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Gorai S, Rathore G, Das K. Selumetinib-A Comprehensive Review of the New FDA-Approved Drug for Neurofibromatosis. Indian Dermatol Online J 2024; 15:701-705. [PMID: 39050082 PMCID: PMC11265740 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_569_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Gorai
- Department of Dermatology, Day Care Building, Apollo Multispeciality Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gyanesh Rathore
- Department of Dermatology, Day Care Building, Apollo Multispeciality Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kinnor Das
- Department of Dermatology, Day Care Building, Apollo Multispeciality Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Combarel D, Dousset L, Bouchet S, Ferrer F, Tetu P, Lebbe C, Ciccolini J, Meyer N, Paci A. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancers: Treatment optimization - Part I. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 199:104384. [PMID: 38762217 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A multitude of TKI has been developed and approved targeting various oncogenetic alterations. While these have provided improvements in efficacy compared with conventional chemotherapies, resistance to targeted therapies occurs. Mutations in the kinase domain result in the inability of TKI to inactivate the protein kinase. Also, gene amplification, increased protein expression and downstream activation or bypassing of signalling pathways are commonly reported mechanisms of resistance. Improved understanding of mechanisms involved in TKI resistance has resulted in the development of new generations of targeted agents. In a race against time, the search for new, more potent and efficient drugs, and/or combinations of drugs, remains necessary as new resistance mechanisms to the latest generation of TKI emerge. This review examines the various generations of TKI approved to date and their common mechanisms of resistance, focusing on TKI targeting BCR-ABL, epidermal growth factor receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase and BRAF/MEK tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Combarel
- Service de Pharmacologie, Département de Biologie et Pathologie médicales, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France; Service de Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry 92 296, France
| | - Léa Dousset
- Dermatology Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane Bouchet
- Département de Pharmacologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Florent Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France; SMARTc Unit, CRCM Inserm U1068, Aix Marseille Univ and APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Pauline Tetu
- Department of Dermatology, APHP Dermatology, Paris 7 Diderot University, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Céleste Lebbe
- Department of Dermatology, APHP Dermatology, Paris 7 Diderot University, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Ciccolini
- SMARTc Unit, CRCM Inserm U1068, Aix Marseille Univ and APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037-CRCT, Toulouse, France
| | - Angelo Paci
- Service de Pharmacologie, Département de Biologie et Pathologie médicales, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France; Service de Pharmacocinétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry 92 296, France.
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3
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Kosumi K, Baba Y, Hara Y, Wang H, Nomoto D, Toihata T, Ohuchi M, Harada K, Eto K, Ogawa K, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida N, Baba H. Body Composition and Clinical Outcomes in Esophageal Cancer Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:3839-3849. [PMID: 38421531 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-024-15093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with increased mortality in various cancers, but the relationship between obesity and clinical outcomes in unresectable or recurrent esophageal cancer who receive immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remains unknown. This study investigated the association between body composition and clinical outcomes in patients with unresectable or recurrent esophageal cancer who received ICIs. METHODS Utilizing an unbiased database of 111 unresectable or recurrent esophageal cancers, we evaluated the relationships between body composition (body mass index, waist circumference, psoas major muscle volume, and subcutaneous and visceral fat areas) at the initiation of ICI treatment and clinical outcomes including the disease control rate and progression-free survival (PFS). RESULTS Waist circumference was significantly associated with the disease control rate at the first assessment (P = 0.0008). A high waist circumference was significantly associated with favorable PFS in patients treated with nivolumab. In an univariable model, for 5-cm increase of waist circumference in the outcome category of PFS, univariable hazard ratio (HR) was 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.87; P = 0.0002). A multivariable model controlling for potential confounders yielded a similar finding (multivariable HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.94; P = 0.027). We observed the similar finding in esophageal cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab+CDDP+5-FU (P = 0.048). In addition, waist circumference was significantly associated with the prognostic nutritional index (P = 0.0073). CONCLUSIONS A high waist circumference was associated with favorable clinical outcomes in ICI-treated patients with unresectable or recurrent esophageal cancer, providing a platform for further investigations on the relationships among body composition, nutrition, and the immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Next-Generation Surgical Therapy Development, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Next-Generation Surgical Therapy Development, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Haolin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daichi Nomoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tasuku Toihata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ohuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kojiro Eto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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4
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Wu Z, Zhang R, Bao J, Yin M, Wang X. Development of a biomarker signature associated with anoikis to predict prognosis and immunotherapy response in melanoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:219. [PMID: 38787413 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is malignant cancer known for its high aggressiveness and unfavorable prognosis, particularly in advanced tumors. Anoikis is a specific pattern of programmed cell death associated with tumor regeneration, migration, and metastasis. Nevertheless, limited research has been conducted to investigate the function of anoikis in SKCM. Anoikis-related genes (ARGs) were extracted from Genecards to identify SKCM subtypes and to explore the immune microenvironment between the different subtypes. Prognostic models of SKCM were developed by LASSO COX regression analysis. Subsequently, the predictive value of risk scores in SKCM and the association with immunotherapy were further explored. Finally, the expression of 6 ARGs involved in the model construction was detected by immunohistochemistry and PCR. This study identified 20 ARGs significantly associated with SKCM prognosis and performed disease subtype analysis of samples based on these genes, different subtypes exhibited significantly different clinical features and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) landscapes. The risk score prognostic model was generated by further screening and identification of the six ARGs. The model exhibited a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to predict the prognosis of individuals with SKCM. These high- and low-risk populations showed different immune statuses and drug sensitivity. Further immunohistochemical and PCR experiments identified significant differential expression of the six ARGs in tumor and normal samples. Anoikis-based features may serve as novel prognostic biomarkers for SKCM and may provide important new insights for survival prediction and individualized treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Bao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, 214200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325015, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Guo X, Huang S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Li L, Ran J, Chen D, Li X, Li J. Evodiamine inhibits growth of vemurafenib drug-resistant melanoma via suppressing IRS4/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. J Nat Med 2024; 78:342-354. [PMID: 38324123 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Evodiamine, a novel alkaloid, was isolated from the fruit of tetradium. It exerts a diversity of pharmacological effects and has been used to treat gastropathy, hypertension, and eczema. Several studies reported that evodiamine has various biological effects, including anti-nociceptive, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer activities. However, there is no research regarding its effects on drug-resistant cancer. This study aimed to investigate the effect of evodiamine on human vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells (A375/R cells) proliferation ability and its mechanism. Cell activity was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. Flow cytometry assay was used to assess cell apoptosis and cell cycle. A xenograft model was used to analyze the inhibitory effects of evodiamine on tumor growth. Bioinformatics analyses, network pharmacology, and molecular docking were used to explore the potential mechanism of evodiamine in vemurafenib-resistant melanoma. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were performed to reveal the molecular mechanism. The alkaloid extract of the fruit of tetradium, evodiamine showed the strongest tumor inhibitory effect on vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells compared to treatment with vemurafenib alone. Evodiamine inhibited vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cell growth, proliferation, and induced apoptosis, conforming to a dose-effect relationship and time-effect relationship. Results from network pharmacology and molecular docking suggested that evodiamine might interact with IRS4 to suppress growth of human vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells. Interestingly, evodiamine suppressed IRS4 expression and then inhibited PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and thus had the therapeutic action on vemurafenib-resistant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxian Guo
- Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zigong First People's Hospital, Zigong, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Clinical Big-Data and Drug Evaluation Medical Data Science Academy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Department of Pharmacy, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children), Chongqing, China
| | - Lisha Li
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jianhua Ran
- Neuroscience Research Center, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dilong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou, 404100, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou, 404100, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Singvogel K, Schittek B. Dormancy of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:88. [PMID: 38419052 PMCID: PMC10903048 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Many cancer-related deaths including melanoma result from metastases that develop months or years after the initial cancer therapy. Even the most effective drugs and immune therapies rarely eradicate all tumor cells. Instead, they strongly reduce cancer burden, permitting dormant cancer cells to persist in niches, where they establish a cellular homeostasis with their host without causing clinical symptoms. Dormant cancers respond poorly to most drugs and therapies since they do not proliferate and hide in niches. It therefore remains a major challenge to develop novel therapies for dormant cancers. In this review we focus on the mechanisms regulating the initiation of cutaneous melanoma dormancy as well as those which are involved in reawakening of dormant cutaneous melanoma cells. In recent years the role of neutrophils and niche components in reawakening of melanoma cells came into focus and indicate possible future therapeutic applications. Sophisticated in vitro and in vivo melanoma dormancy models are needed to make progress in this field and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Singvogel
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D -72076 , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D -72076 , Tübingen, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Gadgeel SM, Miao J, Riess JW, Moon J, Mack PC, Gerstner GJ, Burns TF, Taj A, Akerley WL, Dragnev KH, Laudi N, Redman MW, Gray JE, Gandara DR, Kelly K. Phase II Study of Docetaxel and Trametinib in Patients with KRAS Mutation Positive Recurrent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC; SWOG S1507, NCT-02642042). Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:3641-3649. [PMID: 37233987 PMCID: PMC10526968 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Efficacy of MEK inhibitors in KRAS+ NSCLC may differ based on specific KRAS mutations and comutations. Our hypothesis was that docetaxel and trametinib would improve activity in KRAS+ NSCLC and specifically in KRAS G12C NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS S1507 is a single-arm phase II study assessing the response rate (RR) with docetaxel plus trametinib in recurrent KRAS+ NSCLC and secondarily in the G12C subset. The accrual goal was 45 eligible patients, with at least 25 with G12C mutation. The design was two-stage design to rule out a 17% RR, within the overall population at the one-sided 3% level and within the G12C subset at the 5% level. RESULTS Between July 18, 2016, and March 15, 2018, 60 patients were enrolled with 53 eligible and 18 eligible in the G12C cohort. The RR was 34% [95% confidence interval (CI), 22-48] overall and 28% (95% CI, 10-53) in G12C. Median PFS and OS were 4.1 and 3.3 months and 10.9 and 8.8 months, overall and in the subset, respectively. Common toxicities were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, rash, anemia, mucositis, and neutropenia. Among 26 patients with known status for TP53 (10+ve) and STK11 (5+ve), OS (HR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.16-7.01), and RR (0% vs. 56%, P = 0.004) were worse in patients with TP53 mutated versus wild-type cancers. CONCLUSIONS RRs were significantly improved in the overall population. Contrary to preclinical studies, the combination showed no improvement in efficacy in G12C patients. Comutations may influence therapeutic efficacy of KRAS directed therapies and are worthy of further evaluation. See related commentary by Cantor and Aggarwal, p. 3563.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jieling Miao
