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Noble AR, Akkad S, Yates NDJ, Jeffries JM, Signoret N, Fascione MA. Towards a 'clicked' PSMA targeting gene delivery bioconjugate-polyplex for prostate cancer. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23796-23801. [PMID: 39077324 PMCID: PMC11284900 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the UK with over 50 000 new cases diagnosed each year and although therapeutic advances in surgery, anti-androgens, radio- and chemotherapy have increased survival rates, there still remains a need for new treatments to combat the most aggressive forms of the disease. Gene therapy offers promise as an alternative approach but is reliant on selective targeting to the cancer cell surface. Herein we describe the novel construction of a prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) binding bioconjugate-polyplex, based on a glutamate-urea peptide scaffold using 'click' chemistry, which we demonstrate is capable of targeted delivery of a GFP gene to PSMA overexpressing prostate cancer cells, and therefore may have potential future application as part of a prostate cancer gene delivery therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Noble
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Saeed Akkad
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - James M Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | | | - Martin A Fascione
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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2
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Clore J, Scott PJH. [ 68Ga]PSMA-11 for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-positive lesions in men with prostate cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:565-582. [PMID: 39054633 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2383439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Theranostics targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) represent a new targeted approach for prostate cancer care that combines diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals to diagnose and treat the disease. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the imaging method of choice and several diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals for quantifying PSMA have received FDA approval and are in clinical use. [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 is one such imaging agent and the focus of this article. One beta-emitting radioligand therapy ([177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617) has also received FDA approval for prostate cancer treatment, and several other alpha- and beta-emitting radioligand therapies are in clinical trials. AREAS COVERED Theranostics targeting PSMA in men with prostate cancer are discussed with a focus on use of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 for imaging PSMA-positive lesions in men with prostate cancer. The review covers [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 manufacture, current regulatory status, comparison of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 to other imaging techniques, clinical updates, and emerging applications of artificial intelligence for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET. EXPERT OPINION [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 is used in conjunction with a PET/CT scan to image PSMA positive lesions in men with prostate cancer. It is manufactured by chelating precursor with68Ga, either from a generator or cyclotron, and has regulatory approval around the world. It is widely used clinically in conjunction with radioligand therapies like [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Clore
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Zhang J, Hu F, Aras O, Chai Y, An F. Small Molecule-Drug Conjugates: Opportunities for the Development of Targeted Anticancer Drugs. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300720. [PMID: 38396351 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy is insufficient for precise cancer treatment due to its lack of selectivity and inevitable side effects. Targeted drugs have emerged as a promising solution for precise cancer treatment. A common strategy is to conjugate therapeutic agents with ligands that can specifically bind to tumor cells, providing targeted therapy. Similar to the more successful antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs) are another promising class of targeted drugs, consisting of three parts: targeting ligand, cleavable linker and payload. Compared to ADCs, SMDCs have the advantages of smaller size, better permeability, simpler preparation process and non-immunogenicity, making them a promising alternative to ADCs. This review describes the characteristics of the targeting ligand, linker and payload of SMDCs and the criteria for selecting a suitable one. We also discuss recently reported SMDCs and list some successful SMDCs that have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Fanchun Hu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Omer Aras
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yichao Chai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an, Jiaotong University, No.157 Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Feifei An
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
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4
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Sallam M, Nguyen NT, Sainsbury F, Kimizuka N, Muyldermans S, Benešová-Schäfer M. PSMA-targeted radiotheranostics in modern nuclear medicine: then, now, and what of the future? Theranostics 2024; 14:3043-3079. [PMID: 38855174 PMCID: PMC11155394 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1853, the perception of prostate cancer (PCa) as a rare ailment prevailed, was described by the eminent Londoner surgeon John Adams. Rapidly forward to 2018, the landscape dramatically altered. Currently, men face a one-in-nine lifetime risk of PCa, accentuated by improved diagnostic methods and an ageing population. With more than three million men in the United States alone grappling with this disease, the overall risk of succumbing to stands at one in 39. The intricate clinical and biological diversity of PCa poses serious challenges in terms of imaging, ongoing monitoring, and disease management. In the field of theranostics, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that harmoniously merge targeted imaging with treatments are integrated. A pivotal player in this arena is radiotheranostics, employing radionuclides for both imaging and therapy, with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) at the forefront. Clinical milestones have been reached, including FDA- and/or EMA-approved PSMA-targeted radiodiagnostic agents, such as [18F]DCFPyL (PYLARIFY®, Lantheus Holdings), [18F]rhPSMA-7.3 (POSLUMA®, Blue Earth Diagnostics) and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 (Locametz®, Novartis/ ILLUCCIX®, Telix Pharmaceuticals), as well as PSMA-targeted radiotherapeutic agents, such as [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 (Pluvicto®, Novartis). Concurrently, ligand-drug and immune therapies designed to target PSMA are being advanced through rigorous preclinical research and clinical trials. This review delves into the annals of PSMA-targeted radiotheranostics, exploring its historical evolution as a signature molecule in PCa management. We scrutinise its clinical ramifications, acknowledge its limitations, and peer into the avenues that need further exploration. In the crucible of scientific inquiry, we aim to illuminate the path toward a future where the enigma of PCa is deciphered and where its menace is met with precise and effective countermeasures. In the following sections, we discuss the intriguing terrain of PCa radiotheranostics through the lens of PSMA, with the fervent hope of advancing our understanding and enhancing clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sallam
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Research Center for Negative Emissions Technologies (K-NETs), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Benešová-Schäfer
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Lotha TN, Richa K, Sorhie V, Ketiyala, Nakro V, Imkongyanger, Ritse V, Rudithongru L, Namsa ND, Jamir L. Environmentally benign synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas and their evaluation as potential HIV-1 protease inhibitors via a computational approach. Mol Divers 2024; 28:749-763. [PMID: 36788191 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports the cost-effective, high yielding and environmentally acceptable preparation of unsymmetrical ureas from thiocarbamate salts using sodium percarbonate as an oxidant. Efficacy of the unsymmetrical ureas as potential human immune deficiency virus (HIV-1) protease inhibitors has been evaluated via in silico approach. The results revealed interactions of the urea compounds at the active site of the enzyme with favorable binding affinities causing possible mutations hindering the functioning of the enzyme. Further computational assessment of IC50 using known references satisfactorily authenticated the inhibitory action of the selected compounds against HIV-1 protease. Added to the easy synthesis of the ureas following an environmentally benign protocol, this work may be a valuable addition to the ongoing search for drugs with better efficacy profiles and reduced toxicity against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsenbeni N Lotha
- Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Kikoleho Richa
- Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Viphrezolie Sorhie
- Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Ketiyala
- Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Vevosa Nakro
- Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Imkongyanger
- Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Vimha Ritse
- Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Lemzila Rudithongru
- Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Nima D Namsa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Latonglila Jamir
- Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India.
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Gammel MCM, Solari EL, Eiber M, Rauscher I, Nekolla SG. A Clinical Role of PET-MRI in Prostate Cancer? Semin Nucl Med 2024; 54:132-140. [PMID: 37652782 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PET/MRI is a relevant application field for prostate cancer management, offering advantages in early diagnosis, staging, and therapy planning. Despite drawbacks such as higher costs, longer acquisition time, and the need for skilled personnel, the technical integration of PET and MRI provides valuable information for detecting primary tumors, identifying metastases, and characterizing the disease, leading to more accurate staging and personalized treatment strategies. However, PET/MRI adoption has been slow, but ongoing technological advancements and AI integration might overcome challenges and improve clinical utility. As precision medicine gains importance in oncology, PET/MRI's multiparametric data can tailor treatment plans to individual patients, providing a comprehensive assessment of tumor biology and aggressiveness for more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C M Gammel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Esteban L Solari
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Rauscher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan G Nekolla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Chen M, Cai L, Xiang Y, Zhong L, Shi J. Advances in non-radioactive PSMA-targeted small molecule-drug conjugates in the treatment of prostate cancer. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106889. [PMID: 37813074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will develop metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) after androgen deprivation therapy, at this time the tumor enters the end stage, and the clinical treatment is very complicated, which requires rationalization of drugs to prolong the life of patients while improving their quality of life. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a promising biological target for drug delivery in mCRPC due to its high level of specific expression in PCa cell membranes and low expression in normal tissues. Non-radioactive PSMA-targeted small molecule-drug conjugates (SMDCs) are gradually becoming a heat of discovery due to their good affinity and specificity; simple synthesis steps and transport management methods. Non-radioactive PSMA-targeted SMDCs under investigation can be divided into two categories: SMDCs and dual-ligand coupled drugs, among which SMDCs are the most widespread form of this type of conjugate. SMDCs have three key components: cytotoxic load, linker, and small molecule targeting ligands. SMDCs are internalized into the cell after binding to PSMA on the cell membrane and stored in endosomes and lysosomes, where they are usually enzymatically cleaved to allow precise release of cytotoxic molecules and uniform diffusion into the tumor tissue. More than a dozen non-radioactive PSMA-targeted SMDCs have been developed, many of which have shown favorable properties in both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, demonstrating more favorable results than unmodified cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, non-radioactive PSMA-targeted SMDCs have great therapeutic potential for mCRPC as a form of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Linxuan Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Center for Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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8
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Ritawidya R, Wongso H, Effendi N, Pujiyanto A, Lestari W, Setiawan H, Humani TS. Lutetium-177-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-617 for Molecular Imaging and Targeted Radioligand Therapy of Prostate Cancer. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:701-711. [PMID: 38022814 PMCID: PMC10676551 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) represents a promising target for PSMA-overexpressing diseases, especially prostate cancer-a common type of cancer among men worldwide. In response to the challenges in tackling prostate cancers, several promising PSMA inhibitors from a variety of molecular scaffolds (e.g., phosphorous-, thiol-, and urea-based molecules) have been developed. In addition, PSMA inhibitors bearing macrocyclic chelators have attracted interest due to their favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Recently, conjugating a small PSMA molecule inhibitor-bearing 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator, as exemplified by [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 could serve as a molecular imaging probe and targeted radioligand therapy (TRT) of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Hence, studies related to mCRPC have drawn global attention. In this review, the recent development of PSMA ligand-617-labeled with 177Lu for the management of mCRPC is presented. Its molecular mechanism of action, safety, efficacy, and future direction are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rien Ritawidya
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, 15314 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Hendris Wongso
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, 15314 Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Nurmaya Effendi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Muslim Indonesia, Kampus II UMI, Jl. Urip Sumoharjo No.225, Panaikang, Panakkukang, Kota, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90231
