Ren
- Department of Pathology, the Central Hospital of Kaifeng, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Zhifeng Ning
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Yixuan Zhuang
- Tumor Tissue Bank, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Jinfeng Gan
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - Shaobin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
| | - David Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Dongfeng Tan
- Department of Pathology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy and Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, China.
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28
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Chiang SC, Han CL, Yu KH, Chen YJ, Wu KP. Prioritization of cancer marker candidates based on the immunohistochemistry staining images deposited in the human protein atlas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81079. [PMID: 24303032 PMCID: PMC3841220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer marker discovery is an emerging topic in high-throughput quantitative proteomics. However, the omics technology usually generates a long list of marker candidates that requires a labor-intensive filtering process in order to screen for potentially useful markers. Specifically, various parameters, such as the level of overexpression of the marker in the cancer type of interest, which is related to sensitivity, and the specificity of the marker among cancer groups, are the most critical considerations. Protein expression profiling on the basis of immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining images is a technique commonly used during such filtering procedures. To systematically investigate the protein expression in different cancer versus normal tissues and cell types, the Human Protein Atlas is a most comprehensive resource because it includes millions of high-resolution IHC images with expert-curated annotations. To facilitate the filtering of potential biomarker candidates from large-scale omics datasets, in this study we have proposed a scoring approach for quantifying IHC annotation of paired cancerous/normal tissues and cancerous/normal cell types. We have comprehensively calculated the scores of all the 17219 tested antibodies deposited in the Human Protein Atlas based on their accumulated IHC images and obtained 457110 scores covering 20 different types of cancers. Statistical tests demonstrate the ability of the proposed scoring approach to prioritize cancer-specific proteins. Top 100 potential marker candidates were prioritized for the 20 cancer types with statistical significance. In addition, a model study was carried out of 1482 membrane proteins identified from a quantitative comparison of paired cancerous and adjacent normal tissues from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The proposed scoring approach demonstrated successful prioritization and identified four CRC markers, including two of the most widely used, namely CEACAM5 and CEACAM6. These results demonstrate the potential of this scoring approach in terms of cancer marker discovery and development. All the calculated scores are available at http://bal.ym.edu.tw/hpa/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Chien Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsing Yu
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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IL-1β, RAGE and FABP4: targeting the dynamic trio in metabolic inflammation and related pathologies. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:1089-108. [PMID: 23795967 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the past decade, inflammatory and lipid mediators, such as IL-1β, FABP4 and RAGE, have emerged as important contributors to metabolic dysfunction. As growing experimental and clinical evidence continues to tie obesity-induced chronic inflammation with dysregulated lipid, insulin signaling and related pathologies, IL-1β, FABP4 and RAGE each are being independently implicated as culprits in these events. There are also convincing data that molecular pathways driven by these molecules are interconnected in exacerbating metabolic consequences of obesity. This article highlights the roles of IL-1β, FABP4 and RAGE in normal physiology as well as focusing specifically on their contribution to inflammation, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Studies implicating the interconnection between these pathways, current and emerging therapeutics, and their use as potential biomarkers are also discussed. Evidence of impact of IL-1β, FABP4 and RAGE pathways on severity of metabolic dysfunction underlines the strong links between inflammatory events, lipid metabolism and insulin regulation, and offers new intriguing approaches for future therapies of obesity-driven pathologies.
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30
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The cytotoxic effect of magainin II on the MDA-MB-231 and M14K tumour cell lines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:831709. [PMID: 24222919 PMCID: PMC3809593 DOI: 10.1155/2013/831709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have highlighted the tumoricidal properties of some natural peptides known to have antimicrobial virtues. Also, the increasingly higher resistance to conventional antibiotics has become a global public health issue, and the need for new antibiotics has stimulated interest in finding and synthesizing new antimicrobial peptides, which may also be used as chemotherapeutic agents. Relying on the literature, the purpose of our in vitro research was to assess the tumoricidal potential of magainin II on a series of tumour cell lines, namely, MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma) and M14K (human mesothelioma). The experimental results of our study revealed that the cytotoxic effects of magainin II depend on its concentration. Its efficiency is significant at 120 μM concentrations, and, although it is much lower, it persists even at 60 μM concentrations. The effects were insignificant at 30 μM concentrations. In our experimental research, the tumoricidal effect of magainin II was not significantly dependent on the type of tumour cell line used.