- SWOG Statistical and Data Management Center
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - James Moon
- SWOG Statistical and Data Management Center
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - Asma Taj
- Michigan CRC NCORP/St. Mary’s of Michigan, Saginaw, MI
| | | | | | - Noel Laudi
- Mercy Hospital/Minnesota Community Oncology Research Consortium, Coon Rapids, MN
| | - Mary W. Redman
- SWOG Statistical and Data Management Center
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Karen Kelly
- University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
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8
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Florent L, Saby C, Slimano F, Morjani H. BRAF V600-Mutated Metastatic Melanoma and Targeted Therapy Resistance: An Update of the Current Knowledge. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092607. [PMID: 37174072 PMCID: PMC10177463 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most common cause of death in skin cancer due to its high metastatic potential. While targeted therapies have improved the care of patients with metastatic melanoma harboring the BRAFV600E mutation, these treatments are associated with a high frequency of resistance. Resistance factors are related to cellular adaptation as well as to changes in the tumor microenvironment. At the cellular level, resistance involves mutations, overexpression, activation, or inhibition of effectors involved in cell signaling pathways such as MAPK, PI3K/AKT, MITF, and epigenetic factors (miRNAs). In addition, several components of the melanoma microenvironment, such as soluble factors, collagen, and stromal cells also play a crucial role in this resistance. In fact, extracellular matrix remodeling impacts the physical and chemical properties with changes in the stiffness and acidity, respectively of the microenvironment. The cellular and immune components of the stroma are also affected, including immune cells and CAF. The aim of this manuscript is to review the mechanisms responsible for resistance to targeted therapies in BRAFV600E-mutated metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Florent
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, BioSpecT EA 7506, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Charles Saby
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, BioSpecT EA 7506, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Florian Slimano
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, BioSpecT EA 7506, 51097 Reims, France
- CHU Reims, Department of Pharmacy, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Hamid Morjani
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR de Pharmacie, BioSpecT EA 7506, 51097 Reims, France
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Wang X, Yu J, Liu X, Luo D, Li Y, Song L, Jiang X, Yin X, Wang Y, Chai L, Luo T, Jing J, Shi H. PSMG2-controlled proteasome-autophagy balance mediates the tolerance for MEK-targeted therapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100741. [PMID: 36099919 PMCID: PMC9512673 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although the MAPK pathway is aberrantly activated in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), the clinical outcome of MEK-targeted therapy is still poor. Through a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library screening, we find that inhibition of PSMG2 sensitizes TNBC cells BT549 and MB468 to the MEK inhibitor AZD6244. Mechanistically, PSMG2 knockdown impairs proteasome function, which in turn activates autophagy-mediated PDPK1 degradation. The PDPK1 degradation significantly enhances AZD6244-induced tumor cell growth inhibition by interrupting the negative feedback signals toward the AKT pathway. Consistently, co-targeting proteasomes and MEK with inhibitors synergistically suppresses tumor cell growth. The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine partially relieves the PDPK1 degradation and reverses the growth inhibition induced by combinatorial inhibition of MEK and proteasome. The combination regimen with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 plus AZD6244 synergistically inhibits tumor growth in a 4T1 xenograft mouse model. In summary, our study not only unravels the mechanism of MEK inhibitor resistance but also provides a combinatorial therapeutic strategy for TNBC in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Wang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Yanchu Li
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Linlin Song
- Department of Ultrasound and Laboratory of Ultrasound Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yin
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Research Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Li Chai
- Research Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Hubing Shi
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Breast, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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10
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de Groot E, Varghese S, Tan L, Knighton B, Sobieski M, Nguyen N, Park YS, Powell R, Lorenzi PL, Zheng B, Stephan C, Gopal YNV. Combined inhibition of HMGCoA reductase and mitochondrial complex I induces tumor regression of BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanomas. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:6. [PMID: 35193687 PMCID: PMC8862475 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary and posttreatment resistance to BRAFV600 mutation-targeting inhibitors leads to disease relapse in a majority of melanoma patients. In many instances, this resistance is promoted by upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) in melanoma cells. We recently showed that a novel electron transport chain (ETC) complex I inhibitor, IACS-010759 (IACS), abolished OxPhos and significantly inhibited tumor growth of high-OxPhos, BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)-resistant human melanomas. However, the inhibition was not uniform across different high OxPhos melanomas, and combination with BRAFi did not improve efficacy. METHODS We performed a high-throughput unbiased combinatorial drug screen of clinically relevant small molecules to identify the most potent combination agent with IACS for inhibiting the growth of high-OxPhos, BRAFi-resistant melanomas. We performed bioenergetics and carbon-13 metabolite tracing to delineate the metabolic basis of sensitization of melanomas to the combination treatment. We performed xenograft tumor growth studies and Reverse-Phase Protein Array (RPPA)-based functional proteomics analysis of tumors from mice fed with regular or high-fat diet to evaluate in vivo molecular basis of sensitization to the combination treatment. RESULTS A combinatorial drug screen and subsequent validation studies identified Atorvastatin (STN), a hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (HMGCRi), as the most potent treatment combination with IACS to inhibit in vitro cell growth and induce tumor regression or stasis of some BRAFi-resistant melanomas. Bioenergetics analysis revealed a dependence on fatty acid metabolism in melanomas that responded to the combination treatment. RPPA analysis and carbon-13 tracing analysis in these melanoma cells showed that IACS treatment decreased metabolic fuel utilization for fatty acid metabolism, but increased substrate availability for activation of the mevalonate pathway by HMGCR, creating a dependence on this pathway. Functional proteomic analysis showed that IACS treatment inhibited MAPK but activated AKT pathway. Combination treatment with STN counteracted AKT activation. CONCLUSIONS STN and other clinically approved HMGCRi could be promising combinatorial agents for improving the efficacy of ETC inhibitors like IACS in BRAFi-resistant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn de Groot
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sruthy Varghese
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara Knighton
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary Sobieski
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Sung Park
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Reid Powell
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Zheng
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Clifford Stephan
- Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y N Vashisht Gopal
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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11
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Peil J, Bock F, Kiefer F, Schmidt R, Heindl LM, Cursiefen C, Schlereth SL. New Therapeutic Approaches for Conjunctival Melanoma-What We Know So Far and Where Therapy Is Potentially Heading: Focus on Lymphatic Vessels and Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1478. [PMID: 35163401 PMCID: PMC8835854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival melanoma (CM) accounts for 5% of all ocular melanomas and arises from malignantly transformed melanocytes in the conjunctival epithelium. Current therapies using surgical excision in combination with chemo- or cryotherapy still have high rates for recurrences and metastatic disease. Lately, novel signal transduction-targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitors like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) receptor inhibitors, BRAF- or MEK-inhibitors for systemic treatment of melanoma have improved the outcome even for unresectable cutaneous melanoma, improving patient survival dramatically. The use of these therapies is now also recommended for CM; however, the immunological background of CM is barely known, underlining the need for research to better understand the immunological basics when treating CM patients with immunomodulatory therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors activate tumor defense by interrupting inhibitory interactions between tumor cells and T lymphocytes at the so-called checkpoints. The tumor cells exploit these inhibitory targets on T-cells that are usually used by dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are antigen-presenting cells at the forefront of immune response induction. They contribute to immune tolerance and immune defense but in the case of tumor development, immune tolerance is often prevalent. Enhancing the immune response via DCs, interfering with the lymphatic pathways during immune cell migration and tumor development and specifically targeting tumor cells is a major therapeutic opportunity for many tumor entities including CM. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the function of lymphatic vessels in tumor growth and immune cell transport and continues to compare DC subsets in CM with related melanomas, such as cutaneous melanoma and mucosal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Peil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Rebecca Schmidt
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Simona L. Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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12
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Zhong J, Yan W, Wang C, Liu W, Lin X, Zou Z, Sun W, Chen Y. BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma: Mechanisms and Alternative Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:1503-1521. [PMID: 36181568 PMCID: PMC9596525 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-01006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Melanoma is caused by a variety of somatic mutations, and among these mutations, BRAF mutation occurs most frequently and has routinely been evaluated as a critical diagnostic biomarker in clinical practice. The introduction of targeted agents for BRAF-mutant melanoma has significantly improved overall survival in a large proportion of patients. However, there is BRAF inhibitor resistance in most patients, and its mechanisms are complicated and need further clarification. Additionally, treatment approaches to overcome resistance have evolved rapidly, shifting from monotherapy to multimodality treatment, which has dramatically improved patient outcomes in clinical trials and practice. This review highlights the mechanisms of BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma and discusses the current state of its therapeutic approaches that can be further explored in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqin Zhong
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangjun Yan
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanlin Liu
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Lin
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijian Zou
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Sun
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Chen
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China
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13
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Saberian C, Davies MA. Re-thinking therapeutic development for CNS metastatic disease. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:74-81. [PMID: 34152638 PMCID: PMC11373440 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been unprecedented progress in the development of systemic therapies for patients with metastatic melanoma over the last decade. There is now tremendous potential and momentum to further and markedly reduce the impact of this disease. However, developing more effective treatments for metastases to the CNS remains a critical challenge for patients with melanoma. Melanoma patients with active CNS metastases have largely been excluded from both early-phase and registration trials for all currently approved targeted and immune therapies for this disease. While this exclusion has generally been justified in clinical research due to concerns about poor prognosis, lack of CNS penetration of agents and/or risk of toxicities, recent post-approval trials have shown the feasibility, safety and clinical benefit of clinical investigation in these patients. These trials have also identified key areas for which more effective strategies are needed. In parallel, recent translational and preclinical research has provided insights into novel immune, molecular and metabolic features of melanoma brain metastases that may mediate the aggressive biology and therapeutic resistance of these tumors. Together, these advances suggest the need for new paradigms for therapeutic development for melanoma patients with CNS metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Saberian
