1
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Perdoux R, Barrada A, Boulaiz M, Garau C, Belbachir C, Lecampion C, Montané MH, Menand B. A drug-resistant mutation in plant target of rapamycin validates the specificity of ATP-competitive TOR inhibitors in vivo. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1344-1355. [PMID: 38011587 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Kinases are major components of cellular signaling pathways, regulating key cellular activities through phosphorylation. Kinase inhibitors are efficient tools for studying kinase targets and functions, however assessing their kinase specificity in vivo is essential. The identification of resistant kinase mutants has been proposed to be the most convincing approach to achieve this goal. Here, we address this issue in plants via a pharmacogenetic screen for mutants resistant to the ATP-competitive TOR inhibitor AZD-8055. The eukaryotic TOR (Target of Rapamycin) kinase is emerging as a major hub controlling growth responses in plants largely thanks to the use of ATP-competitive inhibitors. We identified a dominant mutation in the DFG motif of the Arabidopsis TOR kinase domain that leads to very strong resistance to AZD-8055. This resistance was characterized by measuring root growth, photosystem II (PSII) activity in leaves and phosphorylation of YAK1 (Yet Another Kinase 1) and RPS6 (Ribosomal protein S6), a direct and an indirect target of TOR respectively. Using other ATP-competitive TOR inhibitors, we also show that the dominant mutation is particularly efficient for resistance to drugs structurally related to AZD-8055. Altogether, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that a pharmacogenetic screen in Arabidopsis can be used to successfully identify the target of a kinase inhibitor in vivo and therefore to demonstrate inhibitor specificity. Thanks to the conservation of kinase families in eukaryotes, and the possibility of creating amino acid substitutions by genome editing, this work has great potential for extending studies on the evolution of signaling pathways in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Perdoux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, Marseille, France
| | - Adam Barrada
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, Marseille, France
| | - Manal Boulaiz
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Garau
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, Marseille, France
| | | | - Cécile Lecampion
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, Marseille, France
| | | | - Benoît Menand
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, LGBP Team, Marseille, France
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2
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Posansee K, Liangruksa M, Termsaithong T, Saparpakorn P, Hannongbua S, Laomettachit T, Sutthibutpong T. Combined Deep Learning and Molecular Modeling Techniques on the Virtual Screening of New mTOR Inhibitors from the Thai Mushroom Database. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38373-38385. [PMID: 37867669 PMCID: PMC10586184 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and division and is an attractive target for cancer therapy. Many reports on finding alternative mTOR inhibitors available in a database contain a mixture of active compound data with different mechanisms, which results in an increased complexity for training the machine learning models based on the chemical features of active compounds. In this study, a deep learning model supported by principal component analysis (PCA) and structural methods was used to search for an alternative mTOR inhibitor from mushrooms. The mTORC1 active compound data set from the PubChem database was first filtered for only the compounds resided near the first-generation inhibitors (rapalogs) within the first two PCA coordinates of chemical features. A deep learning model trained by the filtered data set captured the main characteristics of rapalogs and displayed the importance of steroid cores. After that, another layer of virtual screening by molecular docking calculations was performed on ternary complexes of FKBP12-FRB domains and six compound candidates with high "active" probability scores predicted by the deep learning models. Finally, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and MMPBSA binding energy analysis were performed on two selected candidates in comparison to rapamycin, which confirmed the importance of ring groups and steroid cores for interaction networks. Trihydroxysterol from Lentinus polychrous Lev. was predicted as an interesting candidate due to the small but effective interaction network that facilitated FKBP12-FRB interactions and further stabilized the ternary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewalin Posansee
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Monrudee Liangruksa
- National
Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National
Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Teerasit Termsaithong
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Learning
Institute, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | | | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart
University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Teeraphan Laomettachit
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Bioinformatics
and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Thana Sutthibutpong
- Theoretical
and Computational Physics Group, Department of Physics, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi
(KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Center of
Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty
of Science, King Mongkut’s University
of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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3
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Gao X, Jin Y, Zhu W, Wu X, Wang J, Guo C. Regulation of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E as a Potential Anticancer Strategy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12678-12696. [PMID: 37725577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) are highly expressed in cancer cells, especially eIF4E, the central regulatory node driving cancer cell growth and a potential target for anticancer drugs. eIF4E-targeting strategies primarily focus on inhibiting eIF4E synthesis, interfering with eIF4E/eIF4G interactions, and targeting eIF4E phosphorylation and peptide inhibitors. Although some small-molecule inhibitors are in clinical trials, no eIF4E inhibitors are available for clinical use. We provide an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of eIF4E and summarize the progress in developing and discovering eIF4E inhibitor strategies. We propose that interference with eIF4E/eIF4G interactions will provide a new perspective for the design of eIF4E inhibitors and may be a preferred strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yonglong Jin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Wenyong Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Xiaochen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Biology Science and Technology, Baotou Teacher's College, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Chuanlong Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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4
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El-Tanani M, Nsairat H, Aljabali AA, Serrano-Aroca-Angel Á, Mishra V, Mishra Y, Naikoo GA, Alshaer W, Tambuwala MM. Role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling in oncogenesis. Life Sci 2023; 323:121662. [PMID: 37028545 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The signalling system known as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is believed to be required for several biological activities involving cell proliferation. The serine-threonine kinase identified as mTOR recognises PI3K-AKT stress signals. It is well established in the scientific literature that the deregulation of the mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in cancer growth and advancement. This review focuses on the normal functions of mTOR as well as its abnormal roles in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom.
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Alaa A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca-Angel
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Yachana Mishra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Gowhar A Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, Salalah, PC 211, Oman.
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom.
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5
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Chen JY, Yiu WH, Tang PMK, Tang SCW. New insights into fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1056964. [PMID: 36910160 PMCID: PMC9996540 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1056964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic signaling plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of solid cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Intratumoral fibrosis (ITF) and pseudo-capsule (PC) fibrosis are significantly correlated to the disease progression of renal cell carcinoma. Targeting classic fibrotic signaling processes such as TGF-β signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) shows promising antitumor effects both preclinically and clinically. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of fibrotic signaling in renal cell carcinoma at molecular resolution can facilitate the development of precision therapies against solid cancers. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest updates on fibrotic signaling, from clinical correlation and molecular mechanisms to its therapeutic strategies for renal cell carcinoma. Importantly, we examined the reported fibrotic signaling on the human renal cell carcinoma dataset at the transcriptome level with single-cell resolution to assess its translational potential in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Yi Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Han Yiu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Ming-Kuen Tang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sydney Chi-Wai Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Pilarczyk M, Fazel-Najafabadi M, Kouril M, Shamsaei B, Vasiliauskas J, Niu W, Mahi N, Zhang L, Clark NA, Ren Y, White S, Karim R, Xu H, Biesiada J, Bennett MF, Davidson SE, Reichard JF, Roberts K, Stathias V, Koleti A, Vidovic D, Clarke DJB, Schürer SC, Ma'ayan A, Meller J, Medvedovic M. Connecting omics signatures and revealing biological mechanisms with iLINCS. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4678. [PMID: 35945222 PMCID: PMC9362980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are only a few platforms that integrate multiple omics data types, bioinformatics tools, and interfaces for integrative analyses and visualization that do not require programming skills. Here we present iLINCS ( http://ilincs.org ), an integrative web-based platform for analysis of omics data and signatures of cellular perturbations. The platform facilitates mining and re-analysis of the large collection of omics datasets (>34,000), pre-computed signatures (>200,000), and their connections, as well as the analysis of user-submitted omics signatures of diseases and cellular perturbations. iLINCS analysis workflows integrate vast omics data resources and a range of analytics and interactive visualization tools into a comprehensive platform for analysis of omics signatures. iLINCS user-friendly interfaces enable execution of sophisticated analyses of omics signatures, mechanism of action analysis, and signature-driven drug repositioning. We illustrate the utility of iLINCS with three use cases involving analysis of cancer proteogenomic signatures, COVID 19 transcriptomic signatures and mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Pilarczyk
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Mehdi Fazel-Najafabadi
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Michal Kouril
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Behrouz Shamsaei
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Juozas Vasiliauskas
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Wen Niu
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Naim Mahi
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Nicholas A Clark
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Shana White
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Rashid Karim
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Jacek Biesiada
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Mark F Bennett
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Sarah E Davidson
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - John F Reichard
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
| | - Kurt Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Vasileios Stathias
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine and Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Amar Koleti
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine and Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dusica Vidovic
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine and Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel J B Clarke
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Stephan C Schürer
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine and Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jarek Meller
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Cincinnati, USA.
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), New York, USA.
- LINCS Data Coordination and Integration Center (DCIC), Miami, USA.
