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McRee SK, Bayer AL, Pietruska J, Tsichlis PN, Hinds PW. AKT2 Loss Impairs BRAF-Mutant Melanoma Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4958. [PMID: 37894325 PMCID: PMC10605002 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment, melanoma remains the deadliest form of skin cancer due to its highly metastatic nature. Melanomas harboring oncogenic BRAFV600E mutations combined with PTEN loss exhibit unrestrained PI3K/AKT signaling and increased invasiveness. However, the contribution of different AKT isoforms to melanoma initiation, progression, and metastasis has not been comprehensively explored, and questions remain about whether individual isoforms play distinct or redundant roles in each step. We investigate the contribution of individual AKT isoforms to melanoma initiation using a novel mouse model of AKT isoform-specific loss in a murine melanoma model, and we investigate tumor progression, maintenance, and metastasis among a panel of human metastatic melanoma cell lines using AKT isoform-specific knockdown studies. We elucidate that AKT2 is dispensable for primary tumor formation but promotes migration and invasion in vitro and metastatic seeding in vivo, whereas AKT1 is uniquely important for melanoma initiation and cell proliferation. We propose a mechanism whereby the inhibition of AKT2 impairs glycolysis and reduces an EMT-related gene expression signature in PTEN-null BRAF-mutant human melanoma cells to limit metastatic spread. Our data suggest that the elucidation of AKT2-specific functions in metastasis might inform therapeutic strategies to improve treatment options for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan K. McRee
- Program in Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Abraham L. Bayer
- Program in Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jodie Pietruska
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Philip N. Tsichlis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Philip W. Hinds
- Program in Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
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2
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McRee SK, Bayer AL, Pietruska J, Tsichlis PN, Hinds PW. AKT2 Loss Impairs BRAF-Mutant Melanoma Metastasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.24.554685. [PMID: 37662310 PMCID: PMC10473698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment, melanoma remains the deadliest form of skin cancer, due to its highly metastatic nature. Melanomas harboring oncogenic BRAF V600E mutations combined with PTEN loss exhibit unrestrained PI3K/AKT signaling and increased invasiveness. However, the contribution of different AKT isoforms to melanoma initiation, progression, and metastasis has not been comprehensively explored, and questions remain whether individual isoforms play distinct or redundant roles in each step. We investigate the contribution of individual AKT isoforms to melanoma initiation using a novel mouse model of AKT isoform-specific loss in a murine melanoma model, and investigate tumor progression, maintenance, and metastasis among a panel of human metastatic melanoma cell lines using AKT-isoform specific knockdown studies. We elucidate that AKT2 is dispensable for primary tumor formation but promotes migration and invasion in vitro and metastatic seeding in vivo , while AKT1 is uniquely important for melanoma initiation and cell proliferation. We propose a mechanism whereby inhibition of AKT2 impairs glycolysis and reduces an EMT-related gene expression signature in PTEN-null BRAF-mutant human melanoma cells to limit metastatic spread. Our data suggest that elucidation of AKT2-specific functions in metastasis could inform therapeutic strategies to improve treatment options for melanoma patients.
