1
|
Lim GH, An JH, Park SM, Youn GH, Oh YI, Seo KW, Youn HY. Macrophage induces anti-cancer drug resistance in canine mammary gland tumor spheroid. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10394. [PMID: 37369757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in the tumor microenvironment by producing cytokines and growth factors. Furthermore, TAMs play multifunctional roles in tumor progression, immune regulation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment induces tumor-supporting transformation of TAMs, which enhances tumor malignancy through developing anti-cancer resistance, for example. In this study, a hybrid spheroid model of canine mammary gland tumor (MGT) cell lines (CIPp and CIPm) and canine macrophages (DH82) was established. The effects of hypoxia induced by the spheroid culture system on the anti-cancer drug resistance of canine MGT cells were investigated. A hybrid spheroid was created using an ultralow-adhesion plate. The interactions between canine MGT cells and DH82 were investigated using a co-culture method. When co-cultured with DH82, cell viability and expression levels of tumor growth factors and multi-drug resistance genes were increased in canine MGT cells under doxorubicin. Additionally, doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest were attenuated in canine MGT cells co-cultured with DH82. In conclusion, the hybrid spheroid model established in this study reflects the hypoxic TME, allowing DH82 to induce anti-cancer drug resistance in canine MGT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Hyun Lim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hee Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-In Oh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruske LJ, Yeomans JM. Activity-driven tissue alignment in proliferating spheroids. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:921-931. [PMID: 36625444 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We extend the continuum theory of active nematic fluids to study cell flows and tissue dynamics inside multicellular spheroids, spherical, self-assembled aggregates of cells that are widely used as model systems to study tumour dynamics. Cells near the surface of spheroids have better access to nutrients and therefore proliferate more rapidly than those in the resource-depleted core. Using both analytical arguments and three-dimensional simulations, we find that the proliferation gradients result in flows and in gradients of activity both of which can align the orientation axis of cells inside the aggregates. Depending on environmental conditions and the intrinsic tissue properties, we identify three distinct alignment regimes: spheroids in which all the cells align either radially or tangentially to the surface throughout the aggregate and spheroids with angular cell orientation close to the surface and radial alignment in the core. The continuum description of tissue dynamics inside spheroids not only allows us to infer dynamic cell parameters from experimentally measured cell alignment profiles, but more generally motivates novel mechanisms for controlling the alignment of cells within aggregates which has been shown to influence the mechanical properties and invasive capabilities of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Ruske
- Rudolf Peierls Centre For Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- Rudolf Peierls Centre For Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bory Prevez H, Soutelo Jimenez AA, Roca Oria EJ, Heredia Kindelán JA, Morales González M, Villar Goris NA, Hernández Mesa N, Sierra González VG, Infantes Frometa Y, Montijano JI, Cabrales LEB. Simulations of surface charge density changes during the untreated solid tumour growth. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220552. [PMID: 36465673 PMCID: PMC9709566 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding untreated tumour growth kinetics and its intrinsic behaviour is interesting and intriguing. The aim of this study is to propose an approximate analytical expression that allows us to simulate changes in surface charge density at the cancer-surrounding healthy tissue interface during the untreated solid tumour growth. For this, the Gompertz and Poisson equations are used. Simulations reveal that the unperturbed solid tumour growth is closely related to changes in the surface charge density over time between the tumour and the surrounding healthy tissue. Furthermore, the unperturbed solid tumour growth is governed by temporal changes in this surface charge density. It is concluded that results corroborate the correspondence between the electrical and physiological parameters in the untreated cancer, which may have an essential role in its growth, progression, metastasis and protection against immune system attack and anti-cancer therapies. In addition, the knowledge of surface charge density changes at the cancer-surrounding healthy tissue interface may be relevant when redesigning the molecules in chemotherapy and immunotherapy taking into account their polarities. This can also be true in the design of completely novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Bory Prevez
- Departamento de Control Automático, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | - Eduardo José Roca Oria
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | - Maraelys Morales González
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Narciso Antonio Villar Goris
- Departamento de Ciencia e Innovación, Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana
| | | | | | | | - Juan Ignacio Montijano
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Matemática y Aplicaciones, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| | - Luis Enrique Bergues Cabrales
- Departamento de Ciencia e Innovación, Centro Nacional de Electromagnetismo Aplicado, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Matemática y Aplicaciones, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, España
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tao M, Ma H, Fu X, Wang C, Li Y, Hu X, Lv R, Zhou G, Wang J, Liu R, Zhou M, Xu G, Wang Z, Qin X, Long Y, Huang Q, Chen M, Zhou Q. Semaphorin 3F induces colorectal cancer cell chemosensitivity by promoting P27 nuclear export. Front Oncol 2022; 12:899927. [PMID: 36119535 PMCID: PMC9481271 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.899927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide. Metastatic CRC has a poor prognosis because of chemotherapy resistance. Our previous study demonstrated that semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F) signaling may contribute to reversing chemotherapy resistance in CRC cells by reducing E-cadherin and integrin αvβ3 expression levels. Another study showed that upregulation of p27 significantly increase the expression of E-cadherin and integrin. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of SEMA3F on P27 and whether it can reverse resistance in CRC cells. We compared the chemosensitivity of human colorectal cancer cell lines with different SEMA3F expression levels to 5-Fu through cell experiment and animal experiment. Then the interaction between SEMA3F and p27 and its possible mechanism were explored by Western Blot, immunofluorescence and immunocoprecipitation. We also compared the disease-free survival of 118 CRC patients with high or low expression of SEMA3F.The results showed that overexpresstion of SEMA3F enhanced the chemotherapy sensitivity and apoptosis of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Among 118 postoperative CRC specimens, the disease-free survival of patients with positive SEMA3F expression was significantly longer than that with negative SEMA3F expression after adjuvant treatment. Upregulation of SEMA3F in multicellular spheroid culture (MSC) could increase p27 phosphorylation at serine 10 (Ser10), subsequently promote the cytosolic translocation of P27. Overall, our results reveal a novel molecular mechanism: SEMA3F mediates the degradation of p27 and regulates its subcellular localization to enhance chemosensitivity to 5-Fu in CRC cells, rather than inhibits p27 expression.
