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Wu T, Lu ZF, Yu HN, Wu XS, Liu Y, Xu Y. Liver receptor homolog-1: structures, related diseases, and drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01276-x. [PMID: 38632319 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a ligand-regulated transcription factor that plays crucial roles in metabolism, development, and immunity. Despite being classified as an 'orphan' receptor due to the ongoing debate surrounding its endogenous ligands, recent researches have demonstrated that LRH-1 can be modulated by various synthetic ligands. This highlights the potential of LRH-1 as an attractive drug target for the treatment of inflammation, metabolic disorders, and cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the structural basis, functional activities, associated diseases, and advancements in therapeutic ligand research targeting LRH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Fang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Nan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Center for Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Zhang X, Li H, Wang Y, Zhao H, Wang Z, Chan FL. Nuclear receptor NURR1 functions to promote stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer via its targeting of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:234. [PMID: 38531859 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a frequent or common event during advanced progression of multiple cancers. With this signaling activation, it enhances their tumorigenic growth and facilitates metastasis and therapy resistance. Advances show that this signaling pathway can play dual regulatory roles in the control of cellular processes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness in cancer progression. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is shown to be common in prostate cancer and also castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the transcriptional regulators of this pathway in prostate cancer are still not well characterized. NURR1 (NR4A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor and plays an important role in the development of dopaminergic neurons. Previously, we have shown that NURR1 exhibits an upregulation in isolated prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) and a xenograft model of CRPC. In this study, we further confirmed that NURR1 exhibited an upregulation in prostate cancer and also enhanced expression in prostate cancer cell lines. Functional and molecular analyses showed that NURR1 could act to promote both in vitro (cancer stemness and EMT) and also in vivo oncogenic growth of prostate cancer cells (metastasis and castration resistance) via its direct transactivation of CTNNB1 (β-catenin) and activation of β-catenin to mediate the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, we also demonstrated that NURR1 activity in prostate cancer cells could be modulated by small molecules, implicating that NURR1 could be a potential therapeutic target for advanced prostate cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haolong Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, Guangdong, China.
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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van der Heijden LT, Ribbers CA, Vermunt MAC, Pluim D, Acda M, Tibben M, Rosing H, Douma JAJ, Naipal K, Bergman AM, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR, Opdam FL. Is Higher Docetaxel Clearance in Prostate Cancer Patients Explained by Higher CYP3A? An In Vivo Phenotyping Study with Midazolam. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:155-163. [PMID: 37789682 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Patients with prostate cancer (PCa) have a lower docetaxel exposure for both intravenous (1.8-fold) and oral administration (2.4-fold) than patients with other solid cancers, which could influence efficacy and toxicity. An altered metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) due to castration status might explain the observed difference in docetaxel pharmacokinetics. In this in vivo phenotyping, pharmacokinetic study, CYP3A activity defined by midazolam clearance (CL) was compared between patients with PCa and male patients with other solid tumors. All patients with solid tumors who did not use CYP3A-modulating drugs were eligible for participation. Patients received 2 mg midazolam orally and 1 mg midazolam intravenously on 2 consecutive days. Plasma concentrations were measured with a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Genotyping was performed for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. Nine patients were included in each group. Oral midazolam CL was 1.26-fold higher in patients with PCa compared to patients with other solid tumors (geometric mean [coefficient of variation], 94.1 [33.5%] L/h vs 74.4 [39.1%] L/h, respectively; P = .08). Intravenous midazolam CL did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (P = .93). Moreover, the metabolic ratio of midazolam to 1'-hydroxy midazolam did not differ between the 2 groups for both oral administration (P = .67) and intravenous administration (P = .26). CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genotypes did not influence midazolam pharmacokinetics. The observed difference in docetaxel pharmacokinetics between both patient groups therefore appears to be explained neither by a difference in midazolam CL nor by a difference in metabolic conversion rate of midazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa T van der Heijden
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claire A Ribbers
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marit A C Vermunt
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Pluim
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Acda
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Tibben
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joeri A J Douma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Kishan Naipal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, The Netherlands
| | - Andre M Bergman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, The Netherlands
- Department of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmaco-epidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology, Princess Maxima Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans L Opdam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/The Netherlands Cancer Institute, The Netherlands
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Ye W, Ya‐xuan C, Shan‐shan T, Qiu L, Ting M, Shao‐jie C, Yu C. NR5A2 promotes malignancy progression and mediates the effect of cisplatin in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1172. [PMID: 38358044 PMCID: PMC10868143 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nuclear receptor subfamily five group A member two (NR5A2) plays a key role in the development of many tumor types, while it is uncertain in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The aim of this work was to determine the role of NR5A2 in cSCC proliferation, and to determine whether NR5A2 mediates the effect of cisplatin in cSCC. METHODS We performed a systematic study of existing data and conducted a preliminary bioinformatics analysis of NR5A2 expression in cSCC using bioinformatics databases. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on cSCC tissues of seven patients to study NR5A2 expression. NR5A2 expression was examined in human keratin-forming cells (HaCaT) and human cSCC cells (A431, Colo-16, SCL-1, SCL-2, and HSC-5). Stable A431 and SCL-2 cell lines consisting of sh-RNA-NR5A2 were constructed to detect changes in cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and to determine the key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We also investigated changes in the effects of cisplatin on cSCC cells by CCK-8, clone formation assay, and Flow apoptosis assay after NR5A2 knockdown. RESULTS NR5A2 showed enhanced expression in cSCC tissues than in healthy tissues. Downregulation of NR5A2 in cSCC cells led to the formation of a less malignant phenotype. In contrast, the proliferative capacity of the cSCC cells was enhanced posttreatment with RJW100, an NR5A2 agonist. Additionally, NR5A2 knockdown led to a decrease in the expression level of the proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and this inhibition was reversed by LiCl and recombinant antibody, Wnt3a. Moreover, NR5A2 knockdown resulted in diminished proliferative capacity and increased apoptotic cells after the addition of cisplatin. CONCLUSION NR5A2 plays a crucial role in the progression of cSCC, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may be involved in the regulation of NR5A2-mediated cSCC. Knockdown of NR5A2 enhanced both the proliferation inhibiting and apoptosis promoting effects of cisplatin on cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ye