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3
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Ramón-Landreau M, Sánchez-Puelles C, López-Sánchez N, Lozano-Ureña A, Llabrés-Mas AM, Frade JM. E2F4DN Transgenic Mice: A Tool for the Evaluation of E2F4 as a Therapeutic Target in Neuropathology and Brain Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012093. [PMID: 36292945 PMCID: PMC9603043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
E2F4 was initially described as a transcription factor with a key function in the regulation of cell quiescence. Nevertheless, a number of recent studies have established that E2F4 can also play a relevant role in cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as tissue regeneration. For these non-canonical functions, E2F4 can also act in the cytoplasm, where it is able to interact with many homeostatic and synaptic regulators. Since E2F4 is expressed in the nervous system, it may fulfill a crucial role in brain function and homeostasis, being a promising multifactorial target for neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging. The regulation of E2F4 is complex, as it can be chemically modified through acetylation, from which we present evidence in the brain, as well as methylation, and phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of E2F4 within a conserved threonine motif induces cell cycle re-entry in neurons, while a dominant negative form of E2F4 (E2F4DN), in which the conserved threonines have been substituted by alanines, has been shown to act as a multifactorial therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We generated transgenic mice neuronally expressing E2F4DN. We have recently shown using this mouse strain that expression of E2F4DN in 5xFAD mice, a known murine model of AD, improved cognitive function, reduced neuronal tetraploidization, and induced a transcriptional program consistent with modulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide proteostasis and brain homeostasis recovery. 5xFAD/E2F4DN mice also showed reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at 3-6 months of age. Here, we analyzed the immune response in 1 year-old 5xFAD/E2F4DN mice, concluding that reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis is maintained at this late stage. In addition, the expression of E2F4DN also reduced age-associated microgliosis in wild-type mice, thus stressing its role as a brain homeostatic agent. We conclude that E2F4DN transgenic mice represent a promising tool for the evaluation of E2F4 as a therapeutic target in neuropathology and brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Ramón-Landreau
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Puelles
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia López-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Lozano-Ureña
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aina M. Llabrés-Mas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Frade
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Cajal International Neuroscience Center, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, UAH Science and Technology Campus, Avenida León 1, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-585-4740
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4
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Fatemi I, Dehdashtian E, Pourhanifeh MH, Mehrzadi S, Hosseinzadeh A. Therapeutic Application of Melatonin in the Treatment of Melanoma: A Review. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394717666210526140950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer, which is responsible for more deaths
than nonmelanoma skin cancers. Therapeutic strategies include targeted therapy, biochemotherapy,
immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical resection. Depending on the
clinical stage, single or combination therapy may be used to prevent and treat cancer. Due to resistance
development during treatment courses, the efficacy of mentioned therapies can be reduced.
In addition to resistance, these treatments have serious side effects for melanoma patients. According
to available reports, melatonin, a pineal indolamine with a wide spectrum of biological potentials,
has anticancer features. Furthermore, melatonin could protect against chemotherapy- and radiation-
induced adverse events and can sensitize cancer cells to therapy. The present review discusses
the therapeutic application of melatonin in the treatment of melanoma. This review was carried
out in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases comprising the date of publication period
from January 1976 to March 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Fatemi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman,Iran
| | - Ehsan Dehdashtian
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
| | | | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
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5
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Bowman RL, Hennessey RC, Weiss TJ, Tallman DA, Crawford ER, Murphy BM, Webb A, Zhang S, La Perle KM, Burd CJ, Levine RL, Shain AH, Burd CE. UVB mutagenesis differs in Nras- and Braf-mutant mouse models of melanoma. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202101135. [PMID: 34210801 PMCID: PMC8321651 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF-mutant melanomas are more likely than NRAS-mutant melanomas to arise in anatomical locations protected from chronic sun damage. We hypothesized that this discrepancy in tumor location is a consequence of the differential sensitivity of BRAF and NRAS-mutant melanocytes to ultraviolet light (UV)-mediated carcinogenesis. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the mutagenic consequences of a single neonatal, ultraviolet-AI (UVA; 340-400 nm) or ultraviolet-B (UVB; 280-390 nm) exposure in mouse models heterozygous for mutant Braf or homozygous for mutant Nras Tumor onset was accelerated by UVB, but not UVA, and the resulting melanomas contained recurrent mutations affecting the RING domain of MAP3K1 and Actin-binding domain of Filamin A. Melanomas from UVB-irradiated, Braf-mutant mice averaged twice as many single-nucleotide variants and five times as many dipyrimidine variants than tumors from similarly irradiated Nras-mutant mice. A mutational signature discovered in UVB-accelerated tumors mirrored COSMIC signatures associated with human skin cancer and was more prominent in Braf- than Nras-mutant murine melanomas. These data show that a single UVB exposure yields a greater burden of mutations in murine tumors driven by oncogenic Braf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Bowman
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca C Hennessey
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tirzah J Weiss
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David A Tallman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Emma R Crawford
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brandon M Murphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amy Webb
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Souhui Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Krista Md La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Craig J Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Hunter Shain
- Department of Dermatology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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6
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Non-Canonical Functions of the ARF Tumor Suppressor in Development and Tumorigenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010086. [PMID: 33445626 PMCID: PMC7827855 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
P14ARF (ARF; Alternative Reading Frame) is an extensively characterized tumor suppressor which, in response to oncogenic stimuli, mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via p53-dependent and independent routes. ARF has been shown to be frequently lost through CpG island promoter methylation in a wide spectrum of human malignancies, such as colorectal, prostate, breast, and gastric cancers, while point mutations and deletions in the p14ARF locus have been linked with various forms of melanomas and glioblastomas. Although ARF has been mostly studied in the context of tumorigenesis, it has been also implicated in purely developmental processes, such as spermatogenesis, and mammary gland and ocular development, while it has been additionally involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. Moreover, ARF has been found to hold important roles in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. As is often the case with tumor suppressors, ARF functions as a pleiotropic protein regulating a number of different mechanisms at the crossroad of development and tumorigenesis. Here, we provide an overview of the non-canonical functions of ARF in cancer and developmental biology, by dissecting the crosstalk of ARF signaling with key oncogenic and developmental pathways.