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Wang B, Zhang W, Zhang G, Kwong L, Lu H, Tan J, Sadek N, Xiao M, Zhang J, Labrie M, Randell S, Beroard A, Sugarman E, Rebecca VW, Wei Z, Lu Y, Mills GB, Field J, Villanueva J, Xu X, Herlyn M, Guo W. Targeting mTOR signaling overcomes acquired resistance to combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutant melanoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:5590-5599. [PMID: 34304249 PMCID: PMC8445818 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting MAPK pathway using a combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors is an efficient strategy to treat melanoma harboring BRAF-mutation. The development of acquired resistance is inevitable due to the signaling pathway rewiring. Combining western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and reverse phase protein array (RPPA), we aim to understanding the role of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, a center node of intracellular signaling network, in mediating drug resistance of BRAF-mutant melanoma to the combination of BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) and MEK inhibitor (MEKi) therapy. The mTORC1 signaling pathway is initially suppressed by BRAFi and MEKi combination in melanoma but rebounds overtime after tumors acquire resistance to the combination therapy (CR) as assayed in cultured cells and PDX models. In vitro experiments showed that a subset of CR melanoma cells was sensitive to mTORC1 inhibition. The mTOR inhibitors, rapamycin and NVP-BEZ235, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in CR cell lines. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrated that rapamycin and NVP-BEZ235 treatment reduced tumor growth in CR xenograft models. Mechanistically, AKT or ERK contributes to the activation of mTORC1 in CR cells, depending on PTEN status of these cells. Our study reveals that mTOR activation is essential for drug resistance of melanoma to MAPK inhibitors, and provides insight into the rewiring of the signaling networks in CR melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beike Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gao Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center and Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence Kwong
- Department of Translation Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hezhe Lu
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiufeng Tan
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norah Sadek
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Xiao
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Marilyne Labrie
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sergio Randell
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aurelie Beroard
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric Sugarman
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vito W Rebecca
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, and Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeffrey Field
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Whiteaker JR, Sharma K, Hoffman MA, Kuhn E, Zhao L, Cocco AR, Schoenherr RM, Kennedy JJ, Voytovich U, Lin C, Fang B, Bowers K, Whiteley G, Colantonio S, Bocik W, Roberts R, Hiltke T, Boja E, Rodriguez H, McCormick F, Holderfield M, Carr SA, Koomen JM, Paulovich AG. Targeted mass spectrometry-based assays enable multiplex quantification of receptor tyrosine kinase, MAP Kinase, and AKT signaling. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100015. [PMID: 34671754 PMCID: PMC8525888 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY A primary goal of the US National Cancer Institute's Ras initiative at the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research is to develop methods to quantify RAS signaling to facilitate development of novel cancer therapeutics. We use targeted proteomics technologies to develop a community resource consisting of 256 validated multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-based, multiplexed assays for quantifying protein expression and phosphorylation through the receptor tyrosine kinase, MAPK, and AKT signaling networks. As proof of concept, we quantify the response of melanoma (A375 and SK-MEL-2) and colorectal cancer (HCT-116 and HT-29) cell lines to BRAF inhibition by PLX-4720. These assays replace over 60 Western blots with quantitative mass spectrometry-based assays of high molecular specificity and quantitative precision, showing the value of these methods for pharmacodynamic measurements and mechanism of action studies. Methods, fit-for-purpose validation, and results are publicly available as a resource for the community at assays.cancer.gov. MOTIVATION A lack of quantitative, multiplexable assays for phosphosignaling limits comprehensive investigation of aberrant signaling in cancer and evaluation of novel treatments. To alleviate this limitation, we sought to develop assays using targeted mass spectrometry for quantifying protein expression and phosphorylation through the receptor tyrosine kinase, MAPK, and AKT signaling networks. The resulting assays provide a resource for replacing over 60 Western blots in examining cancer signaling and tumor biology with high molecular specificity and quantitative rigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R. Whiteaker
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kanika Sharma
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Melissa A. Hoffman
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric Kuhn
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexandra R. Cocco
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Regine M. Schoenherr
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jacob J. Kennedy
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ulianna Voytovich
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chenwei Lin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kiah Bowers
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Gordon Whiteley
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biochemical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research ATRF, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Simona Colantonio
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biochemical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research ATRF, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - William Bocik
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biochemical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research ATRF, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Rhonda Roberts
- Antibody Characterization Laboratory, Leidos Biochemical Research Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research ATRF, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Tara Hiltke
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emily Boja
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Office of Cancer Clinical Proteomics Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew Holderfield
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
- Department of Biology, Revolution Medicines, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Steven A. Carr
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John M. Koomen
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Department of Molecular Oncology, and Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Amanda G. Paulovich
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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16
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Cuesta C, Arévalo-Alameda C, Castellano E. The Importance of Being PI3K in the RAS Signaling Network. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1094. [PMID: 34356110 PMCID: PMC8303222 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis. Ras-driven cancers are usually aggressive and difficult to treat. Although the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first Ras G12C inhibitor is an important milestone, only a small percentage of patients will benefit from it. A better understanding of the context in which Ras operates in different tumor types and the outcomes mediated by each effector pathway may help to identify additional strategies and targets to treat Ras-driven tumors. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that both oncogenic Ras signaling in tumor cells and non-oncogenic Ras signaling in stromal cells play an essential role in cancer. PI3K is one of the main Ras effectors, regulating important cellular processes such as cell viability or resistance to therapy or angiogenesis upon oncogenic Ras activation. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of Ras-dependent activation of PI3K both in physiological conditions and cancer, with a focus on how this signaling pathway contributes to the formation of a tumor stroma that promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration, and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther Castellano
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.C.); (C.A.-A.)
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17
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Aliotta F, Nasso R, Rullo R, Arcucci A, Avagliano A, Simonetti M, Sanità G, Masullo M, Lavecchia A, Ruocco MR, Vendittis ED. Inhibition mechanism of naphthylphenylamine derivatives acting on the CDC25B dual phosphatase and analysis of the molecular processes involved in the high cytotoxicity exerted by one selected derivative in melanoma cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1866-1878. [PMID: 32990107 PMCID: PMC7580834 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1819257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dual phosphatases CDC25 are involved in cell cycle regulation and overexpressed in many tumours, including melanoma. CDC25 is a promising target for discovering anticancer drugs, and several studies focussed on characterisation of quinonoid CDC25 inhibitors, frequently causing undesired side toxic effects. Previous work described an optimisation of the inhibition properties by naphthylphenylamine (NPA) derivatives of NSC28620, a nonquinonoid CDC25 inhibitor. Now, the CDC25B•inhibitor interaction was investigated through fluorescence studies, shedding light on the different inhibition mechanism exerted by NPA derivatives. Among the molecular processes, mediating the specific and high cytotoxicity of one NPA derivative in melanoma cells, we observed decrease of phosphoAkt, increase of p53, reduction of CDC25 forms, cytochrome c cytosolic translocation and increase of caspase activity, that lead to the activation of an apoptotic programme. A basic knowledge on CDC25 inhibitors is relevant for discovering potent bioactive molecules, to be used as anticancer agents against the highly aggressive melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Aliotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosarita Nasso
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Rullo
- Institute for the Animal Production Systems in the Mediterranean Environment, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Simonetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Sanità
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, "Drug Discovery" Laboratory, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emmanuele De Vendittis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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18
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Osrodek M, Wozniak M. Targeting Genome Stability in Melanoma-A New Approach to an Old Field. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3485. [PMID: 33800547 PMCID: PMC8036881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent groundbreaking advances in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, it remains one of the most treatment-resistant malignancies. Due to resistance to conventional chemotherapy, the therapeutic focus has shifted away from aiming at melanoma genome stability in favor of molecularly targeted therapies. Inhibitors of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) pathway significantly slow disease progression. However, long-term clinical benefit is rare due to rapid development of drug resistance. In contrast, immune checkpoint inhibitors provide exceptionally durable responses, but only in a limited number of patients. It has been increasingly recognized that melanoma cells rely on efficient DNA repair for survival upon drug treatment, and that genome instability increases the efficacy of both MAPK inhibitors and immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the field of melanoma research which indicate that targeting genome stability of melanoma cells may serve as a powerful strategy to maximize the efficacy of currently available therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal Wozniak
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
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19
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Haugh AM, Salama AKS, Johnson DB. Advanced Melanoma: Resistance Mechanisms to Current Therapies. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:111-128. [PMID: 33759769 PMCID: PMC7991196 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel therapeutic agents introduced over the past decade, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies, have revolutionized the management of metastatic melanoma and significantly improved patient outcomes. Although robust and durable responses have been noted in some cases, treatment is often limited by innate or acquired resistance to these agents. This article provides an overview of known and suspected mechanisms involved with acquired resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors as well as developing insights into innate and acquired resistance to checkpoint inhibitors in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Haugh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 719 Thompson Lane, Suite 20400, Nashville, TN 37204, USA
| | - April K S Salama
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 20 Duke Medicine Cir, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, 777 PRB, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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20