Collapse
|
5
|
Langthasa J, Sarkar P, Narayanan S, Bhagat R, Vadaparty A, Bhat R. Extracellular matrix mediates moruloid-blastuloid morphodynamics in malignant ovarian spheroids. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000942. [PMID: 34376568 PMCID: PMC8358442 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer metastasizes into peritoneum through dissemination of transformed epithelia as multicellular spheroids. Harvested from the malignant ascites of patients, spheroids exhibit startling features of organization typical to homeostatic glandular tissues: lumen surrounded by smoothly contoured and adhered epithelia. Herein, we demonstrate that cells of specific ovarian cancer lines in suspension, aggregate into dysmorphic solid "moruloid" clusters that permit intercellular movement, cell penetration, and interspheroidal coalescence. Moruloid clusters subsequently mature into "blastuloid" spheroids with smooth contours, a temporally dynamic lumen and immotile cells. Blastuloid spheroids neither coalesce nor allow cell penetration. Ultrastructural examination reveals a basement membrane-like extracellular matrix coat on the surface of blastuloid, but not moruloid, spheroids. Quantitative proteomics reveals down-regulation in ECM protein Fibronectin-1 associated with the moruloid-blastuloid transition; immunocytochemistry also confirms the relocalization of basement membrane ECM proteins: collagen IV and laminin to the surface of blastuloid spheroids. Fibronectin depletion accelerates, and enzymatic basement membrane debridement impairs, lumen formation, respectively. The regulation by ECM dynamics of the morphogenesis of cancer spheroids potentially influences the progression of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimpi Langthasa
- Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Purba Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shruthi Narayanan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rahul Bhagat
- Sri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Olofsson K, Carannante V, Takai M, Önfelt B, Wiklund M. Single cell organization and cell cycle characterization of DNA stained multicellular tumor spheroids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17076. [PMID: 34426602 PMCID: PMC8382712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) can serve as in vitro models for solid tumors and have become widely used in basic cancer research and drug screening applications. The major challenges when studying MCTSs by optical microscopy are imaging and analysis due to light scattering within the 3-dimensional structure. Herein, we used an ultrasound-based MCTS culture platform, where A498 renal carcinoma MCTSs were cultured, DAPI stained, optically cleared and imaged, to connect nuclear segmentation to biological information at the single cell level. We show that DNA-content analysis can be used to classify the cell cycle state as a function of position within the MCTSs. We also used nuclear volumetric characterization to show that cells were more densely organized and perpendicularly aligned to the MCTS radius in MCTSs cultured for 96 h compared to 24 h. The method presented herein can in principle be used with any stochiometric DNA staining protocol and nuclear segmentation strategy. Since it is based on a single counter stain a large part of the fluorescence spectrum is free for other probes, allowing measurements that correlate cell cycle state and nuclear organization with e.g., protein expression or drug distribution within MCTSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Olofsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Carannante
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Z, Rahmat JN, Mahendran R, Zhang Y. Controllable Assembly of Upconversion Nanoparticles Enhanced Tumor Cell Penetration and Killing Efficiency. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001831. [PMID: 33344124 PMCID: PMC7739948 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The use of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for treating deep-seated cancers and large tumors has recently been gaining momentum. Conventional approaches for loading photosensitizers (PS) to UCNPs using noncovalent physical adsorption and covalent conjugation had been previously described. However, these methods are time-consuming and require extra modification steps. Incorporating PS loading during the controlled UCNPs assembly process is seldom reported. In this study, an amphiphilic copolymer, poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), is used to instruct UCNPs assembly formations into well-controlled UCNPs clusters of various sizes, and the gap zones formed between individual UCNPs can be used to encapsulate PS. This nanostructure production process results in a considerably simpler and reliable method to load PS and other compounds. Also, after considering factors such as PS loading quantity, penetration in 3D bladder tumor organoids, and singlet oxygen production, the small UCNPs clusters displayed superior cell killing efficacy compared to single and big sized clusters. Therefore, these UCNPs clusters with different sizes could facilitate a clear and deep understanding of nanoparticle-based delivery platform systems for cell killing and may pave a new way for other fields of UCNPs based applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Juwita Norasmara Rahmat
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
| | - Ratha Mahendran
- Department of SurgeryYong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingapore119228Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117583Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore117456Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cavo M, Delle Cave D, D'Amone E, Gigli G, Lonardo E, Del Mercato LL. A synergic approach to enhance long-term culture and manipulation of MiaPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer spheroids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10192. [PMID: 32576846 PMCID: PMC7311540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour spheroids have the potential to be used as preclinical chemo-sensitivity assays. However, the production of three-dimensional (3D) tumour spheroids remains challenging as not all tumour cell lines form spheroids with regular morphologies and spheroid transfer often induces disaggregation. In the field of pancreatic cancer, the MiaPaCa-2 cell line is an interesting model for research but it is known for its difficulty to form stable spheroids; also, when formed, spheroids from this cell line are weak and arduous to manage and to harvest for further analyses such as multiple staining and imaging. In this work, we compared different methods (i.e. hanging drop, round-bottom wells and Matrigel embedding, each of them with or without methylcellulose in the media) to evaluate which one allowed to better overpass these limitations. Morphometric analysis indicated that hanging drop in presence of methylcellulose leaded to well-organized spheroids; interestingly, quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis reflected the morphometric characterization, indicating that same spheroids expressed the highest values of CD44, VIMENTIN, TGF-β1 and Ki-67. In addition, we investigated the generation of MiaPaCa-2 spheroids when cultured on substrates of different hydrophobicity, in order to minimize the area in contact with the culture media and to further improve spheroid formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cavo
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Donatella Delle Cave
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council (CNR-IGB), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana D'Amone