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7
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Ume AC, Pugh JM, Kemp MG, Williams CR. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-associated skin cancers: New insights on exploring mechanisms by which CNIs downregulate DNA repair machinery. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 36:433-440. [PMID: 32786098 PMCID: PMC11042075 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The use of the calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) cyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus remains a cornerstone in post-transplantation immunosuppression. Although these immunosuppressive agents have revolutionized the field of transplantation medicine, its increased skin cancer risk poses a major concern. A key contributor to this phenomenon is a reduced capacity to repair DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths of sunlight. CNIs decrease DNA repair by mechanisms that remain to be fully explored. Though CsA is known to decrease the abundance of key DNA repair enzymes, less is known about how tacrolimus yields this effect. CNIs hold the capacity to inhibit both of the main catalytic calcineurin isoforms (CnAα and CnAβ). However, it is unknown which isoform regulates UV-induced DNA repair, which is the focus of this review. It is with hope that this insight spurs investigative efforts that conclusively addresses these gaps in knowledge. Additionally, this research also raises the possibility that newer CNIs can be developed that effectively blunt the immune response while mitigating the incidence of skin cancers with immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaku C. Ume
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jennifer M. Pugh
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Michael G. Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Physiology, College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
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8
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Luo C, Balsa E, Perry EA, Liang J, Tavares CD, Vazquez F, Widlund HR, Puigserver P. H3K27me3-mediated PGC1α gene silencing promotes melanoma invasion through WNT5A and YAP. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:853-862. [PMID: 31929186 DOI: 10.1172/jci130038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-targeted and immune checkpoint therapies have revolutionized the clinical management of malignant melanoma and now offer hope to patients with advanced disease. Intimately connected to patients' overall clinical risk is whether the initial primary melanoma lesion will metastasize and cause advanced disease, but underlying mechanisms are not entirely understood. A subset of melanomas display heightened peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) expression that maintains cell survival cues by promoting mitochondrial function, but also suppresses metastatic spread. Here, we show that PGC1α expression in melanoma cells was silenced by chromatin modifications that involve promoter H3K27 trimethylation. Pharmacological EZH2 inhibition diminished H3K27me3 histone markers, increased PGC1α expression, and functionally suppressed invasion within PGC1α-silenced melanoma cells. Mechanistically, PGC1α silencing activated transcription factor 12 (TCF12), to increase expression of WNT5A, which in turn stabilized YAP protein levels to promote melanoma migration and metastasis. Accordingly, inhibition of components of this transcription-signaling axis, including TCF12, WNT5A, or YAP, blocked melanoma migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. These results indicate that epigenetic control of melanoma metastasis involved altered expression of PGC1α and an association with the inherent metabolic state of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Luo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eduardo Balsa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Perry
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clint D Tavares
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hans R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Budden T, van der Westhuizen A, Bowden NA. Sequential decitabine and carboplatin treatment increases the DNA repair protein XPC, increases apoptosis and decreases proliferation in melanoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:100. [PMID: 29373959 PMCID: PMC5787239 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma has two key features, an over-representation of UV-induced mutations and resistance to DNA damaging chemotherapy agents. Both of these features may result from dysfunction of the nucleotide excision repair pathway, in particular the DNA damage detection branch, global genome repair (GGR). The key GGR component XPC does not respond to DNA damage in melanoma, the cause of this lack of response has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the role of methylation in reduced XPC in melanoma. METHODS To reduce methylation and induce DNA-damage, melanoma cell lines were treated with decitabine and carboplatin, individually and sequentially. Global DNA methylation levels, XPC mRNA and protein expression and methylation of the XPC promoter were examined. Apoptosis, cell proliferation and senescence were also quantified. XPC siRNA was used to determine that the responses seen were reliant on XPC induction. RESULTS Treatment with high-dose decitabine resulted in global demethylation, including the the shores of the XPC CpG island and significantly increased XPC mRNA