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Barbonari S, D'Amore A, Hanbashi AA, Palombi F, Riccioli A, Parrington J, Filippini A. Endolysosomal two-pore channel 2 plays opposing roles in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:521-540. [PMID: 38263578 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The ion channel two-pore channel 2 (TPC2), localised on the membranes of acidic organelles such as endo-lysosomes and melanosomes, has been shown to play a role in pathologies including cancer, and it is differently expressed in primary versus metastatic melanoma cells. Whether TPC2 plays a pro- or anti-oncogenic role in different tumour conditions is a relevant open question which we have explored in melanoma at different stages of tumour progression. The behaviour of primary melanoma cell line B16F0 and its metastatic subline B16F10 were compared in response to TPC2 modulation by silencing (by small interfering RNA), knock-out (by CRISPR/Cas9) and overexpression (by mCherry-TPC2 transfected plasmid). TPC2 silencing increased cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and autophagy in the metastatic samples, but abated them in the silenced primary ones. Interestingly, while TPC2 inactivation failed to affect markers of proliferation in both samples, it strongly enhanced the migratory behaviour of the metastatic cells, again suggesting that in the more aggressive phenotype TPC2 plays a specific antimetastatic role. In line with this, overexpression of TPC2 in B16F10 cells resulted in phenotype rescue, that is, a decrease in migratory ability, thus collectively resuming traits of the B16F0 primary cell line. Our research shows a novel role of TPC2 in melanoma cells that is intriguingly different in initial versus late stages of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Barbonari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ali A Hanbashi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fioretta Palombi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Riccioli
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Eriksson I, Öllinger K. Lysosomes in Cancer-At the Crossroad of Good and Evil. Cells 2024; 13:459. [PMID: 38474423 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although it has been known for decades that lysosomes are central for degradation and recycling in the cell, their pivotal role as nutrient sensing signaling hubs has recently become of central interest. Since lysosomes are highly dynamic and in constant change regarding content and intracellular position, fusion/fission events allow communication between organelles in the cell, as well as cell-to-cell communication via exocytosis of lysosomal content and release of extracellular vesicles. Lysosomes also mediate different forms of regulated cell death by permeabilization of the lysosomal membrane and release of their content to the cytosol. In cancer cells, lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy are increased to support the increased metabolism and allow growth even under nutrient- and oxygen-poor conditions. Tumor cells also induce exocytosis of lysosomal content to the extracellular space to promote invasion and metastasis. However, due to the enhanced lysosomal function, cancer cells are often more susceptible to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, providing an alternative strategy to induce cell death. This review summarizes the current knowledge of cancer-associated alterations in lysosomal structure and function and illustrates how lysosomal exocytosis and release of extracellular vesicles affect disease progression. We focus on functional differences depending on lysosomal localization and the regulation of intracellular transport, and lastly provide insight how new therapeutic strategies can exploit the power of the lysosome and improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Eriksson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Karin Öllinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
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Binobaid L, As Sobeai HM, Alhazzani K, AlAbdi L, Alwazae MM, Alotaibi M, Parrington J, Alhoshani A. Whole-exome sequencing identifies cancer-associated variants of the endo-lysosomal ion transport channels in the Saudi population. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101961. [PMID: 38313820 PMCID: PMC10832475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although national efforts are underway to document the genomic variability of the Saudi population relative to other populations, such variability remains largely unexplored. Genetic variability is known to impact the fate of cells and increase or decrease the risk of a variety of complex diseases including cancer forms. Therefore, the identification of variants associated with cancer susceptibility in Saudi population may protect individuals from cancer or aid in patient-tailored therapies. The endo-lysosomal ion transport genes responsible for cationic ion homeostasis within the cell. We screened 703 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the endo-lysosomal ion transporter genes in the Saudi population and identified cancer-associated variants that have been reported in other populations. Methods Utilizing previously derived local data of Whole-Exome Sequencing (WES), we examined SNPs of TPCN1, TPCN2, P2RX4, TRPM7, TRPV4, TRPV4, and TRPV6 genes. The SNPs were identified for those genes by our in-house database. We predicted the pathogenicity of these variants using in silico tools CADD, Polyphen-2, SIFT, PrimateAI, and FATHMM-XF. Then, we validated our findings by exploring the genetics database (VarSome, dbSNP NCB, OMIM, ClinVar, Ensembl, and GWAS Catalog) to further link cancer risk. Results The WES database yielded 703 SNPs found in TPCN2, P2RX4, TRPM7, TRPV4, and TRPV6 genes in 1,144 subjects. The number of variants that were found to be common in our population was 150 SNPs. We identified 13 coding-region non-synonymous variants of the endo-lysosomal genes that were most common with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of ≥ 1 %. Twelve of these variants are rs2376558, rs3750965, rs61746574, rs35264875, rs3829241, rs72928978, rs25644, rs8042919, rs17881456, rs4987682, rs4987667, and rs4987657 that were classified as cancer-associated genes. Conclusion Our study highlighted cancer-associated SNPs in the endo-lysosomal genes among Saudi individuals. The allelic frequencies on polymorphic variants confer susceptibility to complex diseases that are comparable to other populations. There is currently insufficient clinical data supporting the link between these SNPs and cancer risk in the Saudi population. Our data argues for initiating future cohort studies in which individuals with the identified SNPs are monitored and assessed for their likelihood of developing malignancies and therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Binobaid
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homood M. As Sobeai
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lama AlAbdi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari M. Alwazae
- Computational Sciences Department, Center of Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moureq Alotaibi
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Alhoshani
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11454, Saudi Arabia
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Chadwick SR, Barreda D, Wu JZ, Ye G, Yusuf B, Ren D, Freeman SA. Two-pore channels regulate endomembrane tension to enable remodeling and resolution of phagolysosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309465121. [PMID: 38354262 PMCID: PMC10895354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309465121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes promptly resolve ingested targets to replenish lysosomes and maintain their responsiveness. The resolution process requires that degradative hydrolases, solute transporters, and proteins involved in lipid traffic are delivered and made active in phagolysosomes. It also involves extensive membrane remodeling. We report that cation channels that localize to phagolysosomes were essential for resolution. Specifically, the conductance of Na+ by two-pore channels (TPCs) and the presence of a Na+ gradient between the phagolysosome lumen and the cytosol were critical for the controlled release of membrane tension that permits deformation of the limiting phagolysosome membrane. In turn, membrane deformation was a necessary step to efficiently transport the cholesterol extracted from cellular targets, permeabilizing them to hydrolases. These results place TPCs as regulators of endomembrane remodeling events that precede target degradation in cases when the target is bound by a cholesterol-containing membrane. The findings may help to explain lipid metabolism dysfunction and autophagic flux impairment reported in TPC KO mice and establish stepwise regulation to the resolution process that begins with lysis of the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Chadwick
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Dante Barreda
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jing Ze Wu
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gang Ye
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Bushra Yusuf
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Spencer A. Freeman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
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Frey N, Ouologuem L, Blenninger J, Siow WX, Thorn-Seshold J, Stöckl J, Abrahamian C, Fröhlich T, Vollmar AM, Grimm C, Bartel K. Endolysosomal TRPML1 channel regulates cancer cell migration by altering intracellular trafficking of E-cadherin and β 1-integrin. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105581. [PMID: 38141765 PMCID: PMC10825694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis still accounts for 90% of all cancer-related death cases. An increase of cellular mobility and invasive traits of cancer cells mark two crucial prerequisites of metastasis. Recent studies highlight the involvement of the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML1 in cell migration. Our results identified a widely antimigratory effect upon loss of TRPML1 function in a panel of cell lines in vitro and reduced dissemination in vivo. As mode-of-action, we established TRPML1 as a crucial regulator of cytosolic calcium levels, actin polymerization, and intracellular trafficking of two promigratory proteins: E-cadherin and β1-integrin. Interestingly, KO of TRPML1 differentially interferes with the recycling process of E-cadherin and β1-integrin in a cell line-dependant manner, while resulting in the same phenotype of decreased migratory and adhesive capacities in vitro. Additionally, we observed a coherence between reduction of E-cadherin levels at membrane site and phosphorylation of NF-κB in a β-catenin/p38-mediated manner. As a result, an E-cadherin/NF-κB feedback loop is generated, regulating E-cadherin expression on a transcriptional level. Consequently, our findings highlight the role of TRPML1 as a regulator in migratory processes and suggest the ion channel as a suitable target for the inhibition of migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Frey
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Ouologuem
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Blenninger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wei-Xiong Siow
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Stöckl
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carla Abrahamian
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Boretto C, Actis C, Faris P, Cordero F, Beccuti M, Ferrero G, Muzio G, Moccia F, Autelli R. Tamoxifen Activates Transcription Factor EB and Triggers Protective Autophagy in Breast Cancer Cells by Inducing Lysosomal Calcium Release: A Gateway to the Onset of Endocrine Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:458. [PMID: 38203629 PMCID: PMC10779225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the several mechanisms accounting for endocrine resistance in breast cancer, autophagy has emerged as an important player. Previous reports have evidenced that tamoxifen (Tam) induces autophagy and activates transcription factor EB (TFEB), which regulates the expression of genes controlling autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs have not been elucidated as yet. This investigation aims at dissecting how TFEB is activated and contributes to Tam resistance in luminal A breast cancer cells. TFEB was overexpressed and prominently nuclear in Tam-resistant MCF7 cells (MCF7-TamR) compared with their parental counterpart, and this was not dependent on alterations of its nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling. Tam promoted the release of lysosomal Ca2+ through the major transient receptor potential cation channel mucolipin subfamily member 1 (TRPML1) and two-pore channels (TPCs), which caused the nuclear translocation and activation of TFEB. Consistently, inhibiting lysosomal calcium release restored the susceptibility of MCF7-TamR cells to Tam. Our findings demonstrate that Tam drives the nuclear relocation and transcriptional activation of TFEB by triggering the release of Ca2+ from the acidic compartment, and they suggest that lysosomal Ca2+ channels may represent new druggable targets to counteract the onset of autophagy-mediated endocrine resistance in luminal A breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Boretto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (C.A.); (G.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Chiara Actis
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (C.A.); (G.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Pawan Faris
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Francesca Cordero
- Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, 10149 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Beccuti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, 10149 Turin, Italy; (F.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Giulio Ferrero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (C.A.); (G.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuliana Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (C.A.); (G.F.); (G.M.)
