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Holic L. Common skin cancers and their association with other non-cutaneous primary malignancies: a review of the literature. Med Oncol 2024; 41:157. [PMID: 38758457 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that a history of skin cancer puts one at risk for additional primary skin cancers. However, more variable data exists for the risk of developing a non-cutaneous primary cancer following a diagnosis of skin cancer. The data are most variable for Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common and least aggressive type of skin cancer. While early studies imply that BCC does not impart a larger risk of other primary non-cutaneous cancers, more recent studies with larger populations suggest otherwise. The cancers most significantly associated with BCC are lip, oropharyngeal, and salivary gland cancer. There is also burgeoning evidence to suggest a link between BCC and prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer, but more data are needed to draw a concrete conclusion. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), the second most common type of skin cancer, has a slightly more defined risk to other non-cutaneous primary malignancies. There is a notable link between SCC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), possibly due to immunosuppression. There is also an increased risk of other cancers derived from squamous epithelium following SCC, including oropharyngeal, lip, and salivary gland cancer. Some studies also suggest an increased risk of respiratory tract cancer following SCC, possibly due to shared risk factors. Melanoma, a more severe type of skin cancer, shows a well-defined risk of additional primary non-cutaneous malignancies. The most significant of these risks include NHL, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer along with a host of other cancers. Each of these three main skin cancer types has a profile of genetic mutations that have also been linked to non-cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we discuss a selection of these genes to highlight the complex interplay between different tumorigenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Holic
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Mobuchon L, Derrien AC, Houy A, Verrier T, Pierron G, Cassoux N, Milder M, Deleuze JF, Boland A, Scelo G, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Rodrigues M, Noirel J, Machiela MJ, Stern MH. Different Pigmentation Risk Loci for High-Risk Monosomy 3 and Low-Risk Disomy 3 Uveal Melanomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 114:302-309. [PMID: 34424336 PMCID: PMC8826635 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveal melanoma (UM), a rare malignant tumor of the eye, is predominantly observed in populations of European ancestry. UMs carrying a monosomy 3 (M3) frequently relapse mainly in the liver, whereas UMs with disomy 3 (D3) are associated with more favorable outcome. Here, we explored the UM genetic predisposition factors in a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 1142 European UM patients and 882 healthy controls . METHODS We combined 2 independent datasets (Global Screening Array) with the dataset described in a previously published GWAS in UM (Omni5 array), which were imputed separately and subsequently merged. Patients were stratified according to their chromosome 3 status, and identified UM risk loci were tested for differential association with M3 or D3 subgroups. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS We recapitulated the previously identified risk locus on chromosome 5 on CLPTM1L (rs421284: odds ratio [OR] =1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.35 to 1.86; P = 1.98 × 10-8) and identified 2 additional risk loci involved in eye pigmentation: IRF4 locus on chromosome 6 (rs12203592: OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.44 to 2.16; P = 3.55 × 10-8) and HERC2 locus on chromosome 15 (rs12913832: OR= 0.57, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.67; P = 1.88 × 10-11). The IRF4 rs12203592 single-nucleotide polymorphism was found to be exclusively associated with risk for the D3 UM subtype (ORD3 = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.87 to 3.97; P = 1.78 × 10-7), and the HERC2 rs12913832 single-nucleotide polymorphism was exclusively associated with risk for the M3 UM subtype (ORM3 = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.79 to 3.29; P = 1.13 × 10-8). However, the CLPTM1L risk locus was equally statistically significant in both subgroups. CONCLUSIONS This work identified 2 additional UM risk loci known for their role in pigmentation. Importantly, we demonstrate that UM tumor biology and metastatic potential are influenced by patients' genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenha Mobuchon
- Inserm U830, DNA Repair and Uveal Melanoma (D.R.U.M), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Céline Derrien
- Inserm U830, DNA Repair and Uveal Melanoma (D.R.U.M), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Houy
- Inserm U830, DNA Repair and Uveal Melanoma (D.R.U.M), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Verrier
- Inserm U830, DNA Repair and Uveal Melanoma (D.R.U.M), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Pierron
- Somatic Genetic Unit, Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Cassoux
- Department of Ocular Oncology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Maud Milder
- Inserm CIC BT 1418, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Ghislaine Scelo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Géraldine Cancel-Tassin
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, GRC n°5 Predictive Onco-Urology, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
- Sorbonne University, GRC n°5 Predictive Onco-Urology, AP-HP, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Manuel Rodrigues
- Inserm U830, DNA Repair and Uveal Melanoma (D.R.U.M), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Josselin Noirel
- Laboratoire GBCM (EA7528), CNAM, HESAM Université, Paris, France
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc-Henri Stern
- Inserm U830, DNA Repair and Uveal Melanoma (D.R.U.M), Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Association of Melanoma-Risk Variants with Primary Melanoma Tumor Prognostic Characteristics and Melanoma-Specific Survival in the GEM Study. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4756-4771. [PMID: 34898573 PMCID: PMC8628692 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate pathway studies have identified low-penetrant genetic variants associated with cutaneous melanoma. We investigated the association of melanoma-risk variants with primary melanoma tumor prognostic characteristics and melanoma-specific survival. The Genes, Environment, and Melanoma Study enrolled 3285 European origin participants with incident invasive primary melanoma. For each of 47 melanoma-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we used linear and logistic regression modeling to estimate, respectively, the per allele mean changes in log of Breslow thickness and odds ratios for presence of ulceration, mitoses, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We also used Cox proportional hazards regression modeling to estimate the per allele hazard ratios for melanoma-specific survival. Passing the false discovery threshold (p = 0.0026) were associations of IRF4 rs12203592 and CCND1 rs1485993 with log of Breslow thickness, and association of TERT rs2242652 with presence of mitoses. IRF4 rs12203592 also had nominal associations (p < 0.05) with presence of mitoses and melanoma-specific survival, as well as a borderline association (p = 0.07) with ulceration. CCND1 rs1485993 also had a borderline association with presence of mitoses (p = 0.06). MX2 rs45430 had nominal associations with log of Breslow thickness, presence of mitoses, and melanoma-specific survival. Our study indicates that further research investigating the associations of these genetic variants with underlying biologic pathways related to tumor progression is warranted.