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.,Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Enza Lonardo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council (CNR-IGB), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Loretta L Del Mercato
- Institute of Nanotechnology, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu J, Cang S, Liu C, Ochiai W, Chiao JW. Development of human prostate cancer stem cells involves epigenomic alteration and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Exp Hematol Oncol 2020; 9:12. [PMID: 32537260 PMCID: PMC7288500 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-020-00168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human prostate cancer spheres endowed with stem cell properties have been obtained from androgen-dependent cell line LNCaP after exposure to an epigenomic modulator phenethyl isothiocynate (PEITC). Sphere cells can self-renew and grow with androgen, and also without androgen. Little is known about the signaling pathway and mechanism in the development of the stem cells in the spheres. Methods Expression of phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway members and histone acetylation were quantified in the tumor spheres and LNCaP cells by western immunoblotting. Results The level of phosphorylated AKT was significantly increased in the sphere stem cells than the LNCaP cells at an average of 7.4 folds (range 5.8–10.7 folds), whereas the P27 level was elevated 5.4 folds (range 4.8–6.3 folds) (P < 0.05). The acetylation level on histone H3 lysine 9 was decreased. Conclusions PEITC appears to regulate the epigenome through histone acetylation and activate the PI3K/AKT pathway in the LNCaP cells. This mechanism may be responsible in part for the development of the prostate cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province China
| | - Shundong Cang
- Department of Oncology, The Henan Province Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province China
| | | | - Whitman Ochiai
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| | - Jen Wei Chiao
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun YJ, Hsu CH, Ling TY, Liu L, Lin TC, Jakfar S, Young IC, Lin FH. The preparation of cell-containing microbubble scaffolds to mimic alveoli structure as a 3D drug-screening system for lung cancer. Biofabrication 2020; 12:025031. [PMID: 32084662 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab78ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and lung cancer is the most malignant. However, the high failure rate in oncology drug development from in vitro studies to in vivo preclinical models indicates that the modern methods of evaluating drug efficacies in vitro are not reliable. Traditional 2D cell culture has proved inadequate to mimic real physiological conditions. Current 3D cell culture methods do not represent the delicate structure of lung alveoli. To mimic lung alveoli structure, a cell-containing enzyme-crosslinked gelatin microbubble scaffold was produced by mixing surfactant-containing gelatin solution with microbial transglutaminase (mTGase)-mixed A549 cell suspension in a four-channel flow-focusing microfluidic device. With uniform pore size of about 100 μm in diameter, this gelatin microbubble scaffold resembled the lung alveoli in structure and in mechanical properties with good biocompatibility. Effective gemcitabine concentration required to induce cell death in microbubble scaffolds was significantly higher than in 2D culture together with a longer treatment time. Cell death mechanisms were confirmed to be gemcitabine-induced cell apoptosis through Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction. H&E staining and TUNEL assay showed rounded cells with DNA damage in drug-treated scaffolds. Taken together, the cell-containing microbubble scaffolds successfully mimicked lung alveoli in structure and cellular responses after gemcitabine treatment were similar to clinical regimen of treating lung carcinoma. The microbubble scaffold is promising to facilitate anticancer drug discovery by providing more accurate preclinical predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 49, Fanglan Rd, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yan XZ, van den Beucken JJJP, Yuan C, Jansen JA, Yang F. Spheroid formation and stemness preservation of human periodontal ligament cells on chitosan films. Oral Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X-Z Yan
- Department of Periodontology; School and Hospital of Stomatology; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - JJJP van den Beucken
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - C Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - JA Jansen
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - F Yang
- Department of Biomaterials; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Carranza-Rosales P, Guzmán-Delgado NE, Carranza-Torres IE, Viveros-Valdez E, Morán-Martínez J. Breast Organotypic Cancer Models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018:199-223. [PMID: 29556825 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer type diagnosed in women, it represents a critical public health problem worldwide, with 1,671,149 estimated new cases and nearly 571,000 related deaths. Research on breast cancer has mainly been conducted using two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models. The usefulness of these models is reflected in the vast knowledge accumulated over the past decades. However, considering that animal models are three-dimensional (3D) in nature, the validity of the studies using 2D cell cultures has recently been questioned. Although animal models are important in cancer research, ethical questions arise about their use and usefulness as there is no clear predictivity of human disease outcome and they are very expensive and take too much time to obtain results. The poor performance or failure of most cancer drugs suggests that preclinical research on cancer has been based on an over-dependence on inadequate animal models. For these reasons, in the last few years development of alternative models has been prioritized to study human breast cancer behavior, while maintaining a 3D microenvironment, and to reduce the number of experiments conducted in animals. One way to achieve this is using organotypic cultures, which are being more frequently explored in cancer research because they mimic tissue architecture in vivo. These characteristics make organotypic cultures a valuable tool in cancer research as an alternative to replace animal models and for predicting risk assessment in humans. This chapter describes the cultures of multicellular spheroids, organoids, 3D bioreactors, and tumor slices, which are the most widely used organotypic models in breast cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Nancy Elena Guzmán-Delgado