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Autelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (C.B.); (C.A.); (G.F.); (G.M.)
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7
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Toudji I, Toumi A, Chamberland É, Rossignol E. Interneuron odyssey: molecular mechanisms of tangential migration. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1256455. [PMID: 37779671 PMCID: PMC10538647 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1256455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical GABAergic interneurons are critical components of neural networks. They provide local and long-range inhibition and help coordinate network activities involved in various brain functions, including signal processing, learning, memory and adaptative responses. Disruption of cortical GABAergic interneuron migration thus induces profound deficits in neural network organization and function, and results in a variety of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders including epilepsy, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. It is thus of paramount importance to elucidate the specific mechanisms that govern the migration of interneurons to clarify some of the underlying disease mechanisms. GABAergic interneurons destined to populate the cortex arise from multipotent ventral progenitor cells located in the ganglionic eminences and pre-optic area. Post-mitotic interneurons exit their place of origin in the ventral forebrain and migrate dorsally using defined migratory streams to reach the cortical plate, which they enter through radial migration before dispersing to settle in their final laminar allocation. While migrating, cortical interneurons constantly change their morphology through the dynamic remodeling of actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeleton as they detect and integrate extracellular guidance cues generated by neuronal and non-neuronal sources distributed along their migratory routes. These processes ensure proper distribution of GABAergic interneurons across cortical areas and lamina, supporting the development of adequate network connectivity and brain function. This short review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling cortical GABAergic interneuron migration, with a focus on tangential migration, and addresses potential avenues for cell-based interneuron progenitor transplants in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Toudji
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Asmaa Toumi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Émile Chamberland
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Rossignol
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Bantsimba-Malanda C, Ahidouch A, Rodat-Despoix L, Ouadid-Ahidouch H. Calcium signal modulation in breast cancer aggressiveness. Cell Calcium 2023; 113:102760. [PMID: 37247443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer and cause of death in women. The aggressive subtypes including triple negative types (TNBCs) show a resistance to chemotherapy, impaired immune system, and a worse prognosis. From a histological point of view, TNBCs are deficient in oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+) expression. Many studies reported an alteration in the expression of calcium channels, calcium binding proteins and pumps in BC that promote proliferation, survival, resistance to chemotherapy, and metastasis. Moreover, Ca2+ signal remodeling and calcium transporters expression have been associated to TNBCs and HER2+ BC subtypes. This review provides insight into the underlying alteration of the expression of calcium-permeable channels, pumps, and calcium dependent proteins and how this alteration plays an important role in promoting metastasis, metabolic switching, inflammation, and escape to chemotherapy treatment and immune surveillance in aggressive BC including TNBCs models and highly metastatic BC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudie Bantsimba-Malanda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, UR UPJV 4667, University of Picardie Jules Verne Amiens, France
| | - Ahmed Ahidouch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, UR UPJV 4667, University of Picardie Jules Verne Amiens, France; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Lise Rodat-Despoix
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, UR UPJV 4667, University of Picardie Jules Verne Amiens, France.
| | - Halima Ouadid-Ahidouch
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, UR UPJV 4667, University of Picardie Jules Verne Amiens, France.
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Sperandio LP, Lins IVF, Erustes AG, Leão AHFF, Antunes F, Morais IBM, Vieira HF, de Campos LM, Bincoletto C, Smaili SS, Pereira GJS. Blocking autophagy by the two-pore channels antagonist tetrandrine improves sorafenib-induced death of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105603. [PMID: 37121360 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sorafenib, an oral multi-kinase inhibitor, used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, drug resistance is still common in several HCC patients. This complex mechanism is not yet fully elucidated, driving the search for new therapeutic targets to potentiate the antitumoral effect of sorafenib. Recent findings have linked the expression of Two-Pore Channels (TPCs) receptors with the development and progression of cancer. TPCs receptors are stimulated by NAADP, a Ca2+ messenger, and inhibited by their antagonists Ned-19 and tetrandrine. Here, we investigate the participation of TPCs inhibition in cell death and autophagy in sorafenib-treated HCC cells. Here, we show that the association of sorafenib with tetrandrine increased sorafenib-induced cell death accompanied by increased lysotracker fluorescence intensity. In contrast, these effects were not observed after treating these cells with Ned-19. The pharmacological TPC antagonists by Ned-19 and tetrandrine or siRNA-mediated TPC1/2 inhibition decreased sorafenib-induced Ca2+ release, reinforcing the participation of TPCs in sorafenib HCC responses. Furthermore, the association tetrandrine and sorafenib blocked autophagy through ERK1/2 pathway inhibition, which represents a putative target for potentiating HCC cell death. Therefore, our study proposes the use of tetrandrine analogs with the aim of improving sorafenib therapy. Also, our data also allow us to suggest that TPCs may be a new target in anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Paulino Sperandio
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isis Valeska F Lins
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adolfo G Erustes
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson H F F Leão
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingrid B M Morais
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Laís Maria de Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Bincoletto
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraya S Smaili
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo J S Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Wang H, Zhu Y, Liu H, Liang T, Wei Y. Advances in Drug Discovery Targeting Lysosomal Membrane Proteins. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040601. [PMID: 37111358 PMCID: PMC10145713 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells and are responsible for various cellular functions, including endocytic degradation, extracellular secretion, and signal transduction. There are dozens of proteins localized to the lysosomal membrane that control the transport of ions and substances across the membrane and are integral to lysosomal function. Mutations or aberrant expression of these proteins trigger a variety of disorders, making them attractive targets for drug development for lysosomal disorder-related diseases. However, breakthroughs in R&D still await a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms and processes of how abnormalities in these membrane proteins induce related diseases. In this article, we summarize the current progress, challenges, and prospects for developing therapeutics targeting lysosomal membrane proteins for the treatment of lysosomal-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Wang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yidong Zhu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Huiyan Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Tianxiang Liang
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510095, China
- Key Laboratory for Cell Homeostasis, Cancer Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510095, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou 510095, China
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11
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Kounoupa Z, Tivodar S, Theodorakis K, Kyriakis D, Denaxa M, Karagogeos D. Rac1 and Rac3 GTPases and TPC2 are required for axonal outgrowth and migration of cortical interneurons. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286920. [PMID: 36744839 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, among them Rac1 and Rac3, are major transducers of extracellular signals and are involved in multiple cellular processes. In cortical interneurons, the neurons that control the balance between excitation and inhibition of cortical circuits, Rac1 and Rac3 are essential for their development. Ablation of both leads to a severe reduction in the numbers of mature interneurons found in the murine cortex, which is partially due to abnormal cell cycle progression of interneuron precursors and defective formation of growth cones in young neurons. Here, we present new evidence that upon Rac1 and Rac3 ablation, centrosome, Golgi complex and lysosome positioning is significantly perturbed, thus affecting both interneuron migration and axon growth. Moreover, for the first time, we provide evidence of altered expression and localization of the two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) voltage-gated ion channel that mediates Ca2+ release. Pharmacological inhibition of TPC2 negatively affected axonal growth and migration of interneurons. Our data, taken together, suggest that TPC2 contributes to the severe phenotype in axon growth initiation, extension and interneuron migration in the absence of Rac1 and Rac3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouzana Kounoupa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Simona Tivodar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Kostas Theodorakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kyriakis