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7
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Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Chrienova Z, Musilek K, Patocka J, Kuca K. Contemporary mTOR inhibitor scaffolds to diseases breakdown: A patent review (2015–2021). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Borsari C, De Pascale M, Wymann MP. Chemical and Structural Strategies to Selectively Target mTOR Kinase. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2744-2759. [PMID: 34114360 PMCID: PMC8518124 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is implicated in cancer and neurological disorder, which identifies mTOR inhibition as promising strategy for the treatment of a variety of human disorders. First-generation mTOR inhibitors include rapamycin and its analogues (rapalogs) which act as allosteric inhibitors of TORC1. Structurally unrelated, ATP-competitive inhibitors that directly target the mTOR catalytic site inhibit both TORC1 and TORC2. Here, we review investigations of chemical scaffolds explored for the development of highly selective ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors (TORKi). Extensive medicinal chemistry campaigns allowed to overcome challenges related to structural similarity between mTOR and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family. A broad region of chemical space is covered by TORKi. Here, the investigation of chemical substitutions and physicochemical properties has shed light on the compounds' ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). This work provides insights supporting the optimization of TORKi for the treatment of cancer and central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Borsari
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Martina De Pascale
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
| | - Matthias P. Wymann
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 284058BaselSwitzerland
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9
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Madhivanan K, Ramadesikan S, Hsieh WC, Aguilar MC, Hanna CB, Bacallao RL, Aguilar RC. Lowe syndrome patient cells display mTOR- and RhoGTPase-dependent phenotypes alleviated by rapamycin and statins. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1700-1715. [PMID: 32391547 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lowe syndrome (LS) is an X-linked developmental disease characterized by cognitive deficiencies, bilateral congenital cataracts and renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, this disease leads to the early death of affected children often due to kidney failure. Although this condition was first described in the early 1950s and the affected gene (OCRL1) was identified in the early 1990s, its pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood and there is no LS-specific cure available to patients. Here we report two important signaling pathways affected in LS patient cells. While RhoGTPase signaling abnormalities led to adhesion and spreading defects as compared to normal controls, PI3K/mTOR hyperactivation interfered with primary cilia assembly (scenario also observed in other ciliopathies with compromised kidney function). Importantly, we identified two FDA-approved drugs able to ameliorate these phenotypes. Specifically, statins mitigated adhesion and spreading abnormalities while rapamycin facilitated ciliogenesis in LS patient cells. However, no single drug was able to alleviate both phenotypes. Based on these and other observations, we speculate that Ocrl1 has dual, independent functions supporting proper RhoGTPase and PI3K/mTOR signaling. Therefore, this study suggest that Ocrl1-deficiency leads to signaling defects likely to require combinatorial drug treatment to suppress patient phenotypes and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayalvizhi Madhivanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Swetha Ramadesikan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wen-Chieh Hsieh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mariana C Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Claudia B Hanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 W 10th St #6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - R Claudio Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Building, Room 321, 201 S. University street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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10
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Qiu HY, Wang PF, Zhang M. A patent review of mTOR inhibitors for cancer therapy (2011-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:965-975. [PMID: 34098816 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1940137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is a central component in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and plays a crucial role in tumor biology, making it one appealing therapeutic target. In the past decade, the mTORi (mTOR inhibitor) development field has made great progress, with more agents entering key trials and the proposal of third-generation mTORi concept. Yet to achieve significant clinical success, combined efforts from multiple disciplines are ever needed. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the progress of mTORi development with anticancer potential from the perspective of the patent literature proposed between 2011 and 2020. EXPERT OPINION The highly complex regulatory mechanism network of mTOR proposes huge challenges to the development of clinically efficient mTORis. While in-depth biological research and fundamental medchemistry research are of importance to provide guidelines for improving mTORis, new technologies to pre-diagnose applicable populations is another key to provide precise personal cancer treatment. New mTOR agents are ever needed to tackle the common problems of side effects and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yue Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Uva P, Bosco MC, Eva A, Conte M, Garaventa A, Amoroso L, Cangelosi D. Connectivity Map Analysis Indicates PI3K/Akt/mTOR Inhibitors as Potential Anti-Hypoxia Drugs in Neuroblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112809. [PMID: 34199959 PMCID: PMC8200206 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the deadliest pediatric cancers, accounting for 15% of deaths in childhood. Hypoxia is a condition of low oxygen tension occurring in solid tumors and has an unfavorable prognostic factor for NB. In the present study, we aimed to identify novel promising drugs for NB treatment. Connectivity Map (CMap), an online resource for drug repurposing, was used to identify connections between hypoxia-modulated genes in NB tumors and compounds. Two sets of 34 and 21 genes up- and down-regulated between hypoxic and normoxic primary NB tumors, respectively, were analyzed with CMap. The analysis reported a significant negative connectivity score across nine cell lines for 19 compounds mainly belonging to the class of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. The gene expression profiles of NB cells cultured under hypoxic conditions and treated with the mTORC complex inhibitor PP242, referred to as the Mohlin dataset, was used to validate the CMap findings. A heat map representation of hypoxia-modulated genes in the Mohlin dataset and the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed an opposite regulation of these genes in the set of NB cells treated with the mTORC inhibitor PP242. In conclusion, our analysis identified inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway as novel candidate compounds to treat NB patients with hypoxic tumors and a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Uva
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy;
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Bosco
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.C.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Alessandra Eva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.C.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Massimo Conte
- UOC Oncologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.); (L.A.)
| | - Alberto Garaventa
- UOC Oncologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.); (L.A.)
| | - Loredana Amoroso
- UOC Oncologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.); (L.A.)
| | - Davide Cangelosi
- Clinical Bioinformatics Unit, Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Marcellus KA, Crawford Parks TE, Almasi S, Jasmin BJ. Distinct roles for the RNA-binding protein Staufen1 in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:120. [PMID: 33541283 PMCID: PMC7863451 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers with the second highest global rate of mortality in men. During the early stages of disease progression, tumour growth is local and androgen-dependent. Despite treatment, a large percentage of patients develop androgen-independent prostate cancer, which often results in metastases, a leading cause of mortality in these patients. Our previous work on the RNA-binding protein Staufen1 demonstrated its novel role in cancer biology, and in particular rhabdomyosarcoma tumorigenesis. To build upon this work, we have focused on the role of Staufen1 in other forms of cancer and describe here the novel and differential roles of Staufen1 in prostate cancer. METHODS Using a cell-based approach, three independent prostate cancer cell lines with different characteristics were used to evaluate the expression of Staufen1 in human prostate cancer relative to control prostate cells. The functional impact of Staufen1 on several key oncogenic features of prostate cancer cells including proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion were systematically investigated. RESULTS We show that Staufen1 levels are increased in all human prostate cancer cells examined in comparison to normal prostate epithelial cells. Furthermore, Staufen1 differentially regulates growth, migration, and invasion in the various prostate cancer cells assessed. In LNCaP prostate cancer cells, Staufen1 regulates cell proliferation through mTOR activation. Conversely, Staufen1 regulates migration and invasion of the highly invasive, bone metastatic-derived, PC3 prostate cells via the activation of focal adhesion kinase. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results show that Staufen1 has a direct impact in prostate cancer development and further demonstrate that its functions vary amongst the prostate cancer cell types. Accordingly, Staufen1 represents a novel target for the development of much-needed therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Marcellus
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada.,The Eric J. Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara E Crawford Parks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada.,The Eric J. Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shekoufeh Almasi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada.,The Eric J. Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8M5, Canada. .,The Eric J. Poulin Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Khaki-Khatibi F, Zeinali M, Ramezani B, Sabzichi M, Mohammadian J, Hamishehkar H. Harnessing WYE-132 as an inhibitor of the mTOR signaling enriches the cytotoxicity effect of vinblastine in B16F10 melanoma cancer cells. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Benn CL, Dawson LA. Clinically Precedented Protein Kinases: Rationale for Their Use in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:242. [PMID: 33117143 PMCID: PMC7494159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinases are an intensively studied drug target class in current pharmacological research as evidenced by the large number of kinase inhibitors being assessed in clinical trials. Kinase-targeted therapies have potential for treatment of a broad array of indications including central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In addition to the many variables which contribute to identification of a successful therapeutic molecule, drug discovery for CNS-related disorders also requires significant consideration of access to the target organ and specifically crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To date, only a small number of kinase inhibitors have been reported that are specifically designed to be BBB permeable, which nonetheless demonstrates the potential for success. This review considers the potential for kinase inhibitors in the context of unmet medical need for neurodegenerative disease. A subset of kinases that have been the focus of clinical investigations over a 10-year period have been identified and discussed individually. For each kinase target, the data underpinning the validity of each in the context of neurodegenerative disease is critically evaluated. Selected molecules for each kinase are identified with information on modality, binding site and CNS penetrance, if known. Current clinical development in neurodegenerative disease are summarized. Collectively, the review indicates that kinase targets with sufficient rationale warrant careful design approaches with an emphasis on improving brain penetrance and selectivity.