- School of Clinical MedicineGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Cao Ya‐xuan
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Tang Shan‐shan
- School of Clinical MedicineGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Long Qiu
- School of Clinical MedicineGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Ma Ting
- School of Clinical MedicineGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Chen Shao‐jie
- School of Clinical MedicineGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Cao Yu
- School of Clinical MedicineGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Department of DermatologyAffiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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Lambrecht R, Delgado ME, Gloe V, Schuetz K, Plazzo AP, Franke B, San Phan T, Fleming J, Mayans O, Brunner T. Liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) orchestrates hepatic inflammation and TNF-induced cell death. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113513. [PMID: 38039134 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) has been shown to promote apoptosis resistance in various tissues and disease contexts; however, its role in liver cell death remains unexplored. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of LRH-1 causes mild steatosis and inflammation but unexpectedly shields female mice from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and associated hepatitis. LRH-1-deficient hepatocytes show markedly attenuated estrogen receptor alpha and elevated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity, while LRH-1 overexpression inhibits NF-κB activity. This inhibition relies on direct physical interaction of LRH-1's ligand-binding domain and the Rel homology domain of NF-κB subunit RelA. Mechanistically, increased transcription of anti-apoptotic NF-κB target genes and the proteasomal degradation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 interacting mediator of cell death prevent mitochondrial apoptosis and ultimately protect mice from TNF-induced liver damage. Collectively, our study emphasizes LRH-1 as a critical, sex-dependent regulator of cell death and inflammation in the healthy and diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Lambrecht
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - M Eugenia Delgado
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vincent Gloe
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Karina Schuetz
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna Pia Plazzo
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Barbara Franke
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Truong San Phan
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Olga Mayans
- Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
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Shiota M, Ushijima M, Tsukahara S, Nagakawa S, Blas L, Takamatsu D, Kobayashi S, Matsumoto T, Inokuchi J, Eto M. NR5A2/HSD3B1 pathway promotes cellular resistance to second-generation antiandrogen darolutamide. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 70:100990. [PMID: 37478518 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated cellular mechanisms in steroidogenesis responsible for treatment resistance to the novel antiandrogen agent darolutamide in prostate cancer. HSD3B1 was overexpressed in darolutamide-resistant cells and induced by darolutamide treatment and AR knockdown. Inversely, HSD3B1 knockdown increased cellular sensitivity to darolutamide. Similarly, its upstream regulator NR5A2 was up-regulated in darolutamide-resistant cells and induced by darolutamide treatment and AR knockdown. Inversely, NR5A2 knockdown and NR5A2 inhibitor ML180 decreased expression of various steroidogenic enzymes including HSD3B1, leading to increased cellular sensitivity to darolutamide. The NR5A2/HSD3B1 pathway promoted cellular resistance to darolutamide and targeting NR5A2/HSD3B1 pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome darolutamide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Miho Ushijima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Tsukahara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shohei Nagakawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Leandro Blas
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Dai Takamatsu
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Idarubicin combats abiraterone and enzalutamide resistance in prostate cells via targeting XPA protein. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1034. [PMID: 36509750 PMCID: PMC9744908 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although second-generation therapies like abiraterone (ABI) and enzalutamide (ENZ) benefit patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), drug resistance frequently occurs, eventually resulting in therapy failure. In this study, we used two libraries, FDA-approved drug library and CRISP/Cas9 knockout (GeCKO) library to screen for drugs that overcome treatment resistance and to identify the potential drug-resistant genes involved in treatment resistance. Our screening results showed that the DNA-damaging agent idarubicin (IDA) overcame abiraterone and enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer cells. IDA treatment inhibited the DNA repair protein XPA expression in a transcription-independent manner. Consistently, XPA knockout sensitized prostate cancer cells to abiraterone and enzalutamide treatment. In conclusion, IDA combats abiraterone and enzalutamide resistance by reducing XPA protein level in prostate cancer.
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Advances in the Current Understanding of the Mechanisms Governing the Acquisition of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153744. [PMID: 35954408 PMCID: PMC9367587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive treatment and androgen-deprivation therapy, most prostate cancer patients ultimately develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is associated with high mortality rates. However, the mechanisms governing the development of CRPC are poorly understood, and androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been shown to be important in CRPC through AR gene mutations, gene overexpression, co-regulatory factors, AR shear variants, and androgen resynthesis. A growing number of non-AR pathways have also been shown to influence the CRPC progression, including the Wnt and Hh pathways. Moreover, non-coding RNAs have been identified as important regulators of the CRPC pathogenesis. The present review provides an overview of the relevant literature pertaining to the mechanisms governing the molecular acquisition of castration resistance in prostate cancer, providing a foundation for future, targeted therapeutic efforts.
