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Tong Y, An P, Tang P, Mu R, Zeng Y, Sun H, Zhao M, Lv Z, Wang P, Han W, Gui C, Zhen X, Han L. Suppressing Wnt signaling of the blood‒tumor barrier to intensify drug delivery and inhibit lipogenesis of brain metastases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2716-2731. [PMID: 38828148 PMCID: PMC11143535 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipogenesis is often highly upregulated in breast cancer brain metastases to adapt to intracranial low lipid microenvironments. Lipase inhibitors hold therapeutic potential but their intra-tumoral distribution is often blocked by the blood‒tumor barrier (BTB). BTB activates its Wnt signaling to maintain barrier properties, e.g., Mfsd2a-mediated BTB low transcytosis. Here, we reported VCAM-1-targeting nano-wogonin (W@V-NPs) as an adjuvant of nano-orlistat (O@V-NPs) to intensify drug delivery and inhibit lipogenesis of brain metastases. W@V-NPs were proven to be able to inactivate BTB Wnt signaling, downregulate BTB Mfsd2a, accelerate BTB vesicular transport, and enhance tumor accumulation of O@V-NPs. With the ability to specifically kill cancer cells in a lipid-deprived environment with IC50 at 48 ng/mL, W@V-NPs plus O@V-NPs inhibited the progression of brain metastases with prolonged survival of model mice. The combination did not induce brain edema, cognitive impairment, and systemic toxicity in healthy mice. Targeting Wnt signaling could safely modulate the BTB to improve drug delivery and metabolic therapy against brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pei An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Puxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuteng Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziyan Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wanjun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chunshan Gui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xuechu Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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2
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Abooshahab R, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Synergy between PEDF and Doxorubicin in Breast Cancer Cells: Effects on Metastatic and Metabolic Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2755. [PMID: 38474001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a serine protease inhibitor (Serpin) family member, shows promise in inhibiting tumour growth. In our study, we explored the effects of PEDF on the efficacy of the frontline chemotherapy agent doxorubicin (Dox) in BC cells. We found that Dox+PEDF treatment significantly reduced glucose uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the control (p = 0.0005), PEDF (p = 0.0137), and Dox (p = 0.0171) alone but paradoxically increased it in MCF-7 cells. Our findings further revealed that PEDF, Dox, and Dox+PEDF substantially hindered tumour cell migration from tumour spheroids, with Dox+PEDF showing the most significant impact (p < 0.0001). We also observed notable decreases in the expression of metastatic markers (uPAR, uPA, CXCR4, MT1-MMP, TNF-α) across all treatment groups (p < 0.0001) in both cell lines. When it comes to metabolic pathways, PEDF increased phosphorylated IRS-1 (p-IRS1) levels in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 (p < 0.0001), while Dox decreased it, and the combination led to an increase. In MDA-MB-231 cells, treatment with PEDF, Dox, and the combination led to a notable decrease in both phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and total AKT levels. In MCF-7, while PEDF, Dox, and their combination led to a reduction in p-AKT, total levels of AKT increased in the presence of Dox and Dox+PEDF. Combining PEDF with Dox enhances the targeting of metastatic and metabolic pathways in breast cancer cell lines. This synergy, marked by PEDF's increasing roles in cancer control, may pave the way for more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Abooshahab
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
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3
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Gil-Gas C, Sánchez-Díez M, Honrubia-Gómez P, Sánchez-Sánchez JL, Alvarez-Simón CB, Sabater S, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Ramírez-Castillejo C. Self-Renewal Inhibition in Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Moonlight Role of PEDF in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5422. [PMID: 38001682 PMCID: PMC10670784 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among females in developed countries. Although the implementation of screening tests and the development of new therapies have increased the probability of remission, relapse rates remain high. Numerous studies have indicated the connection between cancer-initiating cells and slow cellular cycle cells, identified by their capacity to retain long labeling (LT+). In this study, we perform new assays showing how stem cell self-renewal modulating proteins, such as PEDF, can modify the properties, percentage of biomarker-expressing cells, and carcinogenicity of cancer stem cells. The PEDF signaling pathway could be a useful tool for controlling cancer stem cells' self-renewal and therefore control patient relapse, as PEDF enhances resistance in breast cancer patient cells' in vitro culture. We have designed a peptide consisting of the C-terminal part of this protein, which acts by blocking endogenous PEDF in cell culture assays. We demonstrate that it is possible to interfere with the self-renewal capacity of cancer stem cells, induce anoikis in vivo, and reduce resistance against docetaxel treatment in cancer patient cells in in vitro culture. We have also demonstrated that this modified PEDF protein produces a significant decrease in the percentage of expressed cancer stem cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gil-Gas
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (C.G.-G.); (P.H.-G.)
| | - Marta Sánchez-Díez
- HST Group, Department Biotechnology-BV, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paloma Honrubia-Gómez
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (C.G.-G.); (P.H.-G.)
| | - Jose Luis Sánchez-Sánchez
- Oncology Unit, Hospital General de Almansa, 02640 Albacete, Spain;
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen B. Alvarez-Simón
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain; (C.G.-G.); (P.H.-G.)
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Sebastia Sabater
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Medical Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Investigaciones en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla La-Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Castillejo
- HST Group, Department Biotechnology-BV, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Oncology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Metabolomics Profiling Reveals the Role of PEDF in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell MDA-MB-231 under Glycaemic Loading. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020543. [PMID: 36839865 PMCID: PMC9962752 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a secreted glycoprotein that belongs to the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family. An increase in PEDF activity has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of tumour progression and proliferation, suggesting a possible therapeutic target. There is still a great deal to learn about how PEDF controls metabolic pathways in breast cancer and its metastatic form. Given this, the primary purpose of this study was to use a metabolomics approach to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms driving the reprogramming of metabolic events involved in breast cancer pertaining to PEDF under various glycaemic loads. We employed gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-Q-MS) to investigate metabolic changes in the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231 treated with PEDF under glycaemic loading. Multivariate and univariate analyses were carried out as indicative tools via MetaboAnalyst (V.5.0) and R packages to identify the significantly altered metabolites in the MDA-MB-231 cell line after PEDF exposure under glycaemic loading. A total of 61 metabolites were found, of which nine were selected to be distinctively expressed in MDA-MB-231 cells under glycaemic conditions and exhibited differential responses to PEDF (p < 0.05, VIP > 1). Abnormalities in amino acid metabolism pathways were observed. In particular, glutamic acid, glutamine, and phenylalanine showed different levels of expression across different treatment groups. The lactate and glucose-6-phosphate production significantly increased in high-glucose vs. normal conditions while it decreased when the cells were exposed to PEDF, confirming the positive influence on the Warburg effect. The TCA cycle intermediates, including malate and citric acid, showed different patterns of expression. This is an important finding in understanding the link of PEDF with metabolic perturbation in TNBC cells in response to glycaemic conditions. Our findings suggest that PEDF significantly influenced the Warburg effect (as evidenced by the significantly lower levels of lactate), one of the well-known metabolic reprogramming pathways in cancer cells that may be responsive to metabolic-targeted therapeutic strategies. Moreover, our results demonstrated that GC-MS-based metabolomics is an effective tool for identifying metabolic changes in breast cancer cells after glycaemic stress or in response to PEDF treatment.