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad # 34, División de Investigación, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Irma Edith Carranza-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Javier Morán-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Medicina. Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Amaral RLF, Miranda M, Marcato PD, Swiech K. Comparative Analysis of 3D Bladder Tumor Spheroids Obtained by Forced Floating and Hanging Drop Methods for Drug Screening. Front Physiol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28878686 PMCID: PMC5572239 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cell-based assays using three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures may reflect the antitumor activity of compounds more accurately, since these models reproduce the tumor microenvironment better. Methods: Here, we report a comparative analysis of cell behavior in the two most widely employed methods for 3D spheroid culture, forced floating (Ultra-low Attachment, ULA, plates), and hanging drop (HD) methods, using the RT4 human bladder cancer cell line as a model. The morphology parameters and growth/metabolism of the spheroids generated were first characterized, using four different cell-seeding concentrations (0.5, 1.25, 2.5, and 3.75 × 104 cells/mL), and then, subjected to drug resistance evaluation. Results: Both methods generated spheroids with a smooth surface and round shape in a spheroidization time of about 48 h, regardless of the cell-seeding concentration used. Reduced cell growth and metabolism was observed in 3D cultures compared to two-dimensional (2D) cultures. The optimal range of spheroid diameter (300–500 μm) was obtained using cultures initiated with 0.5 and 1.25 × 104 cells/mL for the ULA method and 2.5 and 3.75 × 104 cells/mL for the HD method. RT4 cells cultured under 3D conditions also exhibited a higher resistance to doxorubicin (IC50 of 1.00 and 0.83 μg/mL for the ULA and HD methods, respectively) compared to 2D cultures (IC50 ranging from 0.39 to 0.43). Conclusions: Comparing the results, we concluded that the forced floating method using ULA plates was considered more suitable and straightforward to generate RT4 spheroids for drug screening/cytotoxicity assays. The results presented here also contribute to the improvement in the standardization of the 3D cultures required for widespread application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robson L F Amaral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariza Miranda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscyla D Marcato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Swiech
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Riffle S, Hegde RS. Modeling tumor cell adaptations to hypoxia in multicellular tumor spheroids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:102. [PMID: 28774341 PMCID: PMC5543535 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Under hypoxic conditions, tumor cells undergo a series of adaptations that promote evolution of a more aggressive tumor phenotype including the activation of DNA damage repair proteins, altered metabolism, and decreased proliferation. Together these changes mitigate the negative impact of oxygen deprivation and allow preservation of genomic integrity and proliferative capacity, thus contributing to tumor growth and metastasis. As a result the presence of a hypoxic microenvironment is considered a negative clinical feature of many solid tumors. Hypoxic niches in tumors also represent a therapeutically privileged environment in which chemo- and radiation therapy is less effective. Although the negative impact of tumor hypoxia has been well established, the precise effect of oxygen deprivation on tumor cell behavior, and the molecular signals that allow a tumor cell to survive in vivo are poorly understood. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) have been used as an in vitro model for the avascular tumor niche, capable of more accurately recreating tumor genomic profiles and predicting therapeutic response. However, relatively few studies have used MCTS to study the molecular mechanisms driving tumor cell adaptations within the hypoxic tumor environment. Here we will review what is known about cell proliferation, DNA damage repair, and metabolic pathways as modeled in MCTS in comparison to observations made in solid tumors. A more precise definition of the cell populations present within 3D tumor models in vitro could better inform our understanding of the heterogeneity within tumors as well as provide a more representative platform for the testing of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Riffle
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Rashmi S Hegde
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Expression of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1), Progestin and AdipoQ Receptor 7 (PAQPR7), and Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 RNA-Binding Protein (PAIRBP1) in Glioma Spheroids In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8065830. [PMID: 27340667 PMCID: PMC4908248 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8065830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Some effects of progesterone on glioma cells can be explained through the slow, genomic mediated response via nuclear receptors; the other effects suggest potential role of a fast, nongenomic action mediated by membrane-associated progesterone receptors. Methods. The effects of progesterone treatment on the expression levels of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA-binding protein (PAIRBP1), and progestin and adipoQ receptor 7 (PAQR7) on both mRNA and protein levels were investigated in spheroids derived from human glioma cell lines U-87 MG and LN-229. Results. The only significant alteration at the transcript level was the decrease in PGRMC1 mRNA observed in LN-229 spheroids treated with 30 ng/mL of progesterone. No visible alterations at the protein levels were observed using immunohistochemical analysis. Stimulation of U-87 MG spheroids resulted in an increase of PGRMC1 but a decrease of PAIRBP1 protein. Double immunofluorescent detection of PGRMC1 and PAIRBP1 identified the two proteins to be partially colocalized in the cells. Western blot analysis revealed the expected bands for PGRMC1 and PAIRBP1, whereas two bands were detected for PAQR7. Conclusion. The progesterone action is supposed to be mediated via membrane-associated progesterone receptors as the nuclear progesterone receptor was absent in tested spheroids.
Collapse
|
16
|
Beaumont KA, Anfosso A, Ahmed F, Weninger W, Haass NK. Imaging- and Flow Cytometry-based Analysis of Cell Position and the Cell Cycle in 3D Melanoma Spheroids. J Vis Exp 2015:e53486. [PMID: 26779761 DOI: 10.3791/53486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids are utilized in cancer research as a more accurate model of the in vivo tumor microenvironment, compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. The spheroid model is able to mimic the effects of cell-cell interaction, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation, and drug penetration. One characteristic of this model is the development of a necrotic core, surrounded by a ring of G1 arrested cells, with proliferating cells on the outer layers of the spheroid. Of interest in the cancer field is how different regions of the spheroid respond to drug therapies as well as genetic or environmental manipulation. We describe here the use of the fluorescence ubiquitination cell cycle indicator (FUCCI) system along with cytometry and image analysis using commercial software to characterize the cell cycle status of cells with respect to their position inside melanoma spheroids. These methods may be used to track changes in cell cycle status, gene/protein expression or cell viability in different sub-regions of tumor spheroids over time and under different conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Anfosso
- The Centenary Institute; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney
| | - Farzana Ahmed
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- The Centenary Institute; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney
| | - Nikolas K Haass