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Gao W, Wang Y, Yu S, Wang Z, Ma T, Chan AML, Chiu PKF, Ng CF, Wu D, Chan FL. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-NO signaling axis functions to promote the growth of prostate cancer stem-like cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:188. [PMID: 35526071 PMCID: PMC9080127 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence supports that prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) play significant roles in therapy resistance and metastasis of prostate cancer. Many studies also show that nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by NO synthases can function to promote tumor progression. However, the exact roles of NOSs and NO signaling in the growth regulation of PCSCs and castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) are still not fully understood. METHODS The regulatory functions of NOS-NO signaling were evaluated in prostate cancer cells, especially in PCSCs enriched by 3D spheroid culture and CD133/CD44 cell sorting. The molecular mechanisms of NOS-NO signaling in PCSCs growth regulation and tumor metastasis were investigated in PCSCs and mice orthotopic prostate tumor model. RESULTS Endothelial NOS (eNOS) exhibited a significant upregulation in high-grade prostate cancer and metastatic CRPC. Xenograft models of CRPC exhibited notable increased eNOS expression and higher intracellular NO levels. PCSCs isolated from various models displayed significant enhanced eNOS-NO signaling. Functional analyses demonstrated that increased eNOS expression could promote in vivo tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of prostate cancer cells. Characterization of eNOS-NO involved downstream pathway which confirmed that enhanced eNOS signaling could promote the growth of PCSCs and antiandrogen-resistant prostate cancer cells via an activated downstream NO-sGC-cGMP-PKG effector signaling pathway. Interestingly, eNOS expression could be co-targeted by nuclear receptor ERRα and transcription factor ERG in prostate cancer cells and PCSCs. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced eNOS-NO signaling could function to promote the growth of PCSCs and also the development of metastatic CRPC. Besides eNOS-NO as potential targets, targeting its upstream regulators (ERRα and ERG) of eNOS-NO signaling could also be the therapeutic strategy for the management of advanced prostate cancer, particularly the aggressive cancer carrying with the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Taiyang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Man-Lok Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Ka-Fung Chiu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dinglan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang K, Qian Y, Quan X, Zhu T, Qian B. A Novel Signature of Lipid Metabolism-Related Gene Predicts Prognosis and Response to Immunotherapy in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:730132. [PMID: 35295857 PMCID: PMC8918775 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.730132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipid metabolism disorder, a new hallmark of cancer initiation, has been involved in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, few biomarkers about lipid metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) have been developed for prognosis prediction and clinical treatment of LUAD patients.Methods: In this study, we constructed and validated an effective prognostic prediction model for LUAD patients depending on LMRGs. Subsequently, we investigated the prediction model from immune microenvironment, genomic changes, and immunotherapy.Results: Then, eleven LMRGs were identified and applied to LUAD subtyping. In comparison with the high-risk group, the low-risk group exhibited a remarkably favorable prognosis, along with a higher immune score and lower tumor purity. Moreover, the low-risk group presented higher levels of immune checkpoint molecules, lower tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score and tumor mutation burden (TMB), and higher likelihood of benefiting from immunotherapy. Furthermore, the genomic changes of six LMRGs (CD79A, HACD1, CYP17A1, SLCO1B3, ANGPTL4, and LDHA) were responsible for the difference in susceptibility to LUAD by greatly influencing B-cell activation.Conclusion: Generally speaking, the LMRG model is a reliable independent biomarker for predicting adverse outcomes in LUAD patients and has the potential to facilitate risk-stratified immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qian
- Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Faculty of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowei Quan
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengteng Zhu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tengteng Zhu, ; Biyun Qian,
| | - Biyun Qian
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Hospital Development Center, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tengteng Zhu, ; Biyun Qian,
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11
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Reduced NCOR2 expression accelerates androgen deprivation therapy failure in prostate cancer. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110109. [PMID: 34910907 PMCID: PMC8889623 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the roles of nuclear receptor corepressor 2 (NCOR2) in prostate cancer (PC) progression in response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Reduced NCOR2 expression significantly associates with shorter disease-free survival in patients with PC receiving adjuvant ADT. Utilizing the CWR22 xenograft model, we demonstrate that stably reduced NCOR2 expression accelerates disease recurrence following ADT, associates with gene expression patterns that include neuroendocrine features, and induces DNA hypermethylation. Stably reduced NCOR2 expression in isogenic LNCaP (androgen-sensitive) and LNCaP-C4–2 (androgen-independent) cells revealed that NCOR2 reduction phenocopies the impact of androgen treatment and induces global DNA hypermethylation patterns. NCOR2 genomic binding is greatest in LNCaP-C4–2 cells and most clearly associates with forkhead box (FOX) transcription factor FOXA1 binding. NCOR2 binding significantly associates with transcriptional regulation most when in active enhancer regions. These studies reveal robust roles for NCOR2 in regulating the PC transcriptome and epigenome and underscore recent mutational studies linking NCOR2 loss of function to PC disease progression. Long et al. show that reduced levels of NCOR2 lead to accelerated prostate cancer recurrence during androgen withdrawal in a patient-derived xenograft model. NCOR2 reduction is characterized by incomplete response to androgen withdrawal, and recurrent tumors show increased neuroendocrine traits. These phenotypic changes are associated with hypermethylated enhancers.