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre 'Al. Fleming', Vari, 16672, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion 71110, Greece.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
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12
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Riederer E, Cang C, Ren D. Lysosomal Ion Channels: What Are They Good For and Are They Druggable Targets? Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:19-41. [PMID: 36151054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-013755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes play fundamental roles in material digestion, cellular clearance, recycling, exocytosis, wound repair, Ca2+ signaling, nutrient signaling, and gene expression regulation. The organelle also serves as a hub for important signaling networks involving the mTOR and AKT kinases. Electrophysiological recording and molecular and structural studies in the past decade have uncovered several unique lysosomal ion channels and transporters, including TPCs, TMEM175, TRPMLs, CLN7, and CLC-7. They underlie the organelle's permeability to major ions, including K+, Na+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-. The channels are regulated by numerous cellular factors, ranging from H+ in the lumen and voltage across the lysosomal membrane to ATP in the cytosol to growth factors outside the cell. Genetic variations in the channel/transporter genes are associated with diseases that include lysosomal storage diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies with human genetics and channel activators suggest that lysosomal channels may be attractive targets for the development of therapeutics for the prevention of and intervention in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Riederer
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
| | - Chunlei Cang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China;
| | - Dejian Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
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13
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Rautenberg S, Keller M, Leser C, Chen CC, Bracher F, Grimm C. Expanding the Toolbox: Novel Modulators of Endolysosomal Cation Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:249-276. [PMID: 35902436 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Functional characterization of endolysosomal ion channels is challenging due to their intracellular location. With recent advances in endolysosomal patch clamp technology, it has become possible to directly measure ion channel currents across endolysosomal membranes. Members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel family, namely the endolysosomal TRPML channels (TRPML1-3), also called mucolipins, as well as the distantly related two-pore channels (TPCs) have recently been characterized in more detail with endolysosomal patch clamp techniques. However, answers to many physiological questions require work in intact cells or animal models. One major obstacle thereby is that the known endogenous ligands of TRPMLs and TPCs are anionic in nature and thus impermeable for cell membranes. Microinjection, on the other hand, is technically demanding. There is also a risk of losing essential co-factors for channel activation or inhibition in isolated preparations. Therefore, lipophilic, membrane-permeable small-molecule activators and inhibitors for TRPMLs and TPCs are urgently needed. Here, we describe and discuss the currently available small-molecule modulators of TRPMLs and TPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rautenberg
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Charlotte Leser
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Wang Q, Zhu MX. NAADP-Dependent TPC Current. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:35-56. [PMID: 35902437 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Two-pore channels, TPC1 and TPC2, are Ca2+- and Na+-permeable cation channels expressed on the membranes of endosomes and lysosomes in nearly all mammalian cells. These channels have been implicated in Ca2+ signaling initiated from the endolysosomes, vesicular trafficking, cellular metabolism, macropinocytosis, and viral infection. Although TPCs have been shown to mediate Ca2+ release from acidic organelles in response to NAADP (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate), the most potent Ca2+ mobilizing messenger, questions remain whether NAADP is a direct ligand of these channels. In whole-endolysosomal patch clamp recordings, it has been difficult to detect NAADP-evoked currents in vacuoles that expressed TPC1 or TPC2, while PI(3,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate) activated a highly Na+-selective current under the same experimental configuration. In this chapter, we summarize recent progress in this area and provide our observations on NAADP-elicited TPC2 currents from enlarged endolysosomes as well as their possible relationships with the currents evoked by PI(3,5)P2. We propose that TPCs are channels dually regulated by PI(3,5)P2 and NAADP in an interdependent manner and the two endogenous ligands may have both distinguished and cooperative roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Wang
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Abstract
The discovery of NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release in sea urchin eggs and then as a ubiquitous Ca2+ mobilizing messenger has introduced several novel paradigms to our understanding of Ca2+ signalling, not least in providing a link between cell stimulation and Ca2+ release from lysosomes and other acidic Ca2+ storage organelles. In addition, the hallmark concentration-response relationship of NAADP-mediated Ca2+ release, shaped by striking activation/desensitization mechanisms, influences its actions as an intracellular messenger. There has been recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release, such as the identification of the endo-lysosomal two-pore channel family of cation channels (TPCs) as their principal target and the identity of NAADP-binding proteins that complex with them. The NAADP/TPC signalling axis has gained recent prominence in pathophysiology for their roles in such disease processes as neurodegeneration, tumorigenesis and cellular viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Lianne C Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lora L Martucci
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Du C, Guan X, Yan J. Two-pore channel blockade by phosphoinositide kinase inhibitors YM201636 and PI-103 determined by a histidine residue near pore-entrance. Commun Biol 2022; 5:738. [PMID: 35871252 PMCID: PMC9308409 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human two-pore channels (TPCs) are endolysosomal cation channels and play an important role in NAADP-evoked Ca2+ release and endomembrane dynamics. We found that YM201636, a PIKfyve inhibitor, potently inhibits PI(3,5)P2-activated human TPC2 with an IC50 of 0.16 μM. YM201636 also effectively inhibits NAADP-activated TPC2 and a constitutively-open TPC2 L690A/L694A mutant channel; whereas it exerts little effect when applied in the channel’s closed state. PI-103, a YM201636 analog and an inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR, also inhibits human TPC2 with an IC50 of 0.64 μM. With mutational, virtual docking, and molecular dynamic simulation analyses, we found that YM201636 and PI-103 directly block the TPC2’s open-state channel pore at the bundle-cross pore-gate region where a nearby H699 residue is a key determinant for channel’s sensitivity to the inhibitors. H699 likely interacts with the blockers around the pore entrance and facilitates their access to the pore. Substitution of a Phe for H699 largely accounts for the TPC1 channel’s insensitivity to YM201636. These findings identify two potent TPC2 channel blockers, reveal a channel pore entrance blockade mechanism, and provide an ion channel target in interpreting the pharmacological effects of two commonly used phosphoinositide kinase inhibitors. YM201636 and PI-103 are potent inhibitors of human two-pore channel 2 that act through a channel pore entrance blockade mechanism.
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17
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Two-pore channels: going with the flows. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1143-1155. [PMID: 35959977 PMCID: PMC9444070 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the structure, mechanisms and functions of the endo-lysosomal TPC (two-pore channel) family have grown apace. Gated by the second messengers, NAADP and PI(3,5)P2, TPCs are an integral part of fundamental signal-transduction pathways, but their array and plasticity of cation conductances (Na+, Ca2+, H+) allow them to variously signal electrically, osmotically or chemically. Their relative tissue- and organelle-selective distribution, together with agonist-selective ion permeabilities provides a rich palette from which extracellular stimuli can choose. TPCs are emerging as mediators of immunity, cancer, metabolism, viral infectivity and neurodegeneration as this short review attests.