| | - Anung Pujiyanto
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, 15314 Indonesia
| | - Wening Lestari
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, 15314 Indonesia
| | - Herlan Setiawan
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, 15314 Indonesia
| | - Titis Sekar Humani
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, Setu, Tangerang Selatan, 15314 Indonesia
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Zha Z, Ploessl K, Choi SR, Zhao R, Jin W, Wang R, Alexoff D, Zhu L, Kung HF. Lu-177-Labeled Hetero-Bivalent Agents Targeting PSMA and Bone Metastases for Radionuclide Therapy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12602-12613. [PMID: 37670407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an excellent target for imaging and radionuclide therapy of prostate cancer. Recently, [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 (Pluvicto) was approved by the FDA for radionuclide therapy. To develop hetero-bivalent agents targeting both PSMA and bone metastasis, [177Lu]Lu-P17-079 ([177Lu]Lu-1) and [177Lu]Lu-P17-081 ([177Lu]Lu-2) were prepared. In vivo biodistribution studies of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617, [177Lu]Lu-1, and [177Lu]Lu-2 in mice bearing PC3-PIP (PSMA positive) tumor showed high uptake in PSMA-positive tumor (14.5, 14.7, and 11.3% ID/g at 1 h, respectively) and distinctively different bone uptakes (0.52, 6.52, and 5.82% ID/g at 1 h, respectively). PET imaging using [68Ga]Ga-P17-079 ([68Ga]Ga-1) in the same mouse model displayed excellent images confirming the expected dual-targeting to PSMA-positive tumor and bone. Results suggest that [177Lu]Lu-P17-079 ([177Lu]Lu-1) is a promising candidate for further development as a hetero-bivalent radionuclide therapy agent targeting both PSMA expression and bone metastases for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zha
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Seok Rye Choi
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ruiyue Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Jin
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - David Alexoff
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hank F Kung
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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10
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Alati S, Singh R, Pomper MG, Rowe SP, Banerjee SR. Preclinical Development in Radiopharmaceutical Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:663-686. [PMID: 37468417 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Among the various treatment options, radiopharmaceutical therapy has shown notable success in metastatic, castration-resistant disease. Radiopharmaceutical therapy is a systemic approach that delivers cytotoxic radiation doses precisely to the malignant tumors and/or tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are composed of a therapeutic radionuclide and a high-affinity, tumor-targeting carrier molecule. Therapeutic radionuclides used in preclinical prostate cancer studies are primarily α-, β--, or Auger-electron-emitting radiometals or radiohalogens. Monoclonal antibodies, antibody-derived fragments, peptides, and small molecules are frequently used as tumor-targeting molecules. Over the years, several important membrane-associated proteases and receptors have been identified, validated, and subsequently used for preclinical radiotherapeutic development for prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is the most well-studied prostate cancer-associated protease in preclinical literature. PSMA-targeting radiotherapeutic agents are being investigated using high-affinity antibody- and small-molecule-based agents for safety and efficacy. Early generations of such agents were developed simply by replacing radionuclides of the imaging agents with therapeutic ones. Later, extensive structure-activity relationship studies were conducted to address the safety and efficacy issues obtained from initial patient data. Recent regulatory approval of the 177Lu-labeled low-molecular-weight agent, 177Lu-PSMA-617, is a significant accomplishment. Current preclinical experiments are focused on the structural modification of 177Lu-PSMA-617 and relevant investigational agents to increase tumor targeting and reduce off-target binding and toxicity in healthy organs. While lutetium-177 (177Lu) remains the most widely used radionuclide, radiolabeled analogs with iodine-131 (128I), yttrium-90 (89Y), copper-67 (67Cu), and terbium-161 (161Tb) have been evaluated as potential alternatives in recent years. In addition, agents carrying the α-particle-emitting radiohalogen, astatine-211 (211At), or radiometals, actinium-225 (225Ac), lead-212 (212Pb), radium-223 (223Ra), and thorium-227 (227Th), have been increasingly investigated in preclinical research. Besides PSMA-based radiotherapeutics, other prominent prostate cancer-related proteases, for example, human kallikrein peptidases (HK2 and HK3), have been explored using monoclonal-antibody-(mAb)-based targeting platforms. Several promising mAbs targeting receptors overexpressed on the different stages of prostate cancer have also been developed for radiopharmaceutical therapy, for example, Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL-3), CD46, and CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1). Progress is also being made using peptide-based targeting platforms for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a well-established membrane-associated receptor expressed in localized and metastatic prostate cancers. Furthermore, mechanism-driven combination therapies appear to be a burgeoning area in the context of preclinical prostate cancer radiotherapeutics. Here, we review the current developments related to the preclinical radiopharmaceutical therapy of prostate cancer. These are summarized in two major topics: (1) therapeutic radionuclides and (2) tumor-targeting approaches using monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Alati
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rajan Singh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD.
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Fan D, Cao Y, Cao M, Wang Y, Cao Y, Gong T. Nanomedicine in cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37544972 PMCID: PMC10404590 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a highly lethal disease in the world. Currently, either conventional cancer therapies or modern immunotherapies are non-tumor-targeted therapeutic approaches that cannot accurately distinguish malignant cells from healthy ones, giving rise to multiple undesired side effects. Recent advances in nanotechnology, accompanied by our growing understanding of cancer biology and nano-bio interactions, have led to the development of a series of nanocarriers, which aim to improve the therapeutic efficacy while reducing off-target toxicity of the encapsulated anticancer agents through tumor tissue-, cell-, or organelle-specific targeting. However, the vast majority of nanocarriers do not possess hierarchical targeting capability, and their therapeutic indices are often compromised by either poor tumor accumulation, inefficient cellular internalization, or inaccurate subcellular localization. This Review outlines current and prospective strategies in the design of tumor tissue-, cell-, and organelle-targeted cancer nanomedicines, and highlights the latest progress in hierarchical targeting technologies that can dynamically integrate these three different stages of static tumor targeting to maximize therapeutic outcomes. Finally, we briefly discuss the current challenges and future opportunities for the clinical translation of cancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Fan
- Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China.
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
| | - Yongkai Cao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Meiqun Cao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | | | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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12
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Hasnowo LA, Larkina MS, Plotnikov E, Bodenko V, Yuldasheva F, Stasyuk E, Petrov SA, Zyk NY, Machulkin AE, Vorozhtsov NI, Beloglazkina EK, Nenajdenko VG, Tolmachev V, Orlova A, Majouga AG, Yusubov MS. Synthesis, 123I-Radiolabeling Optimization, and Initial Preclinical Evaluation of Novel Urea-Based PSMA Inhibitors with a Tributylstannyl Prosthetic Group in Their Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12206. [PMID: 37569582 PMCID: PMC10418939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been identified as a target for the development of theranostic agents. In our current work, we describe the design and synthesis of novel N-[N-[(S)-1,3-dicarboxypropyl]carbamoyl]-(S)-L-lysine (DCL) urea-based PSMA inhibitors with a chlorine-substituted aromatic fragment at the lysine ε-nitrogen atom, a dipeptide including two phenylalanine residues in the L-configuration as the peptide fragment of the linker, and 3- or 4-(tributylstannyl)benzoic acid as a prosthetic group in their structures for radiolabeling. The standard compounds [127I]PSMA-m-IB and [127I]PSMA-p-IB for comparative and characterization studies were first synthesized using two alternative synthetic approaches. An important advantage of the alternative synthetic approach, in which the prosthetic group (NHS-activated esters of compounds) is first conjugated with the polypeptide sequence followed by replacement of the Sn(Bu)3 group with radioiodine, is that the radionuclide is introduced in the final step of synthesis, thereby minimizing operating time with iodine-123 during the radiolabeling process. The obtained DCL urea-based PSMA inhibitors were radiolabeled with iodine-123. The radiolabeling optimization results showed that the radiochemical yield of [123I]PSMA-p-IB was higher than that of [123I]PSMA-m-IB, which were 74.9 ± 1.0% and 49.4 ± 1.2%, respectively. The radiochemical purity of [123I]PSMA-p-IB after purification was greater than 99.50%. The initial preclinical evaluation of [123I]PSMA-p-IB demonstrated a considerable affinity and specific binding to PC-3 PIP (PSMA-expressing cells) in vitro. The in vivo biodistribution of this new radioligand [123I]PSMA-p-IB showed less accumulation than [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 in several normal organs (liver, kidney, and bone). These results warrant further preclinical development, including toxicology evaluation and experiments in tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfi A. Hasnowo
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia or (L.A.H.); (E.S.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Nuclear Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Maria S. Larkina
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (M.S.L.); (E.P.); (V.B.); (F.Y.); (M.S.Y.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Evgenii Plotnikov
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (M.S.L.); (E.P.); (V.B.); (F.Y.); (M.S.Y.)
- Mental Health Reseach Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Vitalina Bodenko
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (M.S.L.); (E.P.); (V.B.); (F.Y.); (M.S.Y.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Feruza Yuldasheva
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (M.S.L.); (E.P.); (V.B.); (F.Y.); (M.S.Y.)
| | - Elena Stasyuk
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia or (L.A.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Stanislav A. Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1–3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.Z.); (A.E.M.); (N.I.V.); (V.G.N.)
| | - Nikolai Y. Zyk
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1–3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.Z.); (A.E.M.); (N.I.V.); (V.G.N.)
| | - Aleksei E. Machulkin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1–3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.Z.); (A.E.M.); (N.I.V.); (V.G.N.)
| | - Nikolai I. Vorozhtsov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1–3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.Z.); (A.E.M.); (N.I.V.); (V.G.N.)
| | - Elena K. Beloglazkina
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1–3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.Z.); (A.E.M.); (N.I.V.); (V.G.N.)
| | - Valentine G. Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory, 1–3, Moscow 119991, Russia; (S.A.P.); (N.Y.Z.); (A.E.M.); (N.I.V.); (V.G.N.)
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Anna Orlova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 75183 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Alexander G. Majouga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, Moscow 125047, Russia;
| | - Mekhman S. Yusubov
- Research Centrum for Oncotheranostics, Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050, Russia; (M.S.L.); (E.P.); (V.B.); (F.Y.); (M.S.Y.)
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Murce E, Spaan E, Beekman S, van den Brink L, Handula M, Stuurman D, de Ridder C, Dalm SU, Seimbille Y. Synthesis and Evaluation of ePSMA-DM1: A New Theranostic Small-Molecule Drug Conjugate (T-SMDC) for Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1072. [PMID: 37630990 PMCID: PMC10458530 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs) are compounds in which a therapeutic payload is conjugated to a targeting vector, for specific delivery to the tumor site. This promising approach can be translated to the treatment of prostate cancer by selecting a targeting vector which binds to the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Moreover, the addition of a bifunctional chelator to the molecule allows for the use of both diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides. In this way, the distribution of the SMDC in the body can be monitored, and combination therapy regimes can be implemented. We combined a glutamate-urea-lysine vector to the cytotoxic agent DM1 and a DOTA chelator via an optimized linker to obtain the theranostic SMDC (T-SMDC) ePSMA-DM1. ePSMA-DM1 retained a high binding affinity to PSMA and demonstrated PSMA-specific uptake in cells. Glutathione stability assays showed that the half-life of the T-SMDC in a reducing environment was 2 h, and full drug release was obtained after 6 h. Moreover, 100 nM of ePSMA-DM1 reduced the cell viability of the human PSMA-positive LS174T cells by >85% after 72 h of incubation, which was comparable to a 10-fold higher dose of free DM1. [111In]In-ePSMA-DM1 and [177Lu]Lu-ePSMA-DM1 were both obtained in high radiochemical yields and purities (>95%), with >90% stability in PBS and >80% stability in mouse serum for up to 24 h post incubation at 37 °C. SPECT/CT imaging studies allowed for a faint tumor visualization of [111In]In-ePSMA-DM1 at 1 h p.i., and the ex vivo biodistribution showed tumor uptake (2.39 ± 0.29% ID/g) at 1 h p.i., with the compound retained in the tumor for up to 24 h. Therefore, ePSMA-DM1 is a promising T-SMDC candidate for prostate cancer, and the data obtained so far warrant further investigations, such as therapeutic experiments, after further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Murce
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Spaan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Savanne Beekman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian van den Brink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryana Handula
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone U. Dalm
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (E.M.); (E.S.); (S.B.); (L.v.d.B.); (M.H.); (D.S.); (C.d.R.); (S.U.D.)