expression. Lower, clinically relevant dose of decitabine also resulted in global demethylation including the CpG island shores and induced XPC in 50% of cell lines. Decitabine followed by DNA-damaging carboplatin treatment led to significantly higher XPC expression in 75% of melanoma cell lines tested. Combined sequential treatment also resulted in a greater apoptotic response in 75% of cell lines compared to carboplatin alone, and significantly slowed cell proliferation, with some melanoma cell lines going into senescence. Inhibiting the increased XPC using siRNA had a small but significant negative effect, indicating that XPC plays a partial role in the response to sequential decitabine and carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS Demethylation using decitabine increased XPC and apoptosis after sequential carboplatin. These results confirm that sequential decitabine and carboplatin requires further investigation as a combination treatment for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Budden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nikola A Bowden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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10
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Sample A, He YY. Mechanisms and prevention of UV-induced melanoma. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2018; 34:13-24. [PMID: 28703311 PMCID: PMC5760354 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and its incidence is rising, creating a costly and significant clinical problem. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, namely UVA (315-400 nm) and UVB (280-315 nm), is a major risk factor for melanoma development. Cumulative UV radiation exposure from sunlight or tanning beds contributes to UV-induced DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the skin. A number of factors, including hair color, skin type, genetic background, location, and history of tanning, determine the skin's response to UV radiation. In melanocytes, dysregulation of this UV radiation response can lead to melanoma. Given the complex origins of melanoma, it is difficult to develop curative therapies and universally effective preventative strategies. Here, we describe and discuss the mechanisms of UV-induced skin damage responsible for inducing melanomagenesis, and explore options for therapeutic and preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sample
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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11
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Luo C, Balsa E, Thomas A, Hatting M, Jedrychowski M, Gygi SP, Widlund HR, Puigserver P. ERRα Maintains Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism and Constitutes an Actionable Target in PGC1α-Elevated Melanomas. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1366-1375. [PMID: 28596418 PMCID: PMC5954239 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The uncontrolled growth of tumors provides metabolic dependencies that can be harnessed for therapeutic benefit. Although tumor cells exhibit these increased metabolic demands due to their rapid proliferation, these metabolic processes are general to all cells, and furthermore, targeted therapeutic intervention can provoke compensatory adaptation that alters tumors' characteristics. As an example, a subset of melanomas depends on the transcriptional coactivator PGC1α function to sustain their mitochondrial energy-dependent survival. However, selective outgrowth of resistant PGC1α-independent tumor cells becomes endowed with an augmented metastatic phenotype. To find PGC1α-dependent components that would not affect metastasis in melanomas, an unbiased proteomic analyses was performed and uncovered the orphan nuclear receptor ERRα, which supports PGC1α's control of mitochondrial energetic metabolism, but does not affect the antioxidant nor antimetastatic regulatory roles. Specifically, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of ERRα reduces the inherent bioenergetic capacity and decreases melanoma cell growth, but without altering the invasive characteristics. Thus, within this particularly aggressive subset of melanomas, which is characterized by heighted expression of PGC1α, ERRα specifically mediates prosurvival functions and represents a tangible therapeutic target.Implications: ERRα, a druggable protein, mediates the bioenergetic effects in melanomas defined by high PGC1α expression, suggesting a rational means for therapeutic targeting of this particularly aggressive melanoma subtype. Mol Cancer Res; 15(10); 1366-75. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Luo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eduardo Balsa
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ajith Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maximilian Hatting
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Jedrychowski
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hans R Widlund