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12
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Cotter KA, Gallon J, Uebersax N, Rubin P, Meyer KD, Piscuoglio S, Jaffrey SR, Rubin MA. Mapping of m 6A and Its Regulatory Targets in Prostate Cancer Reveals a METTL3-Low Induction of Therapy Resistance. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1398-1411. [PMID: 34088870 PMCID: PMC8349875 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has highlighted the role of N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) in the regulation of mRNA expression, stability, and translation, supporting a potential role for posttranscriptional regulation mediated by m6A in cancer. Here, we explore prostate cancer as an exemplar and demonstrate that low levels of N 6-adenosine-methyltransferase (METTL3) is associated with advanced metastatic disease. To investigate this relationship, we generated the first prostate m6A maps, and further examined how METTL3 regulates expression at the level of transcription, translation, and protein. Significantly, transcripts encoding extracellular matrix proteins are consistently upregulated with METTL3 knockdown. We also examined the relationship between METTL3 and androgen signaling and discovered the upregulation of a hepatocyte nuclear factor-driven gene signature that is associated with therapy resistance in prostate cancer. Significantly, METTL3 knockdown rendered the cells resistant to androgen receptor antagonists via an androgen receptor-independent mechanism driven by the upregulation of nuclear receptor NR5A2/LRH-1. IMPLICATIONS: These findings implicate changes in m6A as a mechanism for therapy resistance in metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Cotter
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Gallon
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Uebersax
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kate D Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clarunis, Department of Visceral Surgery, University Centre for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samie R Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Lu Y, Wang E, Chen Y, Zhou B, Zhao J, Xiang L, Qian Y, Jiang J, Zhao L, Xiong X, Lu Z, Wu D, Liu B, Yan J, Zhang R, Zhang H, Hu C, Li X. Obesity-induced excess of 17-hydroxyprogesterone promotes hyperglycemia through activation of glucocorticoid receptor. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3791-3804. [PMID: 32510471 DOI: 10.1172/jci134485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become an expanding global public health problem. Although the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an important regulator of glucose metabolism, the relationship between circulating glucocorticoids (GCs) and the features of T2DM remains controversial. Here, we show that 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), an intermediate steroid in the biosynthetic pathway that converts cholesterol to cortisol, binds to and stimulates the transcriptional activity of GR. Hepatic 17-OHP concentrations are increased in diabetic mice and patients due to aberrantly increased expression of Cyp17A1. Systemic administration of 17-OHP or overexpression of Cyp17A1 in the livers of lean mice promoted the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, whereas knockdown of Cyp17A1 abrogated metabolic disorders in obese mice. Therefore, our results identify a Cyp17A1/17-OHP/GR-dependent pathway in the liver that mediates obesity-induced hyperglycemia, suggesting that selectively targeting hepatic Cyp17A1 may provide a therapeutic avenue for treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - E Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Jiejie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Liping Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Yiling Qian
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Xuelian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Duojiao Wu
- Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and.,Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and.,Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
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14
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Zhou J, Wang Y, Wu D, Wang S, Chen Z, Xiang S, Chan FL. Orphan nuclear receptors as regulators of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2625-2634. [PMID: 33750894 PMCID: PMC8049868 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) almost invariably occurs after androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) for the advanced metastatic disease. It is generally believed that among multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways, CRPC is significantly driven by the reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in ADT-treated patients with castrate levels of androgen, partially at least mediated by the androgen biosynthesis within the tumor, also known as intratumoral or intraprostatic androgen biosynthesis. Steroidogenic enzymes, such as CYP11A1, CYP17A1, HSD3B1, AKR1C3 and SRD5A, are essential to catalyze the conversion of the initial substrate cholesterol into potent androgens that confers the CRPC progression. Accumulating evidences indicate that many steroidogenic enzymes are upregulated in the progression setting; however, little is known about the dysregulation of these enzymes in CRPC. Orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, of which endogenous physiological ligands are unknown and which are constitutively active independent of any physiological ligands. Studies have validated that besides AR, ONRs could be the potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer, particularly the lethal CRPC progression. Early studies reveal that ONRs play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic enzyme genes. Notably, we and others show that three distinct ONRs, including liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2), steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, AD4BP, NR5A1) and estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα, NR3B1), can contribute to the CRPC progression by promotion of the intratumoral androgen synthesis via their direct transcriptional regulation on multiple steroidogenic enzymes. This review presents an overview of the current understanding on the intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in CRPC, with a special focus on the emerging roles of ONRs in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu Zhou
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China ,grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China ,grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dinglan Wu
- grid.488521.2Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shusheng Wang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Xiang
- grid.411866.c0000 0000 8848 7685Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Mays SG, Stec J, Liu X, D'Agostino EH, Whitby RJ, Ortlund EA. Enantiomer-specific activities of an LRH-1 and SF-1 dual agonist. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22279. [PMID: 33335203 PMCID: PMC7747700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is an important consideration in drug development: it can influence recognition of the intended target, pharmacokinetics, and off-target effects. Here, we investigate how chirality affects the activity and mechanism of action of RJW100, a racemic agonist of the nuclear receptors liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1). LRH-1 and SF-1 modulators are highly sought as treatments for metabolic and neoplastic diseases, and RJW100 has one of the few scaffolds shown to activate them. However, enantiomer-specific effects on receptor activation are poorly understood. We show that the enantiomers have similar binding affinities, but RR-RJW100 stabilizes both receptors and is 46% more active than SS-RJW100 in LRH-1 luciferase reporter assays. We present an LRH-1 crystal structure that illuminates striking mechanistic differences: SS-RJW100 adopts multiple configurations in the pocket and fails to make an interaction critical for activation by RR-RJW100. In molecular dynamics simulations, SS-RJW100 attenuates intramolecular signalling important for coregulator recruitment, consistent with previous observations that it weakly recruits coregulators in vitro. These studies provide a rationale for pursuing enantiomerically pure RJW100 derivatives: they establish RR-RJW100 as the stronger LRH-1 agonist and identify a potential for optimizing the SS-RJW100 scaffold for antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne G Mays