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5
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Brook N, Gill J, Chih H, Francis K, Dharmarajan A, Chan A, Dass CR. Pigment epithelium-derived factor downregulation in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer bone metastases is associated with menopause. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111792. [PMID: 36309204 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has a critical role in bone development and anti-tumour function in breast cancer (BC). As the expression and role of PEDF in BC bone metastases is unknown, we aimed to characterise PEDF in primary and metastatic BC. Subcellular PEDF localisation was semi-quantitatively analysed via immunohistochemistry in patient-matched, archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary BC and liver, lung, and decalcified bone metastases specimens. PEDF localisation was evaluated in 23 metastatic BC patients diagnosed with ER+, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) negative BC or TNBC. Cytoplasmic (p = 0.019) and membrane (p = 0.048) PEDF was lower in bone metastases compared to primary ER+/HER2- BC. In contrast, nuclear PEDF scores were higher in metastases compared to primary TNBC (p = 0.027), and increased membrane PEDF in metastatic tissue had improved disease-free interval (p = 0.016). Nuclear PEDF was decreased in bone metastases compared to primary ER+//HER2- BC in post-menopausal patients (p = 0.029). These novel findings indicate PEDF plays a role in clinical BC metastasis. Significantly lower PEDF levels in the post-menopausal compared to pre-menopausal setting suggests future PEDF research may have greater clinical importance in the post-menopausal ER+/HER2- BC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Brook
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Jespal Gill
- Pathwest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - HuiJun Chih
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Kate Francis
- Western Diagnostic Pathology, Jandakot, 6164, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600116, India
| | - Arlene Chan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Breast Cancer Research Centre-Western Australia, Hollywood Private Hospital, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia.
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6
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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver secretome. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:938-963. [PMCID: PMC9703441 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Ueno S, Sudo T, Saya H, Sugihara E. Pigment epithelium-derived factor promotes peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer through induction of immunosuppressive macrophages. Commun Biol 2022; 5:904. [PMID: 36056141 PMCID: PMC9440245 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03837-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer (OC) correlates with poor prognosis, but the mechanisms underlying the escape of OC cells from the intraperitoneal immune system have remained unknown. We here identify pigment epithelium–derived factor (PEDF) as a promoting factor of OC dissemination, which functions through induction of CD206+ Interleukin-10 (IL-10)–producing macrophages. High PEDF gene expression in tumors is associated with poor prognosis in OC patients. Concentrations of PEDF in ascites and serum are significantly higher in OC patients than those with more benign tumors and correlated with early recurrence of OC patients, suggesting that PEDF might serve as a prognostic biomarker. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) inhibitors reduce PEDF expression and limit both OC cell survival and CD206+ macrophage induction in the peritoneal cavity. Our results thus implicate PEDF as a driver of OC dissemination and identify a BET protein–PEDF–IL-10 axis as a promising therapeutic target for OC. Endogenously expressed pigment epithelium–derived factor (PEDF) promotes increased survival of ovarian cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity by inducing IL-10 expression in CD206 + peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Ueno
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sudo
- Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Eiji Sugihara
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Gene Regulation, Cancer Center, Research Promotion Headquarters, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
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8
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Chen H, Zhou M, Zeng Y, Miao T, Luo H, Tong Y, Zhao M, Mu R, Gu J, Yang S, Han L. Biomimetic Lipopolysaccharide-Free Bacterial Outer Membrane-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105854. [PMID: 35355446 PMCID: PMC9165477 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) severely blocks the intracranial accumulation of most systemic drugs. Inspired by the contribution of the bacterial outer membrane to Escherichia coli K1 (EC-K1) binding to and invasion of BBB endothelial cells in bacterial meningitis, utilization of the BBB invasion ability of the EC-K1 outer membrane for brain-targeted drug delivery and construction of a biomimetic self-assembled nanoparticle with a surface featuring a lipopolysaccharide-free EC-K1 outer membrane are proposed. BBB penetration of biomimetic nanoparticles is demonstrated to occur through the transcellular vesicle transport pathway, which is at least partially dependent on internalization, endosomal escape, and transcytosis mediated by the interactions between outer membrane protein A and gp96 on BBB endothelial cells. This biomimetic nanoengineering strategy endows the loaded drugs with prolonged circulation, intracranial interstitial distribution, and extremely high biocompatibility. Based on the critical roles of gp96 in cancer biology, this strategy reveals enormous potential for delivering therapeutics to treat gp96-overexpressing intracranial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Mengyuan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Yuteng Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Haoyuan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Yang Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Rui Mu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
| | - Jiang Gu
- National Engineering Research Centre of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of PharmacyThird Military Medical UniversityChongqing400038P. R. China
| | - Shudi Yang
- Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of AgricultureSuzhou215008P. R. China
| | - Liang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu215123P. R. China
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9
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Wang L, Zeng D, Wang Q, Liu L, Lu T, Gao Y. Screening and Identification of Novel Potential Biomarkers for Breast Cancer Brain Metastases. Front Oncol 2022; 11:784096. [PMID: 35096583 PMCID: PMC8792448 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.784096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases represent a major cause of mortality among patients with breast cancer, and few effective targeted treatment options are currently available. Development of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) is therefore urgently needed. In this study, we compared the gene expression profiles of the brain metastatic cell line MDA-MB-231-BR (231-BR) and its parental MDA-MB-231, and identified a total of 84 genes in the primary screening through a series of bioinformatic analyses, including construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks by STRING database, identification of hub genes by applying of MCODE and Cytohubba algorithms, identification of leading-edge subsets of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and identification of most up-regulated genes. Eight genes were identified as candidate genes due to their elevated expression in brain metastatic 231-BR cells and prognostic values in patients with BCBM. Then we knocked down the eight individual candidate genes in 231-BR cells and evaluated their impact on cell migration through a wound-healing assay, and four of them (KRT19, FKBP10, GSK3B and SPANXB1) were finally identified as key genes. Furthermore, the expression of individual key genes showed a correlation with the infiltration of major immune cells in the brain tumor microenvironment (TME) as analyzed by Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), suggesting possible roles of them in regulation of the tumor immune response in TME. Therefore, the present work may provide new potential biomarkers for BCBM. Additionally, using GSEA, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Enrichment Analysis, we determined the top enriched cellular functions or pathways in 231-BR cells, which may help better understand the biology governing the development and progression of BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing, China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing, China.,Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Srinivasan ES, Deshpande K, Neman J, Winkler F, Khasraw M. The microenvironment of brain metastases from solid tumors. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:v121-v132. [PMID: 34859239 PMCID: PMC8633769 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis (BrM) is an area of unmet medical need that poses unique therapeutic challenges and heralds a dismal prognosis. The intracranial tumor microenvironment (TME) presents several challenges, including the therapy-resistant blood-brain barrier, a unique immune milieu, distinct intercellular interactions, and specific metabolic conditions, that are responsible for treatment failures and poor clinical outcomes. There is a complex interplay between malignant cells that metastasize to the central nervous system (CNS) and the native TME. Cancer cells take advantage of vascular, neuronal, immune, and anatomical vulnerabilities to proliferate with mechanisms specific to the CNS. In this review, we discuss unique aspects of the TME in the context of brain metastases and pathways through which the TME may hold the key to the discovery of new and effective therapies for patients with BrM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan S Srinivasan
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Krutika Deshpande
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Josh Neman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Physiology and Neuroscience, USC Brain Tumor Center, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Duke Brain and Spine Metastases Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Ye Q, Wang J, Liu X, Liu Z, BaZong L, Ma J, Shen R, Ye W, Zhang W, Wang D. The Role of RAD6B and PEDF in Retinal Degeneration. Neuroscience 2021; 480:19-31. [PMID: 34774969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RAD6B is an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, playing an important role in DNA damage repair, gene expression, senescence, apoptosis and protein degradation. However, the specific mechanism between ubiquitin and retinal degeneration requires more investigation. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has a potent neurotrophic effect on the retina, protecting retinal neurons and photoreceptors from cell death caused by pathological damage. In this study, we found that loss of RAD6B leads to retinal degeneration in mice, especially in old age. Affymetrix microarray analysis showed that the PEDF signal was changed in RAD6B deficient groups. The expression of γ-H2AX, β-Gal, P53, Caspase-3, P21 and P16 was increased significantly in retinas of RAD6B knockout (KO) mice. Our studies suggest that RAD6B and PEDF play an important role in the health of retina, whereas the absence of RAD6B accelerates the degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ye
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Door, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangwen Liu
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zihua Liu
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - LuoSong BaZong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Door, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinhai Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Door, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rong Shen
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Weichun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Door, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Degui Wang
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Basic Medical College, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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12
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Abooshahab R, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. The increasing role of pigment epithelium-derived factor in metastasis: from biological importance to a promising target. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114787. [PMID: 34571004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a non-inhibitory member of the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) family and is a well-known potent anti-tumor factor in a variety of cancers. It has been ascertained that PEDF regulates multiple metastatic processes through various plausible mechanisms, including inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis, stimulating extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and suppressing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Although PEDF has been recognized as an anti-metastatic marker in most studies, its role remains controversial with conflicting reports of PEDF as a metastatic marker. The emerging insights into the mechanism(s) of PEDF in tumor progression and its therapeutic effects are discussed systematically in this review, aiming to improve our understanding in the context of metastasis and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Abooshahab
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley 6102, Australia.
