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Kim MK, Han SH, Park TG, Song SH, Lee JY, Lee YS, Yoo SY, Chi XZ, Kim EG, Jang JW, Lim DS, van Wijnen AJ, Lee JW, Bae SC. The TGFβ→TAK1→LATS→YAP1 Pathway Regulates the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of YAP1. Mol Cells 2023; 46:592-610. [PMID: 37706312 PMCID: PMC10590711 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo kinase cascade functions as a central hub that relays input from the "outside world" of the cell and translates it into specific cellular responses by regulating the activity of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). How Hippo translates input from the extracellular signals into specific intracellular responses remains unclear. Here, we show that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-activated TAK1 activates LATS1/2, which then phosphorylates YAP1. Phosphorylated YAP1 (p-YAP1) associates with RUNX3, but not with TEAD4, to form a TGFβ-stimulated restriction (R)-point-associated complex which activates target chromatin loci in the nucleus. Soon after, p-YAP1 is exported to the cytoplasm. Attenuation of TGFβ signaling results in re-localization of unphosphorylated YAP1 to the nucleus, where it forms a YAP1/TEAD4/SMAD3/AP1/p300 complex. The TGFβ-stimulated spatiotemporal dynamics of YAP1 are abrogated in many cancer cells. These results identify a new pathway that integrates TGFβ signals and the Hippo pathway (TGFβ→TAK1→LATS1/2→YAP1 cascade) with a novel dynamic nuclear role for p-YAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Han
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Tae-Geun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ja-Youl Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - You-Soub Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seo-Yeong Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Xin-Zi Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ju-Won Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cheongju University, Cheongju 28503, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jung-Won Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Shi M, Zhang MJ, Yu Y, Ou R, Wang Y, Li H, Ge RS. Curcumin derivative NL01 induces ferroptosis in ovarian cancer cells via HCAR1/MCT1 signaling. Cell Signal 2023:110791. [PMID: 37406786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Curcumin has been shown to have anti-tumor proliferative properties, but its clinical application is limited by its low bioavailability, etc. Derivatives of curcumin have been developed and tested to improve its therapeutic efficacy. Derivative NL01 could induce ferroptosis through the HCAR1/MCT1 pathway. METHOD CCK-8 was used to detect curcumin and derivative IC50, crystalline violet staining was used to detect the proliferation inhibition effect of NL01 in ovarian cancer, western blot and qPCR were used to detect downstream related molecular expression changes, Transwell and survival curve assays were used to detect malignant phenotypic. RESULTS NL01 inhibited cell growth of Anglne and HO8910PM ovarian cancer cells by 13 times more potent than curcumin and induced ferroptosis of these two cells. we found that NL01 was able to reduce the expression of HCAR1/MCT1 and activate the AMPK signaling pathway, which in turn induced cellular ferroptosis via SREBP1 pathway. Knock-down HCAR1 expression revealed similar phenotype and pathway alterations to NL01 treatment. HCAR1 overexpression promoted a malignant phenotype and resistance to cisplatin in both cancer cells, whereas knockdown of HCAR1 showed the opposite phenotype. Subcutaneous transplantation tumor experiments in nude mice also showed that NL01 induced iron death and inhibited ovarian cancer proliferation. Further study showed that NL01 promoted the downregulation of GPX4 expression, which is related to ferroptosis, and that addition of ferrostatin-1 partially reversed NL01-mediated inhibition of the growth of two cell lines. CONCLUSION NL01 exhibits better anti-tumor growth properties than curcumin, and NL01 induces ferroptosis in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Shi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Min-Jie Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Rongying Ou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province and Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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3
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Krasniqi E, Di Lisa FS, Di Benedetto A, Barba M, Pizzuti L, Filomeno L, Ercolani C, Tinari N, Grassadonia A, Santini D, Minelli M, Montemurro F, Fabbri MA, Mazzotta M, Gamucci T, D’Auria G, Botti C, Pelle F, Cavicchi F, Cappelli S, Cappuzzo F, Sanguineti G, Tomao S, Botticelli A, Marchetti P, Maugeri-Saccà M, De Maria R, Ciliberto G, Sperati F, Vici P. The Impact of the Hippo Pathway and Cell Metabolism on Pathological Complete Response in Locally Advanced Her2+ Breast Cancer: The TRISKELE Multicenter Prospective Study. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194835. [PMID: 36230758 PMCID: PMC9563553 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway and its two key effectors, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), are consistently altered in breast cancer. Pivotal regulators of cell metabolism such as the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase 1 (SCD1), and HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) are relevant modulators of TAZ/YAP activity. In this prospective study, we measured the tumor expression of TAZ, YAP, AMPK, SCD1, and HMGCR by immunohistochemistry in 65 Her2+ breast cancer patients who underwent trastuzumab-based neoadjuvant treatment. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the immunohistochemical expression of the Hippo pathway transducers and cell metabolism regulators on pathological complete response. Low expression of cytoplasmic TAZ, both alone and in the context of a composite signature identified by machine learning including also low nuclear levels of YAP and HMGCR and high cytoplasmic levels of SCD1, was a predictor of residual disease in the univariate logistic regression. This finding was not confirmed in the multivariate model including estrogen receptor > 70% and body mass index > 20. However, our findings were concordant with overall survival data from the TCGA cohort. Our results, possibly affected by the relatively small sample size of this study population, deserve further investigation in adequately sized, ad hoc prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriseld Krasniqi
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sofia Di Lisa
- Phase IV Clinical Studies Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Di Benedetto
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or (M.B.); (C.E.); Tel.: +39-0652666762 (M.B.); +39-0652666134 (C.E.)
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Filomeno
- Phase IV Clinical Studies Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Ercolani
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or (M.B.); (C.E.); Tel.: +39-0652666762 (M.B.); +39-0652666134 (C.E.)
| | - Nicola Tinari
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonino Grassadonia
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. D’Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- “Sapienza” University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04011 Aprilia, Italy
| | - Mauro Minelli
- Division of Oncology, San Giovanni Hospital, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Montemurro
- Breast Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia-IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Mazzotta
- Medical Oncology Unit, Belcolle Hospital, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Teresa Gamucci
- Medical Oncology, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Botti
- Department of Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Pelle
- Department of Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Cavicchi
- Department of Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Cappelli
- Department of Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Cappuzzo
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sanguineti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sperati
- Clinical Trial Center, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Phase IV Clinical Studies Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Xie Y, Liu Y, Ding J, Li G, Ni B, Pang H, Hu X, Wu L. Identification of DDX31 as a Potential Oncogene of Invasive Metastasis and Proliferation in PDAC. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:762372. [PMID: 35237592 PMCID: PMC8883474 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.762372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest malignant tumors worldwide and has poor prognosis. DEAD box proteins31 (DDX31) participate in cellular processes involving RNA secondary structure changes. However, the functions of DDX31 in PDAC remain to be elucidated. Methods: The key gene DDX31 was identified using a combination of a risk model and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) with R software. The biological functions of DDX31 in PDAC were investigated through bioinformatics analysis and in vitro experiments. Results: Combining with WGCNA and risk model, DDX31 was identified as a potential factor of the invasive metastasis properties of PDAC, and its expression was closely related to the malignant differentiation of PDAC. The results of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that DDX31 was correlated with cell invasive metastasis and proliferation by activating MAPK signaling pathway. The inhibition of DDX31 inhibited the invasion and migration of PDAC cells. Survival analysis showed that DDX31 expression was negatively associated with the poor prognosis in patients with PDAC. Interpretation:DDX31 may be a potential factor for PDAC. The inhibition of DDX31 may be a potential way to treat PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xie
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinsheng Ding
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin General Surgery Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Ni
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huifang Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Tianjin, China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Department of Gastric Cancer, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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5
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SMARCA4 Depletion Induces Cisplatin Resistance by Activating YAP1-Mediated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215474. [PMID: 34771636 PMCID: PMC8582548 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary SMARCA4 mutations were over-representative in cisplatin resistance and metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Additionally, SMARCA4 inactivation induced the mesenchymal-like subtype TNBC. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathways were activated in SMARCA4 inactivation samples of both SMARCA4 knockout cell lines and TNBC patients. In SMARCA4 knockout cells, the YAP1 inhibitor verteporfin suppressed YAP1 target genes. This study depicts the clinical importance of SMARCA4 depletion in TNBC and suggests YAP/TAZ as a novel target for cisplatin-resistant patients. Abstract The role of SMARCA4, an ATPase subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, in genomic organization is well studied in various cancer types. However, its oncogenic role and therapeutic implications are relatively unknown in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We investigated the clinical implication and downstream regulation induced by SMARCA4 inactivation using large-scale genome and transcriptome profiles. Additionally, SMARCA4 was knocked out in MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 using CRISPR/Cas9 to identify gene regulation and a targetable pathway. First, we observed an increase in SMARCA4 mutations in cisplatin resistance and metastasis in TNBC patients. Its inactivation was associated with the mesenchymal-like (MSL) subtype. Gene expression analysis showed that the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway was activated in SMARCA4-deficient patients. Next, the Hippo pathway was activated in the SMARCA4 inactivation group, as evidenced by the higher CTNNB1, TGF-β, and YAP1 oncogene signature scores. In SMARCA4 knockout cells, EMT was upregulated, and the cell line transcriptome changed from the SL to the MSL subtype. SMARCA4 knockout cells showed cisplatin resistance and Hippo-YAP/TAZ target gene activation. The YAP1 inhibitor verteporfin suppressed the expression of YAP1 target genes, and decreased cell viability and invasiveness on SMARCA4 knockout cells. SMARCA4 inactivation in TNBC endowed the resistance to cisplatin via EMT activation. The YAP1 inhibitor could become a novel strategy for patients with SMARCA4-inactivated TNBC.