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18
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Scotto Rosato A, Krogsaeter EK, Jaślan D, Abrahamian C, Montefusco S, Soldati C, Spix B, Pizzo MT, Grieco G, Böck J, Wyatt A, Wünkhaus D, Passon M, Stieglitz M, Keller M, Hermey G, Markmann S, Gruber-Schoffnegger D, Cotman S, Johannes L, Crusius D, Boehm U, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Bracher F, De Leonibus E, Polishchuk E, Medina DL, Paquet D, Grimm C. TPC2 rescues lysosomal storage in mucolipidosis type IV, Niemann-Pick type C1, and Batten disease. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15377. [PMID: 35929194 PMCID: PMC9449600 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are cell organelles that degrade macromolecules to recycle their components. If lysosomal degradative function is impaired, e.g., due to mutations in lysosomal enzymes or membrane proteins, lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) can develop. LSDs manifest often with neurodegenerative symptoms, typically starting in early childhood, and going along with a strongly reduced life expectancy and quality of life. We show here that small molecule activation of the Ca2+‐permeable endolysosomal two‐pore channel 2 (TPC2) results in an amelioration of cellular phenotypes associated with LSDs such as cholesterol or lipofuscin accumulation, or the formation of abnormal vacuoles seen by electron microscopy. Rescue effects by TPC2 activation, which promotes lysosomal exocytosis and autophagy, were assessed in mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), Niemann–Pick type C1, and Batten disease patient fibroblasts, and in neurons derived from newly generated isogenic human iPSC models for MLIV and Batten disease. For in vivo proof of concept, we tested TPC2 activation in the MLIV mouse model. In sum, our data suggest that TPC2 is a promising target for the treatment of different types of LSDs, both in vitro and in‐vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scotto Rosato
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Einar K Krogsaeter
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Dawid Jaślan
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Carla Abrahamian
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Spix
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia Böck
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Passon
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Stieglitz
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Hermey
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute of Molecular and Cellular Cognition, UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Susan Cotman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ludger Johannes
- Cellular and Chemical Biology Department, Institut Curie, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Dennis Crusius
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Diego L Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Hospital, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Faculty of Medicine, Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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19
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Patel S, Yuan Y, Chen CC, Jaślan D, Gunaratne G, Grimm C, Rahman T, Marchant JS. Electrophysiology of Endolysosomal Two-Pore Channels: A Current Account. Cells 2022; 11:2368. [PMID: 35954212 PMCID: PMC9368155 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore channels TPC1 and TPC2 are ubiquitously expressed pathophysiologically relevant proteins that reside on endolysosomal vesicles. Here, we review the electrophysiology of these channels. Direct macroscopic recordings of recombinant TPCs expressed in enlarged lysosomes in mammalian cells or vacuoles in plants and yeast demonstrate gating by the Ca2+-mobilizing messenger NAADP and/or the lipid PI(3,5)P2. TPC currents are regulated by H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ (luminal and/or cytosolic), as well as protein kinases, and they are impacted by single-nucleotide polymorphisms linked to pigmentation. Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, flavonoids, and several approved drugs demonstrably block channel activity. Endogenous TPC currents have been recorded from a number of primary cell types and cell lines. Many of the properties of endolysosomal TPCs are recapitulated upon rerouting channels to the cell surface, allowing more facile recording through conventional electrophysiological means. Single-channel analyses have provided high-resolution insight into both monovalent and divalent permeability. The discovery of small-molecule activators of TPC2 that toggle the ion selectivity from a Ca2+-permeable (NAADP-like) state to a Na+-selective (PI(3,5)P2-like) state explains discrepancies in the literature relating to the permeability of TPCs. Identification of binding proteins that confer NAADP-sensitive currents confirm that indirect, remote gating likely underpins the inconsistent observations of channel activation by NAADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100229, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Dawid Jaślan
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (D.J.); (C.G.)
| | - Gihan Gunaratne
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (G.G.); (J.S.M.)
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany; (D.J.); (C.G.)
| | - Taufiq Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK;
| | - Jonathan S. Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (G.G.); (J.S.M.)
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20
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Geisslinger F, Müller M, Chao YK, Grimm C, Vollmar AM, Bartel K. Targeting TPC2 sensitizes acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to chemotherapeutics by impairing lysosomal function. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:668. [PMID: 35915060 PMCID: PMC9343397 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite novel therapy regimens and extensive research, chemoresistance remains a challenge in leukemia treatment. Of note, recent studies revealed lysosomes as regulators of cell death and chemotherapy response, suggesting this organelle is a novel target for chemosensitization. Interestingly, drug-resistant VCR-R CEM acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells have an increased expression of the lysosomal cation channel Two-Pore-Channel 2 (TPC2) compared to drug-naïve CCRF-CEM ALL cells. Concurrently, knockout (KO) of TPC2 sensitized drug-resistant VCR-R CEM cells to treatment with cytostatics. The chemosensitizing effect could be confirmed in several cell lines as well as in heterogeneous, patient-derived xenograft ALL cells, using the pharmacological TPC2 inhibitors naringenin and tetrandrine. We reveal that a dual mechanism of action mediates chemo sensitization by loss of lysosomal TPC2 function. First, because of increased lysosomal pH, lysosomal drug sequestration is impaired, leading to an increased nuclear accumulation of doxorubicin and hence increased DNA damage. Second, lysosomes of TPC2 KO cells are more prone to lysosomal damage as a result of morphological changes and dysregulation of proteins influencing lysosomal stability. This leads to induction of lysosomal cell death (LCD), evident by increased cathepsin B levels in the cytosol, truncation of pro-apoptotic Bid, as well as the reversibility of cell death by co-treatment with the cathepsin B inhibitor CA-074Me in TPC2 KO cells. In summary, this study establishes TPC2 as a novel, promising, druggable target for combination therapy approaches in ALL to overcome chemoresistance, which could be exploited in the clinic in the future. Additionally, it unravels LCD signaling as an important death-inducing component upon loss of TPC2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Geisslinger
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLudwig-Maximilians University, Departement of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLudwig-Maximilians University, Departement of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLudwig-Maximilians University, Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLudwig-Maximilians University, Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M. Vollmar
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLudwig-Maximilians University, Departement of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Bartel
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLudwig-Maximilians University, Departement of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Munich, Germany
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21
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Chen CC, Krogsaeter E, Kuo CY, Huang MC, Chang SY, Biel M. Endolysosomal cation channels point the way towards precision medicine of cancer and infectious diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112751. [PMID: 35240524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases and cancer are among the key medical challenges that humankind is facing today. A growing amount of evidence suggests that ion channels in the endolysosomal system play a crucial role in the pathology of both groups of diseases. The development of advanced patch-clamp technologies has allowed us to directly characterize ion fluxes through endolysosomal ion channels in their native environments. Endolysosomes are essential organelles for intracellular transport, digestion and metabolism, and maintenance of homeostasis. The endolysosomal ion channels regulate the function of the endolysosomal system through four basic mechanisms: calcium release, control of membrane potential, pH change, and osmolarity regulation. In this review, we put particular emphasis on the endolysosomal cation channels, including TPC2 and TRPML2, which are particularly important in monocyte function. We discuss existing endogenous and synthetic ligands of these channels and summarize current knowledge of their impact on channel activity and function in different cell types. Moreover, we summarize recent findings on the importance of TPC2 and TRPML2 channels as potential drug targets for the prevention and treatment of the emerging infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | - Ching-Ying Kuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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22
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Regulation of Aging and Longevity by Ion Channels and Transporters. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071180. [PMID: 35406743 PMCID: PMC8997527 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie age-related physiological decline, our ability to translate these insights into actionable strategies to extend human healthspan has been limited. One of the major reasons for the existence of this barrier is that with a few important exceptions, many of the proteins that mediate aging have proven to be undruggable. The argument put forth here is that the amenability of ion channels and transporters to pharmacological manipulation could be leveraged to develop novel therapeutic strategies to combat aging. This review delves into the established roles for ion channels and transporters in the regulation of aging and longevity via their influence on membrane excitability, Ca2+ homeostasis, mitochondrial and endolysosomal function, and the transduction of sensory stimuli. The goal is to provide the reader with an understanding of emergent themes, and prompt further investigation into how the activities of ion channels and transporters sculpt the trajectories of cellular and organismal aging.