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Besson C, Moore A, Wu W, Vajdic CM, de Sanjose S, Camp NJ, Smedby KE, Shanafelt TD, Morton LM, Brewer JD, Zablotska L, Engels EA, Cerhan JR, Slager SL, Han J, Berndt SI. Common genetic polymorphisms contribute to the association between chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and non-melanoma skin cancer. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:1325-1334. [PMID: 33748835 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive association between chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). We hypothesized that shared genetic risk factors between CLL and NMSC could contribute to the association observed between these diseases. METHODS We examined the association between (i) established NMSC susceptibility loci and CLL risk in a meta-analysis including 3100 CLL cases and 7667 controls and (ii) established CLL loci and NMSC risk in a study of 4242 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases, 825 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases and 12802 controls. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for CLL, BCC and SCC were constructed using established loci. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Higher CLL-PRS was associated with increased BCC risk (OR4th-quartile-vs-1st-quartile = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02-1.24, Ptrend = 0.009), even after removing the shared 6p25.3 locus. No association was observed with BCC-PRS and CLL risk (Ptrend = 0.68). These findings support a contributory role for CLL in BCC risk, but not for BCC in CLL risk. Increased CLL risk was observed with higher SCC-PRS (OR4th-quartile-vs-1st-quartile = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08-1.38, Ptrend = 1.36 × 10-5), which was driven by shared genetic susceptibility at the 6p25.3 locus. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the role of pleiotropy regarding the pathogenesis of CLL and NMSC and shows that a single pleiotropic locus, 6p25.3, drives the observed association between genetic susceptibility to SCC and increased CLL risk. The study also provides evidence that genetic susceptibility for CLL increases BCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Besson
- Service d'hématologie et Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Équipe "Exposome et Hérédité", CESP, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Amy Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Claire M Vajdic
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nicola J Camp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Karin E Smedby
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tait D Shanafelt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lindsay M Morton
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jerry D Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lydia Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Service d'hématologie et Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay; Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Équipe "Exposome et Hérédité", CESP, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Genetic ancestry, skin pigmentation, and the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic white populations. Commun Biol 2020; 3:765. [PMID: 33318654 PMCID: PMC7736583 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in individuals of European ancestry, the incidence of cSCC in Hispanic/Latinos is also increasing. cSCC has both a genetic and environmental etiology. Here, we examine the role of genetic ancestry, skin pigmentation, and sun exposure in Hispanic/Latinos and non-Hispanic whites on cSCC risk. We observe an increased cSCC risk with greater European ancestry (P = 1.27 × 10−42) within Hispanic/Latinos and with greater northern (P = 2.38 × 10−65) and western (P = 2.28 × 10−49) European ancestry within non-Hispanic whites. These associations are significantly, but not completely, attenuated after considering skin pigmentation-associated loci, history of actinic keratosis, and sun-protected versus sun-exposed anatomical sites. We also report an association of the well-known pigment variant Ala111Thr (rs1426654) at SLC24A5 with cSCC in Hispanic/Latinos. These findings demonstrate a strong correlation of northwestern European genetic ancestry with cSCC risk in both Hispanic/Latinos and non-Hispanic whites, largely but not entirely mediated through its impact on skin pigmentation. Eric Jorgenson and Hélène Choquet et al. find that northwestern European genetic ancestry is associated with increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in non-Hispanic whites, and more so in Hispanic/Latinos of the US. The ancestry effect is largely, but not entirely explained by genetic determinants of skin pigmentation in both populations.
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6
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Roberts V, Main B, Timpson NJ, Haworth S. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Genetic Associations with Perceived Age. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2380-2385. [PMID: 32339537 PMCID: PMC7685007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Failure of dermal protection or repair mechanisms might lead to visibly aged skin. The study aimed to identify genetic associations with perceived age. A genome-wide association study was undertaken in 423,992 adult participants of UK Biobank, using questionnaire data on perceived age and genetic data imputed to the Haplotype Reference Consortium imputation panel. The study identified 74 independently associated genetic loci, to our knowledge previously unreported (P < 5 × 10-8), which were enriched for cell signaling pathways, including the NEK6 and SMAD2 subnetworks. Common genetic variation was estimated to account for 14% of variation in perceived age, and the heritability of perceived age was partially shared with that of 75 other traits, including multiple traits representing adiposity, suggesting that perceived age may be a useful proxy trait in genetic association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Roberts
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Main
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Inherited Melanoma Risk Variants Associated with Histopathologically Amelanotic Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:918-922.e7. [PMID: 31568773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Duffy DL, Zhu G, Li X, Sanna M, Iles MM, Jacobs LC, Evans DM, Yazar S, Beesley J, Law MH, Kraft P, Visconti A, Taylor JC, Liu F, Wright MJ, Henders AK, Bowdler L, Glass D, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, Madden PA, Heath AC, Nelson EC, Green AC, Chanock S, Barrett JH, Brown MA, Hayward NK, MacGregor S, Sturm RA, Hewitt AW, Kayser M, Hunter DJ, Newton Bishop JA, Spector TD, Montgomery GW, Mackey DA, Smith GD, Nijsten TE, Bishop DT, Bataille V, Falchi M, Han J, Martin NG. Novel pleiotropic risk loci for melanoma and nevus density implicate multiple biological pathways. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4774. [PMID: 30429480 PMCID: PMC6235897 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The total number of acquired melanocytic nevi on the skin is strongly correlated with melanoma risk. Here we report a meta-analysis of 11 nevus GWAS from Australia, Netherlands, UK, and USA comprising 52,506 individuals. We confirm known loci including MTAP, PLA2G6, and IRF4, and detect novel SNPs in KITLG and a region of 9q32. In a bivariate analysis combining the nevus results with a recent melanoma GWAS meta-analysis (12,874 cases, 23,203 controls), SNPs near GPRC5A, CYP1B1, PPARGC1B, HDAC4, FAM208B, DOCK8, and SYNE2 reached global significance, and other loci, including MIR146A and OBFC1, reached a suggestive level. Overall, we conclude that most nevus genes affect melanoma risk (KITLG an exception), while many melanoma risk loci do not alter nevus count. For example, variants in TERC and OBFC1 affect both traits, but other telomere length maintenance genes seem to affect melanoma risk only. Our findings implicate multiple pathways in nevogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 63110, USA
| | - Marianna Sanna
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas Hospital Campus, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Leonie C Jacobs
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David M Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia and the Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Matthew H Law
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas Hospital Campus, Kings College, London, UK
| | - John C Taylor
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anjali K Henders
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lisa Bowdler
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dan Glass
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas Hospital Campus, Kings College, London, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pamela A Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Adele C Green
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Molecular Oncology Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer H Barrett
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew A Brown
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia and the Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Julia A Newton Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas Hospital Campus, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Western Australia and the Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Tamar E Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas Hospital Campus, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas Hospital Campus, Kings College, London, UK
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 63110, USA