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Virdi JK, Pethe P. Biomaterials Regulate Mechanosensors YAP/TAZ in Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:199-215. [PMID: 33230800 PMCID: PMC8012461 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells are surrounded by a microenvironment known as 'stem cell niche' which is specific for each stem cell type. This niche comprises of cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors like biochemical and biophysical signals, which regulate stem cell characteristics and differentiation. Biochemical signals have been thoroughly studied however, the effect of biophysical signals on stem cell regulation is yet to be completely understood. Biomaterials have aided in addressing this issue since they can provide a defined and tuneable microenvironment resembling in vivo conditions. We review various biomaterials used in many studies which have shown a connection between biomaterial-generated mechanical signals and alteration in stem cell behaviour. Researchers probed to understand the mechanism of mechanotransduction and reported that the signals from the extracellular matrix regulate a transcription factor yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which is a downstream-regulator of the Hippo pathway and it transduces the mechanical signals inside the nucleus. We highlight the role of the YAP/TAZ as mechanotransducers in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in response to substrate stiffness, also the possibility of mechanobiology as the emerging field of regenerative medicines and three-dimensional tissue printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur Virdi
- Department of Biological Science, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to-be) University, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasad Pethe
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research (SCSCR), Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Mulshi, Pune, 412115, India.
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Huang X, Ma F, Zhang R, Dai X, Ren Q. Taiman negatively regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides by promoting the transcription of cactus in Macrobrachium nipponense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:152-163. [PMID: 32652297 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In insects, Taiman (Tai) participates in the juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, insulin, and Hippo signaling pathways. However, the role of Tai in crustacean innate immunity is less known. In this study, four Tai isoforms (MnTai-A, MnTai-B, MnTai-C, and MnTai-D) produced by alternative splicing were identified from Macrobrachium nipponense. The obtained genome sequences indicated that MnTai DNA has more than 20 exons and 19 introns. The second to last (-exon2) and the third to last (-exon3) exons can be alternatively spliced. The loss of -exon2 or -exon3 produces MnTai-B or MnTai-C, respectively. Both exons are absent in MnTai-D. The full-length cDNA of MnTai-A (including all exons) was 6894 bp with an open reading frame of 4998 bp that encoded a protein of 1665 amino acids. MnTaiA contains the conservative structure of the Tai family and clustered with nuclear receptor coactivator from shrimp. All these four isoforms were widely distributed in a variety of tissues with the highest expression level in the hepatopancreas except MnTaiC. The transcriptional levels of total Tai genes (designated as MnTaiT) in the hepatopancreas and gills were regulated by bacterial or viral challenge. Knockdown of MnTaiT increased the expression of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) during Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Further study indicated that the negative regulation of AMP gene expression by prawn Tai was mediated through its positive regulation of cactus. Our research provides valuable information that prawn Tai isoforms are involved in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Futong Ma
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Ruidong Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoling Dai
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210023, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250014, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, 222005, China.
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8
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Zheng M, Jacob J, Hung SH, Wang J. The Hippo Pathway in Cardiac Regeneration and Homeostasis: New Perspectives for Cell-Free Therapy in the Injured Heart. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071024. [PMID: 32664346 PMCID: PMC7407108 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intractable cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of mortality around the world. Adult mammalian hearts have poor regenerative capacity and are not capable of self-repair after injury. Recent studies of cell-free therapeutics such as those designed to stimulate endogenous cardiac regeneration have uncovered new feasible therapeutic avenues for cardiac repair. The Hippo pathway, a fundamental pathway with pivotal roles in cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, has tremendous potential for therapeutic manipulation in cardiac regeneration. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies that have revealed the function of the Hippo pathway in heart regeneration and homeostasis. In particular, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of how the Hippo pathway maintains cardiac homeostasis by directing cardiomyocyte chromatin remodeling and regulating the cell-cell communication between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Joan Jacob
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.J.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Shao-Hsi Hung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.J.); (S.-H.H.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-7135-005-723
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9
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The Hippo pathway oncoprotein YAP promotes melanoma cell invasion and spontaneous metastasis. Oncogene 2020; 39:5267-5281. [PMID: 32561850 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a deadly form of skin cancer that accounts for a disproportionally large proportion of cancer-related deaths in younger people. Compared with most other skin cancers, a feature of melanoma is its high metastatic capacity, although the mechanisms that confer this are not well understood. The Hippo pathway is a key regulator of organ growth and cell fate that is deregulated in many cancers. To analyse the Hippo pathway in cutaneous melanoma, we generated a transcriptional signature of melanoma cells that overexpressed YAP, the key downstream Hippo pathway oncoprotein. YAP-mediated transcriptional activity varied in melanoma cell lines but did not cluster with known genetic drivers of melanomagenesis such as BRAF and NRAS mutations. Instead, it correlated strongly with published gene expression profiles linked to melanoma cell invasiveness and varied throughout the metastatic cascade in melanoma patient tumours. Consistent with this, YAP was both necessary and sufficient for melanoma cell invasion in vitro. In vivo, YAP promoted spontaneous melanoma metastasis, whilst the growth of YAP-expressing primary tumours was impeded. Finally, we identified the YAP target genes AXL, THBS1 and CYR61 as key mediators of YAP-induced melanoma cell invasion. These data suggest that YAP is a critical regulator of melanoma metastasis.
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10
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Manning SA, Kroeger B, Harvey KF. The regulation of Yorkie, YAP and TAZ: new insights into the Hippo pathway. Development 2020; 147:147/8/dev179069. [PMID: 32341025 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is a highly conserved signalling pathway that regulates multiple biological processes, including organ size control and cell fate. Since its discovery, genetic and biochemical studies have elucidated several key signalling steps important for pathway activation and deactivation. In recent years, technical advances in microscopy and genome modification have allowed new insights into Hippo signalling to be revealed. These studies have highlighted that the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling behaviour of the Hippo pathway transcriptional co-activators Yorkie, YAP and TAZ is far more dynamic than previously appreciated, and YAP and TAZ are also regulated by liquid-liquid phase separation. Here, we review our current understanding of Yorkie, YAP and TAZ regulation, with a focus on recent microscopy-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Manning
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia 3800
| | - Benjamin Kroeger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia 3800
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia 3800 .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3000.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
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11
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Recent Advances of the Hippo/YAP Signaling Pathway in Brain Development and Glioma. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:495-510. [PMID: 31768921 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is highly conserved from Drosophila melanogaster to mammals and plays a crucial role in organ size control, tissue regeneration, and tumor suppression. The Yes-associated protein (YAP) is an important transcriptional co-activator that is negatively regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. The Hippo signaling pathway is also regulated by various upstream regulators, such as cell polarity, adhesion proteins, and other signaling pathways (the Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and MAPK pathways). Recently, accumulated evidence suggests that the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway plays important roles in central nervous system development and brain tumor, including glioma. In this review, we summarize the results of recent studies on the physiological effect of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway in neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells, and glial cells. In particular, we also focus on the expression of MST1/2, LATS1/2, and the downstream effector YAP, in glioma, and offer a review of the latest research of the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway in glioma pathogenesis. Finally, we also present future research directions and potential therapeutic strategies for targeting the Hippo/YAP signaling in glioma.
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12
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A gain-of-functional screen identifies the Hippo pathway as a central mediator of receptor tyrosine kinases during tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2019; 39:334-355. [PMID: 31477837 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a key signaling pathway that regulates various biological functions. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway has been implicated in a broad range of human cancer types. While a number of stimuli affecting the Hippo pathway have been reported, its upstream kinase and extracellular regulators remain largely unknown. Here we performed the first comprehensive gain-of-functional screen for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulating the Hippo pathway using an RTK overexpression library and a Hippo signaling activity biosensor. Surprisingly, we found that the majority of RTKs could regulate the Hippo signaling activity. We further characterized several of these novel relationships [TAM family members (TYRO3, AXL, METRK), RET, and FGFR family members (FGFR1 and FGFR2)] and found that the Hippo effectors YAP/TAZ are central mediators of the tumorigenic phenotypes (e.g., increased cell proliferation, transformation, increased cell motility, and angiogenesis) induced by these RTKs and their extracellular ligands (Gas6, GDNF, and FGF) through either PI3K or MAPK signaling pathway. Significantly, we identify FGFR, RET, and MERTK as the first RTKs that can directly interact with and phosphorylate YAP/TAZ at multiple tyrosine residues independent of upstream Hippo signaling, thereby activating their functions in tumorigenesis. In conclusion, we have identified several novel kinases and extracellular stimuli regulating the Hippo pathway. Our findings also highlight the pivotal role of the Hippo pathway in mediating Gas6/GDNF/FGF-TAM/RET/FGFR-MAPK/PI3K signaling during tumorigenesis and provide a compelling rationale for targeting YAP/TAZ in RTK-driven cancers.