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23
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Siow WX, Kabiri Y, Tang R, Chao YK, Plesch E, Eberhagen C, Flenkenthaler F, Fröhlich T, Bracher F, Grimm C, Biel M, Zischka H, Vollmar AM, Bartel K. Lysosomal TRPML1 regulates mitochondrial function in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274242. [PMID: 35274126 PMCID: PMC8977057 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), are the second most lethal cancers worldwide and novel therapeutic strategies are still highly needed. Recently, the endolysosomal cation channel TRPML1 has gained focus in cancer research representing an interesting novel target. We utilized the recently developed isoform-selective TRPML1 activator ML1-SA1 and the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate tools for over-activation and loss-of-function studies on TRPML1 in HCC. After verification of our tools, we investigated the role of TRPML1 in HCC by studying proliferation, apoptosis, and proteomic alterations. Further, we analyzed mitochondrial function in detail, facilitating confocal and transmission electron microscopy, combined with SeahorseTM and Oroboros® functional analysis. We report that TRPML1 over-activation by a novel, isoform-selective, low-molecular activator induces apoptosis by impairing mitochondrial function calcium dependently. Additionally, TRPML1 loss-of-function deregulates mitochondrial renewal, which leads to proliferation impairment. Thus, our study reveals a novel role for TRPML1 as regulator of mitochondrial function and its modulators as promising molecules for novel therapeutic options in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong Siow
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yaschar Kabiri
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Tang
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Plesch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Eberhagen
- Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Flenkenthaler
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Technical University Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Biedersteiner Strasse 29, D-80802 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Marchant JS, Gunaratne GS, Cai X, Slama JT, Patel S. NAADP-binding proteins find their identity. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:235-249. [PMID: 34810081 PMCID: PMC8840967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a second messenger that releases Ca2+ from endosomes and lysosomes by activating ion channels called two-pore channels (TPCs). However, no NAADP-binding site has been identified on TPCs. Rather, NAADP activates TPCs indirectly by engaging NAADP-binding proteins (NAADP-BPs) that form part of the TPC complex. After a decade of searching, two different NAADP-BPs were recently identified: Jupiter microtubule associated homolog 2 (JPT2) and like-Sm protein 12 (LSM12). These discoveries bridge the gap between NAADP generation and NAADP activation of TPCs, providing new opportunity to understand and manipulate the NAADP-signaling pathway. The unmasking of these NAADP-BPs will catalyze future studies to define the molecular choreography of NAADP action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Marchant
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA,Correspondence: (J.S. Marchant) and (S. Patel)
| | - Gihan S. Gunaratne
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Xinjiang Cai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James T. Slama
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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25
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Skelding KA, Barry DL, Theron DZ, Lincz LF. Targeting the two-pore channel 2 in cancer progression and metastasis. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:62-89. [PMID: 36046356 PMCID: PMC9400767 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Ca2+ signaling, and particularly Ca2+ channels, in key events of cancer cell function such as proliferation, metastasis, autophagy and angiogenesis, has recently begun to be appreciated. Of particular note are two-pore channels (TPCs), a group of recently identified Ca2+-channels, located within the endolysosomal system. TPC2 has recently emerged as an intracellular ion channel of significant pathophysiological relevance, specifically in cancer, and interest in its role as an anti-cancer drug target has begun to be explored. Herein, an overview of the cancer-related functions of TPC2 and a discussion of its potential as a target for therapeutic intervention, including a summary of clinical trials examining the TPC2 inhibitors, naringenin, tetrandrine, and verapamil for the treatment of various cancers is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Skelding
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia;Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Daniel L. Barry
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia;Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Danielle Z. Theron
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia;Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Lisa F. Lincz
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia;Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia;Hunter Hematology Research Group, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, Waratah, New South Wales 2298, Australia
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26
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Barbonari S, D'Amore A, Palombi F, De Cesaris P, Parrington J, Riccioli A, Filippini A. RELEVANCE OF LYSOSOMAL Ca2+ SIGNALLING MACHINERY IN CANCER. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102539. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Activation of endo-lysosomal two-pore channels by NAADP and PI(3,5)P2. Five things to know. Cell Calcium 2022; 103:102543. [PMID: 35123238 PMCID: PMC9552313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two-pore channels are ancient members of the voltage-gated ion channel superfamily that are expressed predominantly on acidic organelles such as endosomes and lysosomes. Here we review recent advances in understanding how TPCs are activated by their ligands and identify five salient features: (1) TPCs are Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channels gated by NAADP. (2) NAADP activation is indirect through associated NAADP receptors. (3) TPCs are also Na+-selective channels gated by PI(3,5)P2. (4) PI(3,5)P2 activation is direct through a structurally-resolved binding site. (5) TPCs switch their ion selectivity in an agonist-dependent manner.
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28
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Hussain Y, Khan H, Ahmad I, Efferth T, Alam W. Nanoscale delivery of phytochemicals targeting CRISPR/Cas9 for cancer therapy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:153830. [PMID: 34775359 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With growing global prevalence, cancer is a major cause of disease-related deaths. The understanding of the fundamental tumor pathology has contributed to the development of agents targeting oncogenic signaling pathways. Although these agents have increased survival for defined cancers, the therapeutic choices are still limited due to the development of drug resistance. CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful new technology in cancer therapy by facilitating the identification of novel treatment targets and development of cell-based treatment strategies. PURPOSE We focused on applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in cancer therapy and discuss nanoscale delivery of cytotoxic phytochemical targeting the CRISPR/Cas9 system. RESULTS Genome engineering has been significantly accelerated by the advancement of the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Phytochemicals play a key role in treating cancer by targeting various mechanisms and pathways. CONCLUSIONS The use of CRISPR/Cas9 for nanoscale delivery of phytochemicals opens new avenues in cancer therapy. One of the main obstacles in the clinical application of CRISPR/Cas9 is safe and efficient delivery. As viral delivery methods have certain drawbacks, there is an urgent need to develop non-viral delivery systems for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Hussain
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Imad Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Waqas Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Endolysosomal ion channel MCOLN2 (Mucolipin-2) promotes prostate cancer progression via IL-1β/NF-κB pathway. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1420-1431. [PMID: 34548638 PMCID: PMC8575885 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (Pca) is the most common cancer type among males worldwide. Dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling plays important roles during Pca progression. However, there is lack of information about the role of endolysosomal Ca2+ -permeable channels in Pca progression. METHODS The expression pattern of MCOLN2 was studied by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Cell viability assay, transwell assay and in vivo tumorigenesis were performed to evaluate the functional role of MCOLN2. Downstream targets of MCOLN2 were investigated by cytokine array, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Ca2+ release experiments and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS We report that MCOLN2 expression is significantly elevated in Pca tissues, and associated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of MCOLN2 promoted Pca cells proliferation, migration and invasion. Importantly, knockdown of MCOLN2 inhibited Pca xenograft tumor growth and bone lesion development in vivo. In addition, MCOLN2 promoted the production and release of IL-1β. Moreover, luciferase reporter assay and western blot revealed that MCOLN2 promoted Pca development by regulating the IL-1β/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION In summary, MCOLN2 is crucially involved in Pca progression. Mechanistically, MCOLN2 regulates Pca progression via IL-1β/NF-κB pathway. Our study highlights an intriguing possibility of targeting MCOLN2 as potential therapeutic strategy in Pca treatment.
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30
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Targeting lysosomes in human disease: from basic research to clinical applications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:379. [PMID: 34744168 PMCID: PMC8572923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, accumulating evidence has elucidated the role of lysosomes in dynamically regulating cellular and organismal homeostasis. Lysosomal changes and dysfunction have been correlated with the development of numerous diseases. In this review, we interpreted the key biological functions of lysosomes in four areas: cellular metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation, immunity, and cell death. More importantly, we actively sought to determine the characteristic changes and dysfunction of lysosomes in cells affected by these diseases, the causes of these changes and dysfunction, and their significance to the development and treatment of human disease. Furthermore, we outlined currently available targeting strategies: (1) targeting lysosomal acidification; (2) targeting lysosomal cathepsins; (3) targeting lysosomal membrane permeability and integrity; (4) targeting lysosomal calcium signaling; (5) targeting mTOR signaling; and (6) emerging potential targeting strategies. Moreover, we systematically summarized the corresponding drugs and their application in clinical trials. By integrating basic research with clinical findings, we discussed the current opportunities and challenges of targeting lysosomes in human disease.