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31
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De Paula VS, Gomes NSF, Lima LG, Miyamoto CA, Monteiro RQ, Almeida FCL, Valente AP. Structural basis for the interaction of human β-defensin 6 and its putative chemokine receptor CCR2 and breast cancer microvesicles. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4479-95. [PMID: 23938203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensins (hBDs) are believed to function as alarm molecules that stimulate the adaptive immune system when a threat is present. In addition to its antimicrobial activity, defensins present other activities such as chemoattraction of a range of different cell types to the sites of inflammation. We have solved the structure of the hBD6 by NMR spectroscopy that contains a conserved β-defensin domain followed by an extended C-terminus. We use NMR to monitor the interaction of hBD6 with microvesicles shed by breast cancer cell lines and with peptides derived from the extracellular domain of CC chemokine receptor 2 (Nt-CCR2) possessing or not possessing sulfation on Tyr26 and Tyr28. The NMR-derived model of the hBD6/CCR2 complex reveals a contiguous binding surface on hBD6, which comprises amino acid residues of the α-helix and β2-β3 loop. The microvesicle binding surface partially overlaps with the chemokine receptor interface. NMR spin relaxation suggests that free hBD6 and the hBD6/CCR2 complex exhibit microsecond-to-millisecond conformational dynamics encompassing the CCR2 binding site, which might facilitate selection of the molecular configuration optimal for binding. These data offer new insights into the structure-function relation of the hBD6-CCR2 interaction, which is a promising target for the design of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S De Paula
- Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Macromoléculas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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32
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Li D, Wang X, Wu JL, Quan WQ, Ma L, Yang F, Wu KY, Wan HY. Tumor-produced versican V1 enhances hCAP18/LL-37 expression in macrophages through activation of TLR2 and vitamin D3 signaling to promote ovarian cancer progression in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56616. [PMID: 23424670 PMCID: PMC3570526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages have been shown to promote tumor growth. They may have an obligatory function in angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis through release of inflammatory mediators. Their presence in ovarian cancer has been correlated with poor prognosis in these patients. The human cationic antimicrobial protein-18 (hCAP18)/LL-37 was originally identified as an effector molecule of the innate immune system. It is released by innate immune cells, such as macrophages, to combat microorganisms. Previous studies have characterized the hCAP18/LL-37 as a growth factor that has been shown to promote ovarian tumor progression. However, the role hCAP18/LL-37 has in macrophage-promoted ovarian tumor development and how its expression is controlled in this context remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate in co-culture experiments of macrophages and ovarian cancer cells a significant increase in the in vitro proliferation and invasiveness of the tumor cells is observed. These enhanced growth and invasion properties correlated with hCAP18/LL-37 induction. HCAP18/LL-37 expression was diminished by addition of two neutralizing antibodies, TLR2 or TLR6, as well as Cyp27B1 or VDR inhibitors. Furthermore, either the TLR2 or TLR6 antibody reduced vitamin D3 signaling and tumor cell progression in vitro. Addition of Cyp27B1 or VDR inhibitors abrogated TLR2/6 activation-induced expression of hCAP18/LL-37 in macrophages. Knockdown of tumor-produced versican V1 by RNAi in these tumor cells led to a decreased induction of hCAP18/LL-37 in macrophages. Versican V1 knockdown also inhibited TLR2 and vitamin D3 signaling, as well as growth and invasiveness of these tumor cells in the in vitro co-culture. In summary, we have found that versican V1 enhances hCAP18/LL-37 expression in macrophages through activation of TLR2 and subsequent vitamin D-dependent mechanisms which promote ovarian tumor progression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Putuo People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Lu Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Quan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Yin Wu
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hai-Ying Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Mesenchymal stem cell 1 (MSC1)-based therapy attenuates tumor growth whereas MSC2-treatment promotes tumor growth and metastasis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45590. [PMID: 23029122 PMCID: PMC3447765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are many promising clinical trials using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cell-based therapies of numerous diseases. Increasingly, however, there is a concern over the use of MSCs because they home to tumors and can support tumor growth and metastasis. For instance, we established that MSCs in the ovarian tumor microenvironment promoted tumor growth and favored angiogenesis. In parallel studies, we also developed a new approach to induce the conventional mixed pool of MSCs into two uniform but distinct phenotypes we termed MSC1 and MSC2. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we tested the in vitro and in vivo stability of MSC1 and MSC2 phenotypes as well as their effects on tumor growth and spread. In vitro co-culture of MSC1 with various cancer cells diminished growth in colony forming units and tumor spheroid assays, while conventional MSCs or MSC2 co-culture had the opposite effect in these assays. Co-culture of MSC1 and cancer cells also distinctly affected their migration and invasion potential when compared to MSCs or MSC2 treated samples. The expression of bioactive molecules also differed dramatically among these samples. MSC1-based treatment of established tumors in an immune competent model attenuated tumor growth and metastasis in contrast to MSCs- and MSC2-treated animals in which tumor growth and spread was increased. Also, in contrast to these groups, MSC1-therapy led to less ascites accumulation, increased CD45+leukocytes, decreased collagen deposition, and mast cell degranulation. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These observations indicate that the MSC1 and MSC2 phenotypes may be convenient tools for the discovery of critical components of the tumor stroma. The continued investigation of these cells may help ensure that cell based-therapy is used safely and effectively in human disease.