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Cong Y, Li Q, Zhang X, Chen Y, Yu K. mTOR Promotes Tissue Factor Expression and Activity in EGFR-Mutant Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1615. [PMID: 32923403 PMCID: PMC7456926 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway mediates the function of oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We aimed to elucidate new role of mTOR in EGFR-mutant (EGFR-mut) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and glioblastoma (GBM) with a focus on tumor microenvironments. Here, we report a novel regulatory link between mTOR complexes (mTORCs) and tissue factor (TF), an initiator of tumor-derived thrombosis. TF is elevated in EGFR-mut NSCLC/GBM cell lines and tumors from patients with poor prognosis. Application of mTORC1/2 inhibitors (AZD8055, WYE-125132, MTI-31, and rapamycin) or genetic mTORC-depletion all reduced TF expression, which appeared to be differentially mediated depending on cellular context. In U87MG and HCC827 cells, mTORC1 exerted a dominant role via promoting TF mRNA transcription. In EGFR-TKI-resistant H1975 and PC9 cells, it was mTORC2 that played a major role in specific repression of lysosomal-targeted TF protein degradation. Successful inhibition of TF expression was demonstrated in AZD8055- or MTI-31-treated H1975 and U87MG tumors in mice, while a TF-targeted antibody antagonized TF activity without reducing TF protein. Both the mTOR- and TF-targeted therapy induced a multifaceted remodeling of tumor microenvironment reflecting not only a diminished hypercoagulopathy state (fibrin level) but also a reduced stromal fibrosis (collagen distribution), compromised vessel density and/or maturity (CD31 and/or α-SMA) as well as a substantially decreased infiltration of immune-suppressive M2-type tumor-associated macrophages (CD206/F4/80 ratio). Thus, our results have identified TF as a functional biomarker of mTOR. Downregulation of mTOR-TF axis activity likely contributes to the therapeutic mechanism of mTORC1/2- and TF-targeted agents in EGFR-mut advanced NSCLC and GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingrou Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chen Y, Zhou X. Research progress of mTOR inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112820. [PMID: 32966896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved Serine/Threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase, which belongs to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) protein family. mTOR exists as two types of protein complex: mTORC1 and mTORC2, which act as central controller regulating processes of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, survival and autophagy. The mTOR inhibitors block mTOR signaling pathway, producing anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, autophagy and apoptosis induction effects, thus mTOR inhibitors are mainly used in cancer therapy. At present, mTOR inhibitors are divided into four categories: Antibiotic allosteric mTOR inhibitors (first generation), ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitors (second generation), mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitors (second generation) and other new mTOR inhibitors (third generation). In this article, these four categories of mTOR inhibitors and their structures, properties and some clinical researches will be introduced. Among them, we focus on the structure of mTOR inhibitors and try to analyze the structure-activity relationship. mTOR inhibitors are classified according to their chemical structure and their contents are introduced systematically. Moreover, some natural products that have direct or indirect mTOR inhibitory activities are introduced together. In this article, we analyzed the target, binding mode and structure-activity relationship of each generation of mTOR inhibitors and proposed two hypothetic scaffolds (the inverted-Y-shape scaffold and the C-shape scaffold) for the second generation of mTOR inhibitors. These findings may provide some help or reference for drug designing, drug modification or the future development of mTOR inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Feng YQ, Li BA, Feng F, Chen YS, Ren YX, Zhang H, Cao S. Novel mTOR Inhibitor Enhances the Sensitivity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Molecular Targeting Agents. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7165-7176. [PMID: 32801748 PMCID: PMC7394584 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s244474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although molecular-targeted agents are still the first choice for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, the therapeutic efficacy of these agents is not satisfactory. Recently, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is considered to be a promising molecular target that can enhance the sensitivity of HCC cells to antitumor therapy. However, the reported mTOR inhibitors have some shortcomings, and novel mTOR inhibitors need to be developed to enhance the antitumor effect of molecularly targeted agents on advanced HCC. Methods In this study, five small-molecular compounds that could serve as potential mTOR-specific inhibitors were identified by virtual screening. The activity of tert-butyl (4-(9-(2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl)-6-morpholino-9H-purin-2-yl)phenyl)carbamate (compound 4) was measured by enzyme test and Western blot, and its antitumor effect on HCC was examined in nude mice subcutaneous tumor model. Results The results showed that 4 is the most effective one in inhibiting the activation of mTOR kinase (mTOR IC50 = 17.52±3.67 nmol/L) among the five lead compounds. Further research in this study indicated that treatment with 4 enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to the molecular-targeted agents, such as sorafenib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, anlotinib, and apatinib. In addition, this research indicated that mTOR was correlated with the poor prognosis in patients with advanced HCC who received sorafenib. Conclusion Our study identified a new type of small-molecular inhibitors of mTOR and confirmed their ability to enhance the antitumor effect of molecular-targeted agents on advanced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-An Li
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Feng
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Medical Center, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Shou Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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Escamilla-Ramírez A, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Zavala-Vega S, Jimenez-Farfan D, Anaya-Rubio I, Briseño E, Palencia G, Guevara P, Cruz-Salgado A, Sotelo J, Trejo-Solís C. Autophagy as a Potential Therapy for Malignant Glioma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070156. [PMID: 32707662 PMCID: PMC7407942 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most frequent and aggressive type of brain neoplasm, being anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), its most malignant forms. The survival rate in patients with these neoplasms is 15 months after diagnosis, despite a diversity of treatments, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. The resistance of GBM to various therapies is due to a highly mutated genome; these genetic changes induce a de-regulation of several signaling pathways and result in higher cell proliferation rates, angiogenesis, invasion, and a marked resistance to apoptosis; this latter trait is a hallmark of highly invasive tumor cells, such as glioma cells. Due to a defective apoptosis in gliomas, induced autophagic death can be an alternative to remove tumor cells. Paradoxically, however, autophagy in cancer can promote either a cell death or survival. Modulating the autophagic pathway as a death mechanism for cancer cells has prompted the use of both inhibitors and autophagy inducers. The autophagic process, either as a cancer suppressing or inducing mechanism in high-grade gliomas is discussed in this review, along with therapeutic approaches to inhibit or induce autophagy in pre-clinical and clinical studies, aiming to increase the efficiency of conventional treatments to remove glioma neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Escamilla-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Rosa A. Castillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Experimental, CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Zavala-Vega
- Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Isabel Anaya-Rubio
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Eduardo Briseño
- Clínica de Neurooncología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico;
| | - Guadalupe Palencia
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Patricia Guevara
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Julio Sotelo
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
| | - Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Departamento de Neuroinmunología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; (A.E.-R.); (I.A.-R.); (G.P.); (P.G.); (A.C.-S.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555-060-4040
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Feng YQ, Gu SX, Chen YS, Gao XD, Ren YX, Chen JC, Lu YY, Zhang H, Cao S. Virtual Screening and Optimization of Novel mTOR Inhibitors for Radiosensitization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1779-1798. [PMID: 32440103 PMCID: PMC7220363 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s249156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy has an ameliorative effect on a wide variety of tumors, but hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is insensitive to this treatment. Overactivated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays an important part in the resistance of HCC to radiotherapy; thus, mTOR inhibitors have potential as novel radiosensitizers to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy for HCC. Methods A lead compound was found based on pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking, and optimized according to the differences between the ATP-binding pockets of mTOR and PI3K. The radiosensitizing effect of the optimized compound (2a) was confirmed by colony formation assays and DNA double-strand break assays in vitro. The discovery and preclinical characteristics of this compound are described. Results The key amino acid residues in mTOR were identified, and a precise virtual screening model was constructed. Compound 2a, with a 4,7-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold, exhibited promising potency against mTOR (mTOR IC50=7.1 nmol/L (nM)) with 126-fold selectivity over PI3Kα. Moreover, 2a significantly enhanced the sensitivity of HCC to radiotherapy in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion A new class of selective mTOR inhibitors was developed and their radiosensitization effects were confirmed. This study also provides a basis for developing mTOR-specific inhibitors for use as radiosensitizers for HCC radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Shou Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Dong Gao
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Department, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Ying Lu
- Comprehensive Liver Cancer Department, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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Phan TN, Baek KH, Lee N, Byun SY, Shum D, No JH. In Vitro and in Vivo Activity of mTOR Kinase and PI3K Inhibitors Against Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081980. [PMID: 32340370 PMCID: PMC7221892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites, including Leishmania and Trypanosoma spp., are life threatening pathogens with a worldwide distribution. Next-generation therapeutics for treatment are needed as current treatments have limitations, such as toxicity and drug resistance. In this study, we examined the activities of established mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors against these tropical diseases. High-throughput screening of a library of 1742 bioactive compounds against intracellular L. donovani was performed, and seven mTOR/PI3K inhibitors were identified. Dose-dilution assays revealed that these inhibitors had half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 0.14 to 13.44 μM for L. donovani amastigotes and from 0.00005 to 8.16 μM for T. brucei. The results of a visceral leishmaniasis mouse model indicated that treatment with Torin2, dactolisib, or NVP-BGT226 resulted in reductions of 35%, 53%, and 54%, respectively, in the numbers of liver parasites. In an acute T. brucei mouse model using NVP-BGT226 parasite numbers were reduced to under the limits of detection by five consecutive days of treatment. Multiple sequence and structural alignment results indicated high similarities between mTOR and kinetoplastid TORs; the inhibitors are predicted to bind in a similar manner. Taken together, these results indicated that the TOR pathways of parasites have potential for the discovery of novel targets and new potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong-Nhat Phan
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (T.-N.P.); (K.-H.B.)