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Wang W, Jorgenson E, Ioannidis NM, Asgari MM, Whittemore AS. A Prediction Tool to Facilitate Risk-Stratified Screening for Squamous Cell Skin Cancer. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:2589-2594. [PMID: 30472995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell cancers (cSCCs) present an under-recognized health issue among non-Hispanic whites, one that is likely to increase as populations age. cSCC risks vary considerably among non-Hispanic whites, and this heterogeneity indicates the need for risk-stratified screening strategies that are guided by patients' personal characteristics and clinical histories. Here we describe cSCCscore, a prediction tool that uses patients' covariates and clinical histories to assign them personal probabilities of developing cSCCs within 3 years after risk assessment. cSCCscore uses a statistical model for the occurrence and timing of a patient's cSCCs, whose parameters we estimated using cohort data from 66,995 patients in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California healthcare system. We found that patients' covariates and histories explained approximately 75% of their interpersonal cSCC risk variation. Using cross-validated performance measures, we also found cSCCscore's predictions to be moderately well calibrated to the patients' observed cSCC incidence. Moreover, cSCCscore discriminated well between patients who subsequently did and did not develop a new primary cSCC within 3 years after risk assignment, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of approximately 85%. Thus, cSCCscore can facilitate more informed management of non-Hispanic white patients at cSCC risk. cSCCscore's predictions are available at https://researchapps.github.io/cSCCscore/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Nilah M Ioannidis
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Maryam M Asgari
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Mélard P, Idrissi Y, Andrique L, Poglio S, Prochazkova-Carlotti M, Berhouet S, Boucher C, Laharanne E, Chevret E, Pham-Ledard A, De Souza Góes AC, Guyonnet-Duperat V, Bibeyran A, Moreau-Gaudry F, Vergier B, Beylot-Barry M, Merlio JP, Cappellen D. Molecular alterations and tumor suppressive function of the DUSP22 (Dual Specificity Phosphatase 22) gene in peripheral T-cell lymphoma subtypes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68734-68748. [PMID: 27626696 PMCID: PMC5356586 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoallelic 6p25.3 rearrangements associated with DUSP22 (Dual Specificity Phosphatase 22) gene silencing have been reported in CD30+ peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL), mostly with anaplastic morphology and of cutaneous origin. However, the mechanism of second allele silencing and the putative tumor suppressor function of DUSP22 have not been investigated so far. Here, we show that the presence, in most individuals, of an inactive paralog hampers genetic and epigenetic evaluation of the DUSP22 gene. Identification of DUSP22-specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms haplotypes and fluorescence in situ hybridization and epigenetic characterization of the paralog status led us to develop a comprehensive strategy enabling reliable identification of DUSP22 alterations. We showed that one cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphomas (cALCL) case with monoallelic 6p25.3 rearrangement and DUSP22 silencing harbored exon 1 somatic mutations associated with second allele inactivation. Another cALCL case carried an intron 1 somatic splice site mutation with predicted deleterious exon skipping effect. Other tested PTCL cases with 6p25.3 rearrangement exhibited neither mutation nor deletion nor methylation accounting for silencing of the non-rearranged DUSP22 allele, thus inactivated by a so far unknown mechanism. We also characterized the expression status of four DUSP22 splice variants and found that they are all silenced in cALCL cases with 6p25.3 breakpoints. We finally showed that restoring expression of the physiologically predominant isoform in DUSP22-deficient malignant T cells inhibits cellular expansion by stimulating apoptosis and impairs soft agar clonogenicity and tumorigenicity. This study therefore shows that DUSP22 behaves as a tumor suppressor gene in PTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mélard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Yamina Idrissi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Laetitia Andrique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Sandrine Poglio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Martina Prochazkova-Carlotti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sabine Berhouet
- Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Cécile Boucher
- Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Elodie Laharanne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Edith Chevret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Pham-Ledard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Saint-André, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Andréa Carla De Souza Góes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 20550-013 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Véronique Guyonnet-Duperat
- Plateforme de Vectorologie, Unité Mixte de Services (UMS TBM-Core), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alice Bibeyran
- Plateforme de Vectorologie, Unité Mixte de Services (UMS TBM-Core), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Moreau-Gaudry
- Plateforme de Vectorologie, Unité Mixte de Services (UMS TBM-Core), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)-Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Biothérapies des Maladies Génétiques et Cancers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1035, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Vergier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - Marie Beylot-Barry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Dermatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Saint-André, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Merlio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
| | - David Cappellen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1053, Universitaire de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Biologie des Tumeurs-Tumorothèque, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, F-33604 Pessac, France
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11
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Chhabra Y, Yong HXL, Fane ME, Soogrim A, Lim W, Mahiuddin DN, Kim RSQ, Ashcroft M, Beatson SA, Ainger SA, Smit DJ, Jagirdar K, Walker GJ, Sturm RA, Smith AG. Genetic variation in IRF4 expression modulates growth characteristics, tyrosinase expression and interferon-gamma response in melanocytic cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:51-63. [PMID: 28755520 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A SNP within intron4 of the interferon regulatory factor4 (IRF4) gene, rs12203592*C/T, has been independently associated with pigmentation and age-specific effects on naevus count in European-derived populations. We have characterized the cis-regulatory activity of this intronic region and using human foreskin-derived melanoblast strains, we have explored the correlation between IRF4 rs12203592 homozygous C/C and T/T genotypes with TYR enzyme activity, supporting its association with pigmentation traits. Further, higher IRF4 protein levels directed by the rs12203592*C allele were associated with increased basal proliferation but decreased cell viability following UVR, an etiological factor in melanoma development. Since UVR, and accompanying IFNγ-mediated inflammatory response, is associated with melanomagenesis, we evaluated its effects in the context of IRF4 status. Manipulation of IRF4 levels followed by IFNγ treatment revealed a subset of chemokines and immuno-evasive molecules that are sensitive to IRF4 expression level and genotype including CTLA4 and PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hilary X L Yong
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arish Soogrim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wen Lim
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dayana Nur Mahiuddin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reuben S Q Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melinda Ashcroft
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen A Ainger
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Smit
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kasturee Jagirdar
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme J Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Wei L, Allain DC, Bernhardt MN, Gillespie JL, Peters SB, Iwenofu OH, Nelson HH, Arron ST, Toland AE. Variants at the OCA2/HERC2 locus affect time to first cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients collected using two different study designs. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1066-1073. [PMID: 28456133 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants at the oculocutaneous albinism 2 (OCA2)/HECT and RLD domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (HERC2) locus have been associated with pigmentation phenotypes and risk of developing several types of skin cancer. OBJECTIVES To evaluate OCA2/HERC2 locus variants for their impact on time to develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in organ transplant recipients (OTRs) who are at elevated risk of developing cSCC. METHODS Participants were solid OTRs ascertained from two centres (n = 125 and 261) with an average of 13·1 years of follow-up post-transplant. DNA was available for genotyping for all participants, in addition to medical records and questionnaire data. The Ohio State University study had a case-control design with prospective follow-up, and the University of California San Francisco study was a national cross-sectional survey with retrospective chart review. RESULTS OCA2 variants rs12913832 and rs916977 were significantly associated with time to first cSCC post-transplant. OTRs homozygous for the brown-eye alleles of rs916977 (GG) and rs12913832 (AA) had significant delays of time to first cSCC post-transplant compared with individuals homozygous for the blue-eye alleles (hazard ratio 0·34, P < 0·001 and hazard ratio 0·54, P = 0·012, respectively). Both variants were highly associated with eye colour in the combined studies (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show an association between OCA2/HERC2 variants and time to first cSCC post-transplant. This may impact dermatological screening recommendations for high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wei