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The Role of Glycyrrhizin, an Inhibitor of HMGB1 Protein, in Anticancer Therapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:391-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Majewski T, Spiess PE, Bondaruk J, Black P, Clarke C, Benedict W, Dinney CP, Grossman HB, Tang KS, Czerniak B. Detection of bladder cancer using proteomic profiling of urine sediments. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42452. [PMID: 22879988 PMCID: PMC3411788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We used protein expression profiles to develop a classification rule for the detection and prognostic assessment of bladder cancer in voided urine samples. Using the Ciphergen PBS II ProteinChip Reader, we analyzed the protein profiles of 18 pairs of samples of bladder tumor and adjacent urothelium tissue, a training set of 85 voided urine samples (32 controls and 53 bladder cancer), and a blinded testing set of 68 voided urine samples (33 controls and 35 bladder cancer). Using t-tests, we identified 473 peaks showing significant differential expression across different categories of paired bladder tumor and adjacent urothelial samples compared to normal urothelium. Then the intensities of those 473 peaks were examined in a training set of voided urine samples. Using this approach, we identified 41 protein peaks that were differentially expressed in both sets of samples. The expression pattern of the 41 protein peaks was used to classify the voided urine samples as malignant or benign. This approach yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 59% and 90%, respectively, on the training set and 80% and 100%, respectively, on the testing set. The proteomic classification rule performed with similar accuracy in low- and high-grade bladder carcinomas. In addition, we used hierarchical clustering with all 473 protein peaks on 65 benign voided urine samples, 88 samples from patients with clinically evident bladder cancer, and 127 samples from patients with a history of bladder cancer to classify the samples into Cluster A or B. The tumors in Cluster B were characterized by clinically aggressive behavior with significantly shorter metastasis-free and disease-specific survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Majewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philippe E. Spiess
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jolanta Bondaruk
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Black
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Clarke
- Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc., Fremont, California, United States of America
| | - William Benedict
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Colin P. Dinney
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Herbert Barton Grossman
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kuang S. Tang
- Department of Biostatistics & Applied Math, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Chan JK, Roth J, Oppenheim JJ, Tracey KJ, Vogl T, Feldmann M, Horwood N, Nanchahal J. Alarmins: awaiting a clinical response. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2711-9. [PMID: 22850880 DOI: 10.1172/jci62423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarmins are endogenous molecules that are constitutively available and released upon tissue damage and activate the immune system. Current evidence indicates that uncontrolled and excessive release of alarmins contributes to the dysregulated processes seen in many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, as well as tumorigenesis and cancer spread. Conversely, alarmins have also been found to play a major role in the orchestration of tissue homeostasis, including repair and remodeling in the heart, skin, and nervous system. Here, we provide an update and overview on alarmins, highlighting the areas that may benefit from this clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Chan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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37
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Pinheiro da Silva F, Machado MCC. Antimicrobial peptides: clinical relevance and therapeutic implications. Peptides 2012; 36:308-14. [PMID: 22659161 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are molecules that provide protection against environmental pathogens, acting against a large number of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, virus and others. Two major groups of antimicrobial peptides are found in humans: cathelicidins and defensins. Recently, several studies have furnished information that besides their role in infection diseases, antimicrobial peptides play a role in diseases as diverse as inflammatory disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. Here, we discuss the role of antimicrobial peptides and vitamin D have in such complex diseases and propose their use should be more explored in the diagnosis and treatment of such conditions.