| | - Kyung-Hwa Baek
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (T.-N.P.); (K.-H.B.)
| | - Nakyung Lee
- Screening Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (N.L.); (S.Y.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Soo Young Byun
- Screening Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (N.L.); (S.Y.B.); (D.S.)
| | - David Shum
- Screening Development Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (N.L.); (S.Y.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Leishmania Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463–400, Korea; (T.-N.P.); (K.-H.B.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Hou J, Cao X, Cheng Y, Wang X. Roles of TP53 gene in the development of resistance to PI3K inhibitor resistances in CRISPR-Cas9-edited lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 36:481-492. [PMID: 32239370 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mutation rates of tumor suppressor protein p53 gene (TP53) are high in lung adenocarcinoma and promote the development of acquired drug resistance. The present study evaluated the p53-dependent role in lung cancer cell sensitivity to PI3K-specific inhibitors, PI3K-associated inhibitors, PI3K-non-related inhibitors, and protein-based stimuli using designed p53 mutation. We found that the deletion of p53 key regions from amino acid 96 to 393 with the CRISPR-Cas9 altered multi-dimensional structure and sequencing of p53, probably leading the secondary changes in chemical structures and properties of PI3K subunit proteins or in interactions between p53 and PI3K isoform genes. The p53-dependent cell sensitivity varied among target specificities, drug chemical properties, mechanism-specific signal pathways, and drug efficacies, independently upon the size of molecules. The effects of the designed p53 mutation highly depend upon p53-involved molecular mechanisms in the cell. Our results indicate that lung cancer cell resistance to drug can develop with dynamic formations of p53 mutations changing the cell sensitivity. This may explain the real-time occurrence of cancer cell resistance to drug treatment, during which drugs may induce the new mutations of p53. Thus, it is important to dynamically monitor the formation of new mutations during the therapy and discover new drug resistance-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Hou
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yunfeng Cheng
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China. .,Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of AI-Technology for Cardiopulmonary Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China. .,Jinshan Hospital Center for Tumor Diagnosis & Therapy, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical School, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of AI-Technology for Cardiopulmonary Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Peng K, Fan X, Li Q, Wang Y, Chen X, Xiao P, Passerini AG, Simon SI, Sun C. IRF-1 mediates the suppressive effects of mTOR inhibition on arterial endothelium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 140:30-41. [PMID: 32087218 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors used in drug-eluting stents (DES) to control restenosis have been found to delay endothelialization and increase incidence of late-stent thrombosis through mechanisms not completely understood. We revealed that mTOR inhibition (mTORi) upregulated the expression of cell growth suppressor IRF-1 in primary human arterial endothelial cells (HAEC). This study aimed to examine how mTOR-regulated IRF-1 expression contributes to the suppressive effect of mTORi on arterial endothelial proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blotting, quantitative PCR, and a dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and torin 1 upregulated IRF-1 expression and increased its transcriptional activity. IRF-1 in turn contributed to the suppressive effect of mTORi by mediating HAEC apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in part through upregulation of caspase 1 and downregulation of cyclin D3, as revealed by CCK-8 assay, Annexin V binding assay, measurement of activated caspase 3, BrdU incorporation assay, and matrigel tube formation assay. In a mouse model of femoral artery wire injury, administration of rapamycin inhibited EC recovery, an effect alleviated by EC deficiency of IRF-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with HAEC and rescue expression of wild type or dominant-negative IRF-1 in EC isolated from Irf1-/- mice confirmed transcriptional regulation of IRF-1 on the expression of CASP1 and CCND3. Furthermore, mTORi activated multiple PKC members, among which PKCζ was responsible for the growth-inhibitory effect on HAEC. Activated PKCζ increased IRF1 transcription through JAK/STAT-1 and NF-κB signaling. Finally, overexpression of wild type or mutant raptor incapable of binding mTOR indicated that mTOR-free raptor contributed to PKCζ activation in mTOR-inhibited HAEC. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals an IRF-1-mediated mechanism that contributes to the suppressive effects of mTORi on HAEC proliferation. Further study may facilitate the development of effective strategies to reduce the side effects of DES used in coronary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Peng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingxi Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anthony G Passerini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - ChongXiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiang Province, Nanjing, China.
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23
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Wichmann CW, Goh YW, Parslow AC, Rigopoulos A, Guo N, Scott AM, Ackermann U, White JM. Synthesis and validation of [ 18F]mBPET-1, a fluorine-18 labelled mTOR inhibitor derivative based on a benzofuran backbone. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:3. [PMID: 31974638 PMCID: PMC6977806 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapy of HER2 positive breast cancer has led to clinical success in some cases with primary and secondary resistance being major obstacles. Due to the substantial involvement of mTOR kinase in cell growth and proliferation pathways it is now targeted in combination treatments to counteract HER2 targeted therapy resistance. However, the selection of receptive patient populations for a specific drug combination is crucial. This work aims to develop a molecular probe capable of identifying patients with tumour populations which are receptive to RAD001 combination therapy. Based on the structure of a mTOR inhibitor specific for mTORC1, we designed, synthesised and characterised a novel benzofuran based molecular probe which suits late stage fluorination via Click chemistry. Results Synthesis of the alkyne precursor 5 proceeded in 27.5% yield over 7 linear steps. Click derivatisation gave the non-radioactive standard in 25% yield. Radiosynthesis of [18F]1-((1-(2-Fluoroethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) methyl)-4-((5-methoxy-2-phenylbenzofuran-4-yl) methyl) piperazine ([18F]mBPET-1) proceeded over two steps which were automated on an iPhase FlexLab synthesis module. In the first step, 2-[18F]fluoroethylazide ([18F]6) was produced, purified by automated distillation in 60% non-decay-corrected yield and subjected to Click conditions with 5. Semi-preparative RP-HPLC purification and reformulation gave [18F]mBPET-1 in 40% ± 5% (n = 6) overall RCY with a process time of 90 min. Radiochemical purity was ≥99% at end of synthesis (EOS) and ≥ 98% after 4 h at room temperature. Molar activities ranged from typically 24.8 GBq/μmol (EOS) to a maximum of 78.6 GBq/μmol (EOS). Lipophilicity of [18F]mBPET-1 was determined at pH 7.4 (logD7.4 = 0.89). [18F]mBPET-1 showed high metabolic stability when incubated with mouse S9 liver fractions which resulted in a 0.8% drop in radiochemical purity after 3 h. Cell uptake assays showed 1.3–1.9-fold increased uptake of the [18F]mBPET-1 in RAD001 sensitive compared to insensitive cells across a panel of 4 breast cancer cell lines. Conclusion Molecular targeting of mTOR with [18F]mBPET-1 distinguishes mTOR inhibitor sensitive and insensitive cell lines. Future studies will explore the ability of [18F]mBPET-1 to predict response to mTOR inhibitor treatment in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Wichmann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia. .,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia. .,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Yit Wooi Goh
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Adam C Parslow
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Angela Rigopoulos
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Nancy Guo
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Uwe Ackermann
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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24
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Cassidy KC, Lahr RM, Kaminsky JC, Mack S, Fonseca BD, Das SR, Berman AJ, Durrant JD. Capturing the Mechanism Underlying TOP mRNA Binding to LARP1. Structure 2019; 27:1771-1781.e5. [PMID: 31676287 PMCID: PMC7269035 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein La-related protein 1 (LARP1) plays a central role in ribosome biosynthesis. Its C-terminal DM15 region binds the 7-methylguanosine (m7G) cap and 5' terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motif characteristic of transcripts encoding ribosomal proteins and translation factors. Under the control of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), LARP1 regulates translation of these transcripts. Characterizing the dynamics of DM15-TOP recognition is essential to understanding this fundamental biological process. We use molecular dynamics simulations, biophysical assays, and X-ray crystallography to reveal the mechanism of DM15 binding to TOP transcripts. Residues C-terminal to the m7G-binding site play important roles in cap recognition. Furthermore, we show that the unusually static pocket that recognizes the +1 cytosine characteristic of TOP transcripts drives binding specificity. Finally, we demonstrate that the DM15 pockets involved in TOP-specific m7GpppC-motif recognition are likely druggable. Collectively, these studies suggest unique opportunities for further pharmacological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Cassidy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Roni M Lahr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jesse C Kaminsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Stephanie Mack
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bruno D Fonseca
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 8L1 ON, Canada
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andrea J Berman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Jacob D Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 4249 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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25
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Synergistic Anti-Tumor Effect of mTOR Inhibitors with Irinotecan on Colon Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101581. [PMID: 31627299 PMCID: PMC6826690 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced colorectal cancer has a poor prognosis because of metastasis formation and resistance to combined therapies. Downstream of PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK pathways, the mTOR kinase plays a decisive role in treatment failure. We previously established that irinotecan has antiangiogenic properties and it is known that new mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) catalytic AZD inhibitors, unlike rapamycin, target both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Thus, we hypothesized that the complete inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α axis with mTOR catalytic inhibitors and low doses of irinotecan may have antitumor effects. We showed that the AZD8055 and AZD2014 inhibitors were much more potent than rapamycin to reduce cell viability of four colon cell lines. On the other hand, whereas AZD2014 alone inhibits migration by 40%, the drug combination led to 70% inhibition. Similarly, neither irinotecan nor AZD2014 significantly reduced cell invasion, whereas a combination of the two inhibits invasion by 70%. In vivo, irinotecan and AZD2014 combination drastically reduced ectopic patient-derived colon tumor growth and this combination was more potent than Folfox or Folfiri. Finally, the combination totally inhibited liver and lung metastases developed from orthotopic implantation of SW480 cells. Thus, the use of mTOR catalytic inhibitors, in association with other chemotherapeutic agents like irinotecan at low doses, is potentially a hope for colon cancer treatment.