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - D C Allain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - M N Bernhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - J L Gillespie
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - S B Peters
- Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - O H Iwenofu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
| | - H H Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.,Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A
| | - S T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - A E Toland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, U.S.A.,Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, U.S.A
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13
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Genome-Wide Association Shows that Pigmentation Genes Play a Role in Skin Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1887-1894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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14
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Meta-analysis of the Correlation Between Interleukin-6 Promoter Polymorphism -174G/C and Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 rs12203592 Polymorphism With Skin Cancer Susceptibility. Am J Ther 2017; 23:e1758-e1767. [PMID: 26928068 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a process whereby the immune system responds to a disease or injury. Chronic inflammation, however, has been linked to several types of cancers such as skin cancer. Molecular epidemiological studies were carried out in recent years evaluating interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) rs12203592 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene -174G/C polymorphism associated with skin cancer risk for different groups of people. However, the results are still conflicting, not conclusive. We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between cancer susceptibility and IL-6 -174G/C (1130 cases and 1260 controls from 7 studies) and IRF4 rs12203592 polymorphisms (3879 cases and 6759 controls from 9 studies) in different inheritance models. We assess the strength of association of odds ratio (ORs), 95% confidence interval (CI). Overall, significantly elevated skin cancer risk was found when all studies were pooled into the meta-analysis of IL-6 -174G/C (For GC vs. GG: OR = 1.28, 95% CI, 1.06-1.54, I = 0, Pheterogeneity = 0.816; for CC/GC vs. GG: OR = 1.26, 95% CI, 1.05-1.50, I = 0, Pheterogeneity = 0.618). However, for IRF4 rs12203592 polymorphism, significantly increased risk of skin cancer was observed in TT versus CC (OR = 1.99, 95% CI, 1.30-3.07, I = 76.7%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001) and in recessive model (OR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.31-2.77, I = 69.9%, Pheterogeneity < 0.001). This meta-analysis indicates that the IL-6 gene -174G/C and IRF4 rs12203592 polymorphisms may be associated with an increased skin cancer risk.
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15
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Green AC, Olsen CM. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: an epidemiological review. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:373-381. [PMID: 28211039 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common cancer in white populations and its disease burden is often substantially underestimated. SCC occurs more often in men than women and increases dramatically with age; those affected often develop multiple primaries over time, which increases the burden. The main external cause is solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), with immunosuppression being the other established risk factor, shown by the high SCC rates in organ transplant recipients. Sunbed use and certain genetic disorders and medical conditions are also associated with SCC, while associations with human papillomavirus infection and high bodyweight are not established. The presence of actinic keratoses (AKs) on sun-damaged skin is one of the strongest predictors of SCC in unaffected people and a very small proportion of AKs are SCC precursors, although the true rate of malignant transformation of AKs is unknown. The mainstay of SCC prevention is protection of the skin from undue sun exposure by use of clothing cover and sunscreen during summer or in sunny places. Educational, behavioural and multicomponent interventions directed at individuals ranging from parents of newborns, to school children and adolescents, to outdoor workers, have repeatedly been shown to be effective in improving sun-protective behaviours. Health policies can facilitate SCC prevention by setting standards for relevant behaviours to reduce UVR exposure, for example, by legislated restriction of the tanning industry. Skin cancer prevention initiatives are generally highly cost-effective and public investment should be encouraged to control the growing public health problems caused by SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Green
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, QLD 4029, Brisbane, Australia.,CRUK Manchester Institute and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - C M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital, QLD 4029, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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16
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Butrym A, Łacina P, Rybka J, Chaszczewska-Markowska M, Mazur G, Bogunia-Kubik K. Cereblon and IRF4 Variants Affect Risk and Response to Treatment in Multiple Myeloma. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 64:151-156. [PMID: 28083618 PMCID: PMC5334380 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma-cell malignancy derived from an early precursor of the B-cell lineage characterised by bone-marrow infiltration, lytic bone lesions, and the presence of a monoclonal protein in serum and/or urine. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a critical transcriptional regulator in B-cell development and function that is required during immune response for lymphocyte activation and the generation of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. Immunomodulatory drugs, derivatives of thalidomide, are commonly used in therapy against MM. They are known to target a protein called cereblon (CRBN); however, the exact mechanism remains unknown. The present study aimed to assess the association of two (rs12203592 and rs872071) polymorphisms within the IRF4 gene and two (rs711613 and rs1045433) in the CRBN gene with MM susceptibility, progression, and response to treatment. For this purpose, 144 MM patients and 126 healthy individuals were genotyped for the IRF4 and CRBN alleles. The presence of the IRF4 (rs872071) G allele was more frequently detected in patients than healthy individuals (OR 1.78; P = 0.034), and this relationship was especially pronounced in women (OR 2.83; P = 0.012). The CRBN (rs711613) A allele-carriers were better responders to the treatment (P = 0.012), in particular to thalidomide including therapy (P = 0.023). These results underline the prognostic significance of the IRF4 and CRBN polymorphisms in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Butrym
- Department of Physiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Rybka
- Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Chaszczewska-Markowska
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mazur
- Department and Clinic of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department and Clinic of Internal and Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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17
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Lupiañez CB, Villaescusa MT, Carvalho A, Springer J, Lackner M, Sánchez-Maldonado JM, Canet LM, Cunha C, Segura-Catena J, Alcazar-Fuoli L, Solano C, Fianchi L, Pagano L, Potenza L, Aguado JM, Luppi M, Cuenca-Estrella M, Lass-Flörl C, Einsele H, Vázquez L, Ríos-Tamayo R, Loeffler J, Jurado M, Sainz J. Common Genetic Polymorphisms within NFκB-Related Genes and the Risk of Developing Invasive Aspergillosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1243. [PMID: 27570521 PMCID: PMC4982195 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) is an opportunistic infection caused by Aspergillus, a ubiquitously present airborne pathogenic mold. A growing number of studies suggest a major host genetic component in disease susceptibility. Here, we evaluated whether 14 single-nucleotide polymorphisms within NFκB1, NFκB2, RelA, RelB, Rel, and IRF4 genes influence the risk of IA in a population of 834 high-risk patients (157 IA and 677 non-IA) recruited through a collaborative effort involving the aspBIOmics consortium and four European clinical institutions. No significant overall associations between selected SNPs and the risk of IA were found in this large cohort. Although a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)-stratified analysis revealed that carriers of the IRF4rs12203592T/T genotype had a six-fold increased risk of developing the infection when compared with those carrying the C allele (ORREC = 6.24, 95%CI 1.25–31.2, P = 0.026), the association of this variant with IA risk did not reach significance at experiment-wide significant threshold. In addition, we found an association of the IRF4AATC and IRF4GGTC haplotypes (not including the IRF4rs12203592T risk allele) with a decreased risk of IA but the magnitude of the association was similar to the one observed in the single-SNP analysis, which indicated that the haplotypic effect on IA risk was likely due to the IRF4rs12203592 SNP. Finally, no evidence of significant interactions among the genetic markers tested and the risk of IA was found. These results suggest that the SNPs on the studied genes do not have a clinically relevant impact on the risk of developing IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen B Lupiañez
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS GranadaGranada, Spain; Hematology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University HospitalGranada, Spain
| | - María T Villaescusa
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of SalamancaSalamanca, Spain; Hematology Department, Jiménez Díaz FoundationMadrid, Spain
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga, Portugal
| | - Jan Springer