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13
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Zhang X, Tang JZ, Vergara IA, Zhang Y, Szeto P, Yang L, Mintoff C, Colebatch A, McIntosh L, Mitchell KA, Shaw E, Rizos H, Long GV, Hayward N, McArthur GA, Papenfuss AT, Harvey KF, Shackleton M. Somatic Hypermutation of the YAP Oncogene in a Human Cutaneous Melanoma. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1435-1449. [PMID: 30833299 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is usually driven by mutations in BRAF or NRAS, which trigger hyperactivation of MAPK signaling. However, MAPK-targeted therapies are not sustainably effective in most patients. Accordingly, characterizing mechanisms that co-operatively drive melanoma progression is key to improving patient outcomes. One possible mechanism is the Hippo signaling pathway, which regulates cancer progression via its central oncoproteins YAP and TAZ, although is thought to be only rarely affected by direct mutation. As YAP hyperactivation occurs in uveal melanoma, we investigated this oncogene in cutaneous melanoma. YAP protein expression was elevated in most benign nevi and primary cutaneous melanomas but present at only very low levels in normal melanocytes. In patient-derived xenografts and melanoma cell lines, we observed variable reliance of cell viability on Hippo pathway signaling that was independent of TAZ activity and also of classical melanoma driver mutations such as BRAF and NRAS. Finally, in genotyping studies of melanoma, we observed the first ever hyperactivating YAP mutations in a human cancer, manifest as seven distinct missense point mutations that caused serine to alanine transpositions. Strikingly, these mutate four serine residues known to be targeted by the Hippo pathway and we show that they lead to hyperactivation of YAP. IMPLICATIONS: Our studies highlight the YAP oncoprotein as a potential therapeutic target in select subgroups of melanoma patients, although successful treatment with anti-YAP therapies will depend on identification of biomarkers additional to YAP protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jian Zhong Tang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute & School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Youfang Zhang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pacman Szeto
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lie Yang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lachlan McIntosh
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Evangeline Shaw
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas Hayward
- Melanoma Institute of Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Grant A McArthur
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Shackleton
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Snigdha K, Gangwani KS, Lapalikar GV, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. Hippo Signaling in Cancer: Lessons From Drosophila Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:85. [PMID: 31231648 PMCID: PMC6558396 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo pathway was initially identified through genetic screens for genes regulating organ size in fruitflies. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Hippo signaling as a key regulator of homeostasis, and in tumorigenesis. Hippo pathway is comprised of genes that act as tumor suppressor genes like hippo (hpo) and warts (wts), and oncogenes like yorkie (yki). YAP and TAZ are two related mammalian homologs of Drosophila Yki that act as effectors of the Hippo pathway. Hippo signaling deficiency can cause YAP- or TAZ-dependent oncogene addiction for cancer cells. YAP and TAZ are often activated in human malignant cancers. These transcriptional regulators may initiate tumorigenic changes in solid tumors by inducing cancer stem cells and proliferation, culminating in metastasis and chemo-resistance. Given the complex mechanisms (e.g., of the cancer microenvironment, and the extrinsic and intrinsic cues) that overpower YAP/TAZ inhibition, the molecular roles of the Hippo pathway in tumor growth and progression remain poorly defined. Here we review recent findings from studies in whole animal model organism like Drosophila on the role of Hippo signaling regarding its connection to inflammation, tumor microenvironment, and other oncogenic signaling in cancer growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Snigdha
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | | | - Gauri Vijay Lapalikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Pre-Medical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States.,Integrated Science and Engineering Center, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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15
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Callus BA, Finch-Edmondson ML, Fletcher S, Wilton SD. YAPping about and not forgetting TAZ. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:253-276. [PMID: 30570758 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway has emerged as a major eukaryotic signalling pathway and is increasingly the subject of intense interest, as are the key effectors of canonical Hippo signalling, YES-associated protein (YAP) and TAZ. The Hippo pathway has key roles in diverse biological processes, including network signalling regulation, development, organ growth, tissue repair and regeneration, cancer, stem cell regulation and mechanotransduction. YAP and TAZ are multidomain proteins and function as transcriptional coactivators of key genes to evoke their biological effects. YAP and TAZ interact with numerous partners and their activities are controlled by a complex set of processes. This review provides an overview of Hippo signalling and its role in growth. In particular, the functional domains of YAP and TAZ and the complex mechanisms that regulate their protein stability and activity are discussed. Notably, the similarities and key differences are highlighted between the two paralogues including which partner proteins interact with which functional domains to regulate their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan L Finch-Edmondson
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney Medical School, Australia.,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Research, Nedlands, Australia
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16
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Kim HB, Myung SJ. Clinical implications of the Hippo-YAP pathway in multiple cancer contexts. BMB Rep 2018; 51:119-125. [PMID: 29366445 PMCID: PMC5882218 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.3.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays prominent and widespread roles in various forms of human carcinogenesis. Specifically, the Yes-associated protein (YAP), a downstream effector of the Hippo pathway, can lead to excessive cell proliferation and the inhibition of apoptosis, resulting in tumorigenesis. It was reported that the YAP is strongly elevated in multiple types of human malignancies such as breast, lung, small intestine, colon, and liver cancers. Recent work indicates that, surprisingly, Hippo signaling components' (SAV1, MST1/2, Lats1/2) mutations are virtually absent in human cancer, rendering this signaling an unlikely candidate to explain the vigorous activation of the YAP in most, if not all human tumors and an activated YAP promotes the resistance to RAF-, MAPK/ERK Kinase (MEK)-, and Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted inhibitor therapy. The analysis of YAP expressions can facilitate the identification of patients who respond better to an anti-cancer drug treatment comprising RAF-, MEK-, and EGFR-targeted inhibitors. The prominence of YAP for those aspects of cancer biology denotes that these factors are ideal targets for the development of anti-cancer medications. Therefore, our report strongly indicates that the YAP is of potential prognostic utility and druggability in various human cancers. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(3): 119-125].