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26
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Mohibi S, Chen X, Zhang J. Cancer the'RBP'eutics-RNA-binding proteins as therapeutic targets for cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 203:107390. [PMID: 31302171 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a critical role in the regulation of various RNA processes, including splicing, cleavage and polyadenylation, transport, translation and degradation of coding RNAs, non-coding RNAs and microRNAs. Recent studies indicate that RBPs not only play an instrumental role in normal cellular processes but have also emerged as major players in the development and spread of cancer. Herein, we review the current knowledge about RNA binding proteins and their role in tumorigenesis as well as the potential to target RBPs for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakur Mohibi
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, United States.
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27
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Patidar K, Panwar U, Vuree S, Sweta J, Sandhu MK, Nayarisseri A, Singh SK. An In silico Approach to Identify High Affinity Small Molecule
Targeting m-TOR Inhibitors for the Clinical Treatment of
Breast Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1229-1241. [PMID: 31030499 PMCID: PMC6948900 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.4.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy among women. It is a heterogeneous disease with different subtypes defined by its hormone receptor. A hormone receptor is mainly concerned with the progression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway which is often dysregulated in breast cancer. This is a major signaling pathway that controls the activities such as cell growth, cell division, and cell proliferation. The present study aims to suppress mTOR protein by its various inhibitors and to select one with the highest binding affinity to the receptor protein. Out of 40 inhibitors of mTOR against breast cancer, SF1126 was identified to have the best docking score of -8.705, using Schrodinger Suite which was further subjected for high throughput screening to obtain best similar compound using Lipinski’s filters. The compound obtained after virtual screening, ID: ZINC85569445 is seen to have the highest affinity with the target protein mTOR. The same result based on the binding free energy analysis using MM-GBSA showed that the compound ZINC85569445 to have the the highest binding free energy. The next study of interaction between the ligand and receptor protein with the pharmacophore mapping showed the best conjugates, and the ZINC85569445 can be further studied for future benefits of treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Patidar
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. ,
| | - Umesh Panwar
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sugunakar Vuree
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jajoriya Sweta
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. ,
| | - Manpreet Kaur Sandhu
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. ,
| | - Anuraj Nayarisseri
- In silico Research Laboratory, Eminent Biosciences, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. , ,Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu, India.,Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, LeGene Biosciences Pvt Ltd., Indore, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Designing and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi,Tamil Nadu, India
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28
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Montané MH, Menand B. TOR inhibitors: from mammalian outcomes to pharmacogenetics in plants and algae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2297-2312. [PMID: 30773593 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a conserved eukaryotic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase that regulates growth and metabolism in response to environment in plants and algae. The study of the plant and algal TOR pathway has largely depended on TOR inhibitors first developed for non-photosynthetic eukaryotes. In animals and yeast, fundamental work on the TOR pathway has benefited from the allosteric TOR inhibitor rapamycin and more recently from ATP-competitive TOR inhibitors (asTORis) that circumvent the limitations of rapamycin. The asTORis, developed for medical application, inhibit TOR complex 1 (TORC1) more efficiently than rapamycin and also inhibit rapamycin-resistant TORCs. This review presents knowledge on TOR inhibitors from the mammalian field and underlines important considerations for plant and algal biologists. It discusses the use of rapamycin and asTORis in plants and algae and concludes with guidelines for physiological studies and genetic screens with TOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Montané
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de génétique et biophysique des plantes, Marseille, F-13009, France
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de génétique et biophysique des plantes, Marseille, F-13009, France
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29
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Barrada A, Djendli M, Desnos T, Mercier R, Robaglia C, Montané MH, Menand B. A TOR-YAK1 signaling axis controls cell cycle, meristem activity and plant growth in Arabidopsis. Development 2019; 146:dev.171298. [PMID: 30705074 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) is a conserved eukaryotic phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related kinase that plays a major role in regulating growth and metabolism in response to environment in plants. We performed a genetic screen for Arabidopsis ethylmethane sulfonate mutants resistant to the ATP-competitive TOR inhibitor AZD-8055 to identify new components of the plant TOR pathway. We found that loss-of-function mutants of the DYRK (dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase)/YAK1 kinase are resistant to AZD-8055 and, reciprocally, that YAK1 overexpressors are hypersensitive to AZD-8055. Significantly, these phenotypes were conditional on TOR inhibition, positioning YAK1 activity downstream of TOR. We further show that the ATP-competitive DYRK1A inhibitor pINDY phenocopies YAK1 loss of function. Microscopy analysis revealed that YAK1 functions to repress meristem size and induce differentiation. We show that YAK1 represses cyclin expression in the different zones of the root meristem and that YAK1 is essential for TOR-dependent transcriptional regulation of the plant-specific SIAMESE-RELATED (SMR) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in both meristematic and differentiating root cells. Thus, YAK1 is a major regulator of meristem activity and cell differentiation downstream of TOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Barrada
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
| | - Meriem Djendli
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
| | - Thierry Desnos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France F-13108
| | - Raphael Mercier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
| | - Marie-Hélène Montané
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
| | - Benoît Menand
- Aix Marseille Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Marseille, France F-13009
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30
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Fan X, Chen X, Feng Q, Peng K, Wu Q, Passerini AG, Simon SI, Sun C. Downregulation of GATA6 in mTOR-inhibited human aortic endothelial cells: effects on TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression and monocytic cell adhesion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H408-H420. [PMID: 30462552 PMCID: PMC6397389 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00411.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) on the aortic endothelium is an early marker of atherogenesis, promoted in part by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that has been considered to contribute to diverse cellular processes through mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) or complex 2 (mTORC2). This study aimed to elucidate the role of mTOR signaling in TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression by the arterial endothelium. Primary human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were treated with low-dose (0.1 ng/ml) TNF-α, and VCAM-1 expression was measured by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, and flow cytometry. Inhibition of mTOR through siRNA-mediated depletion or treatment with chemical inhibitors rapamycin or torin 1 suppressed VCAM1 transcription, which translated to inhibition of VCAM-1 surface expression by HAECs and concomitant decreased adhesion of monocytes. A promoter luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that mTOR regulated VCAM1 transcription through a mechanism involving transcription factor GATA6. Activation of PKC-α and an increase in miR-200a-3p expression, caused by mTOR inhibition but not disruption of mTORC1 or mTORC2 singly or together, decreased TNF-α-induced GATA6 expression and its enrichment at the VCAM1 promoter. In conclusion, mTOR inhibition activates PKC-α independently of disruption of mTORC1 and/or mTORC2, which challenges the conventional wisdom regarding mTOR signaling. Moreover, mTOR signals through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms to elicit maximal cytokine-induced endothelial inflammation that precedes atherosclerosis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Both mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2 contribute to PKC-α activation in the human aortic endothelium. Inhibition of mTOR is not equivalent to disruption of mTORC1 and/or mTORC2 in affecting human aortic endothelial cell signaling. Specifically, inhibition of mTOR causes PKC-α activation and miR-200a-3p upregulation, which independently suppresses TNF-α-induced transcription factor GATA6 expression and subsequently inhibits VCAM-1 expression and monocytic cell adhesion onto the aortic endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kai Peng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Qianqian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Anthony G Passerini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , Davis, California
| | - ChongXiu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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Emmanuel N, Ragunathan S, Shan Q, Wang F, Giannakou A, Huser N, Jin G, Myers J, Abraham RT, Unsal-Kacmaz K. Purine Nucleotide Availability Regulates mTORC1 Activity through the Rheb GTPase. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2665-2680. [PMID: 28658616 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic agents that interfere with nucleotide metabolism constitute an important class of anticancer agents. Recent studies have demonstrated that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) inhibitors suppress de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides. Here, we demonstrate that mTORC1 itself is suppressed by drugs that reduce intracellular purine nucleotide pools. Cellular treatment with AG2037, an inhibitor of the purine biosynthetic enzyme GARFT, profoundly inhibits mTORC1 activity via a reduction in the level of GTP-bound Rheb, an obligate upstream activator of mTORC1, because of a reduction in intracellular guanine nucleotides. AG2037 treatment provokes both mTORC1 inhibition and robust tumor growth suppression in mice bearing non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenografts. These results indicate that alterations in purine nucleotide availability affect mTORC1 activity and suggest that inhibition of mTORC1 contributes to the therapeutic effects of purine biosynthesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Emmanuel
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Shoba Ragunathan
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Qin Shan
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Fang Wang
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Andreas Giannakou
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Nanni Huser