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik II Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Lackner
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - José M Sánchez-Maldonado
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Luz M Canet
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of MinhoBraga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate LaboratoryBraga, Portugal
| | - Juana Segura-Catena
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS GranadaGranada, Spain; Hematology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University HospitalGranada, Spain
| | - Laura Alcazar-Fuoli
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Solano
- Hematology Department, Clinic University Hospital of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Luana Fianchi
- Istituto di Ematologia, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Livio Pagano
- Istituto di Ematologia, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia AOU Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - José M Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Luppi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia AOU Policlinico, Modena, Italy
| | - Manuel Cuenca-Estrella
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik II Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lourdes Vázquez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Ríos-Tamayo
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS GranadaGranada, Spain; Hematology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University HospitalGranada, Spain
| | - Jurgen Loeffler
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Medizinische Klinik II Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Jurado
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS GranadaGranada, Spain; Hematology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University HospitalGranada, Spain
| | - Juan Sainz
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, PTS GranadaGranada, Spain; Hematology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University HospitalGranada, Spain
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18
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Meng S, De Vivo I, Liang L, Giovannucci E, Tang JY, Han J. Pre-diagnostic leukocyte mitochondrial DNA copy number and skin cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:897-903. [PMID: 27381830 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
No previous study has examined the association between mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtCN) and skin cancer risk prospectively. We examined the associations between peripheral blood leukocytes mtCN level and the risks of skin cancers in a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study of non-Hispanic White women, including 272 melanoma cases and 293 controls, 508 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases and 550 controls, and 515 basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cases and 536 controls. Relative mtCN in peripheral blood leukocytes was measured by quantitative PCR-based assay. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between mtCN and skin cancer risks. Compared with those with high mtCN, the risk for melanoma was 1.06 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.70-1.62] in the median group and 1.19 (95% CI = 0.78-1.81) for the low group. There was suggestive evidence that increased risk for melanoma was apparent among low constitutional susceptibility group [odds ratio (OR)low versus high = 1.80, 95% CI = 0.95-3.39, P for trend = 0.07, P for interaction = 0.06]. The increased risk of melanoma was also apparent among high cumulative UV exposure group (ORlow versus high = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.46-7.92, P for trend = 0.004, P for interaction = 0.01). For non-melanoma skin cancers, compared with high-mtCN group, low-mtCN group had an increased risk for SCC (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 0.93-1.71) and BCC (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.00-1.82). Because some of the associations were marginally significant, the results only provided suggestive evidence. Further studies are warranted to replicate these findings and better understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Meng
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 , USA
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, MA 02115 , USA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Redwood City, CA 94305 , USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA and.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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19
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Johansen P, Andersen JD, Madsen LN, Ullum H, Glud M, Børsting C, Gniadecki R, Morling N. Pigmentary Markers in Danes--Associations with Quantitative Skin Colour, Nevi Count, Familial Atypical Multiple-Mole, and Melanoma Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150381. [PMID: 26938746 PMCID: PMC4777533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether pigmentation genes involved in the melanogenic pathway (melanogenesis) contributed to melanoma predisposition, we compared pigmentary genetics with quantitative skin pigmentation measurements, the number of atypical nevi, the total nevus count, and the familial atypical multiple mole and melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome. We typed 32 pigmentary SNP markers and sequenced MC1R in 246 healthy individuals and 116 individuals attending periodic control for malignant melanoma development, 50 of which were diagnosed with FAMMM. It was observed that individuals with any two grouped MC1R variants (missense, NM_002386:c. 456C > A (p.TYR152*), or NM_002386:c.83_84insA (p.Asn29Glnfs*14) had significantly (p<0.001) lighter skin pigmentation of the upper-inner arm than those with none or one MC1R variant. We did not observe any significant association of the MC1R variants with constitutive pigmentation measured on the buttock area. We hypothesize that the effect of MC1R variants on arm pigmentation is primarily reflecting the inability to tan when subjected to UVR. A gender specific effect on skin pigmentation was also observed, and it was found that the skin pigmentation of females on average were darker than that of males (p<0.01). We conclude that MC1R variants are associated with quantitative skin colour in a lightly pigmented Danish population. We did not observe any association between any pigmentary marker and the FAMMM syndrome. We suggest that the genetics of FAMMM is not related to the genetics of the pigmentary pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Johansen
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Dyrberg Andersen
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linnea Nørgård Madsen
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Glud
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Børsting
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Gniadecki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Morling
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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20
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Gibbs DC, Orlow I, Bramson JI, Kanetsky PA, Luo L, Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Anton-Culver H, Gruber SB, Marrett LD, Gallagher RP, Zanetti R, Rosso S, Dwyer T, Sharma A, La Pilla E, From L, Busam KJ, Cust AE, Ollila DW, Begg CB, Berwick M, Thomas NE. Association of Interferon Regulatory Factor-4 Polymorphism rs12203592 With Divergent Melanoma Pathways. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw004. [PMID: 26857527 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solar elastosis and neval remnants are histologic markers characteristic of divergent melanoma pathways linked to differences in age at onset, host phenotype, and sun exposure. However, the association between these pathway markers and newly identified low-penetrance melanoma susceptibility loci remains unknown. METHODS In the Genes, Environment and Melanoma (GEM) Study, 2103 Caucasian participants had first primary melanomas that underwent centralized pathology review. For 47 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified as low-penetrant melanoma risk variants, we used multinomial logistic regression to compare melanoma with solar elastosis and melanoma with neval remnants simultaneously to melanoma with neither of these markers, excluding melanomas with both markers. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS IRF4 rs12203592 was the only SNP to pass the false discovery threshold in baseline models adjusted for age, sex, and study center. rs12203592*T was associated positively with melanoma with solar elastosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18 to 1.82) and inversely with melanoma with neval remnants (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.87) compared with melanoma with neither marker (P global = 3.78 x 10(-08)). Adjusting for phenotypic characteristics and total sun exposure hours did not materially affect rs12203592's associations. Distinct early- and late-onset age distributions were observed in patients with IRF4 rs12203592 [CC] and [TT] genotypes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a role of IRF4 rs12203592 in pathway-specific risk for melanoma development. We hypothesize that IRF4 rs12203592 could underlie in part the bimodal age distribution reported for melanoma and linked to the divergent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Jennifer I Bramson
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Anne Kricker
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Loraine D Marrett
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Richard P Gallagher
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Roberto Zanetti
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Stefano Rosso
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Emily La Pilla
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Lynn From
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Anne E Cust
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - David W Ollila
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Colin B Begg
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF).