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Hardt M, Lam DK, Dolan JC, Schmidt BL. Surveying proteolytic processes in human cancer microenvironments by microdialysis and activity-based mass spectrometry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 5:636-43. [PMID: 22262628 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We present a strategy to survey proteolytic processes that occur in human cancer microenvironments. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In situ microdialysis during oral cancer surgery was combined with mass spectrometry-based proteomics to analyze interstitial fluid surrounding tumors and anatomically matched normal sites. Protease activity-based (18)O-profiling was utilized to reveal peptides that were processed by co-collected proteases ex vivo. RESULTS We demonstrated for the first time the use of microdialysis in humans to collect interstitial fluid from cancer microenvironments. Proteomic profiling identified proteases and inhibitors in the microdialysis samples. A subset of peptides displayed characteristic (18)O-isotope patterns that indicated processing by endogenous proteases. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The presented approach provides unprecedented views of in vivo targets of proteases without disrupting the cancer or surrounding tissue. The methodology can be broadly adapted to other physiological conditions in which proteolytic mediators are involved (e.g. arthritic joints, inflamed muscle, other types of cancer) and where a comparison of normal and pathological tissue is sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hardt
- Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, MA, USA.
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Rainczuk A, Rao J, Gathercole J, Stephens AN. The emerging role of CXC chemokines in epithelial ovarian cancer. Reproduction 2012; 144:303-17. [PMID: 22771929 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, chemokines have generated intense investigations due to their involvement in both physiological and pathological processes of inflammation, particularly in ovarian biology. The physiological process of ovulation in the normal ovary involves various chemokines that mediate the healing of the ruptured endometrium. It is now being reported that many of these chemokines are also associated with the cancer of the ovary. Chronic inflammation underlies the progression of ovarian cancer; therefore, it raises the possibility that chemokines are involved in the inflammatory process and mediate immune responses that may favour or inhibit tumour progression. Ovarian cancer is a gynaecological cancer responsible for highest rate of mortality in women. Although there have been several investigations and advances in surgery and chemotherapy, the survival rate for this disease remains low. This is mainly because of a lack of specific symptoms and biomarkers for detection. In this review, we have discussed the emerging role of the CXC chemokines in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The CXC group of chemokines is gaining importance in the field of ovarian cancer for being angiostatic and angiogenic in function. While there have been several studies on the angiogenesis function, emerging research shows that ELR(-) CXC chemokines, CXCL9 and CXCL10, are angiostatic. Importantly, the angiostatic chemokines can inhibit the progression of EOC. Given that there are currently no biomarkers or specific therapeutic targets for the disease, these chemokines are emerging as promising targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rainczuk
- Prince Henry's Institute, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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40
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Jiang Y, Yi X, Li M, Wang T, Qi T, She X. Antimicrobial activities of recombinant mouse β-defensin 3 and its synergy with antibiotics. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:1723-1728. [PMID: 22528077 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian β-defensins are small cationic peptides of approximately 2-6 kDa that have been implicated in mediating innate immune defenses against microbial infection. This present study investigated the activity of mouse β-defensin 3 (MBD3) against bacterial and yeast drug-resistant strains in vitro, and whether this molecule acts in synergy with antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) of recombinant MBD3 (rMBD3) were determined by microdilution assays against different strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. rMBD3 inhibited the growth of S. aureus (MIC, 25 μg/ml) and C. albicans (MIC, 25 μg/ml), and showed fungicidal activity against this yeast (MFC, 100 μg/ml). The influences of rMBD3 on S. aureus and C. albicans cells were examined using electron microscopy. Cells treated with rMBD3 showed morphological and structural changes, including delamination and perforation of the peripheral cell walls, porosity, and inanition of the cytoplasmic contents. Synergistic activities of rMBD3 with different antibiotics were assessed using checkerboard tests. Interestingly, the anti-methicillin-resistant S. aureus activity of rMBD3 in combination with ampicillin was synergistic; however, this was not the case against S. aureus (ATCC 25923). Combinations of rMBD3 with itraconazole, amphotericin or 5-fluorocytosine were synergistic against the two tested C. albicans strains. These results support the interest devoted to defensins as a novel class of antimicrobial agents, and highlight their abilities to potentiate the activities of conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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41
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Macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:948098. [PMID: 22778768 PMCID: PMC3385963 DOI: 10.1155/2012/948098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 638] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed, including classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 macrophages express a series of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules, such as IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and arginase1. In most tumors, the infiltrated macrophages are considered to be of the M2 phenotype, which provides an immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Recently, it was also found that tumor-associated macrophages interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. So mediating macrophage to resist tumors is considered to be potential therapy.