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13
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Zimmer AS, Steinberg SM, Smart DD, Gilbert MR, Armstrong TS, Burton E, Houston N, Biassou N, Gril B, Brastianos PK, Carter S, Lyden D, Lipkowitz S, Steeg PS. Temozolomide in secondary prevention of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases. Future Oncol 2020; 16:899-909. [PMID: 32270710 PMCID: PMC7270957 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases occur in up to 25-55% of patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. Standard treatment has high rates of recurrence or progression, limiting survival and quality of life in most patients. Temozolomide (TMZ) is known to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and is US FDA approved for treatment of glioblastoma. Our group has demonstrated that low doses of TMZ administered in a prophylactic, metronomic fashion can significantly prevent development of brain metastases in murine models of breast cancer. Based on these findings, we initiated a secondary-prevention clinical trial with oral TMZ given to HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastases after recent local treatment in combination with T-DM1 for systemic control of disease. Primary end point is freedom from new brain metastases at 1 year. (NCT03190967).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Zimmer
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics & Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Dee Dee Smart
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Terri S Armstrong
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Eric Burton
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Nicole Houston
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Nadia Biassou
- Neuro-Radiology, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Brunilde Gril
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Central Nervous System Metastases Program, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Cancer Center Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Scott Carter
- Biostatistics and Computation Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Lyden
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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14
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Yamagishi SI, Koga Y, Sotokawauchi A, Hashizume N, Fukahori S, Matsui T, Yagi M. Therapeutic Potential of Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor in Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:313-324. [PMID: 30892156 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190319112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is one of the serine protease inhibitors with multifunctional properties, which is produced by various types of organs and tissues. There is an accumulating body of evidence that PEDF plays an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Indeed, PEDF not only works as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, but also suppresses oxidative stress, inflammatory and thrombotic reactions in cell culture systems, animal models, and humans. Furthermore, we, along with others, have found that PEDF inhibits proliferation of, and induces apoptotic cell death in, numerous kinds of tumors. In addition, circulating as well as tumor expression levels of PEDF have been inversely associated with tumor growth and metastasis. These observations suggest that supplementation of PEDF proteins and/or enhancement of endogenous PEDF expression could be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. Therefore, in this paper, we review the effects of PEDF on diverse types of cancer, and discuss its therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho-Ichi Yamagishi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Koga
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Ami Sotokawauchi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Naoki Hashizume
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Suguru Fukahori
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsui
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Minoru Yagi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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15
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Honrubia-Gómez P, López-Garrido MP, Gil-Gas C, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Alvarez-Simon C, Cuenca-Escalona J, Perez AF, Arias E, Moreno R, Sánchez-Sánchez F, Ramirez-Castillejo C. Pedf derived peptides affect colorectal cancer cell lines resistance and tumour re-growth capacity. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2973-2986. [PMID: 31105879 PMCID: PMC6508205 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse after chemotherapy treatment depends on the cancer initiating cells (CICs). PEDF (Pigmented Epithelium Derived Factor) is an anti-angiogenic, neurotrophic and self-renewal regulator molecule, also involved in CICs biology. Acute and chronic exposition of colon cancer cell lines to CT/CTE PEDF-derived peptides decreased drug-resistance to conventional colorectal cancer treatments, such as oxaliplatin or irinotecan. We confirmed a reduction in the irinotecan and oxaliplatin IC50 doses for all tested tumour cell lines. After xenograft transplantation, CT/CTE treatments also produced a reduction in resistance to conventional chemotherapy treatments as in culture-assays. Metastatic capacity of these treated cell lines was also depleted. The PEDF signaling pathway could be a future therapeutic tool for use as an adjuvant therapy that decreases IC50 dosis, adverse effects and treatment costs. This pathway could also be involved in an increase of the time relapse in patients, decreased tumourigenicity, and decreased capacity to produce metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María-Pilar López-Garrido
- Genética Médica, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, IDINE, UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil-Gas
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Departamento Ciencias Médicas, CRIB, UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Alvarez-Simon
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Departamento Ciencias Médicas, CRIB, UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jorge Cuenca-Escalona
- Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, HST Group, Biotechnology and V Biology Department, ETSIAAB, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ferrer Perez
- Current address: Oncology Division, Hospital Obispo Polanco, Teruel, Spain
| | - Enrique Arias
- Departamento de Sistemas Informáticos, UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Sánchez-Sánchez
- Genética Médica, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, IDINE, UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramirez-Castillejo
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Departamento Ciencias Médicas, CRIB, UCLM, Albacete, Spain.,Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, HST Group, Biotechnology and V Biology Department, ETSIAAB, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Weidle UH, Birzele F, Tiefenthaler G. Potential of Protein-based Anti-metastatic Therapy with Serpins and Inter α-Trypsin Inhibitors. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:225-238. [PMID: 29976628 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we summarize the principles of anti-metastatic therapy with selected serpin family proteins, such as pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) and maspin, as well as inter α-trypsin inhibitor (IαIs) light chains (bikunin) and heavy chains (ITIHs). Case-by-case, antimetastatic activity may be dependent or independent of the protease-inhibitory activity of the corresponding proteins. We discuss the incidence of target deregulation in different tumor entities, mechanisms of deregulation, context-dependent functional issues as well as in vitro and in vivo target validation studies with transfected tumor cells or recombinant protein as anti-metastatic agents. Finally, we comment on possible clinical evaluation of these proteins in adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich H Weidle
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Tiefenthaler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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17
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Hamilton AM, Wong SM, Wong E, Foster PJ. Cranial irradiation increases tumor growth in experimental breast cancer brain metastasis. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3907. [PMID: 29493009 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Whole-brain radiotherapy is the standard of care for patients with breast cancer with multiple brain metastases and, although this treatment has been essential in the management of existing brain tumors, there are many known negative consequences associated with the irradiation of normal brain tissue. In our study, we used in vivo magnetic resonance imaging analysis to investigate the influence of radiotherapy-induced damage of healthy brain on the arrest and growth of metastatic breast cancer cells in a mouse model of breast cancer brain metastasis. We observed that irradiated, but otherwise healthy, neural tissue had an increased propensity to support metastatic growth compared with never-irradiated controls. The elucidation of the impact of irradiation on normal neural tissue could have implications in clinical patient management, particularly in patients with residual systemic disease or with residual radio-resistant brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Hamilton
- Robarts Research Institute, Imaging Research Laboratories, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Suzanne M Wong
- Robarts Research Institute, Imaging Research Laboratories, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eugene Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paula J Foster
- Robarts Research Institute, Imaging Research Laboratories, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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18
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Impact of pigment epithelium-derived factor on colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19192-19202. [PMID: 29721193 PMCID: PMC5922387 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF) is a secreted glycoprotein that is a non-inhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family. PEDF exhibits multiple biological properties including neuroprotective, anti-angiogenic, and immune-modulating. Interestingly, PEDF exerts the inhibitory effects in cancers derived from certain tissues, including prostatic, ovarian, and pancreatic carcinomas. The current study aimed to elucidate its role in colorectal cancer development. PEDF expression in human colorectal cancer tissue was assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC). The effect of treatment with recombinant PEDF on cellular function was examined using in vitro functional assays. PEDF expression was downregulated in colorectal cancer cell tissue. Treatment with recombinant PEDF resulted in significant decreases in the rate of colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion and an increase in cellular adhesion in colorectal cancer cell lines examined. These results indicate that upregulation of PEDF expression may serve as a new strategy for further investigation of therapeutic relevance to the prevention of the metastatic spread of colorectal cancer.