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Béal J, Pantolini L, Noël V, Barillot E, Calzone L. Personalized logical models to investigate cancer response to BRAF treatments in melanomas and colorectal cancers. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1007900. [PMID: 33507915 PMCID: PMC7872233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of response to cancer treatments has benefited greatly from the contribution of different omics data but their interpretation is sometimes difficult. Some mathematical models based on prior biological knowledge of signaling pathways facilitate this interpretation but often require fitting of their parameters using perturbation data. We propose a more qualitative mechanistic approach, based on logical formalism and on the sole mapping and interpretation of omics data, and able to recover differences in sensitivity to gene inhibition without model training. This approach is showcased by the study of BRAF inhibition in patients with melanomas and colorectal cancers who experience significant differences in sensitivity despite similar omics profiles. We first gather information from literature and build a logical model summarizing the regulatory network of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway surrounding BRAF, with factors involved in the BRAF inhibition resistance mechanisms. The relevance of this model is verified by automatically assessing that it qualitatively reproduces response or resistance behaviors identified in the literature. Data from over 100 melanoma and colorectal cancer cell lines are then used to validate the model's ability to explain differences in sensitivity. This generic model is transformed into personalized cell line-specific logical models by integrating the omics information of the cell lines as constraints of the model. The use of mutations alone allows personalized models to correlate significantly with experimental sensitivities to BRAF inhibition, both from drug and CRISPR targeting, and even better with the joint use of mutations and RNA, supporting multi-omics mechanistic models. A comparison of these untrained models with learning approaches highlights similarities in interpretation and complementarity depending on the size of the datasets. This parsimonious pipeline, which can easily be extended to other biological questions, makes it possible to explore the mechanistic causes of the response to treatment, on an individualized basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Béal
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Pantolini
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Noël
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Barillot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Calzone
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM, U900, Paris, France
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Paris, France
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21
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Varghese S, Pramanik S, Williams LJ, Hodges HR, Hudgens CW, Fischer GM, Luo CK, Knighton B, Tan L, Lorenzi PL, Mackinnon AL, McQuade JL, Hailemichael Y, Roszik J, Peng W, Vashisht Gopal YN. The Glutaminase Inhibitor CB-839 (Telaglenastat) Enhances the Antimelanoma Activity of T-Cell-Mediated Immunotherapies. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 20:500-511. [PMID: 33361272 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapies have profoundly improved the survival of patients with melanoma. However, a majority of patients do not respond to these agents, and many responders experience disease relapse. Although numerous innovative treatments are being explored to offset the limitations of these agents, novel therapeutic combinations with immunotherapies have the potential to improve patient responses. In this study, we evaluated the antimelanoma activity of immunotherapy combinations with Telaglenastat (CB-839), a potent glutaminase inhibitor (GLSi) that has favorable systemic tolerance. In in vitro TIL:tumor coculture studies, CB-839 treatment improved the cytotoxic activity of autologous TILs on patient-derived melanoma cells. CB-839 treatment decreased the conversion of glutamine to alpha-ketoglutarate (αKGA) more potently in tumor cells versus TILs in these cocultures. These results suggest that CB-839 may improve immune function in a tumor microenvironment by differentially altering tumor and immune cell metabolism. In vivo CB-839 treatment activated melanoma antigen-specific T cells and improved their tumor killing activity in an immune-competent mouse model of adoptive T-cell therapy. Additionally, the combination of CB-839 with anti-PD1 or anti-CTLA4 antibodies increased tumor infiltration by effector T cells and improved the antitumor activity of these checkpoint inhibitors in a high mutation burden mouse melanoma model. Responsiveness to these treatments was also accompanied by an increase of interferon gamma (IFNγ)-associated gene expression in the tumors. Together, these results provide a strong rationale for combining CB-839 with immune therapies to improve efficacy of these treatments against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Varghese
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Snigdha Pramanik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Leila J Williams
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hannah R Hodges
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | - Courtney W Hudgens
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Grant M Fischer
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Catherine K Luo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Barbara Knighton
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lin Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Philip L Lorenzi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Jennifer L McQuade
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yared Hailemichael
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Weiyi Peng
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Y N Vashisht Gopal
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. .,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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22
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Selumetinib. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 60:283-303. [PMID: 33354735 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selumetinib, a highly specific mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibitor, is approved for children older than 2 years of age with neurofibromatosis 1 who have inoperable plexiform neurofibromas. By selectively binding to mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 proteins, selumetinib can arrest the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway that regulates critical cellular responses. Selumetinib has shown promising results as a single agent or in combination with conventional chemotherapy and other targeted therapies both preclinically and clinically, in multiple cancers including pediatric low-grade glioma, non-small cell lung cancer, and melanoma, among others. The pharmacokinetic profiles of selumetinib and its active metabolite N-desmethyl selumetinib have been well characterized in both adults and children. Both compounds exhibited rapid absorption and mean terminal elimination half-lives of about 7.5 h, with minimal accumulation at steady state. Three population pharmacokinetic models have been developed in adults and children, characterizing large inter- and intra-patient variabilities, and identifying significant covariates including food intake on selumetinib absorption, weight metrics, age, co-administration of cytochrome modulators, and Asian ethnicity on selumetinib apparent oral clearance. The most common side effects associated with selumetinib are dermatologic, gastrointestinal toxicities, and fatigue. Most toxicities are mild or moderate, generally tolerated and manageable. Cardiovascular and ocular toxicities remain less frequent but can be potentially more severe and require close monitoring. Overall, selumetinib exhibits a favorable safety profile and pharmacokinetic properties, with promising activity in multiple solid tumors, supporting current and further evaluation in combination with conventional chemotherapy and other targeted agents.
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23
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Ogino A, Choi J, Lin M, Wilkens MK, Calles A, Xu M, Adeni AE, Chambers ES, Capelletti M, Butaney M, Gray NS, Gokhale PC, Palakurthi S, Kirschmeier P, Oxnard GR, Sholl LM, Jänne PA. Genomic and pathological heterogeneity in clinically diagnosed small cell lung cancer in never/light smokers identifies therapeutically targetable alterations. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:27-42. [PMID: 32191822 PMCID: PMC7782083 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) occurs infrequently in never/former light smokers. We sought to study this rare clinical subset through next-generation sequencing (NGS) and by characterizing a representative patient-derived model. We performed targeted NGS, as well as comprehensive pathological evaluation, in 11 never/former light smokers with clinically diagnosed SCLC. We established a patient-derived model from one such patient (DFCI168) harboring an NRASQ61K mutation and characterized the sensitivity of this model to MEK and TORC1/2 inhibitors. Despite the clinical diagnosis of SCLC, the majority (8/11) of cases were either of nonpulmonary origin or of mixed histology and included atypical carcinoid (n = 1), mixed non-small-cell lung carcinoma and SCLC (n = 4), unspecified poorly differentiated carcinoma (n = 1), or small-cell carcinoma from different origins (n = 2). RB1 and TP53 mutations were found in four and five cases, respectively. Predicted driver mutations were detected in EGFR (n = 2), NRAS (n = 1), KRAS (n = 1), BRCA1 (n = 1), and ATM (n = 1), and one case harbored a TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. DFCI168 (NRASQ61K ) exhibited marked sensitivity to MEK inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. The combination of MEK and mTORC1/2 inhibitors synergized to prevent compensatory mTOR activation, resulting in prolonged growth inhibition in this model and in three other NRAS mutant lung cancer cell lines. SCLC in never/former light smokers is rare and is potentially a distinct disease entity comprised of oncogenic driver mutation-harboring carcinomas morphologically and/or clinically mimicking SCLC. Comprehensive pathologic review integrated with genomic profiling is critical in refining the diagnosis and in identifying potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ogino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jihyun Choi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mika Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margaret K Wilkens
- Experimental Therapeutics Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Calles
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Man Xu
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anika E Adeni
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily S Chambers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marzia Capelletti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohit Butaney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sangeetha Palakurthi
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Kirschmeier
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Oxnard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Surowiec RK, Ferris SF, Apfelbaum A, Espinoza C, Mehta RK, Monchamp K, Sirihorachai VR, Bedi K, Ljungman M, Galban S. Transcriptomic Analysis of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) Identifies a Targetable ALDH-Positive Subset of Highly Tumorigenic Cancer Stem-like Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:223-239. [PMID: 33106374 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cancer stem cell (CSC) landscape in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is desperately needed to address treatment resistance and identify novel therapeutic approaches. Patient-derived DIPG cells demonstrated heterogeneous expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and CD133 by flow cytometry. Transcriptome-level characterization identified elevated mRNA levels of MYC, E2F, DNA damage repair (DDR) genes, glycolytic metabolism, and mTOR signaling in ALDH+ compared with ALDH-, supporting a stem-like phenotype and indicating a druggable target. ALDH+ cells demonstrated increased proliferation, neurosphere formation, and initiated tumors that resulted in decreased survival when orthotopically implanted. Pharmacologic MAPK/PI3K/mTOR targeting downregulated MYC, E2F, and DDR mRNAs and reduced glycolytic metabolism. In vivo PI3K/mTOR targeting inhibited tumor growth in both flank and an ALDH+ orthotopic tumor model likely by reducing cancer stemness. In summary, we describe existence of ALDH+ DIPGs with proliferative properties due to increased metabolism, which may be regulated by the microenvironment and likely contributing to drug resistance and tumor recurrence. IMPLICATIONS: Characterization of ALDH+ DIPGs coupled with targeting MAPK/PI3K/mTOR signaling provides an impetus for molecularly targeted therapy aimed at addressing the CSC phenotype in DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Surowiec
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah F Ferris
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - April Apfelbaum
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carlos Espinoza
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ranjit K Mehta
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karamoja Monchamp
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Veerin R Sirihorachai
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Karan Bedi
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Center for RNA Biomedicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stefanie Galban
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. .,Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Rogel Cancer Center, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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Horizontal Combination of MEK and PI3K/mTOR Inhibition in BRAF Mutant Tumor Cells with or without Concomitant PI3K Pathway Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207649. [PMID: 33081092 PMCID: PMC7589607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS/RAF and PI3K/Akt pathways play a key regulatory role in cancer and are often hit by oncogenic mutations. Despite molecular targeting, the long-term success of monotherapy is often hampered by de novo or acquired resistance. In the case of concurrent mutations in both pathways, horizontal combination could be a reasonable approach. In our study, we investigated the MEK inhibitor selumetinib and PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor BEZ235 alone and in combination in BRAF-only mutant and BRAF + PI3K/PTEN double mutant cancer cells using short- and long-term 2D viability assays, spheroid assays, and immunoblots. In the 2D assays, selumetinib was more effective on BRAF-only mutant lines when compared to BRAF + PI3K/PTEN double mutants. Furthermore, combination therapy had an additive effect in most of the lines while synergism was observed in two of the double mutants. Importantly, in the SW1417 BRAF + PI3K double mutant cells, synergism was also confirmed in the spheroid and in the in vivo model. Mechanistically, p-Akt level decreased only in the SW1417 cell line after combination treatment. In conclusion, the presence of concurrent mutations alone did not predict a stronger response to combination treatment. Therefore, additional investigations are warranted to identify predictive factors that can select patients who can benefit from the horizontal combinational inhibition of these two pathways.