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Röhrl J, Huber B, Koehl GE, Geissler EK, Hehlgans T. Mouse β-defensin 14 (Defb14) promotes tumor growth by inducing angiogenesis in a CCR6-dependent manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4931-9. [PMID: 22504651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
β-Defensins are known for their antimicrobial activity and belong to the molecular barrier of the innate immune system against invading pathogens. In addition, it has been shown that some members of the β-defensin superfamily have the capacity to promote local innate inflammatory and systemic adaptive immune responses, mediated in part by the interaction with CCR6. We found that mouse β-defensin 14 (mBD14, Defb14), a newly identified member of the mouse β-defensin superfamily, is expressed in mouse fibrosarcoma tumor tissue. Tumor cells overexpressing mBD14 demonstrated enhanced solid tumor growth in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice concomitant with increased vascularization of these tumors. Furthermore, mBD14-overexpressing tumors demonstrated increased expression of proangiogenic MIP-2 (CXCL2) ex vivo. In contrast, vascular endothelial growth factor expression was not affected. Cellular analysis of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes revealed a significant increase of CCR6(+) B220(+) lymphocytes in solid tumors derived from mBD14-overexpressing tumor cells. Enhanced tumor growth of mBD14-overexpressing fibrosarcomas was abolished in CCR6-deficient mice, which was paralleled by decreased infiltration of CCR6(+) B220(+) lymphocytes, indicating the requirement of CCR6 expression on host cells. Previously, the interaction of activated, LTαβ(+), lymphocytes with lymphotoxin β-receptor-expressing fibrosarcoma tumor cells has been identified as a new CXCL2-dependent proangiogenic pathway. Coexpression of a soluble lymphotoxin β-receptor:Ig fusion protein, an inhibitor of CXCL2-dependent angiogenesis, in mBD14-overexpressing fibrosarcoma tumor cells abolished enhanced solid tumor growth. Thus, we conclude that mBD14 expression by tumor-infiltrating host cells results in the chemoattraction of CCR6(+) B220(+) lymphocytes, which in turn initiates a proangiogenic pathway leading to enhanced angiogenesis and organized tumor tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Röhrl
- Department of Immunology, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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43
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Michetti F, Corvino V, Geloso MC, Lattanzi W, Bernardini C, Serpero L, Gazzolo D. The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress. J Neurochem 2012; 120:644-59. [PMID: 22145907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra-neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
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44
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Betancourt AM. New Cell-Based Therapy Paradigm: Induction of Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Pro-Inflammatory MSC1 and Anti-inflammatory MSC2 Phenotypes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:163-97. [PMID: 22869086 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies (CBTs) are quickly taking hold as a revolutionary new approach to treat many human diseases. Among the cells used in these treatments, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, also often and imprecisely termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), are widely used because they are considered clinically safe, unique in their immune-modulating capabilities, easily obtained from adult tissues, and quickly expanded as well as stored. However, despite these established advantages, there are limiting factors to employing MSCs in these therapeutic strategies. Foremost is the lack of a general consensus on a definition of these cells, marring efforts to prepare homogeneous lots and more importantly complicating their in vitro and in vivo investigation. Furthermore, although one of the most profound clinical effects of MSC intravenous administration is the modulation of host immune responses, no adequate ex vivo assays exist to consistently predict the therapeutic effect of each MSC lot in the treated patient. Until these issues are addressed, this very promising and safe new therapeutic approach cannot be used to its full advantage. However, these confounding issues do present exciting opportunities. The first is an opportunity to discover unknown aspects of host immune responses because the unique effect driven by MSC infusion on a patient's immunity has not yet been identified. In addition, there is an opportunity to develop methods, tests, and tools to better define MSCs and MSC-based therapy and provide consistency in preparation and effect. To this end, my laboratory recently developed a new approach to induce uniform pro-inflammatory MSC1 and anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotypes from bone marrow-derived MSC preparations. I anticipate that MSC1 and MSC2 provide convenient tools with which to address some of these limitations and will help advance safe and effective CBTs for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Betancourt
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA,
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45