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- TRIUMF, Life Sciences Division, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
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Lu Q, Long Y, Gai Y, Liu Q, Jiang D, Lan X. [ 177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 theranostic probe for hepatocellular carcinoma imaging and therapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2342-2352. [PMID: 36877233 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the feasibility of using [177Lu]Lu-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-617 and [177Lu]Lu-Evans blue (EB)-PSMA-617 for in vivo radioligand therapy by single-dose administration in a PSMA-positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) xenograft mouse model. METHODS [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and [177Lu]Lu-EB-PSMA-617 were prepared, and labelling efficiency and radiochemical purity were determined. A HepG2 human HCC subcutaneous xenograft mouse model was established. After intravenous injection of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 or [177Lu]Lu-EB-PSMA-617 (37 MBq) into the mouse model, single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) was performed. Biodistribution studies were conducted to verify targeting specificity and pharmacokinetics. In the radioligand therapy study, mice were randomized into 4 groups: 37 MBq [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617, 18.5 MBq [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617, 7.4 MBq [177Lu]Lu-EB-PSMA-617, and saline (control). A single-dose administration was applied at the beginning of therapy studies. Tumor volume, body weight, and survival were monitored every 2 days. After the end of therapy, mice were euthanized. Tumors were then weighed, and systemic toxicity was evaluated via blood testing and histological examination of healthy organs. RESULTS [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and [177Lu]Lu-EB-PSMA-617 were successfully prepared with high purity and stability. SPECT/CT and biodistribution showed that tumor uptake was higher and persisted longer for [177Lu]Lu-EB-PSMA-617 compared with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 was rapidly cleared from the blood, while [177Lu]Lu-EB-PSMA-617 persisted for significantly longer. In radioligand therapy studies, tumor growth was significantly suppressed in the 37 MBq [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617, 18.5 MBq [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617, and 7.4 MBq [177Lu]Lu-EB-PSMA-617 groups compared to the saline group. Median survival was 40, 44, 43, and 30 days, respectively. No healthy organ toxicity was observed in safety and tolerability evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Radioligand therapy using [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 and [177Lu]Lu-EB-PSMA-617 significantly suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival time in PSMA-positive HCC xenograft mice without obvious toxicity. These radioligands appear promising for clinical use in humans, and future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomiao Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Yu Long
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingyao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Basso Dias A, Mirshahvalad SA, Ortega C, Perlis N, Berlin A, van der Kwast T, Ghai S, Jhaveri K, Metser U, Haider M, Avery L, Veit-Haibach P. The role of [ 18F]-DCFPyL PET/MRI radiomics for pathological grade group prediction in prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2167-2176. [PMID: 36809425 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of [18F]-DCFPyL PET/MRI radiomics for the prediction of pathological grade group in prostate cancer (PCa) in therapy-naïve patients. METHODS Patients with confirmed or suspected PCa, who underwent [18F]-DCFPyL PET/MRI (n = 105), were included in this retrospective analysis of two prospective clinical trials. Radiomic features were extracted from the segmented volumes following the image biomarker standardization initiative (IBSI) guidelines. Histopathology obtained from systematic and targeted biopsies of the PET/MRI-detected lesions was the reference standard. Histopathology patterns were dichotomized as ISUP GG 1-2 vs. ISUP GG ≥ 3 categories. Different single-modality models were defined for feature extraction, including PET- and MRI-derived radiomic features. The clinical model included age, PSA, and lesions' PROMISE classification. Single models, as well as different combinations of them, were generated to calculate their performances. A cross-validation approach was used to evaluate the internal validity of the models. RESULTS All radiomic models outperformed the clinical models. The best model for grade group prediction was the combination of PET + ADC + T2w radiomic features, showing sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC of 0.85, 0.83, 0.84, and 0.85, respectively. The MRI-derived (ADC + T2w) features showed sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC of 0.88, 0.78, 0.83, and 0.84, respectively. PET-derived features showed 0.83, 0.68, 0.76, and 0.79, respectively. The baseline clinical model showed 0.73, 0.44, 0.60, and 0.58, respectively. The addition of the clinical model to the best radiomic model did not improve the diagnostic performance. The performances of MRI and PET/MRI radiomic models as per the cross-validation scheme yielded an accuracy of 0.80 (AUC = 0.79), whereas clinical models presented an accuracy of 0.60 (AUC = 0.60). CONCLUSION The combined [18F]-DCFPyL PET/MRI radiomic model was the best-performing model and outperformed the clinical model for pathological grade group prediction, indicating a complementary value of the hybrid PET/MRI model for non-invasive risk stratification of PCa. Further prospective studies are required to confirm the reproducibility and clinical utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Basso Dias
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto (UMIT), University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Seyed Ali Mirshahvalad
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto (UMIT), University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Ortega
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto (UMIT), University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Perlis
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alejandro Berlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sangeet Ghai
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto (UMIT), University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kartik Jhaveri
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto (UMIT), University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ur Metser
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto (UMIT), University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Masoom Haider
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto (UMIT), University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Avery
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Veit-Haibach
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto (UMIT), University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Murce E, Beekman S, Spaan E, Handula M, Stuurman D, de Ridder C, Seimbille Y. Preclinical Evaluation of a PSMA-Targeting Homodimer with an Optimized Linker for Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104022. [PMID: 37241763 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting radiopharmaceuticals have been successfully used for diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. Optimization of the available agents is desirable to improve tumor uptake and reduce side effects to non-target organs. This can be achieved, for instance, via linker modifications or multimerization approaches. In this study, we evaluated a small library of PSMA-targeting derivatives with modified linker residues, and selected the best candidate based on its binding affinity to PSMA. The lead compound was coupled to a chelator for radiolabeling, and subject to dimerization. The resulting molecules, 22 and 30, were highly PSMA specific (IC50 = 1.0-1.6 nM) and stable when radiolabeled with indium-111 (>90% stable in PBS and mouse serum up to 24 h). Moreover, [111In]In-30 presented a high uptake in PSMA expressing LS174T cells, with 92.6% internalization compared to 34.1% for PSMA-617. Biodistribution studies in LS174T mice xenograft models showed that [111In]In-30 had a higher tumor and kidney uptake compared to [111In]In-PSMA-617, but increasing T/K and T/M ratios at 24 h p.i. Tumors could be clearly visualized at 1 h p.i. by SPECT/CT after administration of [111In]In-22 and [111In]In-PSMA-617, while [111In]In-30 showed a clear signal at later time-points (e.g., 24 h p.i.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Murce
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Savanne Beekman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Spaan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryana Handula
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra Stuurman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina de Ridder
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Seimbille
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
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Gouveia MG, Wesseler JP, Ramaekers J, Weder C, Scholten PBV, Bruns N. Polymersome-based protein drug delivery - quo vadis? Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:728-778. [PMID: 36537575 PMCID: PMC9890519 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics are an attractive alternative to established therapeutic approaches and represent one of the fastest growing families of drugs. While many of these proteins can be delivered using established formulations, the intrinsic sensitivity of proteins to denaturation sometimes calls for a protective carrier to allow administration. Historically, lipid-based self-assembled structures, notably liposomes, have performed this function. After the discovery of polymersome-based targeted drug-delivery systems, which offer manifold advantages over lipid-based structures, the scientific community expected that such systems would take the therapeutic world by storm. However, no polymersome formulations have been commercialised. In this review article, we discuss key obstacles for the sluggish translation of polymersome-based protein nanocarriers into approved pharmaceuticals, which include limitations imparted by the use of non-degradable polymers, the intricacies of polymersome production methods, and the complexity of the in vivo journey of polymersomes across various biological barriers. Considering this complex subject from a polymer chemist's point of view, we highlight key areas that are worthy to explore in order to advance polymersomes to a level at which clinical trials become worthwhile and translation into pharmaceutical and nanomedical applications is realistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micael G Gouveia
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Justus P Wesseler
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Jobbe Ramaekers
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Philip B V Scholten
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Bruns
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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18
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Kim SB, Song IH, Kim SY, Ko HY, Kil HS, Chi DY, Giesel FL, Kopka K, Hoepping A, Chun JH, Park HS, Yun M, Kim SE. Preclinical Evaluation of a Companion Diagnostic Radiopharmaceutical, [ 18F]PSMA-1007, in a Subcutaneous Prostate Cancer Xenograft Mouse Model. Mol Pharm 2022; 20:1050-1060. [PMID: 36583623 PMCID: PMC9906735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted agents have been developed for detecting prostate cancer, using positron emission tomography imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy. Among them, [18F]PSMA-1007 has several advantages, including a comparatively long half-life, delayed renal excretion, and compatible structure with α-/β-particle emitter-labeled therapeutics. This study aimed to characterize the preclinical pharmacokinetics and internal radiation dosimetry of [18F]PSMA-1007, as well as its repeatability and specificity for target binding using prostate tumor-bearing mice. In PSMA-positive tumor-bearing mice, the kidney showed the greatest accumulation of [18F]PSMA-1007. The distribution in the tumor attained its peak concentration of 2.8%ID/g at 112 min after intravenous injection. The absorbed doses in the tumor and salivary glands were 0.079 ± 0.010 Gy/MBq and 0.036 ± 0.006 Gy/MBq, respectively. The variance of the net influx (Ki) of [18F]PSMA-1007 to the tumor was minimal between scans performed in the same animals (within-subject coefficient of variation = 7.57%). [18F]PSMA-1007 uptake in the tumor was specifically decreased by 32% in Ki after treatment with a PSMA inhibitor 2-(phosphonomethyl)-pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). In the present study, we investigated the in vivo preclinical characteristics of [18F]PSMA-1007. Our data from [18F]PSMA-1007 PET/computed tomography (CT) studies in a subcutaneous prostate cancer xenograft mouse model supports clinical therapeutic strategies that use paired therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (such as [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617), especially strategies with a quantitative radiation dose estimate for target lesions while minimizing radiation-induced toxicity to off-target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Kim
- Department
of Applied Bioengineering, Graduate School of Convergence Science
and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul08826, Korea,Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University
College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173
Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam13620, Korea
| | - In Ho Song
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University
College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173
Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam13620, Korea
| | - Seon Yoo Kim
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul03722, Korea
| | - Hae Young Ko
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul03722, Korea
| | - Hee Seup Kil
- Research
Institute of Radiopharmaceuticals, FutureChem
Co. Ltd, Seoul04793, Korea
| | - Dae Yoon Chi
- Research
Institute of Radiopharmaceuticals, FutureChem
Co. Ltd, Seoul04793, Korea
| | - Frederik L. Giesel
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Heinreich-Heine-University,
University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf40225, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute
of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) e.v., Bautzner Landstrasse 400, Dresden01328, Germany,Technische
Universität Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry,
School of Science, Dresden01069, Germany,National
Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstraße 74, Dresden01307, Germany,German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden01307, Germany
| | - Alexander Hoepping
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ABX Advanced Biochemical
Compounds GmbH, Radeberg1454, Germany
| | - Joong-Hyun Chun
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul03722, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Park
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University
College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173
Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam13620, Korea,Department
of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School
of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul
National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul08826, Korea,. Tel: +82-31-787-2936. Fax: +82-31-787-4018
| | - Mijin Yun
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul03722, Korea,. Tel: +82-2-2228-6068. Fax: +82-2-2227-8354
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department
of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University
College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173
Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam13620, Korea,Department
of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School
of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul
National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul08826, Korea,Advanced
Institutes of Convergence Technology, 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon16229, Korea,BIK Therapeutics Inc., 172 Dolma-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam13605, Korea,. Tel: +82-31-787-7671. Fax: +82-31-787-4018
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19
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Desmonts C, Aide N, Austins H, Jaudet C, Lasnon C. Feasibility of Imaging Small Animals on a 360° Whole-Body Cadmium Zinc Telluride SPECT Camera: a Phantom Study. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 24:1018-1027. [PMID: 35835951 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Single-photon emission computed tomography has found an important place in preclinical cancer research. Nevertheless, the cameras dedicated to small animals are not widely available. The present study aimed to assess the feasibility of imaging small animals by a newly released 360° cadmium zinc telluride camera (VERITON, Spectrum Dynamics, Israel) dedicated to human patients. PROCEDURES A cylindrical phantom containing hot spheres was used to evaluate the intrinsic performance of the camera first without the presence of background activity and then with two contrasts between background and hot spheres (1/4 and 1/10). Acquisitions were repeated with different scan durations (10 and 20 min), two tested radioisotopes (Tc-99 m and I-123), and a set of reconstruction parameters (10 iterations [i] 8 subsets [s], 10i16s, 10i32s). A 3D-printed phantom mimicking a rat with four subcutaneous tumours was then used to test the camera under preclinical conditions. RESULTS The results obtained from the micro-hollow sphere phantom showed that it was possible to visualize spheres with an inner diameter of 3.95 mm without background activity. Moreover, spheres with diameters of 4.95 mm can be seen in the condition of high contrast between background and spheres (1/10) and 7.86 mm with lower contrast (1/4). The rat-sized phantom acquisitions showed that 10- and 8-mm subcutaneous tumours were visible with a good contrast obtained for the two radioisotopes tested in this study. Both Tc-99 m and I-123 measurements demonstrated that a 10-min acquisition reconstructed with an ordered subset expectation maximization algorithm applying 10i32s was optimal to obtain sufficient image quality in terms of noise, resolution, and contrast. CONCLUSION Phantom results showed the ability of the system to detect sub-centimetre lesions for various radioisotopes. It seemed feasible to image small animals using a 360° cadmium zinc telluride gamma camera for preclinical cancer research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Desmonts
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Caen, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033, Caen, Cedex 9, France. .,INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE, Normandy University, UNICAEN, Caen, France.