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Józef Stec
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Marshall B. Ketchum University, 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd, Fullerton, CA, 82831, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Emma H D'Agostino
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard J Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, SO17, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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16
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Hu C, Huang S, Wu F, Ding H. MicroRNA-219-5p participates in cyanotic congenital heart disease progression by regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:36. [PMID: 33262822 PMCID: PMC7690344 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) play important roles in the protection against and development of congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the role and potential mechanisms of miR-219-5p in cyanotic CHD remains unclear. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure miR-219-5p levels in cyanotic CHD and hypoxia-induced H9C2 cells. Dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to confirm whether liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) was a direct target of miR-219-5p. miR-219-5p inhibitor and LRH-1-small interfering RNA were transfected into H9C2 cells under hypoxic conditions to investigate the role of miR-219-5p in hypoxia-induced H9C2 cells. Subsequently, cell viability was detected using an MTT assay and cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. In addition, RT-qPCR and western blotting assays were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of LRH-1, cyclin D1 and β-catenin, respectively. The data showed that miR-219-5p expression was higher in patients with cyanotic CHD compared with patients with acyanotic CHD gradually increased in H9C2 cells with prolonged hypoxia time. Dual luciferase reporter assay results showed that LRH-1 was a direct target gene of miR-219-5p. Inhibition of miR-219-5p reversed hypoxia-induced cell viability reduction and attenuated hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis. In addition, hypoxia induction inhibited the expression of LRH-1, cyclin D1 and β-catenin, which was reversed by miR-219-5p inhibitor. However, LRH-1 downregulation reversed the miR-219-5p inhibitor enhanced cell viability, decreased cell apoptosis and increased expression of LRH-1, cyclin D1 and β-catenin in hypoxia-treated cardiomyocytes. The present results demonstrated that downregulation of miR-219-5p promoted the expression of the LRH-1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-associated components, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased cell growth under hypoxic conditions. miR-219-5p may be a potential therapeutic target for cyanotic CHD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxian Hu
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Su Huang
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Fafu Wu
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
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17
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Wang Y, Gao W, Li Y, Chow ST, Xie W, Zhang X, Zhou J, Chan FL. Interplay between orphan nuclear receptors and androgen receptor-dependent or-independent growth signalings in prostate cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2020; 78:100921. [PMID: 33121737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that both the initial and advanced growth of prostate cancer depends critically on androgens and thus on the activated androgen receptor (AR) -mediated signaling pathway. The unique hormone-dependent feature of prostate cancer forms the biological basis of hormone or androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) that aims to suppress the AR signaling by androgen depletion or AR antagonists. ADT still remains the mainstay treatment option for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. However, most patients upon ADT will inevitably develop therapy-resistance and progress to relapse in the form of castration-resistant disease (castration-resistant prostate cancer or CRPC) or even a more aggressive androgen-independent subtype (therapy-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer or NEPC). Recent advances show that besides AR, some ligand-independent members of nuclear receptor superfamily-designated as orphan nuclear receptors (ONRs), as their endogenous physiological ligands are either absent or not yet identified to date, also play significant roles in the growth regulation of prostate cancer via multiple AR-dependent or -independent (AR-bypass) pathways or mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the newly elucidated roles of ONRs in prostate cancer, with a focus on their interplay in the AR-dependent pathways (intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and suppression of AR signaling) and AR-independent pathways or cellular processes (hypoxia, oncogene- or tumor suppressor-induced senescence, apoptosis and regulation of prostate cancer stem cells). These ONRs with their newly characterized roles not only can serve as novel biomarkers but also as potential therapeutic targets for management of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjia Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Ting Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510370, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Michalek S, Brunner T. Nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk: On the role of the nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (NR5A2) in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, cell survival, and cancer. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:592-610. [PMID: 32931651 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor with widespread activities in the regulation of development, stemness, metabolism, steroidogenesis, and proliferation. Many of the LRH-1-regulated processes target the mitochondria and associated activities. While under physiological conditions, a balanced LRH-1 expression and regulation contribute to the maintenance of a physiological equilibrium, deregulation of LRH-1 has been associated with inflammation and cancer. In this review, we discuss the role and mechanism(s) of how LRH-1 regulates metabolic processes, cell survival, and cancer in a nuclear-mitochondrial crosstalk, and evaluate its potential as a pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Michalek
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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19
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Exosomes-Mediated Transfer of Itga2 Promotes Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells by Inducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082300. [PMID: 32824235 PMCID: PMC7466113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although integrin alpha 2 subunit (ITGA2) mediates cancer progression and metastasis, its transfer by exosomes has not been investigated in prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to determine the role of exosomal ITGA2 derived from castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) cells in promoting aggressive phenotypes in androgen receptor (AR)-positive cells. Exosomes were co-incubated with recipient cells and tested for different cellular assays. ITGA2 was enriched in exosomes derived from CRPC cells. Co-culture of AR-positive cells with CRPC-derived exosomes increased their proliferation, migration, and invasion by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which was reversed via ITGA2 knockdown or inhibition of exosomal uptake by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). Ectopic expression of ITGA2 reproduced the effect of exosomal ITGA2 in PCa cells. ITGA2 transferred by exosomes exerted its effect within a shorter time compared to that triggered by its endogenous expression. The difference of ITGA2 protein expression in localized tumors and those with lymph node metastatic tissues was indistinguishable. Nevertheless, its abundance was higher in circulating exosomes collected from PCa patients when compared with normal subjects. Our findings indicate the possible role of the exosomal-ITGA2 transfer in altering the phenotype of AR-positive cells towards more aggressive phenotype. Thus, interfering with exosomal cargo transfer may inhibit the development of aggressive phenotype in PCa cells.