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Kang UB, Yeom J, Kim HJ, Kim H, Lee C. Expression profiling of more than 3500 proteins of MSS-type colorectal cancer by stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2011; 75:3050-62. [PMID: 22154799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An efficient means of identifying protein biomarkers is essential to proper cancer management. A well-characterized proteome resource holds special promise for the discovery of novel biomarkers. However, quantification of the differences between physiological conditions together with deep down profiling has become increasingly challenging in proteomics. Here, we perform expression profiling of the colorectal cancer (CRC) proteome by stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry. Quantitative analysis included performing mTRAQ and cICAT labeling in a pooled sample of three microsatellite stable (MSS) type CRC tissues and a pooled sample of their matched normal tissues. We identified and quantified a total of 3688 proteins. Among them, 1487 proteins were expressed differentially between normal and cancer tissues by higher than 2-fold; 1009 proteins showed increased expression in cancer tissue, whereas 478 proteins showed decreased expression. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that our data were largely consistent with known CRC relevant signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/β-catenin, caveolar-mediated endocytosis, and RAN signaling pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction, known as the Waburg hypothesis, was also confirmed. Therefore, our data showing alterations in the proteomic profile of CRC constitutes a useful resource that may provide insights into tumor progression with later goal of identifying biologically and clinically relevant marker proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics: The clinical link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Beom Kang
- BRI, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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46
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Srikrishna G. S100A8 and S100A9: new insights into their roles in malignancy. J Innate Immun 2011; 4:31-40. [PMID: 21912088 DOI: 10.1159/000330095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted key roles played by non-neoplastic host cells of the tumor microenvironment, and by secreted factors from tumor and host cells, in promoting malignancy. In this regard, damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules such as S100A8 and S100A9, with well-known functions in inflammation, have been increasingly recognized not only as markers, but also as new candidates with important roles in modulating tumor growth and metastasis. This review focuses on our current understanding of the pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions of S100A8 and S100A9. Elucidating molecular pathways mediated by these proteins promises to provide potential novel targets for the development of cancer therapeutics and to establish valid biomarkers to identify early stages of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Srikrishna
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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47
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Rojas A, González I, Morales E, Pérez-Castro R, Romero J, Figueroa H. Diabetes and cancer: Looking at the multiligand/RAGE axis. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:108-13. [PMID: 21860695 PMCID: PMC3158864 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i7.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between diabetes and hyperglycemia and the associated increased risk of several solid and hematologic malignancies has been the subject of investigation for many years. Although the association is not fully understood, current knowledge clearly indicates that diabetes may influence malignant cell transformation by several mechanisms, including hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation. In this context, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has emerged as a focal point in its contribution to malignant transformation and tumor growth. We highlight how RAGE, once activated, as it manifests itself in conditions such as diabetes or hyperglycemia, is able to continuously bring about an inflammatory milieu, thus supporting the contribution of chronic inflammation to the development of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Armando Rojas, Ileana González, Erik Morales, Ramón Pérez-Castro, Jacqueline Romero, Héctor Figueroa, Biomedical Research Labs., Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, POB 617, Chile
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48