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26
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Osrodek M, Rozanski M, Czyz M. Insulin Reduces the Efficacy of Vemurafenib and Trametinib in Melanoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:7231-7250. [PMID: 32982400 PMCID: PMC7501594 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s263767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the progress made in the clinical management of metastatic melanoma, a patient's response to treatment cannot be fully predicted, and intrinsic or acquired resistance that is developed in most melanoma patients warrants further research efforts. In addition to genetic factors, microenvironmental input should be considered to explain the diversity of response to treatment among melanoma patients. In this study, we evaluated the impact of insulin on patient-derived BRAFV600E melanoma cells, either untreated or treated with vemurafenib or trametinib, inhibitors of BRAFV600 and MEK1/2, respectively. METHODS Cells were cultured in serum-free conditions, either with or without insulin. The activity of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways was assessed by Western blotting, cell viability, and percentages of Ki-67- and NGFR-positive cells by flow cytometry. Transcript levels were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and γ-H2AX levels by immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. A luminescence-based assay was used to measure glutathione content. RESULTS While insulin did not influence the MAPK/ERK pathway activity, it had a strong influence on melanoma cells, in which this pathway was suppressed by either vemurafenib or trametinib. In the presence of insulin, both drugs were much less efficient in 1) inhibiting proliferation and reducing the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells, and 2) inducing apoptosis and phosphorylation of histone H2AX in melanoma cells. Changes induced by vemurafenib and trametinib in glutathione homeostasis and DNA repair gene expression were also attenuated by insulin. Moreover, insulin impaired the combined effects of targeted drugs and doxorubicin in melanoma cells. In addition to insulin-induced PI3K/AKT activity, which was either transient or sustainable depending on the cell line, an insulin-triggered increase in the percentage of cells expressing NGFR, a marker of neural crest stem-like cells, may contribute to the reduced drug efficacy. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the role of insulin in reducing the efficacy of vemurafenib and trametinib. This needs clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Osrodek
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Rozanski
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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27
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Blateau P, Coyaud E, Laurent E, Béganton B, Ducros V, Chauchard G, Vendrell JA, Solassol J. TERT Promoter Mutation as an Independent Prognostic Marker for Poor Prognosis MAPK Inhibitors-Treated Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2224. [PMID: 32784823 PMCID: PMC7463448 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the development of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors has greatly improved the prognosis of BRAFV600 cutaneous melanomas, the identification of molecular indicators for mutated patients at risk of early progression remains a major issue. Using an amplicon-based next-generation-sequencing (NGS) assay that targets cancer-related genes, we investigated co-occurring alterations in 89 melanoma samples. We analyzed both their association with clinicopathological variables and clinical significance in terms of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) according to BRAF genotyping. Among co-occurring mutations, TERT promoter was the most frequently mutated gene. Although no significant difference in PFS was observed in the presence or absence of co-occurring alterations to BRAFV600, there was a trend of longer PFS for patients harboring TERT c.-124C>T mutation. Of most interest, this mutation is an independent marker of good prognosis in subgroups of patients with poor prognosis (presence of brain metastasis and elevated level of lactate dehydrogenase, LDH). Moreover, combination of elevated LDH level, presence of brain metastasis, and TERT c.-124C>T mutation was identified as the best fit model for predicting clinical outcome. Our work revealed the potential interest of c.-124C>T status determination in order to refine the prognosis of BRAFV600 melanoma under mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Blateau
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Laboratoire Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), INSERM U1192, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (E.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Laboratoire Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), INSERM U1192, Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (E.C.); (E.L.)
| | - Benoit Béganton
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Ducros
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Géraldine Chauchard
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Julie A. Vendrell
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Jérôme Solassol
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France; (P.B.); (B.B.); (V.D.); (G.C.); (J.A.V.)
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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28
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Holly AE, Lee KA, Daniel CR, Spector TD, McQuade JL. Patient Nutrition: An Overlooked Yet Emerging Variable in the Precision Oncology Equation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTHERAPY AND PRECISION ONCOLOGY 2020; 3:108-112. [PMID: 35663260 PMCID: PMC9165576 DOI: 10.36401/jipo-20-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Holly
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A Lee
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie R Daniel
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L McQuade
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Smalley I, Law V, Wyatt C, Evernden B, Fang B, Koomen JM, Welsh EA, Macaulay RJB, Forsyth PA, Smalley KSM. Proteomic Analysis of CSF from Patients with Leptomeningeal Melanoma Metastases Identifies Signatures Associated with Disease Progression and Therapeutic Resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:2163-2175. [PMID: 31924735 PMCID: PMC7196498 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of leptomeningeal melanoma metastases (LMM) is a rare and devastating complication of the late-stage disease, for which no effective treatments exist. Here, we performed a multi-omics analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with LMM to determine how the leptomeningeal microenvironment shapes the biology and therapeutic responses of melanoma cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A total of 45 serial CSF samples were collected from 16 patients, 8 of these with confirmed LMM. Of those with LMM, 7 had poor survival (<4 months) and one was an extraordinary responder (still alive with survival >35 months). CSF samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry and incubated with melanoma cells that were subjected to RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Functional assays were performed to validate the pathways identified. RESULTS Mass spectrometry analyses showed the CSF of most patients with LMM to be enriched for pathways involved in innate immunity, protease-mediated damage, and IGF-related signaling. All of these were anticorrelated in the extraordinary responder. RNA-seq analysis showed CSF to induce PI3K/AKT, integrin, B-cell activation, S-phase entry, TNFR2, TGFβ, and oxidative stress responses in the melanoma cells. ELISA assays confirmed that TGFβ expression increased in the CSF of patients progressing with LMM. CSF from poorly responding patients conferred tolerance to BRAF inhibitor therapy in apoptosis assays. CONCLUSIONS These analyses identified proteomic/transcriptional signatures in the CSF of patients who succumbed to LMM. We further showed that the CSF from patients with LMM has the potential to modulate BRAF inhibitor responses and may contribute to drug resistance.See related commentary by Glitza Oliva and Tawbi, p. 2083.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Vincent Law
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Neurooncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Clayton Wyatt
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Brittany Evernden
- Department of Neurooncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert J B Macaulay
- Department of Neurooncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Peter A Forsyth
- Department of Neurooncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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Tian Y, Guo W. A Review of the Molecular Pathways Involved in Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors in Patients with Advanced-Stage Melanoma. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e920957. [PMID: 32273491 PMCID: PMC7169438 DOI: 10.12659/msm.920957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy of melanocytes and most commonly arises in the skin. In 2002, BRAF gene mutations were identified in melanoma, and this finding resulted in the development of several small-molecule molecular inhibitors that specifically targeted the BRAF V600E mutation. The development of targeted therapies for advanced-stage melanoma, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) of the BRAF (V600E) kinase, vemurafenib and dabrafenib, have been approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma leading to improved clinical outcomes. However, the development of BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) resistance has significantly reduced the therapeutic efficacy after prolonged treatment. Recent studies have identified the molecular mechanisms for BRAFi resistance. This review aims to describe the impact of BRAFi resistance on the pathogenesis of melanoma, the current status of molecular pathways involved in BRAFi resistance, including intrinsic resistance, adaptive resistance, and acquired resistance. This review will discuss how an understanding of the mechanisms associated with BRAFi resistance may aid the identification of useful strategies for overcoming the resistance to BRAF-targeted therapy in patients with advanced-stage melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzi Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Weinan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
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E2F1/IGF-1R Loop Contributes to BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:1295-1299.e1. [PMID: 31705876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Khaliq M, Fallahi-Sichani M. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Escape from BRAF Oncogene Dependency. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101480. [PMID: 31581557 PMCID: PMC6826668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
About eight percent of all human tumors (including 50% of melanomas) carry gain-of-function mutations in the BRAF oncogene. Mutated BRAF and subsequent hyperactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway has motivated the use of MAPK-targeted therapies for these tumors. Despite great promise, however, MAPK-targeted therapies in BRAF-mutant tumors are limited by the emergence of drug resistance. Mechanisms of resistance include genetic, non-genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic plasticity, often modulated by histone-modifying enzymes and gene regulation, can influence a tumor cell's BRAF dependency and therefore, response to therapy. In this review, focusing primarily on class 1 BRAF-mutant cells, we will highlight recent work on the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to inter- and intratumor cell heterogeneity in MAPK-targeted therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehwish Khaliq
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Mohammad Fallahi-Sichani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Rodríguez-Rojas F, Celis-Plá PSM, Méndez L, Moenne F, Muñoz PT, Lobos MG, Díaz P, Sánchez-Lizaso JL, Brown MT, Moenne A, Sáez CA. MAPK Pathway under Chronic Copper Excess in Green Macroalgae (Chlorophyta): Involvement in the Regulation of Detoxification Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184546. [PMID: 31540290 PMCID: PMC6771120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the physiological complementary/parallel Celis-Plá et al., by inhibiting extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and cytokinin specific binding protein (p38), we assessed the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway in detoxification responses mediated by chronic copper (10 µM) in U. compressa. Parameters were taken at 6, 24, and 48 h, and 6 days (d). H2O2 and lipid peroxidation under copper and inhibition of ERK, JNK, or p38 alone increased but recovered by the sixth day. By blocking two or more MAPKs under copper, H2O2 and lipid peroxidation decayed even below controls. Inhibition of more than one MAPK (at 6 d) caused a decrease in total glutathione (reduced glutathione (GSH) + oxidised glutathione (GSSG)) and ascorbate (reduced ascorbate (ASC) + dehydroascorbate (DHA)), although in the latter it did not occur when the whole MAPK was blocked. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thioredoxin (TRX) ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione synthase (GS), were downregulated when blocking more than one MAPK pathway. When one MAPK pathway was blocked under copper, a recovery and even enhancement of detoxification mechanisms was observed, likely due to crosstalk within the MAPKs and/or other signalling processes. In contrast, when more than one MAPK pathway were blocked under copper, impairment of detoxification defences occurred, demonstrating that MAPKs were key signalling mechanisms for detoxification in macroalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodríguez-Rojas
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
- HUB-AMBIENTAL UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Paula S M Celis-Plá
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
- HUB-AMBIENTAL UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Lorena Méndez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Fabiola Moenne
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
- HUB-AMBIENTAL UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Pamela T Muñoz
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
- Doctorado Interdisciplinario en Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Doctorado en Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - M Gabriela Lobos
- Laboratory of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 234000, Chile
| | - Patricia Díaz
- Laboratory of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 234000, Chile
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Lizaso
- Departamento de Ciencias del Mar y Biología Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA Plymouth, UK
| | - Alejandra Moenne
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile
| | - Claudio A Sáez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile.