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Byul Kim
- LG Chem, Department of Life Sciences, R&D Park, Seoul 07796, Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul 05505; Department of Gastroenterology and Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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17
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Xu J, Vanderzalm PJ, Ludwig M, Su T, Tokamov SA, Fehon RG. Yorkie Functions at the Cell Cortex to Promote Myosin Activation in a Non-transcriptional Manner. Dev Cell 2018; 46:271-284.e5. [PMID: 30032991 PMCID: PMC6086586 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that controls organ size in animals. Yorkie is well known as a transcriptional co-activator that functions downstream of the Hippo pathway to positively regulate transcription of genes that promote tissue growth. Recent studies have shown that increased myosin activity activates both Yorkie and its vertebrate orthologue YAP, resulting in increased nuclear localization and tissue growth. Here we show that Yorkie also can accumulate at the cell cortex in the apical junctional region. Moreover, Yorkie functions at the cortex to promote activation of myosin through a myosin regulatory light chain kinase, Stretchin-Mlck. This Yorkie function is not dependent on its transcriptional activity and is required for larval and adult tissues to achieve appropriate size. Based on these results, we suggest that Yorkie functions in a feedforward "amplifier" loop that promotes myosin activation, and thereby greater Yorkie activity, in response to tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Xu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pamela J Vanderzalm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, USA
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherzod A Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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18
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Tang C, Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Kikuchi I, Ben C, Hatakeyama M. Transcriptional Co-activator Functions of YAP and TAZ Are Inversely Regulated by Tyrosine Phosphorylation Status of Parafibromin. iScience 2018; 1:1-15. [PMID: 30227954 PMCID: PMC6135933 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP and TAZ, the Hippo signal-regulated transcriptional co-activators, play crucial roles in morphogenesis and organogenesis. Here we report that the YAP/TAZ activities are stimulated upon complex formation with Parafibromin, which undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by kinases such as PTK6 and phosphatases such as SHP2, respectively. Furthermore, TAZ and the Wnt effector β-catenin interact cooperatively with tyrosine-dephosphorylated Parafibromin, which synergistically stimulates the co-activator functions of TAZ and β-catenin. On the other hand, YAP is selectively activated through binding with tyrosine-phosphorylated Parafibromin, which does not interact with β-catenin and thus cannot co-activate YAP and β-catenin. These findings indicate that Parafibromin inversely regulates the activities of YAP and TAZ depending on its tyrosine phosphorylation status. They also suggest that YAP and TAZ exert their redundant and non-redundant biological actions through mutually exclusive interaction with Parafibromin, which is regulated by a balance of kinase and phosphatase activities toward Parafibromin. YAP and TAZ co-activators bind to the nuclear tyrosine phosphoprotein Parafibromin TAZ is functionally activated through binding with dephosphorylated Parafibromin YAP activity is stimulated upon binding with tyrosine-phosphorylated Parafibromin Dephosphorylated Parafibromin co-stimulates TAZ and β-catenin via complex formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | - Ippei Kikuchi
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Chi Ben
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Hatakeyama
- Division of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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19
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Kulkarni M, Tan TZ, Syed Sulaiman NB, Lamar JM, Bansal P, Cui J, Qiao Y, Ito Y. RUNX1 and RUNX3 protect against YAP-mediated EMT, stem-ness and shorter survival outcomes in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14175-14192. [PMID: 29581836 PMCID: PMC5865662 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo pathway target, YAP has emerged as an important player in solid tumor progression. Here, we identify RUNX1 and RUNX3 as novel negative regulators of oncogenic function of YAP in the context of breast cancer. RUNX proteins are one of the first transcription factors identified to interact with YAP. RUNX1 or RUNX3 expression abrogates YAP-mediated pro-tumorigenic properties of mammary epithelial cell lines in an interaction dependent manner. RUNX1 and RUNX3 inhibit YAP-mediated migration and stem-ness properties of mammary epithelial cell lines by co-regulating YAP-mediated gene expression. Analysis of whole genome expression profiles of breast cancer samples revealed significant co-relation between YAP-RUNX1/RUNX3 expression levels and survival outcomes of breast cancer patients. High RUNX1/RUNX3 expression proved protective towards YAP-dependent patient survival outcomes. High YAP in breast cancer patients' expression profiles co-related with EMT and stem-ness gene signature enrichment. High RUNX1/RUNX3 expression along with high YAP reflected lower enrichment of EMT and stem-ness signatures. This antagonistic activity of RUNX1 and RUNX3 towards oncogenic function of YAP identified in mammary epithelial cells as well as in breast cancer expression profiles gives a novel mechanistic insight into oncogene-tumor suppressor interplay in the context of breast cancer progression. The novel interplay between YAP, RUNX1 and RUNX3 and its significance in breast cancer progression can serve as a prognostic tool to predict cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Kulkarni
- Cancer Science Institute, NUS, Singapore.,Current address: Transnational Cancer Research Centre, Prashanti Cancer Care Mission and Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | | | | | - John M Lamar
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Current address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Prashali Bansal
- Cancer Science Institute, NUS, Singapore.,Current address: Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute, NUS, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin Professor in Medical Oncology, NUS, Singapore
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20
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Yang CW, Wang SF, Yang XL, Wang L, Niu L, Liu JX. Identification of gene expression models for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma using co-expression network analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9738. [PMID: 29443735 PMCID: PMC5839854 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most common head and neck cancers is laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). LSCC exhibits high mortality rates and has a poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms leading to the development and progression of LSCC are not entirely clear despite genetic and therapeutic advances and increased survival rates. In this study, a total of 116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 11 upregulated genes and 105 downregulated genes, were screened from LSCC samples and compared with adjacent noncancerous. Statistically significant differences (log 2-fold difference > 0.5 and adjusted P-value < .05) were found in this study in the expression between tumor and nontumor larynx tissue samples. Nine cancer hub genes were found to have a high predictive power to distinguish between tumor and nontumor larynx tissue samples. Interestingly, they also appear to contribute to the progression of LSCC and malignancy via the Jak-STAT signaling pathway and focal adhesion. The model could separate patients into high-risk and low-risk groups successfully when only using the expression level of mRNA signatures. A total of 4 modules (blue, gray, turquoise, and yellow) were screened for the DEGs in the weighted co-expression network. The blue model includes cancer-specific pathways such as pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, glioma, Hippo signaling pathway, melanoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, and proteoglycans in cancer. Endocrine resistance (CCND1, RAF1, RB1, and SMAD2) and Hippo signaling pathway (CCND1, LATS1, SMAD2, and TP53BP2) could be of importance in LSCC, because they had high connectivity degrees in the blue module. Results from this study provide a powerful biomarker discovery platform to increase understanding of the progression of LSCC and to reveal potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of LSCC. Improved monitoring of LSCC and resulting improvement of treatment of LSCC might result from this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-wei Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center
| | - Shu-fang Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang-li Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center
| | - Lin Niu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center
| | - Ji-Xiang Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center
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21
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Foster CT, Gualdrini F, Treisman R. Mutual dependence of the MRTF-SRF and YAP-TEAD pathways in cancer-associated fibroblasts is indirect and mediated by cytoskeletal dynamics. Genes Dev 2018; 31:2361-2375. [PMID: 29317486 PMCID: PMC5795783 DOI: 10.1101/gad.304501.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Foster et al. demonstrate that activation of the MRTF–SRF signaling pathway occurs in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and is required for their proinvasive and contractile activity. The investigators also identify shared and specific direct genomic targets for MRTF–SRF and YAP–TEAD and show that MRTF and YAP are independently regulated by cytoskeletal dynamics and that this is the basis for their mutual dependence. Both the MRTF–SRF and the YAP–TEAD transcriptional regulatory networks respond to extracellular signals and mechanical stimuli. We show that the MRTF–SRF pathway is activated in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The MRTFs are required in addition to the YAP pathway for CAF contractile and proinvasive properties. We compared MRTF–SRF and YAP–TEAD target gene sets and identified genes directly regulated by one pathway, the other, or both. Nevertheless, the two pathways exhibit mutual dependence. In CAFs, expression of direct MRTF–SRF genomic targets is also dependent on YAP–TEAD activity, and, conversely, YAP–TEAD target gene expression is also dependent on MRTF–SRF signaling. In normal fibroblasts, expression of activated MRTF derivatives activates YAP, while activated YAP derivatives activate MRTF. Cross-talk between the pathways requires recruitment of MRTF and YAP to DNA via their respective DNA-binding partners (SRF and TEAD) and is therefore indirect, arising as a consequence of activation of their target genes. In both CAFs and normal fibroblasts, we found that YAP–TEAD activity is sensitive to MRTF–SRF-induced contractility, while MRTF–SRF signaling responds to YAP–TEAD-dependent TGFβ signaling. Thus, the MRF–SRF and YAP–TEAD pathways interact indirectly through their ability to control cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Foster
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Gualdrini
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Treisman
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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Nyarko A. Differential Binding Affinities and Allosteric Conformational Changes Underlie Interactions of Yorkie and a Multivalent PPxY Partner. Biochemistry 2018; 57:547-556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Afua Nyarko
- Department of Biochemistry
and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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23
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Lachowski D, Cortes E, Robinson B, Rice A, Rombouts K, Del Río Hernández AE. FAK controls the mechanical activation of YAP, a transcriptional regulator required for durotaxis. FASEB J 2018; 32:1099-1107. [PMID: 29070586 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700721r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key molecule in focal adhesions and regulates fundamental processes in cells such as growth, survival, and migration. FAK is one of the first molecules recruited to focal adhesions in response to external mechanical stimuli and therefore is a pivotal mediator of cell mechanosignaling, and relays these stimuli to other mechanotransducers within the cytoplasm. Yes-associated protein (YAP) has been identified recently as one of these core mechanotransducers. YAP translocates to the nucleus following changes in cell mechanics to promote the expression of genes implicated in motility, apoptosis, proliferation, and organ growth. Here, we show that FAK controls the nuclear translocation and activation of YAP in response to mechanical activation and submit that the YAP-dependent process of durotaxis requires a cell with an asymmetric distribution of active and inactive FAK molecules.-Lachowski, D., Cortes, E., Robinson, B., Rice, A., Rombouts, K., Del Río Hernández, A. E. FAK controls the mechanical activation of YAP, a transcriptional regulator required for durotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Lachowski
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ernesto Cortes
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Benjamin Robinson
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alistair Rice
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Krista Rombouts
- Regenerative Medicine and Fibrosis Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Armando E Del Río Hernández
- Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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24