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10646 Science Center Drive/CB4, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Guixian Jin
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Jeremy Myers
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Robert T Abraham
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10646 Science Center Drive/CB4, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Keziban Unsal-Kacmaz
- Oncology R&D Group, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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Chen Y, Qian J, He Q, Zhao H, Toral-Barza L, Shi C, Zhang X, Wu J, Yu K. mTOR complex-2 stimulates acetyl-CoA and de novo lipogenesis through ATP citrate lyase in HER2/PIK3CA-hyperactive breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25224-40. [PMID: 27015560 PMCID: PMC5041899 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a major regulator of cell growth and is frequently dysregulated in cancer. While mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) is a validated cancer target, the role of mTOR complex-2 (mTORC2) remains less defined. Here, we reveal mTORC2 as a critical regulator of breast cancer metabolism. We showed that hyperphosphorylation in ATP citrate lyase (ACL) occurs frequently in human breast tumors and correlates well with HER2+ and/or PIK3CA-mutant (HER2+/PIK3CAmut) status in breast tumor cell lines. In HER2+/PIK3CAmut cells, mTORC2 controls Ser-455 phosphorylation of ACL thereby promoting acetyl-CoA production, de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial physiology, all of which were inhibited by an mTORC1/mTORC2 kinase inhibitor (mTOR-KI) or cellular depletion of mTORC2 or ACL. mTOR-KI but not rapamycin blocked the IGF-1-induced ACL phosphorylation and glucose to lipid conversion. Depletion of mTORC2 but not mTORC1 specifically inhibited the ACL-dependent acetyl-CoA production. In the HER2+/PIK3CAmut MDA361, MDA453, BT-474 and T47D cells, depletion of mTORC2 or ACL led to growth inhibition and mitochondrial hyperpolarization, which were partially rescued by an alternate source of acetyl-CoA. These same changes were not apparent in mTORC2- or ACL-depleted HER2-/PIK3CAwt MDA231 and HCC1806 cells, highlighting a differential dependence of mTORC2-ACL for survival in these two cell types. Moreover, ACL Ser-455 mutants S455E (phosphomimetic) and S455A (non-phosphorylatable) each increased or decreased, respectively, the acetyl-CoA production, mitochondrial homeostasis and survival in ACL-depleted MDA453 cells. These studies define a new and rapamycin-resistant mechanism of mTORC2-ACL in lipogenesis and acetyl-CoA biology and provide a rationale for targeting of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in HER2+/PIK3CAmut breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchang Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun He
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Celine Shi
- Oncology Research, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Xuesai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Oncology Research, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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Malinovsky FG, Thomsen MLF, Nintemann SJ, Jagd LM, Bourgine B, Burow M, Kliebenstein DJ. An evolutionarily young defense metabolite influences the root growth of plants via the ancient TOR signaling pathway. eLife 2017; 6:29353. [PMID: 29231169 PMCID: PMC5730369 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize fitness a plant should monitor its metabolism to appropriately control growth and defense. Primary metabolism can be measured by the universally conserved TOR (Target of Rapamycin) pathway to balance growth and development with the available energy and nutrients. Recent work suggests that plants may measure defense metabolites to potentially provide a strategy ensuring fast reallocation of resources to coordinate plant growth and defense. There is little understanding of mechanisms enabling defense metabolite signaling. To identify mechanisms of defense metabolite signaling, we used glucosinolates, an important class of plant defense metabolites. We report novel signaling properties specific to one distinct glucosinolate, 3-hydroxypropylglucosinolate across plants and fungi. This defense metabolite, or derived compounds, reversibly inhibits root growth and development. 3-hydroxypropylglucosinolate signaling functions via genes in the ancient TOR pathway. If this event is not unique, this raises the possibility that other evolutionarily new plant metabolites may link to ancient signaling pathways. Plants, like all organisms, must invest their resources carefully. Growing new roots or shoots may allow a plant to better exploit its environment. But a plant should never leave itself vulnerable to disease. As such, there must be a balance between allocating resources to growth or to defense. Brassicas like cabbage, Brussels sprouts and wasabi use unique compounds called glucosinolates to protect themselves against pests and disease-causing microbes. These same compounds give these vegetables their distinctive flavors, and they are the source of many of the health benefits linked to eating these vegetables. Yet it was not known if glucosinolates could also affect a plant’s growth and development. Malinovsky et al. tested a number of purified glucosinolates with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and found that one (called 3-hydroxypropylglucosinolate) caused the plants to grow with stunted roots. When 10 other species of plant were grown with this glucosinolate, almost all had shorter-than-normal roots. The effect was not limited to plants; baker’s yeast also grew less when its liquid media contained the plant-derived compound. The reason glucosinolates can protect plants against insect pests, provide us with health benefits, and widely inhibit growth is most likely because they have evolved to interact with proteins that are found in many different organisms.Indeed, through experiments with mutant Arabidopsis plants, Malinovsky et al. revealed that their glucosinolate influences the TOR complex. This complex of proteins works in an ancient and widespread signaling pathway that balances growth and development with the available energy and nutrients in organisms ranging from humans to yeast to plants. The TOR complex plays such a vital role in living cells that problems with this complex have been linked to diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Importantly, the chemical structure of this glucosinolate is unlike other compounds that have already been tested against the TOR complex. As such, it is possible that this glucosinolate might lead to new drugs for a range of human diseases. Further, as this compound affects plant growth, it could also act as a starting point for new herbicides. Together these findings show how studying molecules made in model organisms and understanding how they function can lead to the identification of new compounds and targets with an unexpectedly wide range of potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke Gro Malinovsky
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie-Louise F Thomsen
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sebastian J Nintemann
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Møller Jagd
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Baptiste Bourgine
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- DynaMo Center, Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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Herschbein L, Liesveld JL. Dueling for dual inhibition: Means to enhance effectiveness of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in AML. Blood Rev 2017; 32:235-248. [PMID: 29276026 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway is amplified in 60-80% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Since this complex pathway is crucial to cell functions such as growth, proliferation, and survival, inhibition of this pathway would be postulated to inhibit leukemia initiation and propagation. Inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway has met with limited success in AML due to multiple resistance mechanisms including direct insensitivity of the mTORC1 complex, feedback activation of the PI3k/Akt signaling network, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) activation of PI3K, and others. This review explores the role of mTOR inhibition in AML, mechanisms of resistance, and means to improve outcomes through use of dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors or dual TORC/PI3K inhibitors. How these inhibitors interface with currently available therapies in AML will require additional preclinical experiments and conduct of well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Herschbein
- Department of Medicine, The James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Jane L Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, The James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Abu-Remaileh M, Wyant GA, Kim C, Laqtom NN, Abbasi M, Chan SH, Freinkman E, Sabatini DM. Lysosomal metabolomics reveals V-ATPase- and mTOR-dependent regulation of amino acid efflux from lysosomes. Science 2017; 358:807-813. [PMID: 29074583 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The lysosome degrades and recycles macromolecules, signals to the cytosol and nucleus, and is implicated in many diseases. Here, we describe a method for the rapid isolation of mammalian lysosomes and use it to quantitatively profile lysosomal metabolites under various cell states. Under nutrient-replete conditions, many lysosomal amino acids are in rapid exchange with those in the cytosol. Loss of lysosomal acidification through inhibition of the vacuolar H+-adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) increased the luminal concentrations of most metabolites but had no effect on those of the majority of essential amino acids. Instead, nutrient starvation regulates the lysosomal concentrations of these amino acids, an effect we traced to regulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Inhibition of mTOR strongly reduced the lysosomal efflux of most essential amino acids, converting the lysosome into a cellular depot for them. These results reveal the dynamic nature of lysosomal metabolites and that V-ATPase- and mTOR-dependent mechanisms exist for controlling lysosomal amino acid efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gregory A Wyant
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Choah Kim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nouf N Laqtom
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maria Abbasi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sze Ham Chan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizaveta Freinkman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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36
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Qiu GZ, Jin MZ, Dai JX, Sun W, Feng JH, Jin WL. Reprogramming of the Tumor in the Hypoxic Niche: The Emerging Concept and Associated Therapeutic Strategies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:669-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current overview will summarize some of the developments in the area of protein translation, including their relation to the therapeutic targeting of prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Translational control, mediated by the rate-limiting eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), drives selective translation of several oncogenic proteins, thereby contributing to tumor growth, metastasis, and treatment resistance in various cancers, including prostate cancer. As an essential regulatory hub, several oncogenic hyperactive signaling pathways appear to converge on eIF4E to promote tumorigenesis. Several approaches that target the eIF4E-dependent protein translation network are being actively studied, and it is likely that some may ultimately emerge as promising anticancer therapeutics. SUMMARY An array of inhibitors has shown promise in targeting specific components of the translational machinery in several preclinical models of prostate cancer. It is hoped that some of these approaches may ultimately have relevance in improving the clinical outcomes of patients with advanced prostate cancer.