- HUB-AMBIENTAL UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
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Vashisht Gopal YN, Gammon S, Prasad R, Knighton B, Pisaneschi F, Roszik J, Feng N, Johnson S, Pramanik S, Sudderth J, Sui D, Hudgens C, Fischer GM, Deng W, Reuben A, Peng W, Wang J, McQuade JL, Tetzlaff MT, Di Francesco ME, Marszalek J, Piwnica-Worms D, DeBerardinis RJ, Davies MA. A Novel Mitochondrial Inhibitor Blocks MAPK Pathway and Overcomes MAPK Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6429-6442. [PMID: 31439581 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to determine if inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is an effective strategy against MAPK pathway inhibitor (MAPKi)-resistant BRAF-mutant melanomas.Experimental Design: The antimelanoma activity of IACS-010759 (OPi), a novel OxPhos complex I inhibitor, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies and predictors of response were evaluated using molecularly and metabolically stratified melanoma cell lines. 13C-labeling and targeted metabolomics were used to evaluate the effect of OPi on cellular energy utilization. OxPhos inhibition in vivo was evaluated noninvasively by [18F]-fluoroazomycin arabinoside (FAZA) PET imaging. RESULTS OPi potently inhibited OxPhos and the in vivo growth of multiple MAPKi-resistant BRAF-mutant melanoma models with high OxPhos at well-tolerated doses. In vivo tumor regression with single-agent OPi treatment correlated with inhibition of both MAPK and mTOR complex I activity. Unexpectedly, antitumor activity was not improved by combined treatment with MAPKi in vitro or in vivo. Signaling and growth-inhibitory effects were mediated by LKB1-AMPK axis, and proportional to AMPK activation. OPi increased glucose incorporation into glycolysis, inhibited glucose and glutamine incorporation into the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle, and decreased cellular nucleotide and amino acid pools. Early changes in [18F]-FAZA PET uptake in vivo, and the degree of mTORC1 pathway inhibition in vitro, correlated with efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Targeting OxPhos with OPi has significant antitumor activity in MAPKi-resistant, BRAF-mutant melanomas, and merits further clinical investigation as a potential new strategy to overcome intrinsic and acquired resistance to MAPKi in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Vashisht Gopal
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Seth Gammon
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rishika Prasad
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Barbara Knighton
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Federica Pisaneschi
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ningping Feng
- Center for Co-Clinical Trials, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah Johnson
- Center for Co-Clinical Trials, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Snigdha Pramanik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jessica Sudderth
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dawen Sui
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Courtney Hudgens
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Grant M Fischer
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Wanleng Deng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alexandre Reuben
- Department of Thoracic H&N Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Weiyi Peng
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer L McQuade
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria E Di Francesco
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Joe Marszalek
- Center for Co-Clinical Trials, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Fufa TD, Baxter LL, Wedel JC, Gildea DE, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ. MEK inhibition remodels the active chromatin landscape and induces SOX10 genomic recruitment in BRAF(V600E) mutant melanoma cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:50. [PMID: 31399133 PMCID: PMC6688322 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway is an essential regulator of numerous cell processes that are crucial for normal development as well as cancer progression. While much is known regarding MAPK/ERK signal conveyance from the cell membrane to the nucleus, the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms that govern gene expression downstream of MAPK signaling are not fully elucidated. Results This study employed an integrated epigenome analysis approach to interrogate the effects of MAPK/ERK pathway inhibition on the global transcriptome, the active chromatin landscape, and protein–DNA interactions in 501mel melanoma cells. Treatment of these cells with the small-molecule MEK inhibitor AZD6244 induces hyperpigmentation, widespread gene expression changes including alteration of genes linked to pigmentation, and extensive epigenomic reprogramming of transcriptionally distinct regulatory regions associated with the active chromatin mark H3K27ac. Regulatory regions with differentially acetylated H3K27ac regions following AZD6244 treatment are enriched in transcription factor binding motifs of ETV/ETS and ATF family members as well as the lineage-determining factors MITF and SOX10. H3K27ac-dense enhancer clusters known as super-enhancers show similar transcription factor motif enrichment, and furthermore, these super-enhancers are associated with genes encoding MITF, SOX10, and ETV/ETS proteins. Along with genome-wide resetting of the active enhancer landscape, MEK inhibition also results in widespread SOX10 recruitment throughout the genome, including increased SOX10 binding density at H3K27ac-marked enhancers. Importantly, these MEK inhibitor-responsive enhancers marked by H3K27ac and occupied by SOX10 are located near melanocyte lineage-specific and pigmentation genes and overlap numerous human SNPs associated with pigmentation and melanoma phenotypes, highlighting the variants located within these regions for prioritization in future studies. Conclusions These results reveal the epigenetic reprogramming underlying the re-activation of melanocyte pigmentation and developmental transcriptional programs in 501mel cells in response to MEK inhibition and suggest extensive involvement of a MEK-SOX10 axis in the regulation of these processes. The dynamic chromatin changes identified here provide a rich genomic resource for further analyses of the molecular mechanisms governing the MAPK pathway in pigmentation- and melanocyte-associated diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-019-0297-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen D Fufa
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laura L Baxter
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julia C Wedel
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Derek E Gildea
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Stacie K Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Aloia A, Müllhaupt D, Chabbert CD, Eberhart T, Flückiger-Mangual S, Vukolic A, Eichhoff O, Irmisch A, Alexander LT, Scibona E, Frederick DT, Miao B, Tian T, Cheng C, Kwong LN, Wei Z, Sullivan RJ, Boland GM, Herlyn M, Flaherty KT, Zamboni N, Dummer R, Zhang G, Levesque MP, Krek W, Kovacs WJ. A Fatty Acid Oxidation-dependent Metabolic Shift Regulates the Adaptation of BRAF-mutated Melanoma to MAPK Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6852-6867. [PMID: 31375515 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of BRAFV600E -mutant melanomas with MAPK inhibitors (MAPKi) results in significant tumor regression, but acquired resistance is pervasive. To understand nonmutational mechanisms underlying the adaptation to MAPKi and to identify novel vulnerabilities of melanomas treated with MAPKi, we focused on the initial response phase during treatment with MAPKi. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By screening proteins expressed on the cell surface of melanoma cells, we identified the fatty acid transporter CD36 as the most consistently upregulated protein upon short-term treatment with MAPKi. We further investigated the effects of MAPKi on fatty acid metabolism using in vitro and in vivo models and analyzing patients' pre- and on-treatment tumor specimens. RESULTS Melanoma cells treated with MAPKi displayed increased levels of CD36 and of PPARα-mediated and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A)-dependent fatty acid oxidation (FAO). While CD36 is a useful marker of melanoma cells during adaptation and drug-tolerant phases, the upregulation of CD36 is not functionally involved in FAO changes that characterize MAPKi-treated cells. Increased FAO is required for BRAFV600E -mutant melanoma cells to survive under the MAPKi-induced metabolic stress prior to acquiring drug resistance. The upfront and concomitant inhibition of FAO, glycolysis, and MAPK synergistically inhibits tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we identified a clinically relevant therapeutic approach that has the potential to improve initial responses and to delay acquired drug resistance of BRAFV600E -mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aloia
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Müllhaupt
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tanja Eberhart
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ana Vukolic
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ossia Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Irmisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leila T Alexander
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ernesto Scibona
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Benchun Miao
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Chaoran Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Lawrence N Kwong
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhi Wei
- Department of Computer Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Genevieve M Boland
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gao Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Wilhelm Krek
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner J Kovacs
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Yuan M, Xu LF, Zhang J, Kong SY, Wu M, Lao YZ, Zhou H, Zhang L, Xu H. SRC and MEK Co-inhibition Synergistically Enhances the Anti-tumor Effect in Both Non-small-cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and Erlotinib-Resistant NSCLC. Front Oncol 2019; 9:586. [PMID: 31428570 PMCID: PMC6689998 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the predominant form of lung cancer, and it is regulated by a complex signal transduction network. Single-agent targeted therapy often results in acquired resistance, which leads to treatment failure. In this study, we demonstrated that a combination of the kinase inhibitors trametinib and bosutinib can synergistically suppress the growth of NSCLC by inhibiting both the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (SRC) pathways. The combination was profiled against a panel of 22 NSCLC cell lines, including one erlotinib-resistant cell line, and this combination was found to show synergistic effects against 16 cell lines. NSCLC cell lines (HCC827, HCC827-erlotinib-resistant, and H1650) were treated with trametinib, bosutinib, or a combination of these drugs. The drug combination inhibited colony formation and induced cell apoptosis. A mechanism study showed that the phosphorylation of multiple kinases in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in NSCLC was down-regulated. In addition, the combination significantly attenuated tumor growth of HCC827 xenografts with low toxicity. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further study of the combination of MAPK and SRC pathway inhibitors in NSCLC, especially in the treatment of erlotinib-resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Feng Xu
- Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Yuan Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Faião-Flores F, Emmons MF, Durante MA, Kinose F, Saha B, Fang B, Koomen JM, Chellappan SP, Maria-Engler SS, Rix U, Licht JD, Harbour JW, Smalley KSM. HDAC Inhibition Enhances the In Vivo Efficacy of MEK Inhibitor Therapy in Uveal Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5686-5701. [PMID: 31227503 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical use of MEK inhibitors in uveal melanoma is limited by the rapid acquisition of resistance. This study has used multiomics approaches and drug screens to identify the pan-HDAC inhibitor panobinostat as an effective strategy to limit MEK inhibitor resistance.Experimental Design: Mass spectrometry-based proteomics and RNA-Seq were used to identify the signaling pathways involved in the escape of uveal melanoma cells from MEK inhibitor therapy. Mechanistic studies were performed to evaluate the escape pathways identified, and the efficacy of the MEK-HDAC inhibitor combination was demonstrated in multiple in vivo models of uveal melanoma. RESULTS We identified a number of putative escape pathways that were upregulated following MEK inhibition, including the PI3K/AKT pathway, ROR1/2, and IGF-1R signaling. MEK inhibition was also associated with increased GPCR expression, particularly the endothelin B receptor, and this contributed to therapeutic escape through ET-3-mediated YAP signaling. A screen of 289 clinical grade compounds identified HDAC inhibitors as potential candidates that suppressed the adaptive YAP and AKT signaling that followed MEK inhibition. In vivo, the MEK-HDAC inhibitor combination outperformed either agent alone, leading to a long-term decrease of tumor growth in both subcutaneous and liver metastasis models and the suppression of adaptive PI3K/AKT and YAP signaling. CONCLUSIONS Together, our studies have identified GPCR-mediated YAP activation and RTK-driven AKT signaling as key pathways involved in the escape of uveal melanoma cells from MEK inhibition. We further demonstrate that HDAC inhibition is a promising combination partner for MEK inhibitors in advanced uveal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Faião-Flores
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael F Emmons
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael A Durante
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Fumi Kinose
- Department of Drug Discovery, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Biswarup Saha
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bin Fang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - J William Harbour
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Tumor Biology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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Sakakibara K, Tsujioka T, Kida JI, Kurozumi N, Nakahara T, Suemori SI, Kitanaka A, Arao Y, Tohyama K. Binimetinib, a novel MEK1/2 inhibitor, exerts anti-leukemic effects under inactive status of PI3Kinase/Akt pathway. Int J Hematol 2019; 110:213-227. [PMID: 31129802 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A MEK1/2 inhibitor, binimetinib is promising as a therapeutic agent for malignant melanoma with N-RAS mutation. We examined in vitro effects of binimetinib on 10 human myeloid/lymphoid leukemia cell lines, and found that three of five cell lines with N-RAS mutation and one of five without N-RAS mutation were responsive to treatment with binimetinib. Binimetinib inhibited cell growth mainly by inducing G1 arrest and this action mechanism was assisted by gene set enrichment analysis. To identify signaling pathways associated with binimetinib response, we examined the status of MAP kinase/ERK and PI3Kinase/Akt pathways. The basal levels of phosphorylated ERK and Akt varied between the cell lines, and the amounts of phosphorylated ERK and Akt appeared to be reciprocal of each other. Interestingly, most of the binimetinib-resistant cell lines revealed strong Akt phosphorylation compared with binimetinib-sensitive ones. The effect of binimetinib may not be predicted by the presence/absence of N-RAS mutation, but rather by Akt phosphorylation status. Moreover, combination of binimetinib with a PI3K/Akt inhibitor showed additive growth-suppressive effects. These results suggest that binimetinib shows potential anti-leukemic effects and the basal level of phosphorylated Akt might serve as a biomarker predictive of therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Sakakibara
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.,Field of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsujioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Kida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Nami Kurozumi
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.,Field of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takako Nakahara
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Suemori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Kitanaka
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yujiro Arao
- Field of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tohyama
- Division of Medical Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
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40
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Savoia P, Fava P, Casoni F, Cremona O. Targeting the ERK Signaling Pathway in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061483. [PMID: 30934534 PMCID: PMC6472057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the role of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in melanomagenesis and its progression have opened a new era in the treatment of this tumor. Vemurafenib was the first specific kinase inhibitor approved for therapy of advanced melanomas harboring BRAF-activating mutations, followed by dabrafenib and encorafenib. However, despite the excellent results of first-generation kinase inhibitors in terms of response rate, the average duration of the response was short, due to the onset of genetic and epigenetic resistance mechanisms. The combination therapy with MEK inhibitors is an excellent strategy to circumvent drug resistance, with the additional advantage of reducing side effects due to the paradoxical reactivation of the MAPK pathway. The recent development of RAS and extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK) inhibitors promises to add new players for the ultimate suppression of this signaling pathway and the control of pathway-related drug resistance. In this review, we analyze the pharmacological, preclinical, and clinical trial data of the various MAPK pathway inhibitors, with a keen interest for their clinical applicability in the management of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Savoia
- Department of Health Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Fava
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy.