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Zhang W, Dai Y, Hsu P, Wang H, Cheng L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Liu S, Chan G, Hu B, Li H, Jablons DM, You L. Targeting YAP in malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2663-2676. [PMID: 28470935 PMCID: PMC5661117 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer that is resistant to current therapy. The poor prognosis of mesothelioma has been associated with elevated Yes-associated protein (YAP) activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of targeting YAP in mesothelioma. First, we comprehensively studied YAP activity in five mesothelioma cell lines (211H, H2052, H290, MS-1 and H2452) and one normal mesothelial cell line (LP9). We found decreased phospho-YAP to YAP protein ratio and consistently increased GTIIC reporter activity in 211H, H2052 and H290 compared to LP9. The same three cell lines (IC50 s < 1 μM) were more sensitive than LP9 (IC50 = 3.5 μM) to the YAP/TEAD inhibitor verteporfin. We also found that verteporfin significantly reduced YAP protein level, mRNA levels of YAP downstream genes and GTIIC reporter activity in the same three cell lines, indicating inhibition of YAP signaling by verteporfin. Verteporfin also impaired invasion and tumoursphere formation ability of H2052 and H290. To validate the effect of specific targeting YAP in mesothelioma cells, we down-regulated YAP by siRNA. We found siYAP significantly decreased YAP transcriptional activity and impaired invasion and tumoursphere formation ability of H2052 and H290. Furthermore, forced overexpression of YAP rescued GTIIC reporter activity and cell viability after siYAP targeting 3'UTR of YAP. Finally, we found concurrent immunohistochemistry staining of ROCK2 and YAP (P < 0.05). Inhibition of ROCK2 decreased GTIIC reporter activity in H2052 and 211H suggesting that Rho/ROCK signaling also contributed to YAP activation in mesothelioma cells. Our results indicate that YAP may be a potential therapeutic target in mesothelioma.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mesothelioma/genetics
- Mesothelioma/metabolism
- Mesothelioma/pathology
- Mesothelioma, Malignant
- Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Porphyrins/pharmacology
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spheroids, Cellular/drug effects
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- TEA Domain Transcription Factors
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Verteporfin
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
- rho-Associated Kinases/genetics
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Qian Zhang
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalAffiliated with Capital University of Medical ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Yu‐Yuan Dai
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Ping‐Chih Hsu
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of Thoracic MedicineChang Gung Memorial HospitalLinkou, TaoyuanTaiwan
| | - Hui Wang
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of RespirationThe Second Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Li Cheng
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
- Department of GastroenterologyShanghai General HospitalShang Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yi‐Lin Yang
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Yu‐Cheng Wang
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Zhi‐Dong Xu
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Shu Liu
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Geraldine Chan
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalAffiliated with Capital University of Medical ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalAffiliated with Capital University of Medical ScienceBeijingChina
| | - David M. Jablons
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Liang You
- Thoracic Oncology LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCAUSA
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25
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Yorkie Regulates Neurodegeneration Through Canonical Pathway and Innate Immune Response. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1193-1207. [PMID: 28102471 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of CAG repeats in certain genes has long been known to be associated with neurodegenerastion, but the quest to identity the underlying mechanisms is still on. Here, we analyzed the role of Yorkie, the coactivator of the Hippo pathway, and provide evidence to state that it is a robust genetic modifier of polyglutamine (PolyQ)-mediated neurodegeneration. Yorkie reduces the pathogenicity of inclusion bodies in the cell by activating cyclin E and bantam, rather than by preventing apoptosis through DIAP1. PolyQ aggregates inhibit Yorkie functioning at the protein, rather than the transcript level, and this is probably accomplished by the interaction between PolyQ and Yorkie. We show that PolyQ aggregates upregulate expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and Yorkie negatively regulates immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways through relish and cactus, respectively, thus reducing AMPs and mitigating PolyQ affects. These studies strongly suggest a novel mechanism of suppression of PolyQ-mediated neurotoxicity by Yorkie through multiple channels.
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26
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Targeting the Hippo Signaling Pathway for Tissue Regeneration and Cancer Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090055. [PMID: 27589805 PMCID: PMC5042386 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a highly-conserved developmental pathway that plays an essential role in organ size control, tumor suppression, tissue regeneration and stem cell self-renewal. The YES-associated protein (YAP) and the transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are two important transcriptional co-activators that are negatively regulated by the Hippo signaling pathway. By binding to transcription factors, especially the TEA domain transcription factors (TEADs), YAP and TAZ induce the expression of growth-promoting genes, which can promote organ regeneration after injury. Therefore, controlled activation of YAP and TAZ can be useful for regenerative medicine. However, aberrant activation of YAP and TAZ due to deregulation of the Hippo pathway or overexpression of YAP/TAZ and TEADs can promote cancer development. Hence, pharmacological inhibition of YAP and TAZ may be a useful approach to treat tumors with high YAP and/or TAZ activity. In this review, we present the mechanisms regulating the Hippo pathway, the role of the Hippo pathway in tissue repair and cancer, as well as a detailed analysis of the different strategies to target the Hippo signaling pathway and the genes regulated by YAP and TAZ for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.
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27
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Finch-Edmondson ML, Strauss RP, Clayton JS, Yeoh GC, Callus BA. Splice variant insertions in the C-terminus impairs YAP's transactivation domain. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 6:24-31. [PMID: 28018981 PMCID: PMC5176130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The yes-associated protein (YAP) is a key effector of the mammalian Hippo signaling pathway. YAP has eight known alternately spliced isoforms and these are widely expressed across multiple tissues. Variable effects have been ascribed to different YAP isoforms by inducing their expression in cells, but whether these differences are due to variability in the transcriptional potency of individual YAP isoforms has not been addressed. Indeed a systematic comparison of the transcriptional potencies of YAP isoforms has not been done. To address this, using overexpression and transcriptional reporter analyses we investigated the transcriptional activities of several human YAP isoforms and determined the effects of the splice variant insertions within the transactivation domain on its transcriptional potency. Utilising full-length coding sequence constructs we determined that the number of WW domains and disruption of the leucine zipper motif within YAP’s transactivation domain both contribute to transcriptional activity. Notably, disruption of YAP’s leucine zipper had a greater effect on transcriptional activity than the absence of the second WW domain. Using GAL4-YAP transcriptional activation domain fusion proteins we found that disruption of the leucine zipper significantly decreased YAP’s transcriptional activity in several cell lines. Our data indicates that expression of different YAP isoforms with varying transcriptional potencies may enable fine control of Hippo pathway signaling. Furthermore the specific isoform being utilised should be taken into consideration when interpreting published data or when designing experiments to ascribe YAP’s function. Transcriptional activities of yes-associated protein (YAP) isoforms were compared. YAP’s WW domains and leucine zipper motif both contribute to transcriptional activity. Absence of YAP’s second WW domain weakens transcriptional potency. Disruption of YAP’s leucine zipper weakens the transactivation domain (TAD). Potency of the TAD from YAP α, β, γ, δ isoforms is cell-context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn P Strauss
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Joshua S Clayton
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - George C Yeoh
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bernard A Callus
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia; School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, WA 6959, Australia
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28
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Coste A, Jager M, Chambon JP, Manuel M. Comparative study of Hippo pathway genes in cellular conveyor belts of a ctenophore and a cnidarian. EvoDevo 2016; 7:4. [PMID: 26900447 PMCID: PMC4761220 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-016-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Hippo pathway regulates growth rate and organ size in fly and mouse, notably through control of cell proliferation. Molecular interactions at the heart of this pathway are known to have originated in the unicellular ancestry of metazoans. They notably involve a cascade of phosphorylations triggered by the kinase Hippo, with subsequent nuclear to cytoplasmic shift of Yorkie localisation, preventing its binding to the transcription factor Scalloped, thereby silencing proliferation genes. There are few comparative expression data of Hippo pathway genes in non-model animal species and notably none in non-bilaterian phyla. Results All core Hippo pathway genes could be retrieved from the ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus and the hydrozoan cnidarian Clytia hemisphaerica, with the important exception of Yorkie in ctenophore. Expression study of the Hippo, Salvador and Scalloped genes in tentacle “cellular conveyor belts” of these two organisms revealed striking differences. In P. pileus, their transcripts were detected in areas where undifferentiated progenitors intensely proliferate and where expression of cyclins B and D was also seen. In C. hemisphaerica, these three genes and Yorkie are expressed not only in the proliferating but also in the differentiation zone of the tentacle bulb and in mature tentacle cells. However, using an antibody designed against the C. hemiphaerica Yorkie protein, we show in two distinct cell lineages of the medusa that Yorkie localisation is predominantly nuclear in areas of active cell proliferation and mainly cytoplasmic elsewhere. Conclusions This is the first evidence of nucleocytoplasmic Yorkie shift in association with the arrest of cell proliferation in a cnidarian, strongly evoking the cell division-promoting role of this protein and its inhibition by the activated Hippo pathway in bilaterian models. Our results furthermore highlight important differences in terms of deployment and regulation of Hippo pathway genes between cnidarians and ctenophores. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0041-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Coste
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) CNRS, UMR 7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Case 05, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Jager
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) CNRS, UMR 7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Case 05, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Chambon
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) CNRS, UMR 7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Case 05, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michaël Manuel
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS) CNRS, UMR 7138 Evolution Paris-Seine, Case 05, 7 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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29
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A Drosophila RNAi library modulates Hippo pathway-dependent tissue growth. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10368. [PMID: 26758424 PMCID: PMC4735554 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Libraries of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster carrying RNA interference (RNAi) constructs have been used extensively to perform large-scale functional genetic screens in vivo. For example, RNAi screens have facilitated the discovery of multiple components of the Hippo pathway, an evolutionarily conserved growth-regulatory network. Here we investigate an important technical limitation with the widely used VDRC KK RNAi collection. We find that approximately 25% of VDRC KK RNAi lines cause false-positive enhancement of the Hippo pathway, owing to ectopic expression of the Tiptop transcription factor. Of relevance to the broader Drosophila community, ectopic tiptop (tio) expression can also cause organ malformations and mask phenotypes such as organ overgrowth. To enhance the use of the VDRC KK RNAi library, we have generated a D. melanogaster strain that will allow researchers to test, in a single cross, whether their genetic screen of interest will be affected by ectopic tio expression. Drosophila RNAi libraries are commonly used to perform large-scale functional genetics screens in vivo. Here the authors find that a subset of lines from the VDRC KK RNAi line cause false-positive enhancement of the Hippo pathway, and provide a strain that can test whether a genetic screen of interest will be affected by this technical artefact.