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Hu B, Xu C, Cao P, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Shi C, Xu J, Yuan W, Chen H. TGF-β Stimulates Expression of Chondroitin Polymerizing Factor in Nucleus Pulposus Cells Through the Smad3, RhoA/ROCK1, and MAPK Signaling Pathways. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:566-579. [PMID: 28608941 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme chondroitin polymerizing factor (ChPF) is primarily involved in extension of the chondroitin sulfate backbone required for the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG). Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) upregulates sGAG synthesis in nucleus pulposus cells; however, the mechanisms mediating this induction are incompletely understood. Our study demonstrated that ChPF expression was negatively correlated with the grade of degenerative intervertebral disc disease. Treatment of nucleus pulposus cells with TGF-β induced ChPF expression and enhanced Smad2/3, RhoA/ROCK activation, and the JNK, p38, and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways. Selective inhibitors of Smad2/3, RhoA or ROCK1/2, and knockdown of Smad3 and ROCK1 attenuated ChPF expression and sGAG synthesis induced by TGF-β. In addition, we showed that RhoA/ROCK1 signaling upregulated ChPF via activation of the JNK pathway but not the p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Moreover, inhibitors of JNK, p38 and ERK1/2 activity also blocked ChPF expression and sGAG synthesis induced by TGF-β in a Smad3-independent manner. Collectively, our data suggest that TGF-β stimulated the expression of ChPF and sGAG synthesis in nucleus pulposus cells through Smad3, RhoA/ROCK1 and the three MAPK signaling pathways. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 566-579, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Changgui Shi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, 150086, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Huajiang Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
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13
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Mouse models of UV-induced melanoma: genetics, pathology, and clinical relevance. J Transl Med 2017; 97:698-705. [PMID: 28092363 PMCID: PMC5514606 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes, a neural crest cell derivative, produce pigment to protect keratinocytes from ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Although melanocytic lesions such as nevi and cutaneous malignant melanomas are known to be associated with sun exposure, the role of UVR in oncogenesis is complex and has yet to be clearly elucidated. UVR appears to have a direct mutational role in inducing or promoting melanoma formation as well as an indirect role through microenvironmental changes. Recent advances in the modeling of human melanoma in animals have built platforms upon which prospective studies can begin to investigate these questions. This review will focus exclusively on genetically engineered mouse models of UVR-induced melanoma. The role that UVR has in mouse models depends on multiple factors, including the waveband, timing, and dose of UVR, as well as the nature of the oncogenic agent(s) driving melanomagenesis in the model. Work in the field has examined the role of neonatal and adult UVR, interactions between UVR and common melanoma oncogenes, the role of sunscreen in preventing melanoma, and the effect of UVR on immune function within the skin. Here we describe relevant mouse models and discuss how these models can best be translated to the study of human skin and cutaneous melanoma.
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14
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UV-Induced Molecular Signaling Differences in Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 996:27-40. [PMID: 29124688 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56017-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There are three major types of skin cancer: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). BCC and SCC are often referred to as non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSCs are relatively non-lethal and curable by surgery, hence are not reportable in most cancer registries all over the world. Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer. Its incidence rate (case number) is about 1/10th of that for NMSC, yet its death toll is ~8 fold higher than NMSC.Melanomas arise from melanocytes which are normally located on the basement membrane with dendrites extending into the epidermal keratinocytes. A major known function of melanocytes is to produce pigments which are enclosed by lipid membrane (termed melanosomes) and distribute them into keratinocytes, thus give different shade of skin colors. BCCs arise from basal cells, which are a layer of cells located at the deepest part of epidermis. Basal cells are recently considered to be skin stem cells as they are constantly proliferating and generating keratinocytes which are continuously pushed to the surface and eventually become a dead layer of stratum corneum. Squamous cells are the keratinocytes which resembles fish scale shape, ie, those initiated from basal cells and differentiated into squamous cells. Both basal cells and squamous cells belong to keratinocytes, therefore sometimes BCC and SCC are termed keratinocyte cancer.These three types of cancer share many characteristics, yet they are very different from etiology to progression. One shared characteristic of skin cancer is that, according to the current views, they all are caused by solar or artificial ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVA and UVB from solar UVR are the major UV bands reaching the earth surface. Both UV types cause DNA damage and immune suppression which play crucial roles in skin carcinogenesis. UVB can be directly absorbed by DNA molecules and thus causes UV-signature DNA damages; UVA, on the other hand, may function through inducing cellular ROS which then causes oxidative DNA damages [1-4]. This chapter will discuss the molecular signaling differences of UVR in melanoma and NMSC.