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31
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Keller M, Sauvageot-Witzku K, Geisslinger F, Urban N, Schaefer M, Bartel K, Bracher F. The ethoxycarbonyl group as both activating and protective group in N-acyl-Pictet-Spengler reactions using methoxystyrenes. A short approach to racemic 1-benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2716-2725. [PMID: 34804241 PMCID: PMC8576818 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a systematic investigation on an improved variant of the N-acyl-Pictet-Spengler condensation for the synthesis of 1-benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines, based on our recently published synthesis of N-methylcoclaurine, exemplified by the total syntheses of 10 alkaloids in racemic form. Major advantages are a) using ω-methoxystyrenes as convenient alternatives to arylacetaldehydes, and b) using the ethoxycarbonyl residue for both activating the arylethylamine precursors for the cyclization reaction, and, as a significant extension, also as protective group for phenolic residues. After ring closure, the ethoxycarbonyl-protected phenols are deprotected simultaneously with the further processing of the carbamate group, either following route A (lithium alanate reduction) to give N-methylated phenolic products, or following route B (treatment with excess methyllithium) to give the corresponding alkaloids with free N-H function. This dual use of the ethoxycarbonyl group shortens the synthetic routes to hydroxylated 1-benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines significantly. Not surprisingly, these ten alkaloids did not show noteworthy effects on TPC2 cation channels and the tumor cell line VCR-R CEM, and did not exhibit P-glycoprotein blocking activity. But due to their free phenolic groups they can serve as valuable intermediates for novel derivatives addressing all of these targets, based on previous evidence for structure-activity relationships in this chemotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Keller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Sauvageot-Witzku
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Geisslinger
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Härtelstr. 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Härtelstr. 16–18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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32
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Ayagama T, Bose SJ, Capel RA, Priestman DA, Berridge G, Fischer R, Galione A, Platt FM, Kramer H, Burton RA. A modified density gradient proteomic-based method to analyze endolysosomal proteins in cardiac tissue. iScience 2021; 24:102949. [PMID: 34466782 PMCID: PMC8384914 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of lysosomes in cardiac physiology and pathology is well established, and evidence for roles in calcium signaling is emerging. We describe a label-free proteomics method suitable for small cardiac tissue biopsies based on density-separated fractionation, which allows study of endolysosomal (EL) proteins. Density gradient fractions corresponding to tissue lysate; sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), mitochondria (Mito) (1.3 g/mL); and EL with negligible contamination from SR or Mito (1.04 g/mL) were analyzed using Western blot, enzyme activity assay, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis (adapted discontinuous Percoll and sucrose differential density gradient). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Reactome, Panther, and Gene Ontology pathway analysis showed good coverage of RAB proteins and lysosomal cathepsins (including cardiac-specific cathepsin D) in the purified EL fraction. Significant EL proteins recovered included catalytic activity proteins. We thus present a comprehensive protocol and data set of guinea pig atrial EL organelle proteomics using techniques also applicable for non-cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamali Ayagama
- University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
| | - Samuel J. Bose
- University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
| | - Rebecca A. Capel
- University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
| | | | - Georgina Berridge
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FZ UK
| | - Antony Galione
- University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
| | - Frances M. Platt
- University of Oxford, Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, OX1 3QT UK
| | - Holger Kramer
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN UK
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Nguyen VK, Kou KGM. The biology and total syntheses of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7535-7543. [PMID: 34524341 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00812a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review provides a concise overview of the biosynthetic pathway and pharmacology of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid (bisBIA) natural products. Additional emphasis is given to the methodologies in the total syntheses of both simpler acyclic diaryl ether dimers and their macrocyclic counterparts bearing two diaryl ether linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviene K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Kevin G M Kou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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34
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Jin X, Zhang Y, Alharbi A, Hanbashi A, Alhoshani A, Parrington J. Targeting Two-Pore Channels: Current Progress and Future Challenges. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 41:582-594. [PMID: 32679067 PMCID: PMC7365084 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two-pore channels (TPCs) are cation-permeable channels located on endolysosomal membranes and important mediators of intracellular Ca2+ signalling. TPCs are involved in various pathophysiological processes, including cell growth and development, metabolism, and cancer progression. Most studies of TPCs have used TPC–/– cell or whole-animal models, or Ned-19, an indirect inhibitor. The TPC activation mechanism remains controversial, which has made it difficult to develop selective modulators. Recent studies of TPC structure and their interactomes are aiding the development of direct pharmacological modulators. This process is still in its infancy, but will facilitate future research and TPC targeting for therapeutical purposes. Here, we review the progress of current research into TPCs, including recent insights into their structures, functional roles, mechanisms of activation, and pharmacological modulators. Two-pore channel (TPC)-mediated endolysosomal Ca2+ signalling regulates a variety of processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, viral infection, and cardiac function. Despite the well-established model that TPCs are Ca2+-selective channels indirectly activated by nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), it has also been proposed that TPCs as Na+ channels are activated directly by phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2]. 3D structures of mouse TPC1 and human TPC2 were recently determined, which made it possible for structure-based virtual screening methods to identify pharmacological modulators of TPC. Recent identification by high-throughput screens of pharmacological modulators that target TPCs will help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of endolysosomal Ca2+ signalling in different pathophysiological processes, and to develop new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Abeer Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Ali Hanbashi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11454, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
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Sharma A, Ramena GT, Elble RC. Advances in Intracellular Calcium Signaling Reveal Untapped Targets for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1077. [PMID: 34572262 PMCID: PMC8466575 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ distribution is a tightly regulated process. Numerous Ca2+ chelating, storage, and transport mechanisms are required to maintain normal cellular physiology. Ca2+-binding proteins, mainly calmodulin and calbindins, sequester free intracellular Ca2+ ions and apportion or transport them to signaling hubs needing the cations. Ca2+ channels, ATP-driven pumps, and exchangers assist the binding proteins in transferring the ions to and from appropriate cellular compartments. Some, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes, act as Ca2+ repositories. Cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is inefficient without the active contribution of these organelles. Moreover, certain key cellular processes also rely on inter-organellar Ca2+ signaling. This review attempts to encapsulate the structure, function, and regulation of major intracellular Ca2+ buffers, sensors, channels, and signaling molecules before highlighting how cancer cells manipulate them to survive and thrive. The spotlight is then shifted to the slow pace of translating such research findings into anticancer therapeutics. We use the PubMed database to highlight current clinical studies that target intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Drug repurposing and improving the delivery of small molecule therapeutics are further discussed as promising strategies for speeding therapeutic development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Grace T. Ramena
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA;
| | - Randolph C. Elble
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
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Abrahamian C, Grimm C. Endolysosomal Cation Channels and MITF in Melanocytes and Melanoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071021. [PMID: 34356645 PMCID: PMC8301777 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the principal transcription factor regulating pivotal processes in melanoma cell development, growth, survival, proliferation, differentiation and invasion. In recent years, convincing evidence has been provided attesting key roles of endolysosomal cation channels, specifically TPCs and TRPMLs, in cancer, including breast cancer, glioblastoma, bladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and melanoma. In this review, we provide a gene expression profile of these channels in different types of cancers and decipher their roles, in particular the roles of two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) and TRPML1 in melanocytes and melanoma. We specifically discuss the signaling cascades regulating MITF and the relationship between endolysosomal cation channels, MAPK, canonical Wnt/GSK3 pathways and MITF.
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Alharbi AF, Parrington J. The role of genetic polymorphisms in endolysosomal ion channels TPC2 and P2RX4 in cancer pathogenesis, prognosis, and diagnosis: a genetic association in the UK Biobank. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:58. [PMID: 34253731 PMCID: PMC8275681 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated important roles for endolysosomal ion channels in cancer biology. We used UK Biobank data to characterise the relationships between genetic variants in two genes coding for endolysosomal ion channels-i.e. TPCN2 and P2RX4-and cancer in terms of the definition of tumour types, susceptibility, and prognosis. We investigated these relationships at both global and local levels with regard to specific types of cancer, including malignant neoplasms of the brain, breast, bronchus, lung, colon, lymphoid and haematopoietic systems, skin, ovary, prostate, rectum, thyroid gland, lip, oral cavity, pharynx, and urinary tract. Apart from rs3829241 (p value < 0.05), all the genetic variants were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. We included 468,436 subjects in the analysis and stratified them into two major cohorts: cancer-free controls (385,253) and cancer cases (83,183). For the first time, we report novel associations between genetic variants of TPCN2 and P2RX4 and cancer/cancer subtypes in the UK Biobank's population. Genotype GG in TPCN2 rs3750965 was significantly associated with a decreased risk of cancer and an increased risk of lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancer and cancer recurrence in patients with prostate cancer, and genotypes GA/GG were associated with a significantly lower risk of developing various malignant neoplasms (involving melanoma, prostate, mesothelial, and soft tissues). rs35264875:TA was associated with a high risk of cancer at the global level, with subtypes of cancer at the local level (including breast, colon, prostate, and stated or presumed primary cancer of lymphoid, haematopoietic, and related tissue), and with a significantly low risk of cancer metastasis. rs72932540:GA was associated with a higher incidence of cancer/cancer subtypes (including breast, melanoma, and rectal cancer), and genotypes GA/GG were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. The P2RX4 rs25644 allele GG was associated with a high risk of prostate cancer, whereas it was associated with a low risk of cancer recurrence in patients with prostate cancer. Genotypes GA/GG in rs28360472 were associated with an increased risk of breast, mesothelial, and soft tissue cancers but with a decreased risk of colon cancer. We also provide insights into the pathophysiological contributions made by these significant polymorphisms to cancer/cancer subtypes and their effects on expression or channel activity. Further investigations of these genetic variants could help identify novel cancer biomarkers and facilitate the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This would constitute a further step towards personalised cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer F Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Li Y, Schön C, Chen CC, Yang Z, Liegl R, Murenu E, Schworm B, Klugbauer N, Grimm C, Wahl-Schott C, Michalakis S, Biel M. TPC2 promotes choroidal angiogenesis and inflammation in a mouse model of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/8/e202101047. [PMID: 34183443 PMCID: PMC8321671 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identifies the endolysosomal two-pore channel TPC2 as a potential novel drug target for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Inhibition of TPC2 reduces two key clinical hallmarks of the AMD, retinal inflammation and formation of leaky choroi. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among the elderly and can be classified either as dry or as neovascular (or wet). Neovascular AMD is characterized by a strong immune response and the inadequate release of cytokines triggering angiogenesis and induction of photoreceptor death. The pathomechanisms of AMD are only partly understood. Here, we identify the endolysosomal two-pore cation channel TPC2 as a key factor of neovascularization and immune activation in the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) mouse model of AMD. Block of TPC2 reduced retinal VEGFA and IL-1β levels and diminished neovascularization and immune activation. Mechanistically, TPC2 mediates cationic currents in endolysosomal organelles of immune cells and lack of TPC2 leads to reduced IL-1β levels in areas of choroidal neovascularization due to endolysosomal trapping. Taken together, our study identifies TPC2 as a promising novel therapeutic target for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Raffael Liegl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Elisa Murenu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schworm