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20
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D’Agostino EH, Flynn AR, Cornelison JL, Mays SG, Patel A, Jui NT, Ortlund EA. Development of a Versatile and Sensitive Direct Ligand Binding Assay for Human NR5A Nuclear Receptors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:365-370. [PMID: 32184971 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As regulators of steroidogenesis, development, and metabolism, the nuclear receptor 5A (NR5A) subfamily members steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) and liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) are important pharmacological targets for cancers and metabolic diseases. Evaluation of small molecule modulators and candidate endogenous ligands for these orphan receptors has been hindered by the lack of accessible, robust direct-binding assays. Here, we leverage the potency of our new NR5A agonist (6N) to create a high-affinity probe for fluorescence polarization competition assays by conjugating 6N to fluorescein (FAM). The 6N-FAM probe tightly binds the NR5A receptors and detects direct binding of synthetic and phospholipid ligands. For 25 LRH-1 agonists, affinity predicts potency in cellular activation assays, demonstrating the potential for this assay in drug discovery. Moreover, phospholipids dilauroylphosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol(4,5)phosphate bind with high affinity, demonstrating this assay is robust for evaluation of candidate endogenous ligands for human NR5A receptors.
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21
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Xu Z, Ma T, Zhou J, Gao W, Li Y, Yu S, Wang Y, Chan FL. Nuclear receptor ERRα contributes to castration-resistant growth of prostate cancer via its regulation of intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Theranostics 2020; 10:4201-4216. [PMID: 32226548 PMCID: PMC7086365 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced intratumoral androgen biosynthesis and persistent androgen receptor (AR) signaling are key factors responsible for the relapse growth of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Residual intraprostatic androgens can be produced by de novo synthesis of androgens from cholesterol or conversion from adrenal androgens by steroidogenic enzymes expressed in prostate cancer cells via different steroidogenic pathways. However, the dysregulation of androgen biosynthetic enzymes in CRPC still remains poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of the nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα, ESRRA), in the promotion of androgen biosynthesis in CRPC growth. Methods: ERRα expression in CRPC patients was analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and validated in established CRPC xenograft model. The roles of ERRα in the promotion of castration-resistant growth were elucidated by overexpression and knockdown studies and the intratumoral androgen levels were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. The effect of suppression of ERRα activity in the potentiation of sensitivity to androgen-deprivation was determined using an ERRα inverse agonist. Results: ERRα exhibited an increased expression in metastatic CRPC and CRPC xenograft model, could act to promote castration-resistant growth via direct transactivation of two key androgen synthesis enzymes CYP11A1 and AKR1C3, and hence enhance intraprostatic production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and activation of AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. Notably, inhibition of ERRα activity by an inverse agonist XCT790 could reduce the DHT production and suppress AR signaling in prostate cancer cells. Conclusion: Our study reveals a new role of ERRα in the intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in CRPC via its transcriptional control of steroidogenic enzymes, and also provides a novel insight that targeting ERRα could be a potential androgen-deprivation strategy for the management of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Xu
- Precision Medicine Centre, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, PR China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Taiyang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Youjia Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Summers C, Sheth VS, Bleakley M. Minor Histocompatibility Antigen-Specific T Cells. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:284. [PMID: 32582592 PMCID: PMC7283489 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Minor Histocompatibility (H) antigens are major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-bound peptides that differ between allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) recipients and their donors as a result of genetic polymorphisms. Some minor H antigens can be used as therapeutic T cell targets to augment the graft-vs.-leukemia (GVL) effect in order to prevent or manage leukemia relapse after HCT. Graft engineering and post-HCT immunotherapies are being developed to optimize delivery of T cells specific for selected minor H antigens. These strategies have the potential to reduce relapse risk and thereby permit implementation of HCT approaches that are associated with less toxicity and fewer late effects, which is particularly important in the growing and developing pediatric patient. Most minor H antigens are expressed ubiquitously, including on epithelial tissues, and can be recognized by donor T cells following HCT, leading to graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) as well as GVL. However, those minor H antigens that are expressed predominantly on hematopoietic cells can be targeted for selective GVL. Once full donor hematopoietic chimerism is achieved after HCT, hematopoietic-restricted minor H antigens are present only on residual recipient malignant hematopoietic cells, and these minor H antigens serve as tumor-specific antigens for donor T cells. Minor H antigen-specific T cells that are delivered as part of the donor hematopoietic stem cell graft at the time of HCT contribute to relapse prevention. However, in some cases the minor H antigen-specific T cells delivered with the graft may be quantitatively insufficient or become functionally impaired over time, leading to leukemia relapse. Following HCT, adoptive T cell immunotherapy can be used to treat or prevent relapse by delivering large numbers of donor T cells targeting hematopoietic-restricted minor H antigens. In this review, we discuss minor H antigens as T cell targets for augmenting the GVL effect in engineered HCT grafts and for post-HCT immunotherapy. We will highlight the importance of these developments for pediatric HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Summers
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Vipul S Sheth
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marie Bleakley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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23