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15
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Luo C, Lim JH, Lee Y, Granter SR, Thomas A, Vazquez F, Widlund HR, Puigserver P. A PGC1α-mediated transcriptional axis suppresses melanoma metastasis. Nature 2016; 537:422-426. [PMID: 27580028 DOI: 10.1038/nature19347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of commonly encountered skin cancer because of its rapid progression towards metastasis. Although metabolic reprogramming is tightly associated with tumour progression, the effect of metabolic regulatory circuits on metastatic processes is poorly understood. PGC1α is a transcriptional coactivator that promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, protects against oxidative stress and reprograms melanoma metabolism to influence drug sensitivity and survival. Here, we provide data indicating that PGC1α suppresses melanoma metastasis, acting through a pathway distinct from that of its bioenergetic functions. Elevated PGC1α expression inversely correlates with vertical growth in human melanoma specimens. PGC1α silencing makes poorly metastatic melanoma cells highly invasive and, conversely, PGC1α reconstitution suppresses metastasis. Within populations of melanoma cells, there is a marked heterogeneity in PGC1α levels, which predicts their inherent high or low metastatic capacity. Mechanistically, PGC1α directly increases transcription of ID2, which in turn binds to and inactivates the transcription factor TCF4. Inactive TCF4 causes downregulation of metastasis-related genes, including integrins that are known to influence invasion and metastasis. Inhibition of BRAFV600E using vemurafenib, independently of its cytostatic effects, suppresses metastasis by acting on the PGC1α-ID2-TCF4-integrin axis. Together, our findings reveal that PGC1α maintains mitochondrial energetic metabolism and suppresses metastasis through direct regulation of parallel acting transcriptional programs. Consequently, components of these circuits define new therapeutic opportunities that may help to curb melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Luo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ji-Hong Lim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yoonjin Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Scott R Granter
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ajith Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Francisca Vazquez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hans R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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16
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McNeal AS, Liu K, Nakhate V, Natale CA, Duperret EK, Capell BC, Dentchev T, Berger SL, Herlyn M, Seykora JT, Ridky TW. CDKN2B Loss Promotes Progression from Benign Melanocytic Nevus to Melanoma. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1072-85. [PMID: 26183406 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Deletion of the entire CDKN2B-CDKN2A gene cluster is among the most common genetic events in cancer. The tumor-promoting effects are generally attributed to loss of CDKN2A-encoded p16 and p14ARF tumor suppressors. The degree to which the associated CDKN2B-encoded p15 loss contributes to human tumorigenesis is unclear. Here, we show that CDKN2B is highly upregulated in benign melanocytic nevi, contributes to maintaining nevus melanocytes in a growth-arrested premalignant state, and is commonly lost in melanoma. Using primary melanocytes isolated directly from freshly excised human nevi naturally expressing the common BRAF(V600E)-activating mutation, nevi progressing to melanoma, and normal melanocytes engineered to inducibly express BRAF(V600E), we show that BRAF activation results in reversible, TGFβ-dependent, p15 induction that halts proliferation. Furthermore, we engineer human skin grafts containing nevus-derived melanocytes to establish a new, architecturally faithful, in vivo melanoma model, and demonstrate that p15 loss promotes the transition from benign nevus to melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE Although BRAF(V600E) mutations cause melanocytes to initially proliferate into benign moles, mechanisms responsible for their eventual growth arrest are unknown. Using melanocytes from human moles, we show that BRAF activation leads to a CDKN2B induction that is critical for restraining BRAF oncogenic effects, and when lost, contributes to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S McNeal
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vihang Nakhate
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher A Natale
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth K Duperret
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian C Capell
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tzvete Dentchev
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - John T Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Todd W Ridky
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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17
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Luo C, Pietruska JR, Sheng J, Bronson RT, Hu MG, Cui R, Hinds PW. Expression of oncogenic BRAFV600E in melanocytes induces Schwannian differentiation in vivo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:603-6. [PMID: 26036358 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Luo
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jodie R Pietruska
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miaofen G Hu