- The Centenary Institute; The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland; Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paquet ÉR, Hovington H, Brisson H, Lacombe C, Larue H, Têtu B, Lacombe L, Fradet Y, Lebel M. Low level of the X-linked ribosomal protein S4 in human urothelial carcinomas is associated with a poor prognosis. Biomark Med 2015; 9:187-97. [PMID: 25731206 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We determined whether the Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) and its binding partner, the X-linked ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4X), are associated with clinical outcome in bladder cancer. MATERIALS & METHODS A population of 167 patients with muscle-invasive bladder tumor without evidence of metastasis at time of cystectomy was analyzed retrospectively. YB-1 and RPS4X expressions were evaluated immunohistochemically in tumors and analyzed for association with clinical variables and survival. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that low expression of RPS4X was associated with a higher risk of death or disease recurrence. In contrast, YB-1 was not significantly associated with either recurrence-free or overall survival. CONCLUSION Low RPS4X expression is associated with poor disease-specific and recurrence-free survival in bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éric R Paquet
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, 9 McMahon Street, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mondesert O, Frongia C, Clayton O, Boizeau ML, Lobjois V, Ducommun B. Monitoring the Activation of the DNA Damage Response Pathway in a 3D Spheroid Model. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225756 PMCID: PMC4520595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the DNA-Damage Response (DDR) activated pathway in multicellular tumor spheroid models is an important challenge as these 3D models have demonstrated their major relevance in pharmacological evaluation. Herein we present DDR-Act-FP, a fluorescent biosensor that allows detection of DDR activation through monitoring of the p21 promoter p53-dependent activation. We show that cells expressing the DDR-Act-FP biosensor efficiently report activation of the DDR pathway after DNA damage and its pharmacological manipulation using ATM kinase inhibitors. We also report the successful use of this assay to screen a small compound library in order to identify activators of the DDR response. Finally, using multicellular spheroids expressing the DDR-Act-FP we demonstrate that DDR activation and its pharmacological manipulation with inhibitory and activatory compounds can be efficiently monitored in live 3D spheroid model. This study paves the way for the development of innovative screening and preclinical evaluation assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Odile Mondesert
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Frongia
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivia Clayton
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Laure Boizeau
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Lobjois
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (BD); (VL)
| | - Bernard Ducommun
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse; F-31059 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (BD); (VL)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ameri K, Jahangiri A, Rajah AM, Tormos KV, Nagarajan R, Pekmezci M, Nguyen V, Wheeler ML, Murphy MP, Sanders TA, Jeffrey SS, Yeghiazarians Y, Rinaudo PF, Costello JF, Aghi MK, Maltepe E. HIGD1A Regulates Oxygen Consumption, ROS Production, and AMPK Activity during Glucose Deprivation to Modulate Cell Survival and Tumor Growth. Cell Rep 2015; 10:891-899. [PMID: 25683712 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible gene domain family member 1A (HIGD1A) is a survival factor induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 regulates many responses to oxygen deprivation, but viable cells within hypoxic perinecrotic solid tumor regions frequently lack HIF-1α. HIGD1A is induced in these HIF-deficient extreme environments and interacts with the mitochondrial electron transport chain to repress oxygen consumption, enhance AMPK activity, and lower cellular ROS levels. Importantly, HIGD1A decreases tumor growth but promotes tumor cell survival in vivo. The human Higd1a gene is located on chromosome 3p22.1, where many tumor suppressor genes reside. Consistent with this, the Higd1a gene promoter is differentially methylated in human cancers, preventing its hypoxic induction. However, when hypoxic tumor cells are confronted with glucose deprivation, DNA methyltransferase activity is inhibited, enabling HIGD1A expression, metabolic adaptation, and possible dormancy induction. Our findings therefore reveal important new roles for this family of mitochondrial proteins in cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurosh Ameri
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Arman Jahangiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Anthony M Rajah
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn V Tormos
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ravi Nagarajan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melike Pekmezci
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vien Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew L Wheeler
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Timothy A Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yerem Yeghiazarians
- Department of Medicine/CVRI/Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paolo F Rinaudo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology/Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Department of Pediatrics/Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang H, Zhang P, Chen Y, Ji L, Chao H. Labile ruthenium(ii) complexes with extended phenyl-substituted terpyridyl ligands: synthesis, aquation and anticancer evaluation. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15602-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated that the anticancer activities of labile Ru(ii) complexes can be efficiently tuned by chelating with different phenyl-substituted terpyridyl ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
LEE SANGHAK, NAM JAEKOOK, PARK JONGKOOK, LEE JOOHO, MIN DOSIK, KUH HYOJEONG. Differential protein expression and novel biomarkers related to 5-FU resistance in a 3D colorectal adenocarcinoma model. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1427-34. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
22
|
Tai J, Cheung SSC, Ou D, Warnock GL, Hasman D. Antiproliferation activity of Devil's club (Oplopanax horridus) and anticancer agents on human pancreatic cancer multicellular spheroids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:506-514. [PMID: 24215675 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Devil's club (DC, Oplopanax horridus) is an important medicinal herb of the Pacific Northwest which has significant antiproliferation activity against a variety of human tumor cell lines in vitro. This study compared the antiproliferation activity of DC extract alone, and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents gemcitabine (GEM), cisplatin (CDDP), and paclitaxel (PTX) on human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 3D spheroids and 2D monolayer cells. 3D tumor spheroids were prepared with a rotary cell culture system. PANC-1 3D spheroids were significantly more resistant to killing by DC extract, GEM and PTX compared to 2D cells, with IC50 levels closer to that observed in vivo. DC extract significantly enhanced the antiproliferation activity of CDDP and GEM at some concentrations. The bioactive compound identified as a polyacetylene showed strong antiproliferation activity against PANC-1 2D cells and 3D spheroids with IC50 at 0.73±0.04 and 3.15±0.16μM, respectively. 3D spheroids and 2D cells differentially expressed a number of apoptosis related genes. Cell cycle analysis showed that the proportion of cells in S phase was increased and in G2/M phase reduced in 3D spheroids compared to 2D cells. DC extract can potentially be used to enhance the activity of chemotherapeutic agents against pancreatic cancer cells. Use of 3D spheroid model for screening of natural products can potentially increase the efficiency in discovering in vivo bioactive compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Canada.