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19
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An J, Wang L, Zhao Y, Hao Q, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yang C, Liu L, Wang W, Fang D, Lu T, Gao Y. Effects of FSTL1 on cell proliferation in breast cancer cell line MDA‑MB‑231 and its brain metastatic variant MDA‑MB‑231‑BR. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:3001-3010. [PMID: 29048681 PMCID: PMC5780039 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, altered Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) expression has been documented in a variety of cancers, while its functional roles are poorly understood. Particularly in breast cancer, the expression of FSTL1 and its signaling pathway remain to be determined. In the present study, an elevated FSTL1 expression and a supressed cell proliferation were detected in a specific brain metastatic cell line MDA-MB-231-BR (231-BR), compared with its parental cell line MDA-MB-231. However, this protein was hardly detected in the other three breast cancer cell lines. Next, lentiviral vectors encoding FSTL1 or FSTL1 specific shRNAs were used to overexpress or knock down FSTL1 in MDA-MB-231 or 231-BR, respectively (MDA-MB-231FSTL1 or 231-BRsh FSTL1). Results showed that overexpression of FSTL1 inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation, while knockdown of FSTL1 in 231-BR cells promotes cell proliferation, compared with their corresponding control groups. These results were further confirmed in nude mouse xenografts. The tumor volume in 231-BR cell-bearing mice was significantly smaller than that of MDA-MB-231 group, and reduction of tumor volume was detected in MDA-MB-231FSTL1 cell-bearing mice compared with the control group. Previous studies revealed that TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling pathway was activated in 231-BR and MDA-MB-231FSTL1 cells, which may contribute to the inhibited cell proliferation. In addition, Smad3 knockdown could restore the inhibition of cell proliferation induced by FSTL1 overexpression in MDA-MB-231FSTL1 cells, indicating that the anti-proliferative effect of FSTL1 overexpression may be associated with Smad3 involved TGF-β signaling pathway regulation. This study identified FSTL1 as an inhibitor of cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 and 231-BR cell lines, which may provide new insights into the development and management of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang An
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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20
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Hoshide R, Jandial R. The role of the neural niche in brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 34:369-376. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Saunus JM, McCart Reed AE, Lim ZL, Lakhani SR. Breast Cancer Brain Metastases: Clonal Evolution in Clinical Context. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010152. [PMID: 28098771 PMCID: PMC5297785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are highly-evolved manifestations of breast cancer arising in a unique microenvironment, giving them exceptional adaptability in the face of new extrinsic pressures. The incidence is rising in line with population ageing, and use of newer therapies that stabilise metastatic disease burden with variable efficacy throughout the body. Historically, there has been a widely-held view that brain metastases do not respond to circulating therapeutics because the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) restricts their uptake. However, emerging data are beginning to paint a more complex picture where the brain acts as a sanctuary for dormant, subclinical proliferations that are initially protected by the BBB, but then exposed to dynamic selection pressures as tumours mature and vascular permeability increases. Here, we review key experimental approaches and landmark studies that have charted the genomic landscape of breast cancer brain metastases. These findings are contextualised with the factors impacting on clonal outgrowth in the brain: intrinsic breast tumour cell capabilities required for brain metastatic fitness, and the neural niche, which is initially hostile to invading cells but then engineered into a tumour-support vehicle by the successful minority. We also discuss how late detection, abnormal vascular perfusion and interstitial fluid dynamics underpin the recalcitrant clinical behaviour of brain metastases, and outline active clinical trials in the context of precision management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi M Saunus
- The University of Queensland (UQ), UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Amy E McCart Reed
- The University of Queensland (UQ), UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Zhun Leong Lim
- The University of Queensland (UQ), UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- The University of Queensland (UQ), UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia.
- UQ School of Medicine, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
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22
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of c-Met kinase inhibitors bearing 2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4483-4486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Promising Nanocarriers for PEDF Gene Targeting Delivery to Cervical Cancer Cells Mediated by the Over-expressing FRα. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32427. [PMID: 27576898 PMCID: PMC5006243 DOI: 10.1038/srep32427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer presents extremely low PEDF expression which is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. In this study, folate receptor α (FRα)-targeted nano-liposomes (FLP) were designed to enhance the anti-tumor effect by targeting delivery of exogenous PEDF gene to cervical cancer cells. The targeting molecule F-PEG-Chol was firstly synthesized by a novel simpler method. FLP encapsulating PEDF gene (FLP/PEDF) with a typical lipid-membrane structure were prepared by a film dispersion method. The transfection experiment found FLP could effectively transfect human cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells). FLP/PEDF significantly inhibited the growth of HeLa cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC cells) and suppressed adhension, invasion and migration of HeLa cells in vitro. In the abdominal metastatic tumor model of cervical cancer, FLP/PEDF administered by intraperitoneal injection exhibited a superior anti-tumor effect probably due to the up-regulated PEDF. FLP/PEDF could not only sharply reduce the microvessel density but also dramatically inhibit proliferation and markedly induce apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo. Moreover, the preliminary safety investigation revealed that FLP/PEDF had no obvious toxicity. These results clearly showed that FLP were desired carriers for PEDF gene and FLP/PEDF might represent a potential novel strategy for gene therapy of cervical cancer.
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24
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Abstract
Tumour metastasis, the movement of tumour cells from a primary site to progressively colonize distant organs, is a major contributor to the deaths of cancer patients. Therapeutic goals are the prevention of an initial metastasis in high-risk patients, shrinkage of established lesions and prevention of additional metastases in patients with limited disease. Instead of being autonomous, tumour cells engage in bidirectional interactions with metastatic microenvironments to alter antitumour immunity, the extracellular milieu, genomic stability, survival signalling, chemotherapeutic resistance and proliferative cycles. Can targeting of these interactions significantly improve patient outcomes? In this Review preclinical research, combination therapies and clinical trial designs are re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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25
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Fortenberry Y. The role of serpins in tumor cell migration. Biol Chem 2015; 396:205-13. [PMID: 25381952 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells are characterized by uncontrolled cell growth at a primary site that is caused by genetic alterations. Tumor cells that metastasize from their primary site to distant locations are commonly referred to as malignant. Cell migration is a critical step in this process. The ability of tumor cells to migrate and invade is partly controlled by proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes are secreted by either the tumor cells themselves or adjacent cells. They represent all classes of proteases, including serine and cysteine proteases. Serine proteases, in particular urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), initiate a proteolytic cascade that culminates in degrading components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Some serine proteases are controlled by a superfamily of proteins known as serpins. This minireview provides an overview of serpins that are vital in regulating tumor cell migration and progressing cancer.