| | - Filippo Casoni
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy.
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41
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Maiti A, Naqvi K, Kadia TM, Borthakur G, Takahashi K, Bose P, Daver NG, Patel A, Alvarado Y, Ohanian M, DiNardo CD, Cortes JE, Jabbour EJ, Garcia-Manero G, Kantarjian HM, Ravandi F. Phase II Trial of MEK Inhibitor Binimetinib (MEK162) in RAS-mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2019; 19:142-148.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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42
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Moses C, Nugent F, Waryah CB, Garcia-Bloj B, Harvey AR, Blancafort P. Activating PTEN Tumor Suppressor Expression with the CRISPR/dCas9 System. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 14:287-300. [PMID: 30654190 PMCID: PMC6348769 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PTEN expression is lost in many cancers, and even small changes in PTEN activity affect susceptibility and prognosis in a range of highly aggressive malignancies, such as melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Loss of PTEN expression occurs via multiple mechanisms, including mutation, transcriptional repression and epigenetic silencing. Transcriptional repression of PTEN contributes to resistance to inhibitors used in the clinic, such as B-Raf inhibitors in BRAF mutant melanoma. We aimed to activate PTEN expression using the CRISPR system, specifically dead (d) Cas9 fused to the transactivator VP64-p65-Rta (VPR). dCas9-VPR was directed to the PTEN proximal promoter by single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs), in cancer cells that exhibited low levels of PTEN expression. The dCas9-VPR system increased PTEN expression in melanoma and TNBC cell lines, without transcriptional regulation at predicted off-target sgRNA binding sites. PTEN activation significantly repressed downstream oncogenic pathways, including AKT, mTOR, and MAPK signaling. BRAF V600E mutant melanoma cells transduced with dCas9-VPR displayed reduced migration, as well as diminished colony formation in the presence of B-Raf inhibitors, PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, and with combined PI3K/mTOR and B-Raf inhibition. CRISPR-mediated targeted activation of PTEN may provide an alternative therapeutic approach for highly aggressive cancers that are refractory to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Moses
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Fiona Nugent
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Charlene Babra Waryah
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin Garcia-Bloj
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Camino la Piramide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Pilar Blancafort
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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43
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Li J, Huang F. JTC-801 Suppresses Melanoma Cells Growth through the PI3K‑Akt‑mTOR Signaling Pathways. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34 Focus issue F1:8-14. [PMID: 30403168 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/201834f102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is considered as one of the most potentially fatal and aggressive malignancies. Due to the limited efficacy or drug resistance of the current targeted therapies of melanoma, developing new therapeutic drugs against new targets to effectively control tumor growth is greatly needed. In this study, the effect of JTC-801, a selective small-molecule antagonist of nociceptin receptor and analgesic agent, on a melanoma cell line, M14, has been studied. We demonstrate herein that JTC-801 could efficiently suppress the proliferation, migration and invasion capacity of the M14 melanoma cells, and induced a strong apoptosis. Importantly, our results provide the underlying molecular mechanism of these effects. JTC-801 cells regulate M14 cells by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt‑mTOR pathway. These results suggest that JTC-801 should be further studied in preclinical modes to establish whether it represents a potential small anticancer candidate drug against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China - Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Yucheng People's Hospital, No.753, Kaituo Road, Yu Town, Yucheng 251200, Shandong, P.R. China
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44
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Kakadia S, Yarlagadda N, Awad R, Kundranda M, Niu J, Naraev B, Mina L, Dragovich T, Gimbel M, Mahmoud F. Mechanisms of resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors and clinical update of US Food and Drug Administration-approved targeted therapy in advanced melanoma. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:7095-7107. [PMID: 30410366 PMCID: PMC6200076 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s182721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of melanomas harbor an activating BRAF mutation. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibitors such as dabrafenib and trametinib, vemurafenib and cobimetinib, and encorafenib and binimetinib are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved to treat patients with BRAFV600-mutated advanced melanoma. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations play a major role in resistance to BRAF inhibitors by reactivation of the MAPK and/or the PI3K–Akt pathways. The role of BRAF inhibitors in modulating the immunomicroenvironment and perhaps enhancing the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors is gaining interest. This article provides a comprehensive review of mechanisms of resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors in melanoma and summarizes landmark trials that led to the FDA approval of BRAF and MEK inhibitors in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunilkumar Kakadia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Naveen Yarlagadda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ramez Awad
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Madappa Kundranda
- TW Lewis Melanoma Center of Excellence, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA,
| | - Jiaxin Niu
- TW Lewis Melanoma Center of Excellence, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA,
| | - Boris Naraev
- TW Lewis Melanoma Center of Excellence, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA,
| | - Lida Mina
- TW Lewis Melanoma Center of Excellence, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA,
| | - Tomislav Dragovich
- TW Lewis Melanoma Center of Excellence, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA,
| | - Mark Gimbel
- TW Lewis Melanoma Center of Excellence, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA,
| | - Fade Mahmoud
- TW Lewis Melanoma Center of Excellence, Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Gilbert, AZ, USA,
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45
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BRAF inhibition causes resilience of melanoma cell lines by inducing the secretion of FGF1. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:71. [PMID: 30237393 PMCID: PMC6147791 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of all melanoma patients harbour activating mutations in the serine/threonine kinase BRAF. This is the basis for one of the main treatment strategies for this tumor type, the targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. While the initial responsiveness to these drugs is high, resistance develops after several months, frequently at sites of the previously responding tumor. This indicates that tumor response is incomplete and that a certain tumor fraction survives even in drug-sensitive patients, e.g., in a therapy-induced senescence-like state. Here, we show in several melanoma cell lines that BRAF inhibition induces a secretome with stimulating effect on fibroblasts and naive melanoma cells. Several senescence-associated factors were found to be transcribed and secreted in response to BRAF or MEK inhibition, among them members of the fibroblast growth factor family. We identified the growth factor FGF1 as mediator of resilience towards BRAF inhibition, which limits the pro-apoptotic effects of the drug and activates fibroblasts to secrete HGF. FGF1 regulation was mediated by the PI3K pathway and by FRA1, a direct target gene of the MAPK pathway. When FGFR inhibitors were applied in parallel to BRAF inhibitors, resilience was broken, thus providing a rationale for combined therapeutical application.