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Norbert Klugbauer
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | | | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany .,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, München, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Danese A, Leo S, Rimessi A, Wieckowski MR, Fiorica F, Giorgi C, Pinton P. Cell death as a result of calcium signaling modulation: A cancer-centric prospective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:119061. [PMID: 33991539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.119061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) and the complex regulatory system governed by Ca2+ signaling have been described to be of crucial importance in numerous aspects related to cell life and death decisions, especially in recent years. The growing attention given to this second messenger is justified by the pleiotropic nature of Ca2+-binding proteins and transporters and their consequent involvement in cell fate decisions. A growing number of works highlight that deregulation of Ca2+ signaling and homoeostasis is often deleterious and drives pathological conditions; in particular, a disruption of the main Ca2+-mediated death mechanisms may lead to uncontrolled cell growth that results in cancer. In this work, we review the latest useful evidence to better understand the complex network of pathways by which Ca2+ regulates cell life and death decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Danese
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Leo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Pasteur 3 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Negri S, Faris P, Moccia F. Endolysosomal Ca 2+ signaling in cardiovascular health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 363:203-269. [PMID: 34392930 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) regulates a plethora of functions in the cardiovascular (CV) system, including contraction in cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and angiogenesis in vascular endothelial cells and endothelial colony forming cells. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) represents the largest endogenous Ca2+ store, which releases Ca2+ through ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and/or inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP3Rs) upon extracellular stimulation. The acidic vesicles of the endolysosomal (EL) compartment represent an additional endogenous Ca2+ store, which is targeted by several second messengers, including nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2], and may release intraluminal Ca2+ through multiple Ca2+ permeable channels, including two-pore channels 1 and 2 (TPC1-2) and Transient Receptor Potential Mucolipin 1 (TRPML1). Herein, we discuss the emerging, pathophysiological role of EL Ca2+ signaling in the CV system. We describe the role of cardiac TPCs in β-adrenoceptor stimulation, arrhythmia, hypertrophy, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. We then illustrate the role of EL Ca2+ signaling in VSMCs, where TPCs promote vasoconstriction and contribute to pulmonary artery hypertension and atherosclerosis, whereas TRPML1 sustains vasodilation and is also involved in atherosclerosis. Subsequently, we describe the mechanisms whereby endothelial TPCs promote vasodilation, contribute to neurovascular coupling in the brain and stimulate angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Finally, we discuss about the possibility to target TPCs, which are likely to mediate CV cell infection by the Severe Acute Respiratory Disease-Coronavirus-2, with Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs to alleviate the detrimental effects of Coronavirus Disease-19 on the CV system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Negri
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pawan Faris
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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41
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Netcharoensirisuk P, Abrahamian C, Tang R, Chen CC, Rosato AS, Beyers W, Chao YK, Filippini A, Di Pietro S, Bartel K, Biel M, Vollmar AM, Umehara K, De-Eknamkul W, Grimm C. Flavonoids increase melanin production and reduce proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells by blocking endolysosomal/melanosomal TPC2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8515. [PMID: 33875769 PMCID: PMC8055690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) resides in endolysosomal membranes but also in lysosome-related organelles such as the melanin producing melanosomes. Gain-of-function polymorphisms in hTPC2 are associated with decreased melanin production and blond hair color. Vice versa genetic ablation of TPC2 increases melanin production. We show here an inverse correlation between melanin production and melanoma proliferation, migration, and invasion due to the dual activity of TPC2 in endolysosomes and melanosomes. Our results are supported by both genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of TPC2. Mechanistically, our data show that loss/block of TPC2 results in reduced protein levels of MITF, a major regulator of melanoma progression, but an increased activity of the melanin-generating enzyme tyrosinase. TPC2 inhibition thus provides a twofold benefit in melanoma prevention and treatment by increasing, through interference with tyrosinase activity, the synthesis of UV blocking melanin in melanosomes and by decreasing MITF-driven melanoma progression by increased GSK3β-mediated MITF degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponsawan Netcharoensirisuk
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology/Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Carla Abrahamian
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rachel Tang
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Scotto Rosato
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wyatt Beyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Santiago Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology/Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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Bustos G, Ahumada-Castro U, Silva-Pavez E, Puebla A, Lovy A, Cesar Cardenas J. The ER-mitochondria Ca 2+ signaling in cancer progression: Fueling the monster. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 363:49-121. [PMID: 34392932 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. All major tumor suppressors and oncogenes are now recognized to have fundamental connections with metabolic pathways. A hallmark feature of cancer cells is a reprogramming of their metabolism even when nutrients are available. Increasing evidence indicates that most cancer cells rely on mitochondrial metabolism to sustain their energetic and biosynthetic demands. Mitochondria are functionally and physically coupled to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the major calcium (Ca2+) storage organelle in mammalian cells, through special domains known as mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCS). In this domain, the release of Ca2+ from the ER is mainly regulated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs), a family of Ca2+ release channels activated by the ligand IP3. IP3R mediated Ca2+ release is transferred to mitochondria through the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU). Once in the mitochondrial matrix, Ca2+ activates several proteins that stimulate mitochondrial performance. The role of IP3R and MCU in cancer, as well as the other proteins that enable the Ca2+ communication between these two organelles is just beginning to be understood. Here, we describe the function of the main players of the ER mitochondrial Ca2+ communication and discuss how this particular signal may contribute to the rise and development of cancer traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galdo Bustos
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulises Ahumada-Castro
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Silva-Pavez
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Puebla
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alenka Lovy
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience Research, Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - J Cesar Cardenas
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Center for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.
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Wakamatsu K, Zippin JH, Ito S. Chemical and biochemical control of skin pigmentation with special emphasis on mixed melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:730-747. [PMID: 33751833 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are widely distributed in animals and plants; in vertebrates, most melanins are present on the body surface. The diversity of pigmentation in vertebrates is mainly attributed to the quantity and ratio of eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis. Most natural melanin pigments in animals consist of both eumelanin and pheomelanin in varying ratios, and thus, their combined synthesis is called "mixed melanogenesis." Gene expression is an established mechanism for controlling melanin synthesis; however, there are multiple factors that affect melanin synthesis besides gene expression. Due to the differential sensitivity of the eumelanin and pheomelanin synthetic pathways to pH, melanosomal pH likely plays a major role in mixed melanogenesis. Here, we focused on various factors affecting mixed melanogenesis including (1) chemical regulation of melanin synthesis, (2) melanosomal pH regulation during normal melanogenesis and effect on mixed melanogenesis, and (3) mechanisms of melanosomal pH control (proton pumps, channels, transporters, and signaling pathways).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Jonathan H Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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44
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Lysosomal Calcium Channels in Autophagy and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061299. [PMID: 33803964 PMCID: PMC8001254 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is a cellular self-eating process that uses lysosome, the waste disposal system of the cell, to degrade and recycle intracellular materials to maintain cellular homeostasis. Defects in autophagy are linked to a variety of pathological states, including cancer. Calcium is an important cellular messenger that regulates the survival of all animal cells. Alterations to calcium homoeostasis are associated with cancer. While it has long been considered as cellular recycling center, the lysosome is now widely known as an intracellular calcium store that regulates autophagy and cancer progression by releasing calcium via some ion channels residing in the lysosomal membrane. In this review, we summarize existing mechanisms of autophagy regulation by lysosomal calcium channels and their implications in cancer development. We hope to guide readers toward a more in-depth understanding of the importance of lysosomal calcium channels in cancer, and potentially facilitate the development of new therapeutics for some cancers. Abstract Ca2+ is pivotal intracellular messenger that coordinates multiple cell functions such as fertilization, growth, differentiation, and viability. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is regulated by both extracellular Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Apart from working as the cellular recycling center, the lysosome has been increasingly recognized as a significant intracellular Ca2+ store that provides Ca2+ to regulate many cellular processes. The lysosome also talks to other organelles by releasing and taking up Ca2+. In lysosomal Ca2+-dependent processes, autophagy is particularly important, because it has been implicated in many human diseases including cancer. This review will discuss the major components of lysosomal Ca2+ stores and their roles in autophagy and human cancer progression.