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26
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Zhou D, Zhang M, Xu P, Yu Y, Ye G, Zhang L, Wu A. Expression of pigment epithelium-derived factor is associated with a good prognosis and is correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes in infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:116-124. [PMID: 26870178 PMCID: PMC4727170 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a pivotal event in the progression of cancer towards metastasis. Given that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) inhibits angiogenesis, the present study analyzed whether PEDF expression is associated with EMT and prognosis in invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC). Immunohistochemical analysis was used to examine the expression levels of PEDF, E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in 119 cases of IDC. Correlations between PEDF expression and EMT-related genes, and clinicopathological features and clinical prognosis were analyzed. E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail and NF-κB expression was correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and clinicopathological stage. PEDF expression was closely associated with tumor size. Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between PEDF and E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail and NF-κB expression (P<0.05). Additionally, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that the five-year survival rate was higher for patients with PEDF- and E-cadherin-positive tumors, but was lower for those with vimentin-, Snail- and NF-κB-positive tumors. Vimentin, E-cadherin and NF-κB levels were dependent prognostic factors of favorable outcomes in IDC, as determined by Cox multivariate analysis. PEDF expression in breast cancer was significantly associated with EMT-related genes, suggesting that it may be an EMT suppressor. However, its potential as a prognostic indicator in breast cancer warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China; Department of Breast Surgery, Foshan Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528100, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guolin Ye
- Department of Breast Surgery, Foshan Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-Sen University, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528100, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, State Key Laboratory, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, P.R. China
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Franco-Chuaire ML, Ramírez-Clavijo S, Chuaire-Noack L. Pigment epithelium-derived factor: clinical significance in estrogen-dependent tissues and its potential in cancer therapy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:837-55. [PMID: 26523216 PMCID: PMC4620182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a glycoprotein that belongs to the family of non-inhibitory serpins. The broad spectrum of PEDF biological activity is evident when considering its effects in promoting cell survival and proliferation, as well as its antiangiogenic, antitumor, and anti-metastatic properties. Although the structural domains of the PEDF gene that mediate such diverse effects and their mechanisms of action have not been completely elucidated, there is a large body of evidence describing their diverse range of activities; this evidence combined with the regulation of PEDF expression by sex steroids and their receptors have led to the idea that PEDF is not only a diagnostic and prognostic marker for certain diseases such as cancer, but is also a potential therapeutic target. In this manner, this paper aims to generally review the regulation of PEDF expression and PEDF interactions, as well as the findings that relate PEDF to the role of estrogens and estrogen receptors. In addition, this manuscript will review major advances toward potential therapeutic applications of PEDF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Ramírez-Clavijo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Lilian Chuaire-Noack
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia,Corresponding author: Lilian Chuaire-Noack. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC, Colombia; Tel: 57(1) 2970200; ext 4021;
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Smart D, Garcia-Glaessner A, Palmieri D, Wong-Goodrich SJ, Kramp T, Gril B, Shukla S, Lyle T, Hua E, Cameron HA, Camphausen K, Steeg PS. Analysis of radiation therapy in a model of triple-negative breast cancer brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:717-27. [PMID: 26319493 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9739-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer patients with brain metastases are treated with radiation therapy, yet this modality has not yet been meaningfully incorporated into preclinical experimental brain metastasis models. We applied two forms of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) to the brain-tropic 231-BR experimental brain metastasis model of triple-negative breast cancer. When compared to sham controls, WBRT as 3 Gy × 10 fractions (3 × 10) reduced the number of micrometastases and large metastases by 87.7 and 54.5 %, respectively (both p < 0.01); whereas a single radiation dose of 15 Gy × 1 (15 × 1) was less effective, reducing metastases by 58.4 % (p < 0.01) and 47.1 % (p = 0.41), respectively. Neuroinflammation in the adjacent brain parenchyma was due solely to a reaction from metastases, and not radiotherapy, while adult neurogenesis in brains was adversely affected following both radiation regimens. The nature of radiation resistance was investigated by ex vivo culture of tumor cells that survived initial WBRT ("Surviving" cultures). The Surviving cultures surprisingly demonstrated increased radiosensitivity ex vivo. In contrast, re-injection of Surviving cultures and re-treatment with a 3 × 10 WBRT regimen significantly reduced the number of large and micrometastases that developed in vivo, suggesting a role for the microenvironment. Micrometastases derived from tumor cells surviving initial 3 × 10 WBRT demonstrated a trend toward radioresistance upon repeat treatment (p = 0.09). The data confirm the potency of a fractionated 3 × 10 WBRT regimen and identify the brain microenvironment as a potential determinant of radiation efficacy. The data also nominate the Surviving cultures as a potential new translational model for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeeDee Smart
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Alejandra Garcia-Glaessner
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diane Palmieri
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- NHLBI, Bldg 10-CRC, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Tamalee Kramp
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brunilde Gril
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tiffany Lyle
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Emily Hua
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Heather A Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, NIMH, NIH, 35 Convent Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10, Room B3B69, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bldg 37, Rm. 1126, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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29
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Protiva P, Gong J, Sreekumar B, Torres R, Zhang X, Belinsky GS, Cornwell M, Crawford SE, Iwakiri Y, Chung C. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) Inhibits Wnt/ β-catenin Signaling in the Liver. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:535-549.e14. [PMID: 26473164 PMCID: PMC4604042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a secretory protein that inhibits multiple tumor types. PEDF inhibits the Wnt coreceptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), in the eye, but whether the tumor-suppressive properties of PEDF occur in organs such as the liver is unknown. METHODS Wnt-dependent regulation of PEDF was assessed in the absence and presence of the Wnt coreceptor LRP6. Whole genome expression analysis was performed on PEDF knockout (KO) and control livers (7 months). Interrogation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling was performed in whole livers and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines after RNA interference of PEDF and restoration of a PEDF-derived peptide. Western diet feeding for 6 to 8 months was used to evaluate whether the absence of PEDF was permissive for HCC formation (n = 12/group). RESULTS PEDF levels increased in response to canonical Wnt3a in an LRP6-dependent manner but were suppressed by noncanonical Wnt5a protein in an LRP6-independent manner. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of PEDF KO livers revealed induction of pathways associated with experimental and human HCC and a transcriptional profile characterized by Wnt/β-catenin activation. Enhanced Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurred in KO livers, and PEDF delivery in vivo reduced LRP6 activation. In human HCC cells, RNA interference of PEDF led to increased levels of activated LRP6 and β-catenin, and a PEDF 34-mer peptide decreased LRP6 activation and β-catenin signaling, and reduced Wnt target genes. PEDF KO mice fed a Western diet developed sporadic well-differentiated HCC. Human HCC specimens demonstrated decreased PEDF staining compared with hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS PEDF is an endogenous inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Protiva
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jingjing Gong
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Richard Torres
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Glenn S. Belinsky
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mona Cornwell
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Susan E. Crawford
- Department of Pathology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chuhan Chung
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,VA CT Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Chuhan Chung, MD, Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, 1080 LMP, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519.