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46
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Lu Y, Boswell M, Boswell W, Kneitz S, Hausmann M, Klotz B, Regneri J, Savage M, Amores A, Postlethwait J, Warren W, Schartl M, Walter R. Comparison of Xiphophorus and human melanoma transcriptomes reveals conserved pathway interactions. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:496-508. [PMID: 29316274 PMCID: PMC6013346 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of human and animal model melanomas can uncover conserved pathways and genetic changes that are relevant for the biology of cancer cells. Spontaneous melanoma in Xiphophorus interspecies backcross hybrid progeny may be informative in identifying genes and functional pathways that are similarly related to melanoma development in all vertebrates, including humans. To assess functional pathways involved in the Xiphophorus melanoma, we performed gene expression profiling of the melanomas produced in interspecies BC1 and successive backcross generations (i.e., BC5 ) of the cross: X. hellerii × [X. maculatus Jp 163 A × X. hellerii]. Using RNA-Seq, we identified genes that are transcriptionally co-expressed with the driver oncogene, xmrk. We determined functional pathways in the fish melanoma that are also present in human melanoma cohorts that may be related to dedifferentiation based on the expression levels of pigmentation genes. Shared pathways between human and Xiphophorus melanomas are related to inflammation, cell migration, cell proliferation, pigmentation, cancer development, and metastasis. Our results suggest xmrk co-expressed genes are associated with dedifferentiation and highlight these signaling pathways as playing important roles in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Mikki Boswell
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - William Boswell
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Physiological Chemistry, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Klotz
- Physiological Chemistry, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janine Regneri
- Physiological Chemistry, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markita Savage
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Angel Amores
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Wesley Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Clinic Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Texas A&M Institute for Advanced Studies and Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Ronald Walter
- The Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, USA
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Hur EH, Goo BK, Moon J, Choi Y, Hwang JJ, Kim CS, Bae KS, Choi J, Cho SY, Yang SH, Seo J, Lee G, Lee JH. Induction of immunoglobulin transcription factor 2 and resistance to MEK inhibitor in melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41387-41400. [PMID: 28574827 PMCID: PMC5522248 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary or acquired resistance to MEK inhibitors has been a barrier to successful treatment with MEK inhibitors in many tumors. In this study, we analyzed genome-wide gene expression profiling data from 6 sensitive and 6 resistant cell lines to identify candidate genes whose expression changes are associated with responses to a MEK inhibitor, selumetinib (AZD6244). Of 62 identified differentially expressed genes, we selected Immunoglobulin Transcription Factor 2, also known as transcription factor 4 as a potential drug resistance marker for further analysis. This was because the ITF-2 expression increase in resistant cell lines was relatively high and a previous study has suggested that ITF-2 functions as an oncogene in human colon cancers. We also established an AZD6244 resistant cell line (M14/AZD-3) from an AZD6244 sensitive M14 cell line. The expression of the ITF-2 was elevated both in primary AZD6244 resistant cell line, LOX-IMVI and acquired resistant cell line, M14/AZD-3. Targeted silencing of ITF-2 by siRNA significantly enhanced susceptibility to AZD6244 in resistant cells. Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated through direct interaction of p-ERK and GSK3β. Our results suggest that up-regulation of the ITF-2 gene expression is associated with cellular resistance to MEK inhibitors, and activation of Wnt signaling pathway through interaction of p-ERK and GSK3β seems to be a mechanism for increase of ITF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Hur
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bon-Kwan Goo
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhyun Moon
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunsuk Choi
- Division of Hematology and Hematological Malignancies, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Jung Jin Hwang
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyun Seop Bae
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jene Choi
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sang-Hwa Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Inflammatory Response Modulation, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.,MD Healthcare, Inc., Seoul, Repulic of Korea
| | - Jeongbeob Seo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CHABIOMED Co., LTD., Seongnam-Si, Korea
| | - Gilnam Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, CHABIOMED Co., LTD., Seongnam-Si, Korea
| | - Je-Hwan Lee
- Department of Hematology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Zuo Q, Liu J, Huang L, Qin Y, Hawley T, Seo C, Merlino G, Yu Y. AXL/AKT axis mediated-resistance to BRAF inhibitor depends on PTEN status in melanoma. Oncogene 2018; 37:3275-3289. [PMID: 29551771 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple genetic mutations within melanoma not only cause lesion-specific responses to targeted therapy but also alter the molecular route of resistance to that therapy. Inactivation of PTEN occurs in up to 30% of melanomas, frequently with a concurrent activating BRAF mutation. PTEN loss regulates both acquired and intrinsic drug resistance. Here we show that AXL/AKT axis mediated-resistance to BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) depends upon PTEN status in melanoma. Hyperactivation of both ERK and AKT pathways was associated with BRAFi resistance in melanoma with wildtype PTEN. The PTEN-impaired melanoma cells required only the ERK resistance mechanism. Moreover, we identified AXL as a key upstream effector of AKT pathway-associated resistance to BRAFi in melanoma with wildtype PTEN, but not in melanoma with impaired PTEN. Notably, we confirmed that blocking AXL by shRNA and a small molecular inhibitor could rescue the sensitivity of resistant melanoma cells with wildtype PTEN to BRAFi and inhibit their growth in vitro and in vivo. Our study has uncovered a mechanism by which PTEN status contributes to acquired resistance to BRAFi and offers a rational strategy to guide clinical testing in pre-identified subsets of patients who relapse during treatment with BRAFi. The identified protein AXL represents a promising therapeutic target for BRAF mutant melanoma patients with wildtype PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zuo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4264, USA.,Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Liping Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4264, USA.,Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yifei Qin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4264, USA
| | - Teresa Hawley
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4264, USA
| | - Claire Seo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4264, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4264, USA
| | - Yanlin Yu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4264, USA.
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Wang J, Li L, Liu S, Zhao Y, Wang L, Du G. FOXC1 promotes melanoma by activating MST1R/PI3K/AKT. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84375-84387. [PMID: 27533251 PMCID: PMC5356666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXC1 is a member of Forkhead box family transcription factors. We showed that FOXC1 level was increased in melanoma cells and tissues and correlated with hypomethylation of the FOXC1 gene. Overexpression of FOXC1 promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, colony formation and growth in 3D Matrigel of melanoma cells. FOXC1 increased MST1R and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway. Also, FOXC1 expression was associated with disease progression and poor prognosis of melanoma. We suggest that FOXC1 is a potential prognostic biomarker for treating melanoma and predicting outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute (JWCI) at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica 90404, CA, USA
| | - Li Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi DAYI Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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50
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McQuade JL, Daniel CR, Hess KR, Mak C, Wang DY, Rai RR, Park JJ, Haydu LE, Spencer C, Wongchenko M, Lane S, Lee DY, Kaper M, McKean M, Beckermann KE, Rubinstein SM, Rooney I, Musib L, Budha N, Hsu J, Nowicki TS, Avila A, Haas T, Puligandla M, Lee S, Fang S, Wargo JA, Gershenwald JE, Lee JE, Hwu P, Chapman PB, Sosman JA, Schadendorf D, Grob JJ, Flaherty KT, Walker D, Yan Y, McKenna E, Legos JJ, Carlino MS, Ribas A, Kirkwood JM, Long GV, Johnson DB, Menzies AM, Davies MA. Association of body-mass index and outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy: a retrospective, multicohort analysis. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19:310-322. [PMID: 29449192 PMCID: PMC5840029 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has been linked to increased mortality in several cancer types; however, the relation between obesity and survival outcomes in metastatic melanoma is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between body-mass index (BMI) and progression-free survival or overall survival in patients with metastatic melanoma who received targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy. METHODS This retrospective study analysed independent cohorts of patients with metastatic melanoma assigned to treatment with targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy in randomised clinical trials and one retrospective study of patients treated with immunotherapy. Patients were classified according to BMI, following the WHO definitions, as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese. Patients without BMI and underweight patients were excluded. The primary outcomes were the associations between BMI and progression-free survival or overall survival, stratified by treatment type and sex. We did multivariable analyses in the independent cohorts, and combined adjusted hazard ratios in a mixed-effects meta-analysis to provide a precise estimate of the association between BMI and survival outcomes; heterogeneity was assessed with meta-regression analyses. Analyses were done on the predefined intention-to-treat population in the randomised controlled trials and on all patients included in the retrospective study. FINDINGS The six cohorts consisted of a total of 2046 patients with metastatic melanoma treated with targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy between Aug 8, 2006, and Jan 15, 2016. 1918 patients were included in the analysis. Two cohorts containing patients from randomised controlled trials treated with targeted therapy (dabrafenib plus trametinib [n=599] and vemurafenib plus cobimetinib [n=240]), two cohorts containing patients treated with immunotherapy (one randomised controlled trial of ipilimumab plus dacarbazine [n=207] and a retrospective cohort treated with pembrolizumab, nivolumab, or atezolizumab [n=331]), and two cohorts containing patients treated with chemotherapy (two randomised controlled trials of dacarbazine [n=320 and n=221]) were classified according to BMI as normal (694 [36%] patients), overweight (711 [37%]), or obese (513 [27%]). In the pooled analysis, obesity, compared with normal BMI, was associated with improved survival in patients with metastatic melanoma (average adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·77 [95% CI 0·66-0·90] for progression-free survival and 0·74 [0·58-0·95] for overall survival). The survival benefit associated with obesity was restricted to patients treated with targeted therapy (HR 0·72 [0·57-0·91] for progression-free survival and 0·60 [0·45-0·79] for overall survival) and immunotherapy (HR 0·75 [0·56-1·00] and 0·64 [0·47-0·86]). No associations were observed with chemotherapy (HR 0·87 [0·65-1·17, pinteraction=0·61] for progression-free survival and 1·03 [0·80-1·34, pinteraction=0·01] for overall survival). The association of BMI with overall survival for patients treated with targeted and immune therapies differed by sex, with inverse associations in men (HR 0·53 [0·40-0·70]), but no associations observed in women (HR 0·85 [0·61-1·18, pinteraction=0·03]). INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that in patients with metastatic melanoma, obesity is associated with improved progression-free survival and overall survival compared with those outcomes in patients with normal BMI, and that this association is mainly seen in male patients treated with targeted or immune therapy. These results have implications for the design of future clinical trials for patients with metastatic melanoma and the magnitude of the benefit found supports further investigation of the underlying mechanism of these associations. FUNDING ASCO/CCF Young Investigator Award, ASCO/CCF Career Development Award, MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) Melanoma Moonshot Program, MDACC Melanoma SPORE, and the Dr Miriam and Sheldon G Adelson Medical Research Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. McQuade
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Carrie R. Daniel
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Kenneth R. Hess
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Carmen Mak
- Independent Statistical Consultant, Westfield, NJ, USA 07091
| | - Daniel Y. Wang
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rajat R. Rai
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney; 40 Rocklands Rd, North Sydney 2060, NSW, Australia
| | - John J. Park
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, 166-174 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lauren E. Haydu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Christine Spencer
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | | | - Stephen Lane
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA 07936
| | - Dung-Yang Lee
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA 07936
| | - Mathilde Kaper
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA 07936
| | - Meredith McKean
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Kathryn E Beckermann
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Samuel M. Rubinstein
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Isabelle Rooney
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Luna Musib
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nageshwar Budha
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jessie Hsu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Theodore S. Nowicki
- University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Tomas Haas
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA 07936
| | - Maneka Puligandla
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Sandra Lee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Shenying Fang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Jeffrey E. Lee
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Patrick Hwu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Paul B. Chapman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Sosman
- Northwestern University, 675 N. Saint Clair St., Galter Pavilion, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dirk Schadendorf
- University Hospital Essen & German Cancer Consortium, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Grob
- Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Aix Marseille University, 264 Rue St Pierre, 13885 Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Keith T. Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA 02114
| | - Dana Walker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 345 Park Ave, New York, NY 10154, USA
| | - Yibing Yan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Edward McKenna
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Legos
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA 07936
| | - Matteo S. Carlino
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney; 40 Rocklands Rd, North Sydney 2060, NSW, Australia
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, 166-174 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia
| | - Antoni Ribas
- University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Hillman University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Georgina V. Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney; 40 Rocklands Rd, North Sydney 2060, NSW, Australia
- Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals Reserve Rd, St Leonards NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Douglas B. Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia and The University of Sydney; 40 Rocklands Rd, North Sydney 2060, NSW, Australia
- Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals Reserve Rd, St Leonards NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Michael A. Davies
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, USA 77030
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