| | - Nicolas Aide
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Caen, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033, Caen, Cedex 9, France.,INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE, Normandy University, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Henry Austins
- Biomedical Department, Comprehensive Cancer Center F. Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Cyril Jaudet
- Medical Physics Department, Comprehensive Cancer Center F. Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
| | - Charline Lasnon
- INSERM U1086 ANTICIPE, Normandy University, UNICAEN, Caen, France.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Comprehensive Cancer Center F. Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen, France
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20
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Sun J, Huangfu Z, Yang J, Wang G, Hu K, Gao M, Zhong Z. Imaging-guided targeted radionuclide tumor therapy: From concept to clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114538. [PMID: 36162696 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since the first introduction of sodium iodide I-131 for use with thyroid patients almost 80 years ago, more than 50 radiopharmaceuticals have reached the markets for a wide range of diseases, especially cancers. The nuclear medicine paradigm also shifts from solely molecular imaging or radionuclide therapy to imaging-guided radionuclide therapy, which is deemed a vital component of precision cancer therapy and an emerging medical modality for personalized medicine. The imaging-guided radionuclide therapy highlights the systematic integration of targeted nuclear diagnostics and radionuclide therapeutics. Regarding this, nuclear imaging serves to "visualize" the lesions and guide the therapeutic strategy, followed by administration of a precise patient specific dose of radiotherapeutics for treatment according to the absorbed dose to different organs and tumors calculated by dosimetry tools, and finally repeated imaging to predict the prognosis. This strategy leads to significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy, improved patient outcomes, and manageable adverse events. In this review, we provide an overview of imaging-guided targeted radionuclide therapy for different tumors such as advanced prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumors, with a focus on development of new radioligands and their preclinical and clinical results, and further discuss about challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sun
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyuan Huangfu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Maurin M, Wyczółkowska M, Sawicka A, Sikora AE, Karczmarczyk U, Janota B, Radzik M, Kłudkiewicz D, Pijarowska-Kruszyna J, Jaroń A, Wojdowska W, Garnuszek P. [ 99mTc]Tc-PSMA-T4-Novel SPECT Tracer for Metastatic PCa: From Bench to Clinic. Molecules 2022; 27:7216. [PMID: 36364046 PMCID: PMC9658561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in nuclear medicine for diagnosing and treating prostate cancer (PCa), research into new ligands with increasingly better biological properties is still ongoing. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands show great potential as radioisotope carriers for the diagnosis and therapy of patients with metastatic PCa. PSMA is expressed in most types of prostate cancer, and its expression is increased in poorly differentiated, metastatic, and hormone-refractory cancers; therefore, it may be a valuable target for the development of radiopharmaceuticals and radioligands, such as urea PSMA inhibitors, for the precise diagnosis, staging, and treatment of prostate cancer. Four developed PSMA-HYNIC inhibitors for technetium-99m labeling and subsequent diagnosis were subjected to preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate and compare their diagnostic properties. Among the studied compounds, the PSMA-T4 (Glu-CO-Lys-L-Trp-4-Amc-HYNIC) inhibitor showed the best biological properties for the diagnosis of PCa metastases. [99mTc]Tc-PSMA-T4 also showed effectiveness in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies in humans, and soon, its usefulness will be extensively evaluated in phase 2/3 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Maurin
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Piotr Garnuszek
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland
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22
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Kondo Y, Kimura H, Sasaki I, Watanabe S, Ohshima Y, Yagi Y, Hattori Y, Koda M, Kawashima H, Yasui H, Ishioka NS. Copper-mediated radioiodination and radiobromination via aryl boronic precursor and its application to 125I/77Br–labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen imaging probes. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 69:116915. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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23
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Blocking Studies to Evaluate Receptor-Specific Radioligand Binding in the CAM Model by PET and MR Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163870. [PMID: 36010864 PMCID: PMC9406147 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the development of new targeted radiopharmaceuticals, it is mandatory to demonstrate their target-specific binding. Rodents are still primarily used for these experiments. With respect to the 3Rs principles, the demand for alternative methods to reduce the number of animal experiments is continuously increasing. In the present study, we investigated whether radiotracer uptake specificity can be evaluated by blocking studies in the CAM model. PET and MR imaging were used to visualize and quantify ligand accumulation. It was demonstrated that the CAM model could be used to evaluate the target-specific binding of a radiopharmaceutical. Due to intrinsic limitations of the CAM model, animal testing will still be required at more advanced stages of compound development. Still, the CAM model could significantly reduce the number of experiments through early compound pre-selection. Abstract Inhibition studies in small animals are the standard for evaluating the specificity of newly developed drugs, including radiopharmaceuticals. Recently, it has been reported that the tumor accumulation of radiotracers can be assessed in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model with similar results to experiments in mice, such contributing to the 3Rs principles (reduction, replacement, and refinement). However, inhibition studies to prove receptor-specific binding have not yet been performed in the CAM model. Thus, in the present work, we analyzed the feasibility of inhibition studies in ovo by PET and MRI using the PSMA-specific ligand [18F]siPSMA-14 and the corresponding inhibitor 2-PMPA. A dose-dependent blockade of [18F]siPSMA-14 uptake was successfully demonstrated by pre-dosing with different inhibitor concentrations. Based on these data, we conclude that the CAM model is suitable for performing inhibition studies to detect receptor-specific binding. While in the later stages of development of novel radiopharmaceuticals, testing in rodents will still be necessary for biodistribution analysis, the CAM model is a promising alternative to mouse experiments in the early phases of compound evaluation. Thus, using the CAM model and PET and MR imaging for early pre-selection of promising radiolabeled compounds could significantly reduce the number of animal experiments.
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24
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dos Santos JC, Schäfer M, Bauder-Wüst U, Beijer B, Eder M, Leotta K, Kleist C, Meyer JP, Dilling TR, Lewis JS, Kratochwil C, Kopka K, Haberkorn U, Mier W. Refined Chelator Spacer Moieties Ameliorate the Pharmacokinetics of PSMA-617. Front Chem 2022; 10:898692. [PMID: 36017165 PMCID: PMC9396645 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.898692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) binding tracers are promising agents for the targeting of prostate tumors. To further optimize the clinically established radiopharmaceutical PSMA-617, novel PSMA ligands for prostate cancer endoradiotherapy were developed. A series of PSMA binding tracers that comprise a benzyl group at the chelator moiety were obtained by solid-phase synthesis. The compounds were labeled with 68Ga or 177Lu. Competitive cell-binding assays and internalization assays were performed using the cell line C4-2, a subline of the PSMA positive cell line LNCaP (human lymph node carcinoma of the prostate). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and biodistribution studies were conducted in a C4-2 tumor bearing BALB/c nu/nu mouse model. All 68Ga-labeled ligands were stable in human serum over 2 h; 177Lu-CA030 was stable over 72 h. The PSMA ligands revealed inhibition potencies [Ki] (equilibrium inhibition constants) between 4.8 and 33.8 nM. The percentage of internalization of the injected activity/106 cells of 68Ga-CA028, 68Ga-CA029, and 68Ga-CA030 was 41.2 ± 2.7, 44.3 ± 3.9, and 53.8 ± 5.4, respectively; for the comparator 68Ga-PSMA-617, 15.5 ± 3.1 was determined. Small animal PET imaging of the compounds showed a high tumor-to-background contrast. Organ distribution studies revealed high specific uptake in the tumor, that is, approximately 34.4 ± 9.8% of injected dose per gram (%ID/g) at 1 h post injection for 68Ga-CA028. At 1 h p.i., 68Ga-CA028 and 68Ga-CA030 demonstrated lower kidney uptake than 68Ga-PSMA-617, but at later time points, kidney time–activity curves converge. In line with the preclinical data, first diagnostic PET imaging using 68Ga-CA028 and 68Ga-CA030 revealed high-contrast detection of bone and lymph node lesions in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. The novel PSMA ligands, in particular CA028 and CA030, are promising agents for targeting PSMA-positive tumor lesions as shown in the preclinical evaluation and in a first patient, respectively. Thus, clinical translation of 68Ga-CA028 and 68Ga/177Lu-CA030 for diagnostics and endoradiotherapy of prostate cancer in larger cohorts of patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bauder-Wüst
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbro Beijer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site Freiburg, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Leotta
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Kleist
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Philip Meyer
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas R. Dilling
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology and the Program in Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Clemens Kratochwil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Walter Mier,
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25
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The Role of PSMA PET/CT in the Primary Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Prostate Cancer-A Practical Clinical Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153638. [PMID: 35892897 PMCID: PMC9367536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The combination of positron emission tomography (PET)-diagnostics with ligands binding to the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been a diagnostic milestone in the situation of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer and is gaining importance in primary diagnostics, providing a highly specific and sensitive diagnostic method in various clinical situations. However, the clinical application of this method requires a comprehensive knowledge of its advantages and disadvantages, potential pitfalls and influencing factors. This review aims to provide a practical clinical review of the currently available background data on PSMA PET/CT, as well as the clinical implications. Although a large amount of data already exist, a thorough analysis is complicated by study heterogeneity, showing the need for future systematic and prospective research. Abstract The importance of PSMA PET/CT in both primary diagnostics and prostate cancer recurrence has grown steadily since its introduction more than a decade ago. Over the past years, a vast amount of data have been published on the diagnostic accuracy and the impact of PSMA PET/CT on patient management. Nevertheless, a large heterogeneity between studies has made reaching a consensus difficult; this review aims to provide a comprehensive clinical review of the available scientific literature, covering the currently known data on physiological and pathological PSMA expression, influencing factors, the differences and pitfalls of various tracers, as well as the clinical implications in initial TNM-staging and in the situation of biochemical recurrence. This review has the objective of providing a practical clinical overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the examination in various clinical situations and the body of knowledge available, as well as open questions still requiring further research.