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30
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Oh JE, Ohta T, Satomi K, Foll M, Durand G, McKay J, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Mittelbronn M, Brokinkel B, Paulus W, Ohgaki H. Alterations in the NF2/LATS1/LATS2/YAP Pathway in Schwannomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:952-9. [PMID: 26360373 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors composed of well-differentiated Schwann cells. Other than frequent NF2 (neurofibromatosis type 2) mutations (50%-60%), their molecular pathogenesis is not fully understood. LATS1 and LATS2 are downstream molecules of NF2 and are negative regulators of the yes-associated protein (YAP) oncogene in the Hippo signaling pathway. We assessed mutations of the NF2, LATS1, and LATS2 genes, promoter methylation of LATS1 and LATS2, and expression of YAP and phosphorylated YAP in 82 cases of sporadic schwannomas. Targeted sequencing using the Ion Torrent Proton instrument revealed NF2 mutations in 45 cases (55%), LATS1 mutations in 2 cases (2%), and LATS2 mutations in 1 case (1%) of schwannoma. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction showed promoter methylation of LATS1 and LATS2 in 14 cases (17%) and 25 cases (30%), respectively. Overall, 62 cases (76%) had at least 1 alteration in the NF2, LATS1, and/or LATS2 genes. Immunohistochemistry revealed nuclear YAP expression in 18 of 42 cases of schwannoma (43%) and reduced cytoplasmic phosphorylated YAP expression in 15 of 49 cases of schwannoma (31%), all of which had at least 1 alteration in the NF2, LATS1, and/or LATS2 genes. These results suggest that an abnormal Hippo signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of most sporadic schwannomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Oh
- From the International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (JEO, TO, KS, MF, GD, JM, FCK, HO); Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany (MM); and Department of Neurosurgery (BB) and Institute of Neuropathology (WP), University Hospital Munster, Munster, Germany
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31
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Liu YC, Wang YZ. Role of Yes-associated protein 1 in gliomas: pathologic and therapeutic aspects. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:2223-7. [PMID: 25750037 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of proline-rich phosphoprotein Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) possesses a possible link between stem/progenitor cells, organ size, and cancer. YAP1 has been indicated as an oncoprotein, and overexpression of YAP1 is reported in many human brain tumors, including infiltrating gliomas. During normal brain development, the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) protein suppresses YAP1 activity in neural progenitor cells to promote guidepost cell differentiation, but loss of NF2 causes elevating YAP1 activity in midline neural progenitors, which disrupts guidepost formation. Overexpression of endogenous CD44 (cancer stem cell marker) promotes phosphorylation/inactivation of NF2, and upregulates YAP1 expression and leads to cancer cell resistance in glioblastoma. The hippo pathway is also related to the YAP1 action. However, the mechanism of YAP1 action in glioma is still far from clear understanding. Advances in clinical management based on an improved understanding of the function of YAP1 may help to serve as a molecular target in glioma therapeutics. Knockdown of YAP1 by shRNA technology has been shown to reduce glioma in vitro; however, clinical implications are still under investigation. YAP1 can be used as a diagnostic marker for gliomas to monitor the disease status and may help to evaluate its treatment effects. More functional experiments are needed to support the direct roles of YAP1 on gliomas at molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chang Liu
- Fourth Department of Neurosurgery, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, 061001, China,
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32
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Del Re DP. The hippo signaling pathway: implications for heart regeneration and disease. Clin Transl Med 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 26932373 PMCID: PMC4884045 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-014-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of cell number and organ size is critical for appropriate development and tissue homeostasis. Studies in both Drosophila and mammals have established the Hippo signaling pathway as an important modulator of organ size and tumorigenesis. Upon activation, this kinase cascade modulates gene expression through the phosphorylation and inhibition of transcription co-activators that are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and apoptosis. Hippo signaling serves to limit organ size and suppress malignancies, and has been implicated in tissue regeneration following injury. These outcomes highlight the important role that Hippo signaling plays in regulating both physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, an overview of the signaling pathway will be discussed as well as recent work that has investigated its role in cardiac development, regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Newark, 07103, NJ, USA.
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33
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Kim YH, Ohta T, Oh JE, Le Calvez-Kelm F, McKay J, Voegele C, Durand G, Mittelbronn M, Kleihues P, Paulus W, Ohgaki H. TP53, MSH4, and LATS1 germline mutations in a family with clustering of nervous system tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2374-81. [PMID: 25041856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Exome DNA sequencing of blood samples from a Li-Fraumeni family with a TP53 germline mutation (codon 236 deletion) and multiple nervous system tumors revealed additional germline mutations. Missense mutations in the MSH4 DNA repair gene (c.2480T>A; p.I827N) were detected in three patients with gliomas (two anaplastic astrocytomas, two glioblastomas). Two family members without a TP53 germline mutation who developed peripheral schwannomas also carried the MSH4 germline mutation, and in addition, a germline mutation of the LATS1 gene (c.286C>T; p.R96W). LATS1 is a downstream mediator of the NF2, but has not previously been found to be related to schwannomas. We therefore screened the entire coding sequence of the LATS1 gene in 65 sporadic schwannomas, 12 neurofibroma/schwannoma hybrid tumors, and 4 cases of schwannomatosis. We only found a single base deletion at codon 827 (exon 5) in a spinal schwannoma, leading to a stop at codon 835 (c.2480delG; p.*R827Kfs*8). Mutational loss of LATS1 function may thus play a role in some inherited schwannomas, but only exceptionally in sporadic schwannomas. This is the first study reporting a germline MSH4 mutation. Since it was present in all patients, it may have contributed to the subsequent acquisition of TP53 and LATS1 germline mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Kim
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Translational Epidemiology Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Takashi Ohta
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- Group of Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - James McKay
- Group of Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Voegele
- Group of Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Geoffroy Durand
- Group of Genetic Cancer Susceptibility, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Kleihues
- Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Paulus
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hiroko Ohgaki
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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Ma Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Wei Q, Qin H. Hippo-YAP signaling pathway: A new paradigm for cancer therapy. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:2275-86. [PMID: 25042563 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, the Hippo signaling pathway has been delineated and shown to play multiple roles in the control of organ size in both Drosophila and mammals. In mammals, the Hippo pathway is a kinase cascade leading from Mst1/2 to YAP and its paralog TAZ. Several studies have demonstrated that YAP/TAZ is a candidate oncogene and that other members of the Hippo pathway are tumor suppressive genes. The dysregulation of the Hippo pathway has been observed in a variety of cancers. This review chronicles the recent progress in elucidating the function of Hippo signaling in tumorigenesis and provide a rich source of potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Ma
- Department of GI Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- Department of GI Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of GI Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Department of GI Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Oh H, Slattery M, Ma L, White KP, Mann RS, Irvine KD. Yorkie promotes transcription by recruiting a histone methyltransferase complex. Cell Rep 2014; 8:449-59. [PMID: 25017066 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippo signaling limits organ growth by inhibiting the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie. Despite the key role of Yorkie in both normal and oncogenic growth, the mechanism by which it activates transcription has not been defined. We report that Yorkie binding to chromatin correlates with histone H3K4 methylation and is sufficient to locally increase it. We show that Yorkie can recruit a histone methyltransferase complex through binding between WW domains of Yorkie and PPxY sequence motifs of NcoA6, a subunit of the Trithorax-related (Trr) methyltransferase complex. Cell culture and in vivo assays establish that this recruitment of NcoA6 contributes to Yorkie's ability to activate transcription. Mammalian NcoA6, a subunit of Trr-homologous methyltransferase complexes, can similarly interact with Yorkie's mammalian homolog YAP. Our results implicate direct recruitment of a histone methyltransferase complex as central to transcriptional activation by Yorkie, linking the control of cell proliferation by Hippo signaling to chromatin modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyangyee Oh
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Matthew Slattery
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 1104, New York, NY 10032, USA; Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, KCBD 10115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lijia Ma
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, KCBD 10115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kevin P White
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology and Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, KCBD 10115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard S Mann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, HHSC 1104, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Waksman Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Zhang H, von Gise A, Liu Q, Hu T, Tian X, He L, Pu W, Huang X, He L, Cai CL, Camargo FD, Pu WT, Zhou B. Yap1 is required for endothelial to mesenchymal transition of the atrioventricular cushion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18681-92. [PMID: 24831012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac malformations due to aberrant development of the atrioventricular (AV) valves are among the most common forms of congenital heart diseases. Normally, heart valve mesenchyme is formed from an endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of endothelial cells of the endocardial cushions. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) has been reported to regulate EMT in vitro, in addition to its known role as a major regulator of organ size and cell proliferation in vertebrates, leading us to hypothesize that YAP1 is required for heart valve development. We tested this hypothesis by conditional inactivation of YAP1 in endothelial cells and their derivatives. This resulted in markedly hypocellular endocardial cushions due to impaired formation of heart valve mesenchyme by EMT and to reduced endocardial cell proliferation. In endothelial cells, TGFβ induces nuclear localization of Smad2/3/4 complex, which activates expression of Snail, Twist1, and Slug, key transcription factors required for EMT. YAP1 interacts with this complex, and loss of YAP1 disrupts TGFβ-induced up-regulation of Snail, Twist1, and Slug. Together, our results identify a role of YAP1 in regulating EMT through modulation of TGFβ-Smad signaling and through proliferative activity during cardiac cushion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Alexander von Gise