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Girnita A, Zheng H, Grönberg A, Girnita L, Ståhle M. Identification of the cathelicidin peptide LL-37 as agonist for the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor. Oncogene 2011; 31:352-65. [PMID: 21685939 PMCID: PMC3262900 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein-18 and its C terminal peptide, LL-37, displays broad antimicrobial activity that is mediated through direct contact with the microbial cell membrane. In addition, recent studies reveal that LL-37 is involved in diverse biological processes such as immunomodulation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and wound healing. An intriguing role for LL-37 in carcinogenesis is also beginning to emerge and the aim of this paper was to explore if and how LL-37 contributes to the signaling involved in tumor development. To this end, we investigated the putative interaction between LL-37 and growth factor receptors known to be involved in tumor growth and progression. Among several receptors tested, LL-37 bound with the highest affinity to insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), a receptor that is strongly linked to malignant cellular transformation. Furthermore, this interaction resulted in a dose-dependent phosphorylation and ubiquitination of IGF-1R, with downstream signaling confined to the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-pathway but not affecting phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt signaling. We found that signaling induced by LL-37 was dependent on the recruitment of β-arrestin to the fully functional IGF-1R and by using mutant receptors we demonstrated that LL-37 signaling is dependent on β-arrestin-1 binding to the C-terminus of IGF-1R. When analyzing the biological consequences of increased ERK activation induced by LL-37, we found that it resulted in enhanced migration and invasion of malignant cells in an IGF-1R/β-arrestin manner, but did not affect cell proliferation. These results indicate that LL-37 may act as a partial agonist for IGF-1R, with subsequent intra-cellular signaling activation driven by the binding of β-arrestin-1 to the IGF-1R. Functional experiments show that LL-37-dependent activation of the IGF-1R signaling resulted in increased migratory and invasive potential of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden.
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49
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Yadev NP, Murdoch C, Saville SP, Thornhill MH. Evaluation of tissue engineered models of the oral mucosa to investigate oral candidiasis. Microb Pathog 2011; 50:278-85. [PMID: 21296654 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal organism that can be isolated from the majority of healthy individuals. However, in certain susceptible individuals C. albicans can become pathogenic leading to the mucocutaneous infection; oral candidiasis. Murine models and in vitro monolayer cultures have generated some data on the likely virulence and host factors that contribute to oral candidiasis but these models have limitations. Recently, tissue engineered oral mucosal models have been developed to mimic the normal oral mucosa but little information is available on their true representation. In this study, we assessed the histological features of three different tissue engineered oral mucosal models compared to the normal oral mucosa and analysed both cell damage and cytokine release following infection with C. albicans. Models comprised of normal oral keratinocytes and a fibroblast-containing matrix displayed more similar immunohistological and proliferation characteristics to normal mucosa, compared to models composed of an oral carcinoma cell line. Although all models were invaded and damaged by C. albicans in a similar manner, the cytokine response was much more pronounced in models containing normal keratinocytes. These data suggest that models based on normal keratinocytes atop a fibroblast-containing connective tissue will significantly aid in dissecting the molecular pathogenesis of oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant P Yadev
- Academic Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
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50
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Giannoudis PV, Mallina R, Harwood P, Perry S, Sante ED, Pape HC. Pattern of release and relationship between HMGB-1 and IL-6 following blunt trauma. Injury 2010; 41:1323-7. [PMID: 20887988 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), a recently identified inflammatory cytokine, is implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory, infective and neoplastic processes. Patterns of expression following blunt trauma have not been adequately reported in the literature. This study aimed to quantify the serum concentrations of HMGB-1 following blunt trauma, and assess its relationship with the more established interleukin 6 (IL-6). PATIENTS AND METHODS 20 patients with median injury severity score 17 (range 9-36) sustaining closed diaphyseal fractures of the femur treated by intramedullary nailing were included in the study. Serum concentrations of HMGB-1 and IL-6 were measured at several time points during their treatment. RESULTS A strong correlation was observed between admission and day 1 post-op concentrations of IL-6 and both the injury severity score (ISS) and the requirement for intensive care unit treatment. Serum concentrations of HMGB-1 did not demonstrate such a correlation. Around day 3 when IL-6 concentrations begin to fall, serum HMGB-1 concentrations were observed to increase. CONCLUSIONS IL-6 concentration measured early after admission is again shown to be strongly associated with overall injury severity and requirement for intensive care unit treatment. In contrast, HMGB-1 appears to be a late inflammatory mediator with levels becoming elevated once serum concentrations of IL-6 begin to fall. However, we were unable to demonstrate any relationship with injury severity or requirement for ICU care at any stage. These preliminary findings may form the basis for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, LIMM Section Musculoskeletal Disease, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
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