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26
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Iikuni S, Tarumizu Y, Tsuchihashi S, Ohara T, Watanabe H, Ono M. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel 111In-Labeled Picolinic Acid-Based Radioligands Containing an Albumin Binder for Development of a Radiotheranostic Platform. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2725-2736. [PMID: 35758049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Picolinic acid-based metallic chelators, e.g., neunpa and octapa, have attracted much attention as promising scaffolds for radiotheranostic agents, particularly those containing larger α-emitting radiometals. Furthermore, albumin binder (ALB) moieties, which noncovalently bind to albumin, have been utilized to improve the pharmacokinetics of radioligands targeting various biomolecules. In this study, we designed and synthesized novel neunpa and octapa derivatives (Neunpa-2 and Octapa-2, respectively), which contained a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-binding moiety (model targeting vector) and an ALB moiety. We evaluated the fundamental properties of these derivatives as radiotheranostic agents using 111In. In a cell-binding assay using LNCaP (PSMA-positive) cells, [111In]In-Neunpa-2 and [111In]In-Octapa-2 specifically bound to the LNCaP cells. In addition, a human serum albumin (HSA)-binding assay revealed that [111In]In-Neunpa-2 and [111In]In-Octapa-2 exhibited greater binding to HSA than their non-ALB-conjugated counterparts ([111In]In-Neunpa-1 and [111In]In-Octapa-1, respectively). A biodistribution assay conducted in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice showed that the introduction of the ALB moiety into the 111In-labeled neunpa and octapa derivatives resulted in markedly enhanced tumor uptake and retention of the radioligands. Furthermore, single-photon emission computed tomography imaging of LNCaP tumor-bearing mice with [111In]In-Octapa-2 produced tumor images. These results indicate that [111In]In-Octapa-2 may be a useful PSMA imaging probe and that picolinic acid-based ALB-conjugated radiometallic complexes may be promising candidates as radiotheranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuta Tarumizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shohei Tsuchihashi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaki Ohara
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
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He Y, Xu W, Xiao YT, Huang H, Gu D, Ren S. Targeting signaling pathways in prostate cancer: mechanisms and clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:198. [PMID: 35750683 PMCID: PMC9232569 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) affects millions of men globally. Due to advances in understanding genomic landscapes and biological functions, the treatment of PCa continues to improve. Recently, various new classes of agents, which include next-generation androgen receptor (AR) signaling inhibitors (abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide), bone-targeting agents (radium-223 chloride, zoledronic acid), and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (olaparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib) have been developed to treat PCa. Agents targeting other signaling pathways, including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6, Ak strain transforming (AKT), wingless-type protein (WNT), and epigenetic marks, have successively entered clinical trials. Furthermore, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) targeting agents such as 177Lu-PSMA-617 are promising theranostics that could improve both diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy. Advanced clinical studies with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited benefits in PCa, whereas subgroups of PCa with mismatch repair (MMR) or CDK12 inactivation may benefit from ICIs treatment. In this review, we summarized the targeted agents of PCa in clinical trials and their underlying mechanisms, and further discussed their limitations and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weidong Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Tian Xiao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Di Gu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shancheng Ren
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Basso Dias A, Finelli A, Bauman G, Veit-Haibach P, Berlin A, Ortega C, Avery L, Metser U. Impact of 18F-DCFPyL PET on Staging and Treatment of Unfavorable Intermediate or High-Risk Prostate Cancer. Radiology 2022; 304:600-608. [PMID: 35608445 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.211836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Data regarding 2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-[18F]fluoro-pyridine 3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid (18F-DCFPyL) PET in primary staging of prostate cancer (PCa) are limited. Purpose To compare the performance of 18F-DCFPyL PET/CT or PET/MRI (PET) with bone scan and CT with or without multiparametric MRI (hereafter, referred to as conventional imaging) in the initial staging of men with unfavorable intermediate or high-risk PCa and to assess treatment change after PET. Materials and Methods This prospective study evaluated men with biopsy-proven, untreated, unfavorable intermediate or high-risk PCa with 0 to four metastases or equivocal for extensive metastases (more than four) who underwent PET between May 2018 and December 2020. The diagnostic performance of PET in detecting pelvic nodal and distant metastases was compared with conventional imaging alone. Metastatic sites at conventional imaging and PET were compared with a composite reference standard including histopathologic analysis, correlative imaging, and/or clinical and biochemical follow-up. The intended treatment before PET was compared with the treatment plan established after performing PET. Detection rate, sensitivity, and specificity of conventional imaging and PET were compared by using McNemar exact test on paired proportions. Results The study consisted of 108 men (median age, 66 years; IQR, 61-73 years) with no metastases (n = 84), with oligometastases (four or fewer metastases; 22 men), or with equivocal findings for extensive metastases (n = 2). Detection rates at PET and conventional imaging for nodal metastases were 34% (37 of 108) and 11% (12 of 108) (P < .001), respectively, and those for distant metastases were 22% (24 of 108) and 10% (11 of 108) (P = .02), respectively. PET altered stage in 43 of 108 (40%) and treatment in 24 of 108 (22%) men. The most frequent treatment change was from systemic to local-regional therapy in 10 of 108 (9%) and from local-regional to systemic therapy in nine of 108 (8%) men. Equivocal findings were encountered less frequently with PET (one of 108; 1%) than with conventional imaging (29 of 108; 27%). Conclusion Initial staging with 2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-[18F]fluoro-pyridine 3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid (18F-DCFPyL) PET after conventional imaging (bone scan and CT with or without multiparametric MRI) helped to detect more nodal and distant metastases than conventional imaging alone and changed treatment in 22% of men. Clinical trial registration no. NCT03535831, NCT03718260 © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Jadvar in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Basso Dias
- From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Suite 3-920, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9 (A.B.D., P.V.H., C.O., U.M.); Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (A.F.), Department of Radiation Oncology (A.B.), and Department of Biostatistics (L.A.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada (G.B.)
| | - Antonio Finelli
- From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Suite 3-920, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9 (A.B.D., P.V.H., C.O., U.M.); Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (A.F.), Department of Radiation Oncology (A.B.), and Department of Biostatistics (L.A.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada (G.B.)
| | - Glenn Bauman
- From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Suite 3-920, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9 (A.B.D., P.V.H., C.O., U.M.); Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (A.F.), Department of Radiation Oncology (A.B.), and Department of Biostatistics (L.A.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada (G.B.)
| | - Patrick Veit-Haibach
- From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Suite 3-920, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9 (A.B.D., P.V.H., C.O., U.M.); Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (A.F.), Department of Radiation Oncology (A.B.), and Department of Biostatistics (L.A.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada (G.B.)
| | - Alejandro Berlin
- From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Suite 3-920, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9 (A.B.D., P.V.H., C.O., U.M.); Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (A.F.), Department of Radiation Oncology (A.B.), and Department of Biostatistics (L.A.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada (G.B.)
| | - Claudia Ortega
- From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Suite 3-920, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9 (A.B.D., P.V.H., C.O., U.M.); Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (A.F.), Department of Radiation Oncology (A.B.), and Department of Biostatistics (L.A.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada (G.B.)
| | - Lisa Avery
- From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Suite 3-920, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9 (A.B.D., P.V.H., C.O., U.M.); Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (A.F.), Department of Radiation Oncology (A.B.), and Department of Biostatistics (L.A.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada (G.B.)
| | - Ur Metser
- From the Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Mount Sinai Hospital & Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 610 University Ave, Suite 3-920, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9 (A.B.D., P.V.H., C.O., U.M.); Division of Urology, Department of Surgery (A.F.), Department of Radiation Oncology (A.B.), and Department of Biostatistics (L.A.), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and Department of Oncology, Western University, London, Canada (G.B.)
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Jeitner TM, Babich JW, Kelly JM. Advances in PSMA theranostics. Transl Oncol 2022; 22:101450. [PMID: 35597190 PMCID: PMC9123266 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PSMA is an appealing target for theranostic because it is a transmembrane protein with a known substrate that is overexpessed on prostate cancer cells and internalizes upon ligand binding. There are a number of PSMA theranostic ligands in clinical evaluation, clinical trial, or clinically approved. PSMA theranostic ligands increase progression-free survival, overall survival, and pain in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. A major obstacle to PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy is off-target toxicity in salivary glands.
The validation of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a molecular target in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer has stimulated the development of multiple classes of theranostic ligands that specifically target PSMA. Theranostic ligands are used to image disease or selectively deliver cytotoxic radioactivity to cells expressing PSMA according to the radioisotope conjugated to the ligand. PSMA theranostics is a rapidly advancing field that is now integrating into clinical management of prostate cancer patients. In this review we summarize published research describing the biological role(s) and activity of PSMA, highlight the most clinically advanced PSMA targeting molecules and biomacromolecules, and identify next generation PSMA ligands that aim to further improve treatment efficacy. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current state-of-play and a roadmap to achieving further advances in PSMA theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Jeitner
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Research Building, 413 East 69th Street, Room BB-1604, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - John W Babich
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Research Building, 413 East 69th Street, Room BB-1604, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - James M Kelly
- Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Research Building, 413 East 69th Street, Room BB-1604, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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30
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Basuli F, Phelps TE, Zhang X, Woodroofe CC, Roy J, Choyke PL, Swenson RE, Jagoda EM. Fluorine-18 Labeled Urea-Based Ligands Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) with Increased Tumor and Decreased Renal Uptake. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:597. [PMID: 35631423 PMCID: PMC9144807 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in prostate cancers prompted the development of the PSMA-targeted PET-imaging agent [18F]DCFPyL, which was recently approved by the FDA. Fluorine-18-labeled Lys-Urea-Glu-based oxime derivatives of [18F]DCFPyL were prepared for the comparison of their in vitro and in vivo properties to potentially improve kidney clearance and tumor targeting. The oxime radiotracers were produced by condensation of an aminooxy functionalized PSMA-inhibitor Lys-Urea-Glu scaffold with fluorine-18-labeled aldehydes. The radiochemical yields were between 15-42% (decay uncorrected) in 50-60 min. In vitro saturation and competition binding assays with human prostate cancer cells transfected with PSMA, PC3(+), indicated similar high nM binding affinities to PSMA for all radiotracers. In vivo biodistribution studies with positive control PC3(+) tumor xenografts showed that the kidneys had the highest uptake followed by tumors at 60 min. The PC3(+) tumor uptake was blocked with non-radioactive DCFPyL, and PC3(-) tumor xenograft (negative control) tumor uptake was negligible indicating that PSMA targeting was preserved. The most lipophilic tracer, [18F]2a, displayed comparable tumor-targeting to [18F]DCFPyL and a desirable alteration in pharmacokinetics and metabolism, resulting in significantly lower kidney uptake with a shift towards hepatobiliary clearance and increased liver uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Basuli
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (C.C.W.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Tim E. Phelps
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (J.R.); (P.L.C.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (C.C.W.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Carolyn C. Woodroofe
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (C.C.W.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Jyoti Roy
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (J.R.); (P.L.C.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (J.R.); (P.L.C.); (E.M.J.)