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30
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Dun MD, Chalkley RJ, Faulkner S, Keene S, Avery-Kiejda KA, Scott RJ, Falkenby LG, Cairns MJ, Larsen MR, Bradshaw RA, Hondermarck H. Proteotranscriptomic Profiling of 231-BR Breast Cancer Cells: Identification of Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Brain Metastasis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2316-30. [PMID: 26041846 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.046110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are a devastating consequence of cancer and currently there are no specific biomarkers or therapeutic targets for risk prediction, diagnosis, and treatment. Here the proteome of the brain metastatic breast cancer cell line 231-BR has been compared with that of the parental cell line MDA-MB-231, which is also metastatic but has no organ selectivity. Using SILAC and nanoLC-MS/MS, 1957 proteins were identified in reciprocal labeling experiments and 1584 were quantified in the two cell lines. A total of 152 proteins were confidently determined to be up- or down-regulated by more than twofold in 231-BR. Of note, 112/152 proteins were decreased as compared with only 40/152 that were increased, suggesting that down-regulation of specific proteins is an important part of the mechanism underlying the ability of breast cancer cells to metastasize to the brain. When matched against transcriptomic data, 43% of individual protein changes were associated with corresponding changes in mRNA, indicating that the transcript level is a limited predictor of protein level. In addition, differential miRNA analyses showed that most miRNA changes in 231-BR were up- (36/45) as compared with down-regulations (9/45). Pathway analysis revealed that proteome changes were mostly related to cell signaling and cell cycle, metabolism and extracellular matrix remodeling. The major protein changes in 231-BR were confirmed by parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry and consisted in increases (by more than fivefold) in the matrix metalloproteinase-1, ephrin-B1, stomatin, myc target-1, and decreases (by more than 10-fold) in transglutaminase-2, the S100 calcium-binding protein A4, and l-plastin. The clinicopathological significance of these major proteomic changes to predict the occurrence of brain metastases, and their potential value as therapeutic targets, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Dun
- From the ‡School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy and §Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Robert J Chalkley
- ¶Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sam Faulkner
- From the ‡School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy and §Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Sheridan Keene
- From the ‡School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy and §Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Kelly A Avery-Kiejda
- From the ‡School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy and §Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- From the ‡School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy and §Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Lasse G Falkenby
- ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Murray J Cairns
- From the ‡School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy and §Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Martin R Larsen
- ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ralph A Bradshaw
- ¶Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Hubert Hondermarck
- From the ‡School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy and §Hunter Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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31
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Patil R, Ljubimov AV, Gangalum PR, Ding H, Portilla-Arias J, Wagner S, Inoue S, Konda B, Rekechenetskiy A, Chesnokova A, Markman JL, Ljubimov VA, Li D, Prasad RS, Black KL, Holler E, Ljubimova JY. MRI virtual biopsy and treatment of brain metastatic tumors with targeted nanobioconjugates: nanoclinic in the brain. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5594-608. [PMID: 25906400 PMCID: PMC4768903 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhancement(s) remains a significant problem, which may be difficult to resolve without biopsy, which can be often dangerous or even impossible. Such MRI enhancement(s) can result from metastasis of primary tumors such as lung or breast, radiation necrosis, infections, or a new primary brain tumor (glioma, meningioma). Neurological symptoms are often the same on initial presentation. To develop a more precise noninvasive MRI diagnostic method, we have engineered a new class of poly(β-l-malic acid) polymeric nanoimaging agents (NIAs). The NIAs carrying attached MRI tracer are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and specifically target cancer cells for efficient imaging. A qualitative/quantitative "MRI virtual biopsy" method is based on a nanoconjugate carrying MRI contrast agent gadolinium-DOTA and antibodies recognizing tumor-specific markers and extravasating through the BBB. In newly developed double tumor xenogeneic mouse models of brain metastasis this noninvasive method allowed differential diagnosis of HER2- and EGFR-expressing brain tumors. After MRI diagnosis, breast and lung cancer brain metastases were successfully treated with similar tumor-targeted nanoconjugates carrying molecular inhibitors of EGFR or HER2 instead of imaging contrast agent. The treatment resulted in a significant increase in animal survival and markedly reduced immunostaining for several cancer stem cell markers. Novel NIAs could be useful for brain diagnostic MRI in the clinic without currently performed brain biopsies. This technology shows promise for differential MRI diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases and other pathologies when biopsies are difficult to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Alexander V. Ljubimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Arrogene Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Pallavi R. Gangalum
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jose Portilla-Arias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Shawn Wagner
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Bindu Konda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Arthur Rekechenetskiy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Alexandra Chesnokova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Janet L. Markman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Vladimir A. Ljubimov
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Debiao Li
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ravi S. Prasad
- Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Arrogene Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Arrogene Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Julia Y. Ljubimova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Arrogene Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States
- Address correspondence to
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32
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Hatipoglu G, Hock SW, Weiss R, Fan Z, Sehm T, Ghoochani A, Buchfelder M, Savaskan NE, Eyüpoglu IY. Sunitinib impedes brain tumor progression and reduces tumor-induced neurodegeneration in the microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:160-70. [PMID: 25458015 PMCID: PMC4399021 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas can be counted to the most devastating tumors in humans. Novel therapies do not achieve significant prolonged survival rates. The cancer cells have an impact on the surrounding vital tissue and form tumor zones, which make up the tumor microenvironment. We investigated the effects of sunitinib, a small molecule multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on constituents of the tumor microenvironment such as gliomas, astrocytes, endothelial cells, and neurons. Sunitinib has a known anti-angiogenic effect. We found that sunitinib normalizes the aberrant tumor-derived vasculature and reduces tumor vessel pathologies (i.e. auto-loops). Sunitinib has only minor effects on the normal, physiological, non-proliferating vasculature. We found that neurons and astrocytes are protected by sunitinib against glutamate-induced cell death, whereas sunitinib acts as a toxin towards proliferating endothelial cells and tumor vessels. Moreover, sunitinib is effective in inducing glioma cell death. We determined the underlying pathways by which sunitinib operates as a toxin on gliomas and found vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, KDR/Flk1) as the main target to execute gliomatoxicity. The apoptosis-inducing effect of sunitinib can be mimicked by inhibition of VEGFR2. Knockdown of VEGFR2 can, in part, foster the resistance of glioma cells to receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, sunitinib alleviates tumor-induced neurodegeneration. Hence, we tested whether temozolomide treatment could be potentiated by sunitinib application. Here we show that sunitinib can amplify the effects of temozolomide in glioma cells. Thus, our data indicate that combined treatment with temozolomide does not abrogate the effects of sunitinib. In conclusion, we found that sunitinib acts as a gliomatoxic agent and at the same time carries out neuroprotective effects, reducing tumor-induced neurodegeneration. Thus, this report uncovered sunitinib's actions on the brain tumor microenvironment, revealing novel aspects for adjuvant approaches and new clinical assessment criteria when applied to brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Hatipoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Kodack DP, Askoxylakis V, Ferraro GB, Fukumura D, Jain RK. Emerging strategies for treating brain metastases from breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:163-75. [PMID: 25670078 PMCID: PMC4325273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is an end stage in breast cancer progression. Traditional treatment options have minimal efficacy, and overall survival is on the order of months. The incidence of brain metastatic disease is increasing with the improved management of systemic disease and prolongation of survival. Unfortunately, the targeted therapies that control systemic disease have diminished efficacy against brain lesions. There are reasons to be optimistic, however, as emerging therapies have shown promise in preclinical and early clinical settings. This review discusses recent advances in breast cancer brain metastasis therapy and potential approaches for successful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Kodack