| | - S S C Cheung
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Ou
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - G L Warnock
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Hasman
- Forensic Science Center, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wenzel C, Riefke B, Gründemann S, Krebs A, Christian S, Prinz F, Osterland M, Golfier S, Räse S, Ansari N, Esner M, Bickle M, Pampaloni F, Mattheyer C, Stelzer EH, Parczyk K, Prechtl S, Steigemann P. 3D high-content screening for the identification of compounds that target cells in dormant tumor spheroid regions. Exp Cell Res 2014; 323:131-143. [PMID: 24480576 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells in poorly vascularized tumor regions need to adapt to an unfavorable metabolic microenvironment. As distance from supplying blood vessels increases, oxygen and nutrient concentrations decrease and cancer cells react by stopping cell cycle progression and becoming dormant. As cytostatic drugs mainly target proliferating cells, cancer cell dormancy is considered as a major resistance mechanism to this class of anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, substances that target cancer cells in poorly vascularized tumor regions have the potential to enhance cytostatic-based chemotherapy of solid tumors. With three-dimensional growth conditions, multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) reproduce several parameters of the tumor microenvironment, including oxygen and nutrient gradients as well as the development of dormant tumor regions. We here report the setup of a 3D cell culture compatible high-content screening system and the identification of nine substances from two commercially available drug libraries that specifically target cells in inner MCTS core regions, while cells in outer MCTS regions or in 2D cell culture remain unaffected. We elucidated the mode of action of the identified compounds as inhibitors of the respiratory chain and show that induction of cell death in inner MCTS core regions critically depends on extracellular glucose concentrations. Finally, combinational treatment with cytostatics showed increased induction of cell death in MCTS. The data presented here shows for the first time a high-content based screening setup on 3D tumor spheroids for the identification of substances that specifically induce cell death in inner tumor spheroid core regions. This validates the approach to use 3D cell culture screening systems to identify substances that would not be detectable by 2D based screening in otherwise similar culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wenzel
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Riefke
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Gründemann
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Krebs
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Christian
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Prinz
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Osterland
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Golfier
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Räse
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Milan Esner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, High-Throughput Technology Development Studio (TDS), Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Bickle
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, High-Throughput Technology Development Studio (TDS), Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Mattheyer
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst H Stelzer
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karsten Parczyk
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Prechtl
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Steigemann
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Drug Discovery, Muellerstrasse 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tsofack SP, Meunier L, Sanchez L, Madore J, Provencher D, Mes-Masson AM, Lebel M. Low expression of the X-linked ribosomal protein S4 in human serous epithelial ovarian cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:303. [PMID: 23800275 PMCID: PMC3708827 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The X-linked ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4X), which is involved in cellular translation and proliferation, has previously been identified as a partner of the overexpressed multifunctional protein YB-1 in several breast cancer cells. Depletion of RPS4X results in consistent resistance to cisplatin in such cell lines. METHODS As platinum-based chemotherapy is a standard first line therapy used to treat patients with ovarian cancer, we evaluated the prognostic value of RPS4X and YB-1 at the protein level in specimen from 192 high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer patients. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry studies indicated that high expression of RPS4X was associated with a lower risk of death and later disease progression (HR = 0.713, P = 0.001 and HR = 0.761, P = 0.001, respectively) as compared to low expression of RPS4X. In contrast, YB-1 was not significantly associated with either recurrence or survival time in this cohort. Finally, the depletion of RPS4X with different siRNAs in two different ovarian cancer cell lines reduced their proliferative growth rate but more importantly increased their resistance to cisplatin. CONCLUSION Altogether, these results suggest that the levels of RPS4X could be a good indicator for resistance to platinum-based therapy and a prognostic marker for ovarian cancer. Our study also showed that RPS4X is an independent prognostic factor in patients with serous epithelial ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serges P Tsofack
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Smalley KS, Lioni M, Noma K, Haass NK, Herlyn M. In vitro three-dimensional tumor microenvironment models for anticancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:1-10. [PMID: 23480136 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer drug discovery has long been hampered by the poor predictivity of the preclinical models. There is a growing realization that the tumor microenvironment is a critical determinant of the response of cancer cells to therapeutic agents. The past 5 years have seen a great deal of progress in our understanding of how the three-dimensional microenvironment modulates the signaling behavior of tumor cells. The present review discusses how three-dimensional in vitro cell culture models can benefit cancer drug discovery through an accurate modeling of the tumor microenvironment, leading to more physiologically relevant experimental outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiran Sm Smalley
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA +1 215 898 0002 ;
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Laurent J, Frongia C, Cazales M, Mondesert O, Ducommun B, Lobjois V. Multicellular tumor spheroid models to explore cell cycle checkpoints in 3D. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:73. [PMID: 23394599 PMCID: PMC3598667 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MultiCellular Tumor Spheroid (MCTS) mimics the organization of a tumor and is considered as an invaluable model to study cancer cell biology and to evaluate new antiproliferative drugs. Here we report how the characteristics of MCTS in association with new technological developments can be used to explore the regionalization and the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in 3D. METHODS Cell cycle and proliferation parameters were investigated in Capan-2 spheroids by immunofluorescence staining, EdU incorporation and using cells engineered to express Fucci-red and -green reporters. RESULTS We describe in details the changes in proliferation and cell cycle parameters during spheroid growth and regionalization. We report the kinetics and regionalized aspects of cell cycle arrest in response to checkpoint activation induced by EGF starvation, lovastatin treatment and etoposide-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSION Our data present the power and the limitation of spheroids made of genetically modified cells to explore cell cycle checkpoints. This study paves the way for the investigation of molecular aspects and dynamic studies of the response to novel antiproliferative agents in 3D models.