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rutao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Shah P, He YY. Molecular regulation of UV-induced DNA repair. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:254-64. [PMID: 25534312 DOI: 10.1111/php.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight is a major etiologic factor for skin cancer, the most prevalent cancer in the United States, as well as premature skin aging. In particular, UVB radiation causes formation of specific DNA damage photoproducts between pyrimidine bases. These DNA damage photoproducts are repaired by a process called nucleotide excision repair, also known as UV-induced DNA repair. When left unrepaired, UVB-induced DNA damage leads to accumulation of mutations, predisposing people to carcinogenesis as well as to premature aging. Genetic loss of nucleotide excision repair leads to severe disorders, namely, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), trichothiodystrophy (TTD) and Cockayne syndrome (CS), which are associated with predisposition to skin carcinogenesis at a young age as well as developmental and neurological conditions. Regulation of nucleotide excision repair is an attractive avenue to preventing or reversing these detrimental consequences of impaired nucleotide excision repair. Here, we review recent studies on molecular mechanisms regulating nucleotide excision repair by extracellular cues and intracellular signaling pathways, with a special focus on the molecular regulation of individual repair factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Shah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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19
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Viros A, Sanchez-Laorden B, Pedersen M, Furney SJ, Rae J, Hogan K, Ejiama S, Girotti MR, Cook M, Dhomen N, Marais R. Ultraviolet radiation accelerates BRAF-driven melanomagenesis by targeting TP53. Nature 2014; 511:478-482. [PMID: 24919155 PMCID: PMC4112218 DOI: 10.1038/nature13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is epidemiologically linked to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), but the molecular mechanisms by which UVR drives melanomagenesis remain unclear. The most common somatic mutation in melanoma is a V600E substitution in BRAF, which is an early event. To investigate how UVR accelerates oncogenic BRAF-driven melanomagenesis, we used a BRAF(V600E) mouse model. In mice expressing BRAF(V600E) in their melanocytes, a single dose of UVR that mimicked mild sunburn in humans induced clonal expansion of the melanocytes, and repeated doses of UVR increased melanoma burden. Here we show that sunscreen (UVA superior, UVB sun protection factor (SPF) 50) delayed the onset of UVR-driven melanoma, but only provided partial protection. The UVR-exposed tumours showed increased numbers of single nucleotide variants and we observed mutations (H39Y, S124F, R245C, R270C, C272G) in the Trp53 tumour suppressor in approximately 40% of cases. TP53 is an accepted UVR target in human non-melanoma skin cancer, but is not thought to have a major role in melanoma. However, we show that, in mice, mutant Trp53 accelerated BRAF(V600E)-driven melanomagenesis, and that TP53 mutations are linked to evidence of UVR-induced DNA damage in human melanoma. Thus, we provide mechanistic insight into epidemiological data linking UVR to acquired naevi in humans. Furthermore, we identify TP53/Trp53 as a UVR-target gene that cooperates with BRAF(V600E) to induce melanoma, providing molecular insight into how UVR accelerates melanomagenesis. Our study validates public health campaigns that promote sunscreen protection for individuals at risk of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Viros
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Berta Sanchez-Laorden
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Signal Transduction Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Simon J. Furney
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Joel Rae
- Signal Transduction Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kate Hogan
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Sarah Ejiama
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Maria Romina Girotti
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Martin Cook
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- Histopathology, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Egerton Road, Guildford, GU2 7XX UK
| | - Nathalie Dhomen
- Signal Transduction Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
- Signal Transduction Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
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20
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Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major risk factor for melanoma development, but it has been unclear exactly how UVR leads to melanomagenesis. In a recent publication in Nature, Viros et al. identify TP53/Trp53 as a UVR-target gene in melanoma and show that UVR-induced TP53/Trp53 mutations accelerate BRAF(V600E)-driven melanomagenesis.
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21
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Abstract
The association between various measures of sun exposure and melanoma risk is quite complex to dissect as many case-control studies of melanoma included different subtypes of melanomas which are likely to be biologically different, so interpretation of the data is difficult. Screening bias in countries with high levels of sun exposure is also an issue. Now that progress is being made in the genetic subclassification of melanoma tumours, it is apparent that melanomas have different somatic changes according to body sites/histological subtypes and that UV exposure may be relevant for some but not all types of melanomas. Melanoma behaviour also points to non-sun-related risk factors, and complex gene-environment interactions are likely. As UV exposure is the only environmental factor ever linked to melanoma, it is still prudent to avoid excessive sun exposure and sunburn especially in poor tanners. However, the impact of strict sun avoidance, which should not be recommended, may take years to be apparent as vitamin D deficiency is a now a common health issue in Caucasian populations, with a significant impact on health in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Bataille
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, King's College, London, UK,
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