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (X.Z.); (C.C.W.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Elaine M. Jagoda
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (T.E.P.); (J.R.); (P.L.C.); (E.M.J.)
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Chia K, Paul RL, Weeks AJ, Naeem M, Mullen GE, Landau D, Blower PJ. Correlation of hypoxia PET tracer uptake with hypoxic radioresistance in cancer cells: PET biomarkers of resistance to stereotactic radiation therapy? Nucl Med Biol 2022; 110-111:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hu K, Li L, Huang Y, Ye S, Zhong J, Yan Q, Zhong Y, Fu L, Feng P, Li H. Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of Bispecific PSMA/FAP Heterodimers for Tumor Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030383. [PMID: 35337180 PMCID: PMC8949503 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to tumor heterogeneity and complex tumor–stromal interactions in multicellular systems, the efficiency of monospecific tracers for tumor diagnosis and therapy is currently limited. In light of the evidence of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) overexpression in tumor cells and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) upregulation in the tumor stroma, heterodimer dual targeting PSMA and FAP may have the potential to improve tumor diagnosis. Herein, we described the radiosynthesis, in vitro characterization, and micro-PET/CT imaging of two novel 18F-labeled bispecific PSMA/FAP heterodimers. 18F-labeled heterodimers showed high specificity and affinity targeting to PSMA and FAP in vitro and in vivo. Compared with the monospecific tracers [18F]AlF-PSMA-BCH and [18F]FAPI-42, both 18F-labeled heterodimers exhibited better tumor uptake in tumor-bearing mice. Their favorable characterizations such as convenient synthesis, high tumor uptake, and favorable pharmacokinetic profile could lead to their future applications as bispecific radiotracers for clinical cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongzhen Hu
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China; (K.H.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (Q.Y.); (L.F.)
| | - Li Li
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China; (K.H.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (Q.Y.); (L.F.)
| | - Yong Huang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen 518116, China;
| | - Shimin Ye
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China; (K.H.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (Q.Y.); (L.F.)
| | - Jiawei Zhong
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China; (K.H.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (Q.Y.); (L.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Qingsong Yan
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China; (K.H.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (Q.Y.); (L.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Yuhua Zhong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Lilan Fu
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China; (K.H.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (Q.Y.); (L.F.)
| | - Pengju Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Hongsheng Li
- GDMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, China; (K.H.); (L.L.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (Q.Y.); (L.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Takahara K, Miyatake SI, Azuma H, Shiroki R. Boron neutron capture therapy for urological cancers. Int J Urol 2022; 29:610-616. [PMID: 35240726 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy is based on a nuclear reaction between the nonradioactive isotope boron-10 and either low-energy thermal neutrons or high-energy epithermal neutrons, which generate high linear energy transfer α particles and a recoiled lithium nucleus (7 Li) that selectively destroys the DNA helix in tumor cells. Boron neutron capture therapy is an emerging procedure aimed at improving the therapeutic ratio for the traditional treatment of various malignancies, which has been studied clinically in a variety of diseases, including glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, cutaneous melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung cancer, and extramammary Paget's disease. However, boron neutron capture therapy has not been clinically performed for urological cancers, excluding genital extramammary Paget's disease that appeared at the scrotum to penis area. In this review, we aimed to provide an updated summary of the current clinical literature of patients treated with boron neutron capture therapy and to focus on the future prospects of boron neutron capture therapy for urological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Takahara
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyatake
- Kansai BNCT Medical Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Shiroki
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
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Wang F, Li Z, Feng X, Yang D, Lin M. Advances in PSMA-targeted therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:11-26. [PMID: 34050265 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a transmembrane glycoprotein located on the cell membrane, is specifically and highly expressed in prostate cancer (PCa). Besides, its expression level is related to tumor invasiveness. As a molecular target of PCa, PSMA has been extensively studied in the past two decades. Currently, a great deal of evidence suggests that significant progresses have been made in the PSMA-targeted therapy of PCa. Herein, different PSMA-targeted therapies for PCa are reviewed, including radioligand therapy (177Lu-PSMA-RLT, 225Ac-PSMA-RLT), antibody-drug conjugates (MLN2704, PSMA-MMAE, MEDI3726), cellular immunotherapy (CAR-T, CAR/NK-92, PSMA-targeted BiTE), photodynamic therapy, imaging-guided surgery (radionuclide-guided surgery, fluorescence-guided surgery, multimodal imaging-guided surgery), and ultrasound-mediated nanobubble destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujin Wang
- Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, the First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqian Feng
- Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Radiology, the First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Mei Lin
- Taizhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Iikuni S, Kamei I, Ohara T, Watanabe H, Ono M. Development of an 111In-Labeled Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor-Targeting Exendin-4 Derivative that Exhibits Reduced Renal Uptake. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1019-1027. [PMID: 35138111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Insulinomas are neuroendocrine tumors that are mainly found in the pancreas. Surgical resection is currently the first-line treatment for insulinomas; thus, it is vital to preoperatively determine their locations. The marked expression of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is seen in pancreatic β-cells and almost all insulinomas. Radiolabeled derivatives of exendin-4, a GLP-1R agonist, have been used with nuclear medicine imaging techniques for the in vivo detection of the GLP-1R; however, their marked renal accumulation can hinder the imaging of pancreatic tail lesions. To develop a GLP-1R imaging probe that exhibits reduced renal accumulation, we designed and synthesized a straight-chain GLP-1R-targeting radioligand, [111In]In-E4DA1, which consisted of exendin-4, DOTADG (a chelator), and an (iodophenyl)butyric acid derivative (an albumin binder [ALB]). We performed preclinical evaluations of [111In]In-E4DA1 to investigate its utility as a GLP-1R imaging probe. [111In]In-E4DA1 and [111In]In-E4D (a control compound lacking the ALB moiety) were prepared by reacting the corresponding precursors with [111In]InCl3 in buffer. Cell-binding and human serum albumin (HSA)-binding assays were performed to assess the in vitro affinity of the molecules for INS-1 (GLP-1R-positive) cells and albumin, respectively. A biodistribution assay and single-photon emission computed tomography imaging were carried out using INS-1 tumor-bearing mice. In the cell-binding assay, [111In]In-E4DA1 and [111In]In-E4D exhibited in vitro binding to INS-1 cells. In the HSA-binding assay, [111In]In-E4DA1 bound to HSA, while [111In]In-E4D showed little HSA binding. The in vivo experiments involving INS-1 tumor-bearing mice revealed that the introduction of an ALB moiety into the DOTADG-based exendin-4 derivative markedly increased the molecule's tumor accumulation while decreasing its renal accumulation. In addition, [111In]In-E4DA1 exhibited greater tumor accumulation than renal accumulation, whereas previously reported radiolabeled exendin-4 derivatives demonstrated much higher accumulation in the kidneys than in tumors. These results indicate that [111In]In-E4DA1 may be a useful GLP-1R imaging probe, as it demonstrates only slight renal accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kamei
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takaki Ohara
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Radiolabeling of PSMA-617 with 89Zr: A novel use of DMSO to improve radiochemical yield and preliminary small-animal PET results. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 106-107:21-28. [PMID: 34998216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel diagnostic and therapeutic options are urgently needed for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). PSMA-617 is one of the most promising ligands that bind to prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), the cell surface biomarker of CRPC. Of the radiolabeled PSMA ligands developed to date, [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 is most commonly used for PSMA positron emission tomography (PET) prior to radioligand therapy (RLT) with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. However, the presence of 68Ga radioactivity (half-life 68 m) in urine at the early PET imaging time point complicates optimization of the therapeutic dose of PSMA-617 labeled with 177Lu (half-life 6.7 d). Thus, PET imaging with the long-lived positron emitter 89Zr (half-life 3.3 d) would be better suited in order to optimize the dose of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as 89Zr PET allows scans after excretion of the radioactive urine. Until now, PSMA-617 could not be radiolabeled with 89Zr with high radiochemical yield due to poor incorporation of 89Zr into 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Here we report a novel method for radiolabeling PSMA-617 with 89Zr and the preliminary results of small-animal PET with [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617. METHODS We labeled PSMA-617 with 89Zr in a 1:1 mixture of DMSO and HEPES buffer at 90 °C for 30 min, followed by quality control analysis by HPLC. We then determined the dissociation constant (Kd) and logD values of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617. We obtained PET images of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 at 24 h in mice bearing both LNCaP (PSMA-positive) and PC-3 (PSMA-negative) tumors (N = 5). The ex vivo [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 biodistribution was then examined separately using tissue samples of LNCaP-bearing mice at 2 h (N = 4) and 24 h (N = 4). RESULTS [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 was prepared with a radiochemical yield of 70 ± 9%. The Kd value was 6.8 ± 3.5 nM. The logD value was -4.05 ± 0.20. PET images showed the highest uptake in LNCaP tumors (maximum standardized uptake value, SUVmax = 0.98 ± 0.32) and low uptake in kidneys (SUVmax = 0.18 ± 0.7) due to the absence of urine radioactivity. CONCLUSION [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 was successfully prepared using DMSO and HEPES buffer. [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 visualized PSMA-positive LNCaP tumors in the absence of radioactive urine 24 h p.i. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE This method of radiolabeling PSMA-617 with 89Zr using DMSO would be suitable for future clinical trials. Prediction of radiation dose by using [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 leads to the safe and effective RLT with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617.