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Chamcheu JC, Adhami VM, Esnault S, Sechi M, Siddiqui IA, Satyshur KA, Syed DN, Dodwad SJM, Chaves-Rodriquez MI, Longley BJ, Wood GS, Mukhtar H. Dual Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and mTOR by the Dietary Antioxidant, Delphinidin, Ameliorates Psoriatic Features In Vitro and in an Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Disease in Mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:49-69. [PMID: 27393705 PMCID: PMC5206770 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM The treatment of psoriasis remains elusive, underscoring the need for identifying novel disease targets and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches. We recently reported that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway that is frequently deregulated in many malignancies is also clinically relevant for psoriasis. We also provided rationale for developing delphinidin (Del), a dietary antioxidant for the management of psoriasis. This study utilized high-throughput biophysical and biochemical approaches and in vitro and in vivo models to identify molecular targets regulated by Del in psoriasis. RESULTS A kinome-level screen and Kds analyses against a panel of 102 human kinase targets showed that Del binds to three lipid (PIK3CG, PIK3C2B, and PIK3CA) and six serine/threonine (PIM1, PIM3, mTOR, S6K1, PLK2, and AURKB) kinases, five of which belong to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Surface plasmon resonance and in silico molecular modeling corroborated Del's direct interactions with three PI3Ks (α/c2β/γ), mTOR, and p70S6K. Del treatment of interleukin-22 or TPA-stimulated normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) significantly inhibited proliferation, activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR components, and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. To establish the in vivo relevance of these findings, an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced Balb/c mouse psoriasis-like skin model was employed. Topical treatment of Del significantly decreased (i) hyperproliferation and epidermal thickness, (ii) skin infiltration by immune cells, (iii) psoriasis-related cytokines/chemokines, (iv) PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation, and (v) increased differentiation when compared with controls. Innovation and Conclusion: Our observation that Del inhibits key kinases involved in psoriasis pathogenesis and alleviates IMQ-induced murine psoriasis-like disease suggests a novel PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway modulator that could be developed to treat psoriasis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 49-69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Vaqar M Adhami
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephane Esnault
- 2 Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mario Sechi
- 3 Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari, Italy
| | - Imtiaz A Siddiqui
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kenneth A Satyshur
- 4 Small Molecule Screening Facility, Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin.,5 Middleton VA Medical Center , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Deeba N Syed
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Shah-Jahan M Dodwad
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Maria-Ines Chaves-Rodriquez
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin.,6 Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica , Cartago, Republica de Costa Rica
| | - B Jack Longley
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gary S Wood
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- 1 Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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Wang Q, Wan L, Liu L, Liu J. Role of the mTOR Signalling Pathway in Experimental Rabbit Vein Grafts. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:1124-1132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Roohi A, Hojjat-Farsangi M. Recent advances in targeting mTOR signaling pathway using small molecule inhibitors. J Drug Target 2016; 25:189-201. [PMID: 27632356 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1236112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted-based cancer therapy (TBCT) or personalized medicine is one of the main treatment modalities for cancer that has been developed to decrease the undesirable effects of chemotherapy. Targeted therapy inhibits the growth of tumor cells by interrupting with particular molecules required for tumorigenesis and proliferation of tumor cells rather than interfering with dividing normal cells. Therefore, targeted therapies are anticipated to be more efficient than former tumor treatment agents with minimal side effects on non-tumor cells. Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) are currently one of the most investigated anti-tumor agents of TBCT. These small organic agents target several vital molecules involved in cell biological processes and induce target cells apoptosis and necrosis. Mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes (mTORC1/2) control different intracellular processes, including growth, proliferation, angiogenesis and metabolism. Signaling pathways, in which mTOR complexes are involved in are usually dysregulated in various tumors and have been shown to be ideal targets for SMIs. Currently, different mTOR-SMIs are in the clinic for the treatment of cancer patients, and several others are in preclinical or clinical settings. In this review, we summarize recent advances in developing different mTOR inhibitors, which are currently in preclinical and clinical investigations or have been approved for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Roohi
- a Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- b Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab , Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
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Targeting the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Lung Cancer. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:507-516. [PMID: 27865299 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite advances in its prevention and management, the prognosis of patients with lung cancer remains poor. Therefore, much attention is being given to factors that contribute to the development of this disease, the mechanisms that drive oncogenesis and tumor progression and the search for novel targets that could lead to the development of more effective treatments. One cellular pathway implicated in lung cancer development and progression is that of the mammalian target of rapamycin. Studies involving human tissues have linked lung cancer with abnormalities in this pathway. Furthermore, studies in vitro and in vivo using animal models of lung cancer reveal that targeting this pathway might represent an effective means of treating this disease. As a result, there is significant effort invested in the development of drugs targeting mammalian target of rapamycin and related pathways in the clinical setting.
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van der Mijn JC, Panka DJ, Geissler AK, Verheul HM, Mier JW. Novel drugs that target the metabolic reprogramming in renal cell cancer. Cancer Metab 2016; 4:14. [PMID: 27418963 PMCID: PMC4944519 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-016-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular profiling studies of tumor tissue from patients with clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC) have revealed extensive metabolic reprogramming in this disease. Associations were found between metabolic reprogramming, histopathologic Fuhrman grade, and overall survival of patients. Large-scale genomics, proteomics, and metabolomic analyses have been performed to identify the molecular players in this process. Genes involved in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, glutamine metabolism, and lipogenesis were found to be upregulated in renal cell cancer (RCC) specimens as compared to normal tissue. Preclinical research indicates that mutations in VHL, FBP1, and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway drives aerobic glycolysis through transcriptional activation of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). Mechanistic studies revealed glutamine as an important source for de novo fatty acid synthesis through reductive carboxylation. Amplification of MYC drives reductive carboxylation. In this review, we present a detailed overview of the metabolic changes in RCC in conjunction with potential novel therapeutics. We discuss preclinical studies that have investigated targeted agents that interfere with various aspects of tumor cell metabolism and emphasize their impact specifically on glycolysis, lipogenesis, and tumor growth. Furthermore, we describe a number of phase 1 and 2 clinical trials that have been conducted with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C van der Mijn
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA ; Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Internal Medicine, OLVG; Jan van Tooropstraat 164, 1061 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Panka
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Andrew K Geissler
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Henk M Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James W Mier
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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Curtis KK, Wong WW, Ross HJ. Past approaches and future directions for targeting tumor hypoxia in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 103:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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New development of inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in personalized treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2016; 26:1-14. [PMID: 25304988 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common pathological type of lung cancer, divided into squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Despite better techniques of surgery and improvement in adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy, the median survival of advanced NSCLC is only 8-10 months. With increased understanding of molecular alternations in NSCLC, considerable efforts have focused on the development of personalized molecular-targeted therapies. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates tumor development, growth, and proliferation of NSCLC. Various novel inhibitors targeting this pathway have been identified in preclinical studies or clinical trials. Some genetic alternations may be considered sensitive or resistant biomarkers to these inhibitors. Sometimes, upregulation of RTK and the downstream PI3K pathway or upregulation of the ERK pathway by compensatory feedback reactivation in response to these inhibitors also lead to drug resistance. Therefore, combination therapy of these inhibitors and other targeted inhibitors such as EGFR-TKI or MEK inhibitors according to genetic status and categories of inhibitors is required to enhance the efficacy of these inhibitors. Here, we reviewed the genetic status of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in NSCLC and the novel inhibitors targeting this pathway in preclinical or clinical studies, exploring the possible genetic alternations related to different inhibitors and the means to enhance the antitumor effect in NSCLC.