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vasileios Askoxylakis
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gino B Ferraro
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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34
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Zille M, Riabinska A, Terzi MY, Balkaya M, Prinz V, Schmerl B, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Endres M, Vajkoczy P, Pina AL. Influence of pigment epithelium-derived factor on outcome after striatal cerebral ischemia in the mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114595. [PMID: 25470280 PMCID: PMC4255036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We here suggest that pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) does not have an effect on lesion size, behavioral outcome, cell proliferation, or cell death after striatal ischemia in the mouse. PEDF is a neurotrophic factor with neuroprotective, antiangiogenic, and antipermeability effects. It influences self-renewal of neural stem cells and proliferation of microglia. We investigated whether intraventricular infusion of PEDF reduces infarct size and cell death, ameliorates behavioral outcome, and influences cell proliferation in the one-hour middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. C57Bl6/N mice were implanted with PEDF or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (control) osmotic pumps and subjected to 60-minute MCAO 48 hours after pump implantation. They received daily BrdU injections for 7 days after MCAO in order to investigate cell proliferation. Infarct volumes were determined 24 hours after reperfusion using magnetic resonance imaging. We removed the pumps on day 5 and performed behavioral testing between day 7 and 21. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the effect of PEDF on cell proliferation and cell death. Our model produced an ischemic injury confined solely to striatal damage. We detected no reduction in infarct sizes and cell death in PEDF- vs. CSF-infused MCAO mice. Behavioral outcome and cell proliferation did not differ between the groups. However, we cannot exclude that PEDF might work under different conditions in stroke. Further studies will elucidate the effect of PEDF treatment on cell proliferation and behavioral outcome in moderate to severe ischemic injury in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Zille
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arina Riabinska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Menderes Yusuf Terzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mustafa Balkaya
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Prinz
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Schmerl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Luisa Pina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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35
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Hong H, Zhou T, Fang S, Jia M, Xu Z, Dai Z, Li C, Li S, Li L, Zhang T, Qi W, Bardeesi ASA, Yang Z, Cai W, Yang X, Gao G. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) inhibits breast cancer metastasis by down-regulating fibronectin. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 148:61-72. [PMID: 25284724 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) plays an important role in the tumor growth and metastasis inhibition. It has been reported that PEDF expression is significantly reduced in breast cancer, and associated with disease progression and poor patient outcome. However, the exact mechanism of PEDF on breast cancer metastasis including liver and lung metastasis remains unclear. The present study aims to reveal the impact of PEDF on breast cancer. The orthotopic tumor mice model inoculated by MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing PEDF or control cells was used to assess liver and lung metastasis of breast cancer. In vitro, migration and invasion experiments were used to detect the metastatic abilities of MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells with or without overexpression of PEDF. The metastatic-related molecules including EMT makers, fibronectin, and p-AKT and p-ERK were detected by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and Fluorescent immunocytochemistry. PEDF significantly inhibited breast cancer growth and metastasis in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, PEDF inhibited breast cancer cell migration and invasion by down-regulating fibronectin and subsequent MMP2/MMP9 reduction via p-ERK and p-AKT signaling pathways. However, PEDF had no effect on EMT conversion in the breast cancer cells which was usually involved in cancer metastasis. Furthermore, the study showed that laminin receptor mediated the down-regulation of fibronectin by PEDF. These results reported for the first time that PEDF inhibited breast cancer metastasis by down-regulating fibronectin via laminin receptor/AKT/ERK pathway. Our findings demonstrated PEDF as a dual effector in limiting breast cancer growth and metastasis and highlighted a new avenue to block breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China,
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Jain R, Strickler HD, Fine E, Sparano JA. Clinical studies examining the impact of obesity on breast cancer risk and prognosis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:257-66. [PMID: 24221746 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and increased risk of recurrence in women who develop breast cancer. Evidence suggests that the risk of estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer is increased in obese postmenopausal women, whereas in premenopausal women the risk of triple negative breast cancer is increased. Nonetheless, the presence of obesity at diagnosis, and possibly weight gain after diagnosis, may independently contribute to an individual's risk of recurrence of both pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer. Factors associated with adiposity that are likely contributing factors include hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, and relative hyperestrogenemia. Some studies suggest that some aromatase inhibitors may be less effective in obese women than lean women. Clinical trials have evaluated pharmacologic (eg, metformin) and dietary/lifestyle interventions to reduce breast cancer recurrence, although these interventions have not been tested in obese women who may be most likely to benefit from them. Further research is required in order to identify adiposity-associated factors driving recurrence, and design clinical trials to specifically test interventions in obese women at highest risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Jain
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Pigment epithelium-derived factor reduces apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in a murine model of focal retinal degeneration. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00126. [PMID: 24160756 PMCID: PMC3840469 DOI: 10.1042/an20130028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AMD (age-related macular degeneration) is a neurodegenerative disease causing irreversible central blindness in the elderly. Apoptosis and inflammation play important roles in AMD pathogenesis. PEDF (pigment epithelium-derived factor) is a potent neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory glycoprotein that protects the retinal neurons and photoreceptors against cell death caused by pathological insults. We studied the effects of PEDF on focal retinal lesions in DKO rd8 (Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− on C57BL/6N [Crb1rd8]) mice, a model for progressive, focal rd (retinal degeneration). First, we found a significant decrease in PEDF transcript expression in DKO rd8 mouse retina and RPE (retinal pigment epithelium) than WT (wild-type, C57BL/6N). Next, cultured DKO rd8 RPE cells secreted lower levels of PEDF protein in the media than WT. Then the right eyes of DKO rd8 mice were injected intravitreously with recombinant human PEDF protein (1 μg), followed by a subconjunctival injection of PEDF (3 μg) 4 weeks later. The untreated left eyes served as controls. The effect of PEDF was assessed by fundoscopy, ocular histopathology and A2E {[2,6-dimethyl-8-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-1E,3E,5E,7E-octatetra-enyl]-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-[4-methyl-6(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl) 1E,3E,5E,7E-hexatrienyl]-pyridinium} levels, as well as apoptotic and inflammatory molecules. The PEDF-treated eyes showed slower progression or attenuation of the focal retinal lesions, fewer and/or smaller photoreceptor and RPE degeneration, and significantly lower A2E, relative to the untreated eyes. In addition, lower expression of apoptotic and inflammatory molecules were detected in the PEDF-treated than untreated eyes. Our results establish that PEDF potently stabilizes photoreceptor degeneration via suppression of both apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. The multiple beneficial effects of PEDF represent a novel approach for potential AMD treatment. Apoptosis and inflammation play important roles in age-related macular degeneration. As a potent neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory glycoprotein, PEDF potently stabilizes photoreceptor degeneration via suppression of apoptotic and inflammatory pathways in a mouse model of progressive, focal rd.