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Hu Q, Padron K, Hara D, Shi J, Pollack A, Prabhakar R, Tao W. Interactions of Urea-Based Inhibitors with Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33354-33369. [PMID: 34926886 PMCID: PMC8674901 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, molecular interactions of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) with five chemically distinct urea-based boron-containing inhibitors have been investigated at the atomic level using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The PSMA-inhibitor complexations have been analyzed by comparing their binding modes, secondary structures, root-mean-square deviations, noncovalent interactions, principal components, and binding free energies. PSMA is a cell surface glycoprotein upregulated in cancerous cells and can be targeted by boron-labeled inhibitors for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). The effective BNCT requires the selective boron delivery to the tumor area and highly specific PSMA-mediated cellular uptake by tumor. Thus, a potent inhibitor must exhibit both high binding affinity and high boron density. The computational results suggest that the chemical nature of inhibitors affects the binding mode and their association with PSMA is primarily dominated by hydrogen bonding, salt bridge, electrostatic, and π-π interactions. The binding free energies (-28.0, -15.2, -43.9, -23.2, and -38.2 kcal/mol) calculated using λ-dynamics for all inhibitors (In1-5) predict preferential binding that is in accordance with experimental data. Among all inhibitors, In5 was found to be the best candidate for BNCT. The binding of this inhibitor to PSMA preserved its overall secondary structure. These results provide computational insights into the coordination flexibility of PSMA and its interaction with various inhibitors. They can be used for the design and synthesis of efficient BNCT agents with improved drug selectivity and high boron percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Kevin Padron
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Daiki Hara
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Junwei Shi
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Wensi Tao
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami
Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
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Petrov SA, Zyk NY, Machulkin AE, Beloglazkina EK, Majouga AG. PSMA-targeted low-molecular double conjugates for diagnostics and therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113752. [PMID: 34464875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review presents data on dual conjugates of therapeutic and diagnostic action for targeted delivery to prostate cancer cells. The works of the last ten years on this topic were analyzed. The mail attention focuses on low-molecular-weight conjugates directed to the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA); the comparison of high and low molecular weight PSMA-targeted conjugates was made. The considered conjugates were divided in the review into two main classes: diagnostic bimodal conjugates (which are containing two fragments for different types of diagnostics), theranostic conjugates (containing both therapeutic and diagnostic agents); also bimodal high molecular weight therapeutic conjugates containing two therapeutic agents are briefly discussed. The data of in vitro and in vivo studies for PSMA-targeted double conjugates available by the beginning of 2021 have been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Petrov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Y Zyk
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexander G Majouga
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, Russia; Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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Meher N, Seo K, Wang S, Bidkar AP, Fogarty M, Dhrona S, Huang X, Tang R, Blaha C, Evans MJ, Raleigh DR, Jun YW, VanBrocklin HF, Desai TA, Wilson DM, Ozawa T, Flavell RR. Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Assessment of Carborane-Loaded Theranostic Nanoparticles to Target Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54739-54752. [PMID: 34752058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an encouraging therapeutic modality for cancer treatment. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a cell membrane protein that is abundantly overexpressed in prostate cancer and can be targeted with radioligand therapies to stimulate clinical responses in patients. In principle, a spatially targeted neutron beam together with specifically targeted PSMA ligands could enable prostate cancer-targeted BNCT. Thus, we developed and tested PSMA-targeted poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-b-PEG) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with carborane and tethered to the radiometal chelator deferoxamine B (DFB) for simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and selective delivery of boron to prostate cancer. Monomeric PLGA-b-PEGs were covalently functionalized with either DFB or the PSMA ligand ACUPA. Different nanoparticle formulations were generated by nanoemulsification of the corresponding unmodified and DFB- or ACUPA-modified monomers in varying percent fractions. The nanoparticles were efficiently labeled with 89Zr and were subjected to in vitro and in vivo evaluation. The optimized DFB(25)ACUPA(75) NPs exhibited strong in vitro binding to PSMA in direct binding and competition radioligand binding assays in PSMA(+) PC3-Pip cells. [89Zr]DFB(25) NPs and [89Zr]DFB(25)ACUPA(75) NPs were injected to mice with bilateral PSMA(-) PC3-Flu and PSMA(+) PC3-Pip dual xenografts. The NPs demonstrated twofold superior accumulation in PC3-Pip tumors to that of PC3-Flu tumors with a tumor/blood ratio of 25; however, no substantial effect of the ACUPA ligands was detected. Moreover, fast release of carborane from the NPs was observed, resulting in a low boron delivery to tumors in vivo. In summary, these data demonstrate the synthesis, characterization, and initial biological assessment of PSMA-targeted, carborane-loaded PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticles and establish the foundation for future efforts to enable their best use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Meher
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kyounghee Seo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Sinan Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Anil P Bidkar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Miko Fogarty
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Suchi Dhrona
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ryan Tang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Charles Blaha
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, United States
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Young-Wook Jun
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Tejal A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0981, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-2517, United States
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Ćwikła JB, Roslan M, Skoneczna I, Kempińska-Wróbel M, Maurin M, Rogowski W, Janota B, Szarowicz A, Garnuszek P. Initial Experience of Clinical Use of [ 99mTc]Tc-PSMA-T4 in Patients with Prostate Cancer. A Pilot Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111107. [PMID: 34832889 PMCID: PMC8623387 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous different molecules of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands are used to detect prostate cancer (PCa); most approaches utilize gallium PET and a few reports describe the role of SPECT/CT. [99mTc]Tc-PSMA-T4 is a new radiopharmaceutical designed for the diagnosis of patients with PCa. We conducted a single site, prospective, preliminary case series study that included 31 patients with PCa; all had undergone clinical, biochemical or imaging examination and exhibited clear or suspicious active disease or clinical/biochemical recurrence of PCa. Whole-body (WB) SPECT/CT after i.v. administration of [99mTc]Tc-PSMA-T4 was utilized; acquisition images were obtained at three time points. The clinical value of the images was assessed in regard to the evaluation of tumor extent in patients with confirmed PC that qualified for initial therapy and the evaluation of tumor recurrence; both provided encouraging results. The late acquisition of WB-SPECT resulted in better lesions delineation. The results of the analysis of the sensitivity/specificity were: 92%/100% in cases of primary cancer, 83%/100% in terms of pelvic lymph nodes disease, 100%/95% in other lymph nodes and soft tissue involvement, respectively, and bone mets were both 100%. An oncotropic SPECT [99mTc]Tc-PSMA-T4 can help in selecting a rational therapeutic strategy for a patient with an initial diagnosis of PCa by assessing the extent of cancer and also after complex radical or palliative therapy in case of biochemical recurrence for re-staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław B. Ćwikła
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Diagnostic and Therapy Center—Gammed, 02-351 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marek Roslan
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Iwona Skoneczna
- Department of Urology, Grochowski Hospital, 04-073 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Urology, Maria Sklodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Kempińska-Wróbel
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Michał Maurin
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (M.M.); (B.J.); (P.G.)
| | - Wojciech Rogowski
- Department of Urology, Hospital Ministry of Internal Affairs, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Barbara Janota
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (M.M.); (B.J.); (P.G.)
| | | | - Piotr Garnuszek
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (M.M.); (B.J.); (P.G.)
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Manafi-Farid R, Ranjbar S, Jamshidi Araghi Z, Pilz J, Schweighofer-Zwink G, Pirich C, Beheshti M. Molecular Imaging in Primary Staging of Prostate Cancer Patients: Current Aspects and Future Trends. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5360. [PMID: 34771523 PMCID: PMC8582501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate primary staging is the cornerstone in all malignancies. Different morphological imaging modalities are employed in the evaluation of prostate cancer (PCa). Regardless of all developments in imaging, invasive histopathologic evaluation is still the standard method for the detection and staging of the primary PCa. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) play crucial roles; however, functional imaging provides additional valuable information, and it is gaining ever-growing acceptance in the management of PCa. Targeted imaging with different radiotracers has remarkably evolved in the past two decades. [111In]In-capromab pendetide scintigraphy was a new approach in the management of PCa. Afterwards, positron emission tomography (PET) tracers such as [11C/18F]choline and [11C]acetate were developed. Nevertheless, none found a role in the primary staging. By introduction of the highly sensitive small molecule prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT, as well as recent developments in MRI and hybrid PET/MRI systems, non-invasive staging of PCa is being contemplated. Several studies investigated the role of these sophisticated modalities in the primary staging of PCa, showing promising results. Here, we recapitulate the role of targeted functional imaging. We briefly mention the most popular radiotracers, their diagnostic accuracy in the primary staging of PCa, and impact on patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Manafi-Farid
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran;
| | - Shaghayegh Ranjbar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.); (Z.J.A.); (J.P.); (G.S.-Z.); (C.P.)
| | - Zahra Jamshidi Araghi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.); (Z.J.A.); (J.P.); (G.S.-Z.); (C.P.)
| | - Julia Pilz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.); (Z.J.A.); (J.P.); (G.S.-Z.); (C.P.)
| | - Gregor Schweighofer-Zwink
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.); (Z.J.A.); (J.P.); (G.S.-Z.); (C.P.)
| | - Christian Pirich
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.); (Z.J.A.); (J.P.); (G.S.-Z.); (C.P.)
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.R.); (Z.J.A.); (J.P.); (G.S.-Z.); (C.P.)