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Xiang Z, Xu C, Wu G, Liu B, Wu D. CircRNA-UCK2 Increased TET1 Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells Via Sponge MiRNA-767-5p. Open Med (Wars) 2019; 14:833-842. [PMID: 31844675 PMCID: PMC6884924 DOI: 10.1515/med-2019-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of the patients with advanced prostate cancer initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy and enzalutamide therapy, but eventually enter the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) phase. Some studies have shown that the activation of other signalling pathways in CRPC cells replaces the function of the androgen receptor, as well as promotes cell metastasis and progression. However, the mechanisms underlying this side effect remain unclear. The present study aims to explore the continued progression of cells after enzalutamide resistance. Low expression of circRNA-UCK2 (circUCK2) was detected in enzalutamide-resistant (EnzR) cells. Moreover, miR-767-5p was found to be resistant to EnzR cells when the level of circUCK2 is increased. The decrease in free miR-767-5p increases the expression of TET1 protein through the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA, thereby inhibiting cell invasion and proliferation. Knocking down circUCK2 in enzalutamide-sensitive cells reduces the concentration of TET1, thereby increasing cell invasion and proliferation. A preclinical study using in vivo mouse models also showed that a high expression of circUCK2 inhibited the EnzR cell growth. Thus, this study might aid in developing a novel therapy to better suppress the CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Xiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.,Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang 443003, China
| | - Chengdang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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24
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Nuclear receptor HNF4α performs a tumor suppressor function in prostate cancer via its induction of p21-driven cellular senescence. Oncogene 2019; 39:1572-1589. [PMID: 31695151 PMCID: PMC7018660 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α, NR2A1) is a highly conserved member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Recent advances reveal that it is a key transcriptional regulator of genes, broadly involved in xenobiotic and drug metabolism and also cancers of gastrointestinal tract. However, the exact functional roles of HNF4α in prostate cancer progression are still not fully understood. In this study, we determined the functional significance of HNF4α in prostate cancer. Our results showed that HNF4α exhibited a reduced expression pattern in clinical prostate cancer tissues, prostate cancer cell lines and xenograft model of castration-relapse prostate cancer. Stable HNF4α knockdown not only could promote cell proliferation and suppress doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells, but also confer resistance to paclitaxel treatment and enhance colony formation capacity and in vivo tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells. On the contrary, ectopic overexpression of HNF4α could significantly inhibit the cell proliferation of prostate cancer cells, induce cell-cycle arrest at G2/M phase and trigger the cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells by activation of p21 signal pathway in a p53-independent manner via its direct transactivation of CDKN1A. Together, our results show that HNF4α performs a tumor suppressor function in prostate cancer via a mechanism of p21-driven cellular senescence.
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25
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Li Y, Zhang J, Qian Y, Meng C, Wang H, Zhong J, Cao S. A T > G Mutation in the NR5A2 Gene Is Associated With Litter Size in Hu Sheep Through Upregulation of Promoter Activity by Transcription Factor MTF-1. Front Genet 2019; 10:1011. [PMID: 31708965 PMCID: PMC6824215 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (NR5A2), also referred to as LRH-1 or FTF, is an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that is involved in regulating embryonic development, ovarian granulosa cell differentiation, gonadal sex differentiation, and steroidogenesis in mammals. However, little is known about how NR5A2 regulates reproduction in sheep. In this study, we amplified the promoter sequence of NR5A2 and determined that its core promoter region ranged from -721 nt to -281 nt. A T > G polymorphism at -700 nt was detected in the core promoter region. Association analysis found that the litter sizes of Hu ewes at their second and average parities with genotype GG (2.20 ± 0.20 and 1.97 ± 0.06, respectively) were significantly higher than those of ewes with genotype TG (1.68 ± 0.10 and 1.74 ± 0.05, respectively) (p < 0.05) and TT (1.67 ± 0.10 and 1.62 ± 0.06, respectively) (p < 0.05). The litter size of Hu ewes at their third parity with genotype GG (2.10 ± 0.10) was significantly higher than that of ewes with genotype TT (1.56 ± 0.12) (p < 0.05). A luciferase assay showed that the -700G allele increased the luciferase activity relative to the -700T allele. Furthermore, the -700T > G polymorphism created a novel binding site for metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1). A competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that MTF-1 specifically bound with the G-type promoter of NR5A2. An overexpression experiment demonstrated that MTF-1 was involved in the alteration of NR5A2 transcription activity and further increased NR5A2 gene mRNA expression. Our findings revealed that the -700T > G polymorphism promoted NR5A2 expression due to the positive effects on NR5A2 gene transcription activity by MTF-1 and thereby increased fecundity in Hu sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxia Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qian
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhua Meng
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huili Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jifeng Zhong
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoxian Cao
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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26
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Steroidogenic control of liver metabolism through a nuclear receptor-network. Mol Metab 2019; 30:221-229. [PMID: 31767173 PMCID: PMC6819870 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Coupling metabolic and reproductive pathways is essential for the survival of species. However, the functions of steroidogenic enzymes expressed in metabolic tissues are largely unknown. Methods and results Here, we show that in the liver, the classical steroidogenic enzyme Cyp17a1 forms an essential nexus for glucose and ketone metabolism during feed-fast cycles. Both gain- and loss-of-function approaches are used to show that hepatic Cyp17a1 is induced by fasting, catalyzes the production of at least one hormone-ligand (DHEA) for the nuclear receptor PPARα, and is ultimately required for maintaining euglycemia and ketogenesis during nutrient deprivation. The feedback-loop that terminates Cyp17a1-PPARα activity, and re-establishes anabolic liver metabolism during re-feeding is mapped to postprandial bile acid-signaling, involving the receptors FXR, SHP and LRH-1. Conclusions Together, these findings represent a novel paradigm of homeostatic control in which nutritional cues feed-forward on to metabolic pathways by influencing extragonadal steroidogenesis. The classical steroidogenic enzyme, Cyp17a1, is upregulated in liver during fasting. CYP17a1 produces a hormone-ligand for the nuclear receptor PPARα and affects glucose and lipid handling in the liver. Hepatic Cyp17a1 is essential for maintaining glycaemia and ketones during fasting. Bile acids, via a nuclear receptor cascade, repress hepatic Cyp17a1 as part of the re-feeding response.