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Machado ER, Annunziata I, van de Vlekkert D, Grosveld GC, d’Azzo A. Lysosomes and Cancer Progression: A Malignant Liaison. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642494. [PMID: 33718382 PMCID: PMC7952443 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
During primary tumorigenesis isolated cancer cells may undergo genetic or epigenetic changes that render them responsive to additional intrinsic or extrinsic cues, so that they enter a transitional state and eventually acquire an aggressive, metastatic phenotype. Among these changes is the alteration of the cell metabolic/catabolic machinery that creates the most permissive conditions for invasion, dissemination, and survival. The lysosomal system has emerged as a crucial player in this malignant transformation, making this system a potential therapeutic target in cancer. By virtue of their ubiquitous distribution in mammalian cells, their multifaced activities that control catabolic and anabolic processes, and their interplay with other organelles and the plasma membrane (PM), lysosomes function as platforms for inter- and intracellular communication. This is due to their capacity to adapt and sense nutrient availability, to spatially segregate specific functions depending on their position, to fuse with other compartments and with the PM, and to engage in membrane contact sites (MCS) with other organelles. Here we review the latest advances in our understanding of the role of the lysosomal system in cancer progression. We focus on how changes in lysosomal nutrient sensing, as well as lysosomal positioning, exocytosis, and fusion perturb the communication between tumor cells themselves and between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Finally, we describe the potential impact of MCS between lysosomes and other organelles in propelling cancer growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda R. Machado
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | | | - Gerard C. Grosveld
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Alessandra d’Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Müller M, Gerndt S, Chao YK, Zisis T, Nguyen ONP, Gerwien A, Urban N, Müller C, Gegenfurtner FA, Geisslinger F, Ortler C, Chen CC, Zahler S, Biel M, Schaefer M, Grimm C, Bracher F, Vollmar AM, Bartel K. Gene editing and synthetically accessible inhibitors reveal role for TPC2 in HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1119-1131.e27. [PMID: 33626324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The role of two-pore channel 2 (TPC2), one of the few cation channels localized on endolysosomal membranes, in cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we report that TPC2 knockout reduces proliferation of cancer cells in vitro, affects their energy metabolism, and successfully abrogates tumor growth in vivo. Concurrently, we have developed simplified analogs of the alkaloid tetrandrine as potent TPC2 inhibitors by screening a library of synthesized benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. Removal of dispensable substructures of the lead molecule tetrandrine increases antiproliferative properties against cancer cells and impairs proangiogenic signaling of endothelial cells to a greater extent than tetrandrine. Simultaneously, toxic effects on non-cancerous cells are reduced, allowing in vivo administration and revealing a TPC2 inhibitor with antitumor efficacy in mice. Hence, our study unveils TPC2 as valid target for cancer therapy and provides easily accessible tetrandrine analogs as a promising option for effective pharmacological interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Gerndt
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Themistoklis Zisis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ong Nam Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Aaron Gerwien
- Department of Chemistry and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian A Gegenfurtner
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Geisslinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Ortler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Cheng-Chang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 100 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Leipzig University, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Moccia F, Negri S, Faris P, Perna A, De Luca A, Soda T, Berra-Romani R, Guerra G. Targeting Endolysosomal Two-Pore Channels to Treat Cardiovascular Disorders in the Novel COronaVIrus Disease 2019. Front Physiol 2021; 12:629119. [PMID: 33574769 PMCID: PMC7870486 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.629119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence hints in favor of a life-threatening link between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the cardiovascular system. SARS-CoV-2 may result in dramatic cardiovascular complications, whereas the severity of COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the incidence of fatalities tend to increase in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular complications. SARS-CoV-2 is internalized into the host cells by endocytosis and may then escape the endolysosomal system via endosomes. Two-pore channels drive endolysosomal trafficking through the release of endolysosomal Ca2+. Recent evidence suggested that the pharmacological inhibition of TPCs prevents Ebola virus and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome COronaVirus (MERS-CoV) entry into host cells. In this perspective, we briefly summarize the biophysical and pharmacological features of TPCs, illustrate their emerging role in the cardiovascular system, and finally present them as a reliable target to treat cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sharon Negri
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pawan Faris
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelica Perna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Berra-Romani
- School of Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Alharbi A, Zhang Y, Parrington J. Deciphering the Role of Ca 2+ Signalling in Cancer Metastasis: From the Bench to the Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E179. [PMID: 33430230 PMCID: PMC7825727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortalities. Metastasis is a complex, multi-process phenomenon, and a hallmark of cancer. Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous secondary messenger, and it has become evident that Ca2+ signalling plays a vital role in cancer. Ca2+ homeostasis is dysregulated in physiological processes related to tumour metastasis and progression-including cellular adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, motility, and invasion. In this review, we looked at the role of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ signalling pathways in processes that contribute to metastasis at the local level and also their effects on cancer metastasis globally, as well as at underlying molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Spatiotemporal Ca2+ homeostasis, in terms of oscillations or waves, is crucial for hindering tumour progression and metastasis. They are a limited number of clinical trials investigating treating patients with advanced stages of various cancer types. Ca2+ signalling may serve as a novel hallmark of cancer due to the versatility of Ca2+ signals in cells, which suggests that the modulation of specific upstream/downstream targets may be a therapeutic approach to treat cancer, particularly in patients with metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
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Endolysosomal TRPMLs in Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010065. [PMID: 33419007 PMCID: PMC7825278 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes, the degradative endpoints and sophisticated cellular signaling hubs, are emerging as intracellular Ca2+ stores that govern multiple cellular processes. Dys-homeostasis of lysosomal Ca2+ is intimately associated with a variety of human diseases including cancer. Recent studies have suggested that the Ca2+-permeable channels Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Mucolipins (TRPMLs, TRPML1-3) integrate multiple processes of cell growth, division and metabolism. Dysregulation of TRPMLs activity has been implicated in cancer development. In this review, we provide a summary of the latest development of TRPMLs in cancer. The expression of TRPMLs in cancer, TRPMLs in cancer cell nutrient sensing, TRPMLs-mediated lysosomal exocytosis in cancer development, TRPMLs in TFEB-mediated gene transcription of cancer cells, TRPMLs in bacteria-related cancer development and TRPMLs-regulated antitumor immunity are discussed. We hope to guide readers toward a more in-depth discussion of the importance of lysosomal TRPMLs in cancer progression and other human diseases.
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Böck J, Krogsaeter E, Passon M, Chao YK, Sharma S, Grallert H, Peters A, Grimm C. Human genome diversity data reveal that L564P is the predominant TPC2 variant and a prerequisite for the blond hair associated M484L gain-of-function effect. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009236. [PMID: 33465068 PMCID: PMC7845996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The endo-lysosomal two-pore channel (TPC2) has been established as an intracellular cation channel of significant physiological and pathophysiological relevance in recent years. For example, TPC2-/- mice show defects in cholesterol degradation, leading to hypercholesterinemia; TPC2 absence also results in mature-onset obesity, and a role in glucagon secretion and diabetes has been proposed. Infections with bacterial toxins or viruses e.g., cholera toxin or Ebola virus result in reduced infectivity rates in the absence of TPC2 or after pharmacological blockage, and TPC2-/- cancer cells lose their ability to migrate and metastasize efficiently. Finally, melanin production is affected by changes in hTPC2 activity, resulting in pigmentation defects and hair color variation. Here, we analyzed several publicly available genome variation data sets and identified multiple variations in the TPC2 protein in distinct human populations. Surprisingly, one variation, L564P, was found to be the predominant TPC2 isoform on a global scale. By applying endo-lysosomal patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found that L564P is a prerequisite for the previously described M484L gain-of-function effect that is associated with blond hair. Additionally, other gain-of-function variants with distinct geographical and ethnic distribution were discovered and functionally characterized. A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies was performed, finding the polymorphisms to be associated with both distinct and overlapping traits. In sum, we present the first systematic analysis of variations in TPC2. We functionally characterized the most common variations and assessed their association with various disease traits. With TPC2 emerging as a novel drug target for the treatment of various diseases, this study provides valuable insights into ethnic and geographical distribution of TPC2 polymorphisms and their effects on channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Böck
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Einar Krogsaeter
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Passon
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Helmholtz Zentrum–Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Helmholtz Zentrum–Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Helmholtz Zentrum–Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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