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Gnerlich JL, Yao KA, Fitchev PS, Goldschmidt RA, Bond MC, Cornwell M, Crawford SE. Peritumoral Expression of Adipokines and Fatty Acids in Breast Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20 Suppl 3:S731-8. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Craword SE, Fitchev P, Veliceasa D, Volpert OV. The many facets of PEDF in drug discovery and disease: a diamond in the rough or split personality disorder? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:769-92. [PMID: 23642051 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.794781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was discovered as a neurotrophic factor secreted by retinal pigment epithelial cells. A decade later, it re-emerged as a powerful angiogenesis inhibitor guarding ocular function. Since then, significant advances were made identifying PEDF's mechanisms, targets and biomedical applications. AREAS COVERED The authors review several methodologies that have generated significant new information about the potential of PEDF as a drug. Furthermore, the authors review and discuss mechanistic and structure-function analyses combined with the functional mapping of active fragments, which have yielded several short bioactive PEDF peptides. Additionally, the authors present functional studies in knockout animals and human correlates that have provided important information about conditions amenable to PEDF-based therapies. EXPERT OPINION Through its four known receptors, PEDF causes a wide range of cellular events vitally important for the organism, which include survival and differentiation, migration and invasion, lipid metabolism and stem cell maintenance. These processes are deregulated in multiple pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular disease. PEDF has been successfully used in countless preclinical models of these conditions and human correlates suggest a wide utility of PEDF-based drugs. The most significant clinical application of PEDF, to date, is its potential therapeutic use for age-related macular degeneration. Moreover, PEDF-based gene therapy has advanced to early stage clinical trials. PEDF active fragments have been mapped and used to design short peptide mimetics conferring distinct functions of PEDF, which may address specific clinical problems and become prototype drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Craword
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Gril B, Palmieri D, Qian Y, Anwar T, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Andreu Z, Masana D, Fernández P, Steeg PS, Vidal-Vanaclocha F. Pazopanib inhibits the activation of PDGFRβ-expressing astrocytes in the brain metastatic microenvironment of breast cancer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2368-79. [PMID: 23583652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastases occur in more than one-third of metastatic breast cancer patients whose tumors overexpress HER2 or are triple negative. Brain colonization of cancer cells occurs in a unique environment, containing microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons. Although a neuroinflammatory response has been documented in brain metastasis, its contribution to cancer progression and therapy remains poorly understood. Using an experimental brain metastasis model, we characterized the brain metastatic microenvironment of brain tropic, HER2-transfected MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells (231-BR-HER2). A previously unidentified subpopulation of metastasis-associated astrocytes expressing phosphorylated platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (at tyrosine 751; p751-PDGFRβ) was identified around perivascular brain micrometastases. p751-PDGFRβ(+) astrocytes were also identified in human brain metastases from eight craniotomy specimens and in primary cultures of astrocyte-enriched glial cells. Previously, we reported that pazopanib, a multispecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevented the outgrowth of 231-BR-HER2 large brain metastases by 73%. Here, we evaluated the effect of pazopanib on the brain neuroinflammatory microenvironment. Pazopanib treatment resulted in 70% (P = 0.023) decrease of the p751-PDGFRβ(+) astrocyte population, at the lowest dose of 30 mg/kg, twice daily. Collectively, the data identify a subpopulation of activated astrocytes in the subclinical perivascular stage of brain metastases and show that they are inhibitable by pazopanib, suggesting its potential to prevent the development of brain micrometastases in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunilde Gril
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Becerra SP, Notario V. The effects of PEDF on cancer biology: mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:258-71. [PMID: 23486238 PMCID: PMC3707632 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The potent actions of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on tumour-associated cells, and its extracellular localization and secretion, stimulated research on this multifunctional serpin. Such studies have identified several PEDF receptors and downstream signalling pathways. Known cellular PEDF responses have expanded from the initial discovery that PEDF induces retinoblastoma cell differentiation to its anti-angiogenic, antitumorigenic and antimetastatic properties. Although the diversity of PEDF activities seems to be complex, they are consistent with the varied mechanisms that regulate this multimodal factor. If PEDF is to be used for cancer management, a deeper appreciation of its many functions and mechanisms of action is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patricia Becerra
- National Eye Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Arnold PM. Editorial: spine metastasis. J Neurosurg Spine 2012; 18:215-6; discussion p. 216. [PMID: 23259541 DOI: 10.3171/2012.10.spine12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zadnik P, Sarabia-Estrada R, Groves ML, Molina C, Jackson C, McCarthy E, Gokaslan ZL, Bydon A, Wolinsky JP, Witham TF, Sciubba DM. A novel animal model of human breast cancer metastasis to the spine: a pilot study using intracardiac injection and luciferase-expressing cells. J Neurosurg Spine 2012; 18:217-25. [PMID: 23259542 DOI: 10.3171/2012.11.spine12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Metastatic spine disease is prevalent in cancer victims; 10%-30% of the 1.2 million new patients diagnosed with cancer in the US exhibit spinal metastases. Unfortunately, treatments are limited for these patients, as disseminated disease is often refractory to chemotherapy and is difficult to treat with surgical intervention alone. New animal models that accurately recapitulate the human disease process are needed to study the behavior of metastases in real time. METHODS In this study the authors report on a cell line that reliably generates bony metastases following intracardiac injection and can be tracked in real time using optical bioluminescence imaging. This line, RBC3, was derived from a metastatic breast adenocarcinoma lesion arising in the osseous spine of a rat following intracardiac injection of MDA-231 human breast cancer cells. RESULTS Upon culture and reinjection of RBC3, a statistically significantly increased systemic burden of metastatic tumor was noted. The resultant spine lesions were osteolytic, as demonstrated by small animal CT scanning. CONCLUSIONS This cell line generates spinal metastases that can be tracked in real time and may serve as a useful tool in the study of metastatic disease in the spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Zadnik
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland, USA
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Identification of pigment epithelium-derived factor protein forms with distinct activities on tumor cell lines. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:425907. [PMID: 22701303 PMCID: PMC3373277 DOI: 10.1155/2012/425907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional serpin. The purpose of this study is to identify PEDF protein forms and investigate their biological activities on tumor cell lines. Methods. Recombinant human PEDF proteins were purified by cation- and anion-exchange column chromatography. They were subjected to SDS-PAGE, IEF, deglycosylation, heparin affinity chromatography, and limited proteolysis. Cell viability, real-time electrical impedance of cells, and wound healing assays were performed using bladder and breast cancer cell lines, rat retinal R28, and human ARPE-19 cells. Results. Two PEDF protein peaks were identified after anion-exchange column chromatography: PEDF-1 eluting with lower ionic strength than PEDF-2. PEDF-1 had higher pI value and lower apparent molecular weight than PEDF-2. Both PEDF forms were glycosylated, bound to heparin, and had identical patterns by limited proteolysis. However, PEDF-2 emerged as being highly potent in lowering cell viability in all tumor cell lines tested, and in inhibiting tumor and ARPE-19 cell migration. In contrast, PEDF-1 minimally affected tumor cell viability and cell migration but protected R28 cells against death caused by serum starvation. Conclusion. Two distinct biochemical forms of PEDF varying in overall charge have distinct biological effects on tumor cell viability and migration. The existence of PEDF forms may explain the multifunctional modality of PEDF.
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Role of pigment epithelium-derived factor in stem/progenitor cell-associated neovascularization. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:871272. [PMID: 22685380 PMCID: PMC3364713 DOI: 10.1155/2012/871272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was first identified in retinal pigment epithelium cells. It is an endogenously produced protein that is widely expressed throughout the human body such as in the eyes, liver, heart, and adipose tissue; it exhibits multiple and varied biological activities. PEDF is a multifunctional protein with antiangiogenic, antitumorigenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, neurotrophic, and neuroprotective properties. More recently, PEDF has been shown to be the most potent inhibitor of stem/progenitor cell-associated neovascularization. Neovascularization is a complex process regulated by a large, interacting network of molecules from stem/progenitor cells. PEDF is also involved in the pathogenesis of angiogenic eye disease, tumor growth, and cardiovascular disease. Novel antiangiogenic agents with tolerable side effects are desired for the treatment of patients with various diseases. Here, we review the value of PEDF as an important endogenous antiangiogenic molecule; we focus on the recently identified role of PEDF as a possible new target molecule to influence stem/progenitor cell-related neovascularization.
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