- the Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, the Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care, MHH-Hannover Medical School, 30669 Hannover, Germany
| | - Qiaozhen Liu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xueying Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingjuan He
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiuzhen Huang
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liang He
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chen-Leng Cai
- the Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Center for Molecular Cardiology of the Child Health and Development Institute, the Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Fernando D Camargo
- the Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and
| | - William T Pu
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- From the Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,
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Ikmi A, Gaertner B, Seidel C, Srivastava M, Zeitlinger J, Gibson MC. Molecular evolution of the Yap/Yorkie proto-oncogene and elucidation of its core transcriptional program. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:1375-90. [PMID: 24509725 PMCID: PMC4032125 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout Metazoa, developmental processes are controlled by a surprisingly limited number of conserved signaling pathways. Precisely how these signaling cassettes were assembled in early animal evolution remains poorly understood, as do the molecular transitions that potentiated the acquisition of their myriad developmental functions. Here we analyze the molecular evolution of the proto-oncogene yes-associated protein (Yap)/Yorkie, a key effector of the Hippo signaling pathway that controls organ size in both Drosophila and mammals. Based on heterologous functional analysis of evolutionarily distant Yap/Yorkie orthologs, we demonstrate that a structurally distinct interaction interface between Yap/Yorkie and its partner TEAD/Scalloped became fixed in the eumetazoan common ancestor. We then combine transcriptional profiling of tissues expressing phylogenetically diverse forms of Yap/Yorkie with ChIP-seq validation to identify a common downstream gene expression program underlying the control of tissue growth in Drosophila. Intriguingly, a subset of the newly identified Yorkie target genes are also induced by Yap in mammalian tissues, thus revealing a conserved Yap-dependent gene expression signature likely to mediate organ size control throughout bilaterian animals. Combined, these experiments provide new mechanistic insights while revealing the ancient evolutionary history of Hippo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aissam Ikmi
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Julia Zeitlinger
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MODepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
| | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MODepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
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38
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Causes and consequences of genetic background effects illuminated by integrative genomic analysis. Genetics 2014; 196:1321-36. [PMID: 24504186 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.159426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic consequences of individual mutations are modulated by the wild-type genetic background in which they occur. Although such background dependence is widely observed, we do not know whether general patterns across species and traits exist or about the mechanisms underlying it. We also lack knowledge on how mutations interact with genetic background to influence gene expression and how this in turn mediates mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, how genetic background influences patterns of epistasis remains unclear. To investigate the genetic basis and genomic consequences of genetic background dependence of the scalloped(E3) allele on the Drosophila melanogaster wing, we generated multiple novel genome-level datasets from a mapping-by-introgression experiment and a tagged RNA gene expression dataset. In addition we used whole genome resequencing of the parental lines-two commonly used laboratory strains-to predict polymorphic transcription factor binding sites for SD. We integrated these data with previously published genomic datasets from expression microarrays and a modifier mutation screen. By searching for genes showing a congruent signal across multiple datasets, we were able to identify a robust set of candidate loci contributing to the background-dependent effects of mutations in sd. We also show that the majority of background-dependent modifiers previously reported are caused by higher-order epistasis, not quantitative noncomplementation. These findings provide a useful foundation for more detailed investigations of genetic background dependence in this system, and this approach is likely to prove useful in exploring the genetic basis of other traits as well.
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Cochran SD, Cole JB, Null DJ, Hansen PJ. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Candidate Genes Associated with Fertilizing Ability of Sperm and Subsequent Embryonic Development in Cattle1. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:69. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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40
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Hergovich A. Regulation and functions of mammalian LATS/NDR kinases: looking beyond canonical Hippo signalling. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:32. [PMID: 23985307 PMCID: PMC3849777 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metazoan Hippo pathway is an essential tumour suppressor signalling cascade that ensures normal tissue growth by co-ordinating cell proliferation, cell death and cell differentiation. Over the past years, various genetic and biochemical studies in Drosophila and mammals have defined a conserved core Hippo signalling module, composed of members of the Ste20-like kinase, the MOB co-activator and the AGC kinase families. In Drosophila, stimulated Hippo kinase phosphorylates and thereby activates the Mats/Warts complex, which consequently phosphorylates and inactivates the transcriptional co-activator Yorkie. In mammals, the counterparts of the Hippo/Mats/Warts/Yorkie cascade, namely MST1/2, MOB1A/B, LATS1/2 and YAP/TAZ, function in a similar fashion. These canonical Hippo pathways are so highly conserved that human MST2, hMOB1A and LATS1 can compensate for the loss of Hippo, Mats and Warts in flies. However, recent reports have shown that Hippo signalling is more diverse and complex, in particular in mammals. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of mammalian LATS1/2 kinases together with their closest relatives, the NDR1/2 kinases. The regulation of the LATS/NDR family of kinases will be discussed, followed by a summary of all currently known LATS/NDR substrates. Last, but not least, the biological roles of LATS/NDR kinases will be reviewed with specific emphasis on recent discoveries of canonical and non-canonical LATS/NDR functions in the extended Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hergovich
- Tumour Suppressor Signalling Networks laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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41
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Abstract
Tissue renewal is an ongoing process in the epithelium of the skin. We have begun to examine the genetic mechanisms that control stem/progenitor cell activation in the postnatal epidermis. The conserved Hippo pathway regulates stem cell turnover in arthropods through to vertebrates. Here we show that its downstream effector, yes-associated protein (YAP), is active in the stem/progenitor cells of the postnatal epidermis. Overexpression of a C-terminally truncated YAP mutant in the basal epidermis of transgenic mice caused marked expansion of epidermal stem/progenitor cell populations. Our data suggest that the C-terminus of YAP controls the balance between stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the postnatal interfollicular epidermis. We conclude that YAP functions as a molecular switch of stem/progenitor cell activation in the epidermis. Moreover, our results highlight YAP as a possible therapeutic target for diseases such as skin cancer, psoriasis, and epidermolysis bullosa.
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42
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Zhi X, Zhao D, Zhou Z, Liu R, Chen C. YAP promotes breast cell proliferation and survival partially through stabilizing the KLF5 transcription factor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:2452-61. [PMID: 22632819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Yes-associated protein (YAP), an oncoprotein in the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, regulates tumorigenesis and has been found in a variety of tumors, including breast, ovarian, and hepatocellular cancers. Although YAP functions through its WW domains, the YAP WW domain-binding partners have not yet been completely determined. With this study, we demonstrate that YAP functions partially through its binding to KLF5, a transcription factor that promotes breast cell proliferation and survival. YAP interacted with the KLF5 PY motif through its WW domains, preventing the E3 ubiquitin ligase WWP1 from ubiquitinating KLF5. Overexpression of the wild-type YAP but not the WW domain-mutated YAP up-regulated KLF5 protein levels and mRNA expression levels of KLF5 downstream target genes, including FGFBP1 (alias FGF-BP) and ITGB2. In addition, knockdown of YAP decreased expression levels of KLF5, FGF-BP, and ITGB2. Depletion of either YAP or KLF5 decreased breast cell proliferation and survival in MCF10A and SW527 breast cell lines, and stable knockdown of either YAP or KLF5 suppressed SW527 xenograft growth in mice. The YAP upstream kinase LATS1 suppressed the KLF5-FGF-BP axis, as well as cell growth through YAP signaling. Both YAP and KLF5 are coexpressed in estrogen receptor ERα-negative breast cell lines. These findings suggest that KLF5 could be an important transcription factor partner for YAP and may contribute to the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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43
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The Hippo pathway target, YAP, promotes metastasis through its TEAD-interaction domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2441-50. [PMID: 22891335 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212021109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a major regulator of organ size and proliferation in vertebrates. As such, YAP can act as an oncogene in several tissue types if its activity is increased aberrantly. Although no activating mutations in the yap1 gene have been identified in human cancer, yap1 is located on the 11q22 amplicon, which is amplified in several human tumors. In addition, mutations or epigenetic silencing of members of the Hippo pathway, which represses YAP function, have been identified in human cancers. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to increasing tumor growth, increased YAP activity is potently prometastatic in breast cancer and melanoma cells. Using a Luminex-based approach to multiplex in vivo assays, we determined that the domain of YAP that interacts with the TEAD/TEF family of transcription factors but not the WW domains or PDZ-binding motif, is essential for YAP-mediated tumor growth and metastasis. We further demonstrate that, through its TEAD-interaction domain, YAP enhances multiple processes known to be important for tumor progression and metastasis, including cellular proliferation, transformation, migration, and invasion. Finally, we found that the metastatic potential of breast cancer and melanoma cells is strongly correlated with increased TEAD transcriptional activity. Together, our results suggest that increased YAP/TEAD activity plays a causal role in cancer progression and metastasis.