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27
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Ahmed A, Schmidt C, Brunner T. Extra-Adrenal Glucocorticoid Synthesis in the Intestinal Mucosa: Between Immune Homeostasis and Immune Escape. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1438. [PMID: 31316505 PMCID: PMC6611402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones predominantly produced in the adrenal glands in response to physiological cues and stress. Adrenal GCs mediate potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Accumulating evidence in the past two decades has demonstrated other extra-adrenal organs and tissues capable of synthesizing GCs. This review discusses the role and regulation of GC synthesis in the intestinal epithelium in the regulation of normal immune homeostasis, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal mucosa, and the development of intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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28
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Shiota M, Fujimoto N, Kashiwagi E, Eto M. The Role of Nuclear Receptors in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060602. [PMID: 31212954 PMCID: PMC6627805 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily consists of 48 members that are divided into seven subfamilies. NRs are transcription factors that play an important role in a number of biological processes. The NR superfamily includes androgen receptor, which is a key player in prostate cancer pathogenesis, suggesting the functional roles of other NRs in prostate cancer. The findings on the roles of NRs in prostate cancer thus far have shown that several NRs such as vitamin D receptor, estrogen receptor β, and mineralocorticoid receptor play antioncogenic roles, while other NRs such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and estrogen receptor α as well as androgen receptor play oncogenic roles. However, the roles of other NRs in prostate cancer remain controversial or uninvestigated. Further research on the role of NRs in prostate cancer is required and may lead to the development of novel preventions and therapeutics for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shiota
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Naohiro Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Eiji Kashiwagi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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29
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Liu L, Li Y, Pan B, Zhang T, Wei D, Zhu Y, Guo Y. Nr5a2 promotes tumor growth and metastasis of gastric cancer AGS cells by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2891-2902. [PMID: 31114234 PMCID: PMC6489909 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s201228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Nr5a2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2, also known as LRH-1), which belongs to the NR5A (Ftz-F1) subfamily of nuclear receptors, is a key regulator in stem cell pluripotency and the development of several types of cancer. However, the data are controversial. Since Nr5a2 plays different roles in multiple types of cancer and the function of Nr5a2 in gastric cancer (GC) has not been revealed, we studied the role and molecular mechanism of Nr5a2 in GC. Methods: In this study, we have investigated the effect of Nr5a2 on tumor growth and metastasis by in vivo and in vitro models. Results: The results showed that knockdown of Nr5a2 could inhibit cell proliferation via arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and suppress cell mobility through preventing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in AGS cells. In addition, knockdown of Nr5a2 could suppress tumorigenesis and metastasis of AGS cells in vivo. We also demonstrated that knockdown of Nr5a2 inhibited cellular proliferation and mobility by suppressing the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Conclusion: Nr5a2 may act as an oncogene in GC development. The EMT process and the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway play an important role in the Nr5a2 induced GC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of General Surgery, No. 42 Hospital of PLA, Leshan, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Biran Pan
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Wei
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifang Zhu
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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30
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Storbeck KH, Mostaghel EA. Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:239-277. [PMID: 31900912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are critical drivers of prostate cancer. In this chapter we first discuss the canonical pathways of androgen metabolism and their alterations in prostate cancer progression, including the classical, backdoor and 5α-dione pathways, the role of pre-receptor DHT metabolism, and recent findings on oncogenic splicing of steroidogenic enzymes. Next, we discuss the activity and metabolism of non-canonical 11-oxygenated androgens that can activate wild-type AR and are less susceptible to glucuronidation and inactivation than the canonical androgens, thereby serving as an under-recognized reservoir of active ligands. We then discuss an emerging literature on the potential non-canonical role of androgen metabolizing enzymes in driving prostate cancer. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of these findings for prostate cancer progression, particularly in context of new agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, which target the AR-axis for prostate cancer therapy, including mechanisms of response and resistance and implications of these findings for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center S-182, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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31
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Dong L, Zieren RC, Xue W, de Reijke TM, Pienta KJ. Metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable, why? Asian J Urol 2019; 6:26-41. [PMID: 30775246 PMCID: PMC6363601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer patients present in two ways-with already disseminated disease at the time of presentation or with disease recurrence after definitive local therapy. Androgen deprivation therapy is given as the most effective initial treatment to patients. However, after the initial response, almost all patients will eventually progress despite the low levels of testosterone. Disease at this stage is termed castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Before 2010, the taxane docetaxel was the first and only life prolonging agent for metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). The last decade has witnessed robust progress in CRPC therapeutics development. Abiraterone, enzalutamide, apalutamide and sipuleucel-T have been evaluated as first- and second-line agents in mCRPC patients, while cabazitaxel was approved as a second-line treatment. Radium-223 dichloride was approved in symptomatic patients with bone metastases and no known visceral metastases pre- and post-docetaxel. However, despite significant advances, mCRPC remains a lethal disease. Both primary and acquired resistance have been observed in CRPC patients treated by these new agents. It could be solely cell intrinsic or it is possible that the clonal heterogeneity in treated tumors may result from the adaptive responses to the selective pressures within the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to list current treatment agents of CRPC and summarize recent findings in therapeutic resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Dong
- The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard C. Zieren
- The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Theo M. de Reijke
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- The Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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