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Xiao L, Yan K, Yang Y, Chen N, Li Y, Deng X, Wang L, Liu Y, Mu L, Li R, Luo M, Ren M, Wu J. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment induces blood flow recovery through vascular remodeling in high-fat diet induced diabetic mice. Microvasc Res 2016; 105:70-6. [PMID: 26808210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to the development of microvascular diseases and is associated with impaired angiogenesis. The presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can block PDGF-BB dependent regulation of neovascularization and vessel normalization. We tested the hypothesis that the inhibition of VEGF improves blood flow in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model produced by femoral artery ligation. In this study, we examined the effect of bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against VEGF-A, on blood perfusion and angiogenesis after hindlimb ischemia. We showed that bevacizumab induces functional blood flow in high fat chow (HFC)-fed diabetic mice. Treatment with bevacizumab increased the expression of platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in ischemic muscle, and led to vascular normalization. It also blocked vascular leakage by improving the recruitment of pericytes associated with nascent blood vessels, but it did not affect capillary formation. Furthermore, treatment with an anti-PDGF drug significantly inhibited blood flow perfusion in diabetic mice treated with bevacizumab. These results indicate that bevacizumab improves blood flow recovery through the induction of PDGF-BB in a diabetic mouse hindlimb ischemia model, and that vessel normalization may represent a useful strategy for the prevention and treatment of diabetic peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Xiao
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yan
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yang
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Chen
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Deng
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Mu
- Affiliated TCM Hospital, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Luo
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiping Ren
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Drug Discovery Research Center, Luzhou, Sichuan, Sichuan Medical University, People's Republic of China; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Abstract
The translation initiation factor eIF4E mediates a rate-limiting process that drives selective translation of many oncongenic proteins such as cyclin D1, survivin and VEGF, thereby contributing to tumour growth, metastasis and therapy resistance. As an essential regulatory hub in cancer signalling network, many oncogenic signalling pathways appear to converge on eIF4E. Therefore, targeting eIF4E-mediated cap-dependent translation is considered a promising anticancer strategy. This paper reviews the strategies that can be used to target eIF4E, highlighting agents that target eIF4E activity at each distinct level.
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Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Faheem A, Sun T, Li C, Li Z, Zhao D, Wu C, Liu J. A novel AKT inhibitor, AZD5363, inhibits phosphorylation of AKT downstream molecules, and activates phosphorylation of mTOR and SMG-1 dependent on the liver cancer cell type. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1685-1692. [PMID: 26998062 PMCID: PMC4774473 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to frequent phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway dysregulation, AKT is typically accepted as a promising anticancer therapeutic target. mTOR, in particular, represents a suitable therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma, whilst suppressor with morphogenetic effect on genitalia family member-1 (SMG-1) is believed to serve a potential tumor suppressor role in human cancer. Despite SMG-1 and mTOR belonging to the same PI3K-related kinase family, the interactions between them are not yet fully understood. In the present study, a novel pyrrolopyrimidine-derived compound, AZD5363, was observed to suppress proliferation in liver cancer Hep-G2 and Huh-7 cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of downstream molecules in the AKT signal pathway, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. AZD5363 activated the phosphorylation of mTOR, dependent on the liver cancer cell type, as it may have differing effects in various liver cancer cell lines. Additionally, AZD5363 also activated SMG-1 within the same liver cancer cells types, which subsequently activated the phosphorylation of mTOR. In conclusion, the present study indicates that AZD5363 inhibited phosphorylation of AKT downstream molecules, and activated phosphorylation of mTOR and SMG-1, dependent on the liver cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Center of Organ Transplantation, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yuanwen Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Center of Organ Transplantation, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ali Faheem
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Tiantong Sun
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chunyou Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Center of Organ Transplantation, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Center of Organ Transplantation, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Diantang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Center of Organ Transplantation, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Center of Organ Transplantation, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Center of Organ Transplantation, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Rubinfeld H, Cohen O, Kammer A, Yang G, Cohen ZR, Hadani M, Shimon I. Combination of mTOR Inhibitors Augments Potency while Activating PI3K Signaling in Pituitary Tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:592-604. [PMID: 26562326 DOI: 10.1159/000442205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the success in treating some cancers, the efficacy of the mTOR inhibitors rapalogs as anti-cancer therapeutics has been limited. AIMS We undertook to examine the effects of Torin1, a second-generation selective ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor, in non-functioning pituitary tumor cells. During characterization of the molecular mechanisms that mediate Torin1 actions, there seemed to be a rationale for combining it with rapalogs. METHODS Proliferation assays, flow cytometry and Western blotting were applied to assess the effects of Torin1, RAD001 and their combination on an MtT/E pituitary cell line and human-derived non-functioning pituitary tumor cells. RESULTS Combined long treatments of Torin1 and RAD001 induced a pronounced reduction in cell growth and viability of both MtT/E pituitary cells and human-derived non-functioning pituitary tumor cells, superior to each drug alone. This was remarkable in the 10 nM combination and was reflected in a triggered decrease of cyclin D3 and p21/CIP expression. Interestingly, Akt-Thr308 and SIN1-Thr86 phosphorylations were robustly elevated in the combined treatment, accompanied by a reduction in PTEN expression. Phosphorylation of p70S6K was abolished in all individual and combined treatments. Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation, induced by RAD001, was reduced by the combined treatment to the same extent as when treated by Torin1 alone. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the differential signaling mechanisms induced by these compounds eventually converge to lead to an efficient blockade of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in pituitary tumor cells and may facilitate a reduction in treatment dosage.
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Cargnello M, Tcherkezian J, Roux PP. The expanding role of mTOR in cancer cell growth and proliferation. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:169-76. [PMID: 25688110 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved protein kinase that controls several anabolic processes required for cell growth and proliferation. As such, mTOR has been implicated in an increasing number of pathological conditions, including cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes and neurodegeneration. As part of the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR regulates cell growth by promoting the biosynthesis of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Several mTORC1 substrates have been shown to regulate protein synthesis, including the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding proteins (4E-BPs) and the ribosomal S6 kinases (S6Ks) 1 and 2. In this work, we focus on the signalling pathways that lie both upstream and downstream of mTORC1, as well as their relevance to human pathologies. We further discuss pharmacological approaches that target mTOR and their applications for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cargnello
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joseph Tcherkezian
- Laboratory for Therapeutic Development, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada and
| | - Philippe P Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Kurdi A, De Meyer GRY, Martinet W. Potential therapeutic effects of mTOR inhibition in atherosclerosis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 82:1267-1279. [PMID: 26551391 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant improvement in the management of atherosclerosis, this slowly progressing disease continues to affect countless patients around the world. Recently, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been identified as a pre-eminent factor in the development of atherosclerosis. mTOR is a constitutively active kinase found in two different multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Pharmacological interventions with a class of macrolide immunosuppressive drugs, called rapalogs, have shown undeniable evidence of the value of mTORC1 inhibition to prevent the development of atherosclerotic plaques in several animal models. Rapalog-eluting stents have also shown extraordinary results in humans, even though the exact mechanism for this anti-atherosclerotic effect remains elusive. Unfortunately, rapalogs are known to trigger diverse undesirable effects owing to mTORC1 resistance or mTORC2 inhibition. These adverse effects include dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, both known triggers of atherosclerosis. Several strategies, such as combination therapy with statins and metformin, have been suggested to oppose rapalog-mediated adverse effects. Statins and metformin are known to inhibit mTORC1 indirectly via 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and may hold the key to exploit the full potential of mTORC1 inhibition in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Intermittent regimens and dose reduction have also been proposed to improve rapalog's mTORC1 selectivity, thereby reducing mTORC2-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Kurdi
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido R Y De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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