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44
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Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase regulates Hippo pathway-dependent tissue growth. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1587-94. [PMID: 22840515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of tissue growth that is deregulated in human cancer. Upstream SWH pathway components convey signals from neighboring cells via a core kinase cassette to the transcription coactivator Yorkie (Yki). Yki controls tissue growth by modulating activity of transcription factors including Scalloped (Sd). To date, five SWH pathway kinases have been identified, but large-scale phosphoproteome studies suggest that unidentified SWH pathway kinases exist. To identify such kinases, we performed an RNA interference screen and isolated homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (Hipk). Unlike previously identified SWH pathway kinases, Hipk is unique in its ability to promote, rather than repress, Yki activity and does so in parallel to the Yki-repressive kinase, Warts (Wts). Hipk is required for basal Yki activity and is likely to regulate Yki function by promoting its accumulation in the nucleus. Like many SWH pathway proteins, Hipk's function is evolutionarily conserved as its closest human homolog, HIPK2, promotes activity of the Yki ortholog YAP in a kinase-dependent fashion. Further, HIPK2 promotes YAP abundance, suggesting that the mechanism by which HIPK2 regulates YAP has diverged in mammals.
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45
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Liu AM, Wong KF, Jiang X, Qiao Y, Luk JM. Regulators of mammalian Hippo pathway in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:357-64. [PMID: 22683405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hippo pathway, originally discovered in Drosophila, is responsible for organ size control. The pathway is conserved in mammals and has a significant role in restraining cancer development. Regulating the Hippo pathway thus represents a potential therapeutic approach to treat cancer, which however requires deep understanding of the targeted pathway. Despite our limited knowledge on the pathway, there are increasing discoveries of new molecules that regulate and modulate the Hippo downstream signaling particularly in various solid malignancies, from extracellular stimuli or via pathway crosstalk. Herein, we discuss the roles of newly identified and key regulators that connect with core components (MST1/2, LATS1/2, SAV1, and MOB1) and downstream effector (YAP) in the Hippo pathway having an important role in cancer development and progression. Understanding of the mammalian Hippo pathway regulation may shed new insights to allow us selecting the right oncogenic targets and designing effective drugs for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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46
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Structures of YAP protein domains reveal promising targets for development of new cancer drugs. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:827-33. [PMID: 22609812 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
YAP (Yes-associated protein) is a potent oncogene and a major effector of the mammalian Hippo tumor suppressor pathway. In this review, our emphasis is on the structural basis of how YAP recognizes its various cellular partners. In particular, we discuss the role of LATS kinase and AMOTL1 junction protein, two key cellular partners of YAP that bind to its WW domain, in mediating cytoplasmic localization of YAP and thereby playing a key role in the regulation of its transcriptional activity. Importantly, the crystal structure of an amino-terminal domain of YAP in complex with the carboxy-terminal domain of TEAD transcription factor was only recently solved at atomic resolution, while the structure of WW domain of YAP in complex with a peptide containing the PPxY motif has been available for more than a decade. We discuss how such structural information may be exploited for the rational development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics harboring greater efficacy coupled with low toxicity. We also embark on a brief discussion of how recent in silico studies led to identification of the cardiac glycoside digitoxin as a potential modulator of WW domain-ligand interactions. Conversely, dobutamine was identified in a screen of known drugs as a compound that promotes cytoplasmic localization of YAP, thereby resulting in growth suppressing activity. Finally, we discuss how a recent study on the dynamics of WW domain folding on a biologically critical time scale may provide a tool to generate repertoires of WW domain variants for regulation of the Hippo pathway toward desired, non-oncogenic outputs.
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47
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Boggiano JC, Fehon RG. Growth control by committee: intercellular junctions, cell polarity, and the cytoskeleton regulate Hippo signaling. Dev Cell 2012; 22:695-702. [PMID: 22516196 PMCID: PMC3376383 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway has emerged as a central regulator of growth in epithelial tissues. Research in Drosophila and in mammals has shown that this kinase signaling cascade regulates the activity of the transcriptional coactivator and oncoprotein Yorkie/Yap. In this review, we discuss recent findings that emphasize the cell cortex-specifically the actin cytoskeleton, intercellular junctions, and protein complexes that determine cell polarity-as a key site for Hippo pathway regulation. We also highlight where additional research is needed to integrate known functional interactions between Hippo pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C. Boggiano
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard G. Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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48
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Control of tissue growth and cell transformation by the Salvador/Warts/Hippo pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31994. [PMID: 22359650 PMCID: PMC3281119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) pathway is an important regulator of tissue growth that is frequently subverted in human cancer. The key oncoprotein of the SWH pathway is the transcriptional co-activator, Yes-associated protein (YAP). YAP promotes tissue growth and transformation of cultured cells by interacting with transcriptional regulatory proteins via its WW domains, or, in the case of the TEAD1-4 transcription factors, an N-terminal binding domain. YAP possesses a putative transactivation domain in its C-terminus that is necessary to stimulate transcription factors in vitro, but its requirement for YAP function has not been investigated in detail. Interestingly, whilst the WW domains and TEAD-binding domain are highly conserved in the Drosophila melanogaster YAP orthologue, Yorkie, the majority of the C-terminal region of YAP is not present in Yorkie. To investigate this apparent conundrum, we assessed the functional roles of the YAP and Yorkie C-termini. We found that these regions were not required for Yorkie's ability to drive tissue growth in vivo, or YAP's ability to promote anchorage-independent growth or resistance to contact inhibition. However, the YAP transactivation domain was required for YAP's ability to induce cell migration and invasion. Moreover, a role for the YAP transactivation domain in cell transformation was uncovered when the YAP WW domains were mutated together with the transactivation domain. This shows that YAP can promote cell transformation in a flexible manner, presumably by contacting transcriptional regulatory proteins either via its WW domains or its transactivation domain.
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Poon CLC, Lin JI, Zhang X, Harvey KF. The sterile 20-like kinase Tao-1 controls tissue growth by regulating the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway. Dev Cell 2012; 21:896-906. [PMID: 22075148 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Salvador-Warts-Hippo (SWH) pathway is a complex signaling network that controls both developmental and regenerative tissue growth. Using a genetic screen in Drosophila melanogaster, we identified the sterile 20-like kinase, Tao-1, as an SWH pathway member. Tao-1 controls various biological phenomena, including microtubule dynamics, animal behavior, and brain development. Here we describe a role for Tao-1 as a regulator of epithelial tissue growth that modulates activity of the core SWH pathway kinase cassette. Tao-1 functions together with Hippo to activate Warts-mediated repression of Yorkie. Tao-1's ability to control SWH pathway activity is evolutionarily conserved because human TAO1 can suppress activity of the Yorkie ortholog, YAP. Human TAO1 controls SWH pathway activity by phosphorylating, and activating, the Hippo ortholog, MST2. Given that SWH pathway activity is subverted in many human cancers, our findings identify human TAO kinases as potential tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L C Poon
- Cell Growth and Proliferation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
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Mizuno T, Murakami H, Fujii M, Ishiguro F, Tanaka I, Kondo Y, Akatsuka S, Toyokuni S, Yokoi K, Osada H, Sekido Y. YAP induces malignant mesothelioma cell proliferation by upregulating transcription of cell cycle-promoting genes. Oncogene 2012; 31:5117-22. [PMID: 22286761 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) shows frequent inactivation of the neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) -tumor-suppressor gene. Recent studies have documented that the Hippo signaling pathway, a downstream cascade of Merlin (a product of NF2), has a key role in organ size control and carcinogenesis by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. We previously reported that MMs show overexpression of Yes-associated protein (YAP) transcriptional coactivator, the main downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, which results from the inactivation of NF2, LATS2 and/or SAV1 genes (the latter two encoding core components of the mammalian Hippo pathway) or amplification of YAP itself. However, the detailed roles of YAP remain unclear, especially the target genes of YAP that enhance MM cell growth and survival. Here, we demonstrated that YAP-knockdown inhibited cell motility, invasion and anchorage-independent growth as well as cell proliferation of MM cells in vitro. We analyzed genes commonly regulated by YAP in three MM cell lines with constitutive YAP-activation, and found that the major subsets of YAP-upregulating genes encode cell cycle regulators. Among them, YAP directly induced the transcription of CCND1 and FOXM1, in cooperation with TEAD transcription factor. We also found that knockdown of CCND1 and FOXM1 suppressed MM cell proliferation, although the inhibitory effects were less evident than those of YAP knockdown. These results indicate that constitutive YAP activation in MM cells promotes cell cycle progression giving more aggressive phenotypes to MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mizuno
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
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