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Iikuni S, Tarumizu Y, Nakashima K, Higaki Y, Ichikawa H, Watanabe H, Ono M. Radiotheranostics Using a Novel 225Ac-Labeled Radioligand with Improved Pharmacokinetics Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13429-13438. [PMID: 34477385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
225Ac-based radiotheranostics targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has induced impressive responses in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. To enhance the therapeutic effects of radioligands labeled with 225Ac (half-life: 10 days), a radioligand that shows longer tumor retention would be useful. Here, we designed and synthesized a straight-chain PSMA-targeting radioligand, PSMA-DA1, which includes an (iodophenyl)butyric acid derivative as an albumin binder (ALB). We performed preclinical evaluations of PSMA-DA1 as a tool for PSMA-targeting radiotheranostics using 111In, 90Y, and 225Ac. [111In]In-PSMA-DA1 demonstrated significantly greater tumor uptake and retention than a corresponding non-ALB-conjugated compound. In mice, single-photon emission computed tomography performed with [111In]In-PSMA-DA1 produced clear tumor images, and the administration of [90Y]Y-PSMA-DA1 or [225Ac]Ac-PSMA-DA1 inhibited tumor growth. [225Ac]Ac-PSMA-DA1 had antitumor effects in mice at a lower radioactivity level than [225Ac]Ac-PSMA-617, which has been reported to be clinically useful. These results indicate that PSMA-DA1 may be a useful PSMA-targeting radiotheranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Tarumizu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuma Nakashima
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Higaki
- Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., 3-4-10 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ichikawa
- Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., 3-4-10 Shinsuna, Koto-ku, Tokyo 136-0075, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Shahrokhi P, Masteri Farahani A, Tamaddondar M, Rezazadeh F. The utility of radiolabeled PSMA ligands for tumor imaging. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:136-161. [PMID: 34472217 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a glycosylated type-II transmembrane protein expressed in prostatic tissue and significantly overexpressed in several prostate cancer cells. Despite its name, PSMA has also been reported to be overexpressed in endothelial cells of benign and malignant non-prostate disease. So its clinical use was extended to detection, staging, and therapy of various tumor types. Recently small molecules targeting PSMA have been developed as imaging probes for diagnosis of several malignancies. Preliminary studies are emerging improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of PSMA imaging, leading to a change in patient management. In this review, we evaluated the first preclinical and clinical studies on PSMA ligands resulting future perspectives radiolabeled PSMA in staging and molecular characterization, based on histopathologic examinations of PSMA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Shahrokhi
- Nuclear Medicine Center, Payambar Azam Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Arezou Masteri Farahani
- Nuclear Medicine Center, Payambar Azam Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tamaddondar
- Nephrology Department, Payambar Azam Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rezazadeh
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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El Fakiri M, Geis NM, Ayada N, Eder M, Eder AC. PSMA-Targeting Radiopharmaceuticals for Prostate Cancer Therapy: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163967. [PMID: 34439121 PMCID: PMC8393521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men is adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Once the disease is metastatic, only very limited treatment options are available, resulting in a very short median survival time of 13 months; however, this reality is gradually changing due to the discovery of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a protein that is present in cancerous prostate tissue. Researchers have developed pharmaceuticals specific for PSMA, ranging from antibodies (mAb) to low-molecular weight molecules coupled to beta minus and alpha-emitting radionuclides for their use in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). TRT offers the possibility of selectively removing cancer tissue via the emission of radiation or radioactive particles within the tumour. In this article, the major milestones in PSMA ligand research and the therapeutic developments are summarised, together with a future perspective on the enhancement of current therapeutic approaches. Abstract Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer among men, with 1.3 million yearly cases worldwide. Among those cancer-afflicted men, 30% will develop metastases and some will progress into metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), which is associated with a poor prognosis and median survival time that ranges from nine to 13 months. Nevertheless, the discovery of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a marker overexpressed in the majority of prostatic cancerous tissue, revolutionised PC care. Ever since, PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy has gained remarkable international visibility in translational oncology. Furthermore, on first clinical application, it has shown significant influence on therapeutic management and patient care in metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancer, a disease that previously had remained immedicable. In this article, we provide a general overview of the main milestones in the development of ligands for PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy, ranging from the firstly developed monoclonal antibodies to the current state-of-the-art low molecular weight entities conjugated with various radionuclides, as well as potential future efforts related to PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Fakiri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas M. Geis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nawal Ayada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-270-74220
| | - Ann-Christin Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Rogers OC, Rosen DM, Antony L, Harper HM, Das D, Yang X, Minn I, Mease RC, Pomper MG, Denmeade SR. Targeted delivery of cytotoxic proteins to prostate cancer via conjugation to small molecule urea-based PSMA inhibitors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14925. [PMID: 34290365 PMCID: PMC8295317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells are characterized by a remarkably low proliferative rate and the production of high levels of prostate-specific proteases. Protein-based toxins are attractive candidates for prostate cancer therapy because they kill cells via proliferation-independent mechanisms. However, the non-specific cytotoxicity of these potent cytotoxins must be redirected to avoid toxicity to normal tissues. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) is membrane-bound carboxypeptidase that is highly expressed by prostate cancer cells. Potent dipeptide PSMA inhibitors have been developed that can selectively deliver and concentrate imaging agents within prostate cancer cells based on continuous PSMA internalization and endosomal cycling. On this basis, we conjugated a PSMA inhibitor to the apoptosis-inducing human protease Granzyme B and the potent Pseudomonas exotoxin protein toxin fragment, PE35. We assessed selective PSMA binding and entrance into tumor cell to induce cell death. We demonstrated these agents selectively bound to PSMA and became internalized. PSMA-targeted PE35 toxin was selectively toxic to PSMA producing cells in vitro. Intratumoral and intravenous administration of this toxin produced marked tumor killing of PSMA-producing xenografts with minimal host toxicity. These studies demonstrate that urea-based PSMA inhibitors represent a simpler, less expensive alternative to antibodies as a means to deliver cytotoxic proteins to prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Rogers
- The Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - D M Rosen
- The Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - L Antony
- The Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - H M Harper
- The Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - D Das
- The Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - X Yang
- The Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - I Minn
- The Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - R C Mease
- The Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - M G Pomper
- The Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - S R Denmeade
- The Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- The Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Viragh Building, 201 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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Petrov SA, Machulkin AE, Petrov RA, Tavtorkin AN, Bondarenko GN, Legkov SA, Nifant'ev IE, Dolzhikova VD, Zyk NV, Majouga AG, Beloglazkina EK. Synthesis and organogelating behaviour of urea- and Fmoc-containing diphenylalanine based hexaamide. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Zha Z, Choi SR, Ploessl K, Alexoff D, Zhao R, Zhu L, Kung HF. Radiolabeling Optimization and Preclinical Evaluation of the New PSMA Imaging Agent [ 18F]AlF-P16-093. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1017-1026. [PMID: 33872489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radioligands have played an increasing role in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. [68Ga]Ga-P16-093 is a PSMA-targeting agent for positron emission tomography imaging, currently under a Phase 2 clinical trial. In the present study, P16-093 was labeled with 18F via [18F]AlF2+ complex formation, and the biological properties of [18F]AlF-P16-093 were evaluated. Optimization of radiolabeling efficiency was performed by testing a series of parameters, including the amount of free ligand; the amount of Al3+; and the influence of solvent, pH, temperature, reaction time, and reaction volume. Optimal labeling results were achieved at pH 5 by reacting at 60 °C for 15 min in a vial containing 74-370 MBq of [18F]fluoride, 46 nmol of P16-093, 40 nmol of AlCl3·6 H2O, and 50% EtOH. [18F]AlF-P16-093 was prepared with a non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 54.4 ± 4.4% (n = 9) within 30 min (final radiochemical purity ≥95%). In vitro, [18F]AlF-P16-093 showed PSMA-specific high uptakes in PIP-PC3 cells. The binding affinity of [18F]AlF-P16-093 to PSMA was determined as Kd of 12.4 ± 2.0 nM. The tumor uptake in mice with a xenografted PSMA-expressing PIP-PC3 tumor was high (18.8 ± 5.14% ID/g at 1 h postinjection) and retained without washout for 2 h. In addition, tumor uptake was almost completely blocked by coinjecting a PSMA inhibitor, 2-PMPA. The bone activity at 1 h post injection was higher with [18F]AlF-P16-093 (2.83 ± 0.49% ID/g) in comparison to that of [68Ga]Ga-P16-093 (0.26 ± 0.07% ID/g). In summary, an efficient and simple radiosynthesis of [18F]AlF-P16-093 was achieved. [18F]AlF-P16-093 showed desirable in vivo pharmacokinetics and excellent PSMA-targeting properties for imaging PSMA expression in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Zha
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Seok Rye Choi
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David Alexoff
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ruiyue Zhao
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Hank F Kung
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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48
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Qin C, Gai Y, Liu Q, Ruan W, Liu F, Hu F, Zhang X, Lan X. Optimized Application of 68Ga-Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-617 Whole-Body PET/CT and Pelvic PET/MR in Prostate Cancer Initial Diagnosis and Staging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:657619. [PMID: 34055836 PMCID: PMC8155349 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.657619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze 68Ga-PSMA-617 PET/CT or PET/MR and delayed PET/MR images in patients diagnosed with or suspicion of prostate cancer, and to explore the optimal use of PET/CT and PET/MR for initial diagnosis and staging in prostate cancer. Methods: Images from conventional scan by 68Ga-PSMA whole-body PET/CT or PET/MR followed by delayed pelvic PET/MR were retrospectively analyzed. Prostatic 68Ga-PSMA uptake was measured as SUVmax1 (conventional scan 1 h post injection) and SUVmax2 (delayed scan 3 h post injection). Age, PSA levels, and SUVmax were compared between benign and malignant cases. The correlation of SUVmax1 and SUVmax2 was analyzed. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by ROC analysis. Results: Fifty-six patients with 41 prostate cancers and 15 benign prostate lesions were enrolled. Fifty-three patients had paired conventional and delayed scans. Age, tPSA, fPSA levels, and SUVmax were significantly different between benign and malignant cases. A good correlation was found between SUVmax1 and SUVmax2. There was significant difference between SUVmax1 and SUVmax2 in the malignant group (p = 0.001). SUVmax1 had superior diagnostic performance than SUVmax2, SUVmax difference and PSA levels, with a sensitivity of 85.4%, a specificity of 100% and an AUC of 0.956. A combination of SUVmax1 with nodal and/or distant metastases and MR PI-RADS V2 score had a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. Delayed pelvic PET/MR imaging in 33 patients were found to be redundant because these patients had nodal and/or distant metastases which can be easily detected by PET/CT. PET/MR provided incremental value in 8 patients at early-stage prostate cancer based on precise anatomical localization and changes in lesion signal provided by MR. Conclusion: Combined 68Ga-PSMA whole-body PET/CT and pelvic PET/MR can accurately differentiate benign prostate diseases from prostate cancer and accurately stage prostate cancer. Whole-body PET/CT is sufficient for advanced prostate cancer. Pelvic PET/MR contributes to diagnosis and accurate staging in early prostate cancer. Imaging at about 1 h after injection is sufficient in most patients. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03756077. Registered 27 November 2018—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03756077.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongkang Gai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingyao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Ruan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, China
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Interobserver and intraobserver agreement on prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT images according to the miTNM and PSMA-RADS criteria. Nucl Med Commun 2021; 41:759-767. [PMID: 32453205 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we aimed to measure interobserver and intraobserver agreement in Ga-68-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/computed tomography (CT) image interpretation. In addition, the limitations of these criteria and levels of personal confidence reported by the readers when reporting the findings were determined. The effects of interpersonal differences on clinical decisions were also investigated. METHODS PSMA PET images from 133 cases were reported independently by four different readers at different times according to the molecular imaging TNM (miTNM) and PSMA-reporting and data system (RADS) templates. RESULTS There was substantial interobserver agreement for overall positivity, miT, miN and miM staging (Fleiss' κ = 0.65, 0.625, 0.731, and 0.779). Substantial agreement levels were observed in reporting of seminal vesicle invasion, the number of lymph node stations with metastasis, total number of intraprostatic areas containing tumors, and lymph node metastasis staging (Fleiss' κ = 0.622 and 0.779). The highest variation was seen in the reporting of intraprostatic distribution: In International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade group 1, moderate agreement was observed, and it was seen that the agreement level for the T staging increased with an increasing ISUP group in the staging group (Fleiss' κ = 0.531 vs. 0.655). There was near-perfect interobserver agreement in the reporting of five-point PSMA-RADS scoring [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) κ = 0.904; 95% CI, 0.865-0.934]. Disagreement according to miTNM staging had a major effect on clinical management in only 9% (n = 12) of the patients. CONCLUSION PSMA PET has a lower interobserver variability and higher reproducibility than other imaging methods used for imaging of prostate cancer do, including CT, MRI, and bone scintigraphy. The miTNM template provides a reporting format that is highly reproducible and has a high level of agreement among readers, but the prostatic template needs development. In contrast, the PSMA-RADS system leads to slightly increased interobserver reporting differences and reduces personal confidence, but at the same time, it still exhibits almost-perfect agreement in terms of scoring.
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Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of an Al 18F radiofluorinated bivalent PSMA ligand. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113502. [PMID: 33965863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has become as an outstanding prostate cancer-related target for diagnostic imaging and targeted radiotherapy. Clinical studies on a few PSMA radiotracers are currently underway to determine their efficacy as imaging agents to detect prostate cancer. To improve tumor retention and tumor-to-normal tissue contrast, we herein report the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of an Al18F-labeled bivalent PSMA ligand (18F-Bi-PSMA). 18F-Bi-PSMA was successful automated preparation and in vitro evaluation showed that 18F-Bi-PSMA was potent binding affinity, high specificity, and rapid internalization in PSMA-expressing cells. Biodistribution studies revealed a high and specific tumor uptake of 20.5 ± 3.5 %ID/g in 22Rv1 tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, compared to the clinically used monomeric PSMA-targeting tracers, 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 18F-PSMA-1007, 18F-Bi-PSMA exhibited improved pharmacokinetics and higher tumor uptake, as well as better tumor-to-normal tissue contrast, resulting in considerably high imaging quality. Our findings indicated that the bivalent PSMA radioligand, 18F-Bi-PSMA, was successfully synthesized and ideal imaging properties.
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