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21
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Asgari MM, Wang W, Ioannidis NM, Itnyre J, Hoffmann T, Jorgenson E, Whittemore AS. Identification of Susceptibility Loci for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:930-937. [PMID: 26829030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a genome-wide association study of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma conducted among non-Hispanic white members of the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health care system. The study includes a genome-wide screen of 61,457 members (6,891 cases and 54,566 controls) genotyped on the Affymetrix Axiom European array and a replication phase involving an independent set of 6,410 additional members (810 cases and 5,600 controls). Combined analysis of screening and replication phases identified 10 loci containing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with P-values < 5 × 10(-8). Six loci contain genes in the pigmentation pathway; SNPs at these loci appear to modulate squamous cell carcinoma risk independently of the pigmentation phenotypes. Another locus contains HLA class II genes studied in relation to elevated squamous cell carcinoma risk following immunosuppression. SNPs at the remaining three loci include an intronic SNP in FOXP1 at locus 3p13, an intergenic SNP at 3q28 near TP63, and an intergenic SNP at 9p22 near BNC2. These findings provide insights into the genetic factors accounting for inherited squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam M Asgari
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nilah M Ioannidis
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jacqueline Itnyre
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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22
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Stacey SN, Helgason H, Gudjonsson SA, Thorleifsson G, Zink F, Sigurdsson A, Kehr B, Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Sigurgeirsson B, Benediktsdottir KR, Thorisdottir K, Ragnarsson R, Fuentelsaz V, Corredera C, Gilaberte Y, Grasa M, Planelles D, Sanmartin O, Rudnai P, Gurzau E, Koppova K, Nexø BA, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Jonasson JG, Tryggvadottir L, Johannsdottir H, Kristinsdottir AM, Stefansson H, Masson G, Magnusson OT, Halldorsson BV, Kong A, Rafnar T, Thorsteinsdottir U, Vogel U, Kumar R, Nagore E, Mayordomo JI, Gudbjartsson DF, Olafsson JH, Stefansson K. New basal cell carcinoma susceptibility loci. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6825. [PMID: 25855136 PMCID: PMC4403348 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ongoing screen for DNA sequence variants that confer risk of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), we conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 24,988,228 SNPs and small indels detected through whole-genome sequencing of 2,636 Icelanders and imputed into 4,572 BCC patients and 266,358 controls. Here we show the discovery of four new BCC susceptibility loci: 2p24 MYCN (rs57244888[C], OR=0.76, P=4.7 × 10(-12)), 2q33 CASP8-ALS2CR12 (rs13014235[C], OR=1.15, P=1.5 × 10(-9)), 8q21 ZFHX4 (rs28727938[G], OR=0.70, P=3.5 × 10(-12)) and 10p14 GATA3 (rs73635312[A], OR=0.74, P=2.4 × 10(-16)). Fine mapping reveals that two variants correlated with rs73635312[A] occur in conserved binding sites for the GATA3 transcription factor. In addition, expression microarrays and RNA-seq show that rs13014235[C] and a related SNP rs700635[C] are associated with expression of CASP8 splice variants in which sequences from intron 8 are retained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Florian Zink
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | | | - Birte Kehr
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | | | - Patrick Sulem
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Bardur Sigurgeirsson
- Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Kristrun R. Benediktsdottir
- Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Kristin Thorisdottir
- Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Rafn Ragnarsson
- Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | | | | | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Division of Dermatology, San Jorge General Hospital, Huesca 22004, Spain
| | - Matilde Grasa
- Division of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Dolores Planelles
- Laboratory of Histocompatibility-Molecular Biology, Centro de Transfusión de la Comunidad Valenciana, Avenida del Cid, 65-A, Valencia 46014, Spain
| | - Onofre Sanmartin
- Department of Oncology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia 46009, Spain
- Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia 46003, Spain
| | - Peter Rudnai
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest H-1450, Hungary
| | - Eugene Gurzau
- Health Department, Environmental Health Centre, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj, RO-Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Kvetoslava Koppova
- Department of Environmental Health, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica SK-975 56, Slovakia
| | - Bjørn A. Nexø
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Centre, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Jon G. Jonasson
- Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Skogarhlid 8, Reykjavik 105, Iceland
| | - Laufey Tryggvadottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Skogarhlid 8, Reykjavik 105, Iceland
| | | | | | | | - Gisli Masson
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | | | - Bjarni V. Halldorsson
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Augustine Kong
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Thorunn Rafnar
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Oncology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia 46009, Spain
- Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia 46003, Spain
| | - José I. Mayordomo
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | | | - Jon H. Olafsson
- Landspitali-University Hospital, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics/AMGEN, Sturlugata 8, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland
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Jacobs LC, Liu F, Pardo LM, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Kayser M, Nijsten T. IRF4, MC1R and TYR genes are risk factors for actinic keratosis independent of skin color. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3296-303. [PMID: 25724930 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is a pre-malignant skin disease, highly prevalent in elderly Europeans. This study investigates genetic susceptibility to AK with a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A full body skin examination was performed in 3194 elderly individuals from the Rotterdam Study (RS) of exclusive north-western European origin (aged 51-99 years, 45% male). Physicians graded the number of AK into four severity levels: none (76%), 1-3 (14%), 4-9 (6%) and ≥10 (5%), and skin color was quantified using a spectrophotometer on sun-unexposed skin. A GWAS for AK severity was conducted, where promising signals at IRF4 and MC1R (P < 4.2 × 10(-7)) were successfully replicated in an additional cohort of 623 RS individuals (IRF4, rs12203592, Pcombined = 6.5 × 10(-13) and MC1R, rs139810560, Pcombined = 4.1 × 10(-9)). Further, in an analysis of ten additional well-known human pigmentation genes, TYR also showed significant association with AK (rs1393350, P = 5.3 × 10(-4)) after correction for multiple testing. Interestingly, the strength and significance of above-mentioned associations retained largely the same level after skin color adjustment. Overall, our data strongly suggest that IRF4, MC1R and TYR genes likely have pleiotropic effects, a combination of pigmentation and oncogenic functions, resulting in an increased risk of AK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology
| | | | | | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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A Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies the Skin Color Genes IRF4, MC1R, ASIP, and BNC2 Influencing Facial Pigmented Spots. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1735-1742. [PMID: 25705849 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Facial pigmented spots are a common skin aging feature, but genetic predisposition has yet to be thoroughly investigated. We conducted a genome-wide association study for pigmented spots in 2,844 Dutch Europeans from the Rotterdam Study (mean age: 66.9±8.0 years; 47% male). Using semi-automated image analysis of high-resolution digital facial photographs, facial pigmented spots were quantified as the percentage of affected skin area (mean women: 2.0% ±0.9, men: 0.9% ±0.6). We identified genome-wide significant association with pigmented spots at three genetic loci: IRF4 (rs12203592, P=1.8 × 10(-27)), MC1R (compound heterozygosity score, P=2.3 × 10(-24)), and RALY/ASIP (rs6059655, P=1.9 × 10(-9)). In addition, after adjustment for the other three top-associated loci the BNC2 locus demonstrated significant association (rs62543565, P=2.3 × 10(-8)). The association signals observed at all four loci were successfully replicated (P<0.05) in an independent Dutch cohort (Leiden Longevity Study n=599). Although the four genes have previously been associated with skin color variation and skin cancer risk, all association signals remained highly significant (P<2 × 10(-8)) when conditioning the association analyses on skin color. We conclude that genetic variations in IRF4, MC1R, RALY/ASIP, and BNC2 contribute to the acquired amount of facial pigmented spots during aging, through pathways independent of the basal melanin production.
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25
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Orlow I, Satagopan JM, Berwick M, Enriquez HL, White KAM, Cheung K, Dusza SW, Oliveria SA, Marchetti MA, Scope A, Marghoob AA, Halpern AC. Genetic factors associated with naevus count and dermoscopic patterns: preliminary results from the Study of Nevi in Children (SONIC). Br J Dermatol 2015; 172:1081-9. [PMID: 25307738 PMCID: PMC4382400 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocytic naevi are an important risk factor for melanoma. Naevi with distinct dermoscopic patterns can differ in size, distribution and host pigmentation characteristics. OBJECTIVES We examined MC1R and 85 other candidate loci in a cohort of children to test the hypothesis that the development and dermoscopic type of naevi are modulated by genetic variants. METHODS Buccal DNAs were obtained from a cohort of 353 fifth graders (mean age 10·4 years). Polymorphisms were chosen based on a known or anticipated role in naevi and melanoma. Associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and baseline naevus count were determined by multivariate regression adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity and sun sensitivity. Dermoscopic images were available for 853 naevi from 290 children. Associations between SNPs and dermoscopic patterns were determined by polytomous regression. RESULTS Four SNPs were significantly associated with increasing (IRF4) or decreasing (PARP1, CDK6 and PLA2G6) naevus count in multivariate shrinkage analyses with all SNPs included in the model; IRF4 rs12203952 showed the strongest association with log naevus count (relative risk 1·56, P < 0·001). Using homogeneous naevi as the reference, IRF4 rs12203952 and four other SNPs in TERT, CDKN1B, MTAP and PARP1 were associated with either globular or reticular dermoscopic patterns (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that subsets of naevi defined by dermoscopic patterns differ in their associations with germline genotypes and support the hypothesis that dermoscopically defined subsets of naevi are biologically distinct. These results require confirmation in larger cohorts. If confirmed, these findings will improve the current knowledge of naevogenesis and assist in the identification of individuals with high-risk phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, U.S.A
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26
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Visser M, Kayser M, Grosveld F, Palstra RJ. Genetic variation in regulatory DNA elements: the case of OCA2 transcriptional regulation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:169-77. [PMID: 24387780 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations within the OCA2 gene or the complete absence of the OCA2 protein leads to oculocutaneous albinism type 2. The OCA2 protein plays a central role in melanosome biogenesis, and it is a strong determinant of the eumelanin content in melanocytes. Transcript levels of the OCA2 gene are strongly correlated with pigmentation intensities. Recent studies demonstrated that the transcriptional level of OCA2 is to a large extent determined by the noncoding SNP rs12913832 located 21.5 kb upstream of the OCA2 gene promoter. In this review, we discuss current hypotheses and the available data on the mechanism of OCA2 transcriptional regulation and how this is influenced by genetic variation. Finally, we will explore how future epigenetic studies can be used to advance our insight into the functional biology that connects genetic variation to human pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijke Visser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Binstock M, Hafeez F, Metchnikoff C, Arron S. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in pigment genes and nonmelanoma skin cancer predisposition: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:713-21. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Binstock
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - F. Hafeez
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - C. Metchnikoff
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
| | - S.T. Arron
- Department of Dermatology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA 94115 U.S.A
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28
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Wang S, Yan Q, Chen P, Zhao P, Gu A. Association of interferon regulatory factor 4 gene polymorphisms rs12203592 and rs872071 with skin cancer and haematological malignancies susceptibility: a meta-analysis of 19 case-control studies. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:410. [PMID: 24906573 PMCID: PMC4059085 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has indicated that the rs12203592 and rs872071 interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) gene polymorphisms correlate with the risk of cancer, especially skin cancer and haematological malignancies, but the results remain controversial. To understand better the effects of these two polymorphisms on skin cancer and haematological malignancies susceptibility, a cumulative meta-analysis was performed. METHODS We conducted a search using the PubMed and Web of Science databases for relevant case-control studies published before April 2014. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using fixed- or random-effects models where appropriate. Heterogeneity test, publication bias test, and sensitivity analysis were also performed. RESULTS In total, 11 articles comprised of 19 case-control studies were identified; five focused on the rs12203592 polymorphism with 7,992 cases and 8,849 controls, and six were on the rs872071 polymorphism with 3108 cases and 8300 controls. As for rs12203592, a significant correlation with overall skin cancer and haematological malignancies risk was found with the homozygote comparison model (OR=1.566, 95% CI 1.087-2.256) and recessive model (OR=1.526, 95% CI 1.107-2.104). For rs872071, a significantly elevated haematological malignancies risk was observed in all genetic models (homozygote comparison: OR=1.805, 95% CI 1.402-2.323; heterozygote comparison: OR=1.427, 95% CI 1.203-1.692; dominant: OR=1.556, 95% CI 1.281-1.891; recessive: OR=1.432, 95% CI 1.293-1.587; additive: OR=1.349, 95% CI 1.201-1.515). Similarly, increased skin cancer and haematological malignancies risk was also identified after stratification of the SNP data by cancer type, ethnicity and source of controls for both polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis indicated that the rs12203592 and rs872071 IRF4 gene polymorphisms are associated with individual susceptibility to skin cancer and haematological malignancies. Moreover, the effect of the rs12203592 polymorphism on skin cancer risk was particularly prominent among Caucasians. Further functional research should be performed to validate the association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Denny JC, Bastarache L, Ritchie MD, Carroll RJ, Zink R, Mosley JD, Field JR, Pulley JM, Ramirez AH, Bowton E, Basford MA, Carrell DS, Peissig PL, Kho AN, Pacheco JA, Rasmussen LV, Crosslin DR, Crane PK, Pathak J, Bielinski SJ, Pendergrass SA, Xu H, Hindorff LA, Li R, Manolio TA, Chute CG, Chisholm RL, Larson EB, Jarvik GP, Brilliant MH, McCarty CA, Kullo IJ, Haines JL, Crawford DC, Masys DR, Roden DM. Systematic comparison of phenome-wide association study of electronic medical record data and genome-wide association study data. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 31:1102-10. [PMID: 24270849 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants that modulate risk for human disease; many of these associations require further study to replicate the results. Here we report the first large-scale application of the phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) paradigm within electronic medical records (EMRs), an unbiased approach to replication and discovery that interrogates relationships between targeted genotypes and multiple phenotypes. We scanned for associations between 3,144 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (previously implicated by GWAS as mediators of human traits) and 1,358 EMR-derived phenotypes in 13,835 individuals of European ancestry. This PheWAS replicated 66% (51/77) of sufficiently powered prior GWAS associations and revealed 63 potentially pleiotropic associations with P < 4.6 × 10⁻⁶ (false discovery rate < 0.1); the strongest of these novel associations were replicated in an independent cohort (n = 7,406). These findings validate PheWAS as a tool to allow unbiased interrogation across multiple phenotypes in EMR-based cohorts and to enhance analysis of the genomic basis of human disease.
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Abstract
Constitutive expression of interferons (IFNs) and activation of their signaling pathways have pivotal roles in host responses to malignant cells in the tumor microenvironment. IFNs are induced by the innate immune system and in tumors through stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and through other signaling pathways in response to specific cytokines. Although in the oncologic context IFNs have been thought of more as exogenous pharmaceuticals, the autocrine and paracrine actions of endogenous IFNs probably have even more critical effects on neoplastic disease outcomes. Through high-affinity cell surface receptors, IFNs modulate transcriptional signaling, leading to regulation of more than 2,000 genes with varying patterns of temporal expression. Induction of the gene products by both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated STAT1 after ligand binding results in alterations in tumor cell survival, inhibition of angiogenesis, and augmentation of actions of T, natural killer (NK), and dendritic cells. The interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature can be a favorable biomarker of immune response but, in a seemingly paradoxical finding, a specific subset of the full ISG signature indicates an unfavorable response to DNA-damaging interventions such as radiation. IFNs in the tumor microenvironment thus can alter the emergence, progression, and regression of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjoo Cheon
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Ernest C Borden
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - George R Stark
- Lerner Research Institute, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
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Volatile biomarkers from human melanoma cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Peña-Chilet M, Blanquer-Maceiras M, Ibarrola-Villava M, Martinez-Cadenas C, Martin-Gonzalez M, Gomez-Fernandez C, Mayor M, Aviles JA, Lluch A, Ribas G. Genetic variants in PARP1 (rs3219090) and IRF4 (rs12203592) genes associated with melanoma susceptibility in a Spanish population. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:160. [PMID: 23537197 PMCID: PMC3704782 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few high penetrance genes are known in Malignant Melanoma (MM), however, the involvement of low-penetrance genes such as MC1R, OCA2, ASIP, SLC45A2 and TYR has been observed. Lately, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been the ideal strategy to identify new common, low-penetrance susceptibility loci. In this case–control study, we try to validate in our population nine melanoma associated markers selected from published GWAS in melanoma predisposition. Methods We genotyped the 9 markers corresponding to 8 genes (PARP1, MX2, ATM, CCND1, NADSYN1, CASP8, IRF4 and CYP2R1) in 566 cases and 347 controls from a Spanish population using KASPar probes. Genotypes were analyzed by logistic regression and adjusted by phenotypic characteristics. Results We confirm the protective role in MM of the rs3219090 located on the PARP1 gene (p-value 0.027). Additionally, this SNP was also associated with eye color (p-value 0.002). A second polymorphism, rs12203592, located on the IRF4 gene was associated with protection to develop MM for the dominant model (p-value 0.037). We have also observed an association of this SNP with both lentigines (p-value 0.014) and light eye color (p-value 3.76 × 10-4). Furthermore, we detected a novel association with rs1485993, located on the CCND1 gene, and dark eye color (p-value 4.96 × 10-4). Finally, rs1801516, located on the ATM gene, showed a trend towards a protective role in MM similar to the one firstly described in a GWAS study. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time that these SNPs have been associated with MM in a Spanish population. We confirmed the proposed role of rs3219090, located on the PARP1 gene, and rs12203592, located on the IRF4 gene, as protective to MM along the same lines as have previous genome-wide associated works. Finally, we have seen associations between IRF4, PARP1, and CCND1 and phenotypic characteristics, confirming previous results for the IRF4 gene and presenting novel data for the last two, suggesting that pigmentation characteristics correlated with eye color are potential mediators between PARP1 and MM protection.
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KOSINIAK-KAMYSZ A, POŚPIECH E, WOJAS-PELC A, MARCIŃSKA M, BRANICKI W. Potential association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in pigmentation genes with the development of basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol 2012; 39:693-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2012.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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