Collapse
|
27
|
Jeon HM, Lee SY, Ju MK, Kim CH, Park HG, Kang HS. Early growth response 1 regulates glucose deprivation-induced necrosis. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:669-75. [PMID: 23152075 PMCID: PMC3583586 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrosis is commonly found in the core region of solid tumours due to metabolic stress such as hypoxia and glucose deprivation (GD) resulting from insufficient vascularization. Necrosis promotes tumour growth and development by releasing the tumour-promoting cytokine high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1); however, the molecular mechanism underlying necrotic cell death remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that early growth response 1 (Egr-1) is induced in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner by GD in several cell lines such as A549, MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cells that exhibit necrosis upon GD. We found that Egr-1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) prevented GD-induced necrosis and HMGB1 release. Necrosis-inhibiting activity of Egr-1 shRNA was also seen in multicellular tumour spheroids (MTSs), an in vitro tumour model system. In contrast, Egr-1 overexpression appeared to make tumour cells more susceptible to GD-induced necrosis. Finally, Egr-1 shRNA suppressed the growth of MTSs. These findings demonstrate that Egr-1 is implicated in GD-induced necrosis and tumour progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kyle AH, Baker JH, Minchinton AI. Targeting Quiescent Tumor Cells via Oxygen and IGF-I Supplementation. Cancer Res 2011; 72:801-9. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
29
|
Way L, Scutt N, Scutt A. Cytocentrifugation: a convenient and efficient method for seeding tendon-derived cells into monolayer cultures or 3-D tissue engineering scaffolds. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:567-79. [PMID: 21948096 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon and ligament injuries are very common, requiring some 200,000 reconstructions per year in the USA. Autografting can be used to repair these but donor tissue is limited and harvesting leads to morbidity at the graft sites. Tissue engineering has been used to grow simple tissues such as skin, cartilage and bone and due to their low vascularity and simple structure, tendons should be ideal candidates for such an approach. Scaffolds are essential for tissue engineering as they provide structure and signals that regulate growth. However, they present a physical barrier to cell seeding with the majority of the cells congregating at the scaffold surface. To address this we used centrifugation to enhance penetration of tendon-derived cells to the centres of 3-D scaffolds. The process had no apparent deleterious effects on the cells and both plating efficiency and cell distribution improved. After attachment the cells continued to proliferate and deposit a collagenous matrix. Scaffold penetration was investigated using layers of Azowipes allowing the separation and examination of individual leaves. At relatively low g-forces, cells penetrated a stack of 6 Azowipes leaving cells attached to each leaf. These data suggest that cytocentrifugation improves the penetration and homogeneity of tendon derived cells in 3-D and monolayer cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Way
- Bone Biology Group, Department of Human Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee SY, Jeon HM, Kim CH, Ju MK, Bae HS, Park HG, Lim SC, Han SI, Kang HS. Homeobox gene Dlx-2 is implicated in metabolic stress-induced necrosis. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:113. [PMID: 21917150 PMCID: PMC3181206 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to tumor-suppressive apoptosis and autophagic cell death, necrosis promotes tumor progression by releasing the pro-inflammatory and tumor-promoting cytokine high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and its presence in tumor patients is associated with poor prognosis. Thus, necrosis has important clinical implications in tumor development; however, its molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. RESULTS In the present study, we show that Distal-less 2 (Dlx-2), a homeobox gene of the Dlx family that is involved in embryonic development, is induced in cancer cell lines dependently of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to glucose deprivation (GD), one of the metabolic stresses occurring in solid tumors. Increased Dlx-2 expression was also detected in the inner regions, which experience metabolic stress, of human tumors and of a multicellular tumor spheroid, an in vitro model of solid tumors. Dlx-2 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) inhibited metabolic stress-induced increase in propidium iodide-positive cell population and HMGB1 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, indicating the important role(s) of Dlx-2 in metabolic stress-induced necrosis. Dlx-2 shRNA appeared to exert its anti-necrotic effects by preventing metabolic stress-induced increases in mitochondrial ROS, which are responsible for triggering necrosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Dlx-2 may be involved in tumor progression via the regulation of metabolic stress-induced necrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
- DNA Identification Center, National Forensic Service, Seoul 158-707, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Bae
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garand C, Guay D, Sereduk C, Chow D, Tsofack SP, Langlois M, Perreault E, Yin HH, Lebel M. An integrative approach to identify YB-1-interacting proteins required for cisplatin resistance in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1410-7. [PMID: 21466612 PMCID: PMC11159804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is a multifunctional protein that affects transcription, splicing, and translation. Overexpression of YB-1 in breast cancers causes cisplatin resistance. The exact mechanism by which YB-1 confers cisplatin resistance is unknown. The aim of the present study was to identify, using mass spectrometry, proteins that interact with YB-1 that are important for cisplatin resistance in two breast cancer cell lines, namely MCF7 and MDA-MB-231. A tagged YB-1 construct was used to identify proteins interacting directly with YB-1 in breast cancer cells. We then focused on proteins that are potentially involved in breast cancer progression based on the ONCOMINE public microarray database. Genes encoding for these YB-1-interacting proteins were examined in the public NCBI comparative genomic hybridization database to determine whether they are localized to regions of chromosomes that are rearranged in breast cancer tissues. From these analyses, we generated a list of proteins potentially involved in cisplatin resistance. Cisplatin dose-response curves were constructed in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 transfected with four siRNA corresponding to each of these YB-1 interactors to identify proteins significantly affecting cisplatin sensitivity upon gene silencing. Depletion of only the X-linked ribosomal protein S4 (RPS4X) resulted in consistent resistance to cisplatin in both cell lines with at least three different siRNA sequences against RPS4X. Further analyses indicated that the knock down of RPS4X decreased DNA synthesis, induced cisplatin resistance, and is equivalent to the overexpression of YB-1 in both MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggest that the RPS4X/YB-1 complex is a significant potential target to counteract cisplatin resistance in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Garand
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Laval University Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schofield JW, Gaffney EA, Gatenby RA, Maini PK. Tumour angiogenesis: the gap between theory and experiments. J Theor Biol 2011; 274:97-102. [PMID: 21255588 PMCID: PMC4010154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A common experimental technique for viewing in vivo angiogenesis utilises tumours implanted into a test animal cornea. The cornea is avascular but the tumour promotes vascularisation from the limbus and the new blood vessels can be readily observed through the transparent cornea. Many of the early mathematical models for tumour angiogenesis used this scenario as their experimental template and as such assumed that there is a large gap, of the order of 2mm, between the tumour and neighbouring vasculature at the onset of angiogenesis. In this work we consider whether the assumption that there is a significant gap between the tumour and neighbouring vasculature is unique to intra-cornea tumour implants, or whether this characterises avascular tumour growth more generally. To do this we utilise a simple scaling argument, derive a multi-compartment model for tumour growth, and consider in vivo images. This analysis demonstrates that the corneal implant experiments and the corresponding mathematical models cannot generally be applied to a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Schofield
- Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, 24-29 St Giles', Oxford OX1 3LB, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim CH, Jeon HM, Lee SY, Ju MK, Moon JY, Park HG, Yoo MA, Choi BT, Yook JI, Lim SC, Han SI, Kang HS. Implication of snail in metabolic stress-induced necrosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18000. [PMID: 21448462 PMCID: PMC3063248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrosis, a type of cell death accompanied by the rupture of the plasma membrane, promotes tumor progression and aggressiveness by releasing the pro-inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine high mobility group box 1. It is commonly found in the core region of solid tumors due to hypoxia and glucose depletion (GD) resulting from insufficient vascularization. Thus, metabolic stress-induced necrosis has important clinical implications for tumor development; however, its regulatory mechanisms have been poorly investigated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we show that the transcription factor Snail, a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is induced in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner in both two-dimensional culture of cancer cells, including A549, HepG2, and MDA-MB-231, in response to GD and the inner regions of a multicellular tumor spheroid system, an in vitro model of solid tumors and of human tumors. Snail short hairpin (sh) RNA inhibited metabolic stress-induced necrosis in two-dimensional cell culture and in multicellular tumor spheroid system. Snail shRNA-mediated necrosis inhibition appeared to be linked to its ability to suppress metabolic stress-induced mitochondrial ROS production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial permeability transition, which are the primary events that trigger necrosis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Snail is implicated in metabolic stress-induced necrosis, providing a new function for Snail in tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cho Hee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Hyun Min Jeon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Ju
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Ji Young Moon
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Hye Gyeong Park
- Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Yoo
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Byung Tae Choi
- Division of Meridian and Structural Medicine, School of Oriental Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Lim
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Song Iy Han
- Research Center for Resistant Cells, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ho Sung Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Muñoz L, Espinosa M, Quintanar-Jurado V, Hidalgo A, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado V. Paradoxial changes in the expression of estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer multicellular spheroids. Tissue Cell 2011; 42:334-7. [PMID: 20817241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular spheroids are excellent models for the analysis of cancer behavior. Just like small avascular tumors, they present a marked zonal heterogeneity which influences gene expression and thus, growth and response to chemotherapy. In the present paper, we sought to analyze the effects of three-dimensional culture in the expression and distribution of estrogen receptor alpha. Using MCF-7 breast cancer cells, we found that multicellular spheroids in estrogen-containing medium presented a paradoxical regulation of estrogen receptor alpha, with a decrease in protein expression and a marked increase in mRNA steady-state levels. Immunohistochemistry showed that only sparse cells in the periphery of the spheroid expressed estrogen receptor, in sharp contrast with progesterone receptor, which was more extensively expressed and HIF-alpha, which was expressed in the central core of the spheroid. This could mean that both hypoxia and ERA activation by estrogen participate in the expression heterogeneity of this hormone receptor in breast cancer These results are important to considerate in the analysis and interpretation of immunohistochemistry of ERA and downstream targets in samples of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Muñoz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Sub-Direction of Basic Research, National Institute of Cancerology, Av. San Fernando 22, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Houston JP, Naivar MA, Freyer JP. Digital analysis and sorting of fluorescence lifetime by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2010; 77:861-72. [PMID: 20662090 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Frequency-domain flow cytometry techniques are combined with modifications to the digital signal-processing capabilities of the open reconfigurable cytometric acquisition system (ORCAS) to analyze fluorescence decay lifetimes and control sorting. Real-time fluorescence lifetime analysis is accomplished by rapidly digitizing correlated, radiofrequency (RF)-modulated detector signals, implementing Fourier analysis programming with ORCAS' digital signal processor (DSP) and converting the processed data into standard cytometric list mode data. To systematically test the capabilities of the ORCAS 50 MS/sec analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and our DSP programming, an error analysis was performed using simulated light scatter and fluorescence waveforms (0.5-25 ns simulated lifetime), pulse widths ranging from 2 to 15 micros, and modulation frequencies from 2.5 to 16.667 MHz. The standard deviations of digitally acquired lifetime values ranged from 0.112 to >2 ns, corresponding to errors in actual phase shifts from 0.0142 degrees to 1.6 degrees. The lowest coefficients of variation (<1%) were found for 10-MHz modulated waveforms having pulse widths of 6 micros and simulated lifetimes of 4 ns. Direct comparison of the digital analysis system to a previous analog phase-sensitive flow cytometer demonstrated similar precision and accuracy on measurements of a range of fluorescent microspheres, unstained cells, and cells stained with three common fluorophores. Sorting based on fluorescence lifetime was accomplished by adding analog outputs to ORCAS and interfacing with a commercial cell sorter with a RF-modulated solid-state laser. Two populations of fluorescent microspheres with overlapping fluorescence intensities but different lifetimes (2 and 7 ns) were separated to approximately 98% purity. Overall, the digital signal acquisition and processing methods we introduce present a simple yet robust approach to phase-sensitive measurements in flow cytometry. The ability to simply and inexpensively implement this system on a commercial flow sorter will allow both better dissemination of this technology and better exploitation of the traditionally underutilized parameter of fluorescence lifetime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Houston
- National Flow Cytometry Resource, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ingram M, Techy GB, Ward BR, Imam SA, Atkinson R, Ho H, Taylor CR. Tissue engineered tumor models. Biotech Histochem 2010; 85:213-29. [PMID: 20482463 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2010.483655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many research programs use well-characterized tumor cell lines as tumor models for in vitro studies. Because tumor cells grown as three-dimensional (3-D) structures have been shown to behave more like tumors in vivo than do cells growing in monolayer culture, a growing number of investigators now use tumor cell spheroids as models. Single cell type spheroids, however, do not model the stromal-epithelial interactions that have an important role in controlling tumor growth and development in vivo. We describe here a method for generating, reproducibly, more realistic 3-D tumor models that contain both stromal and malignant epithelial cells with an architecture that closely resembles that of tumor microlesions in vivo. Because they are so tissue-like we refer to them as tumor histoids. They can be generated reproducibly in substantial quantities. The bioreactor developed to generate histoid constructs is described and illustrated. It accommodates disposable culture chambers that have filled volumes of either 10 or 64 ml, each culture yielding on the order of 100 or 600 histoid particles, respectively. Each particle is a few tenths of a millimeter in diameter. Examples of histological sections of tumor histoids representing cancers of breast, prostate, colon, pancreas and urinary bladder are presented. Potential applications of tumor histoids include, but are not limited to, use as surrogate tumors for pre-screening anti-solid tumor pharmaceutical agents, as reference specimens for immunostaining in the surgical pathology laboratory and use in studies of invasive properties of cells or other aspects of tumor development and progression. Histoids containing nonmalignant cells also may have potential as "seeds" in tissue engineering. For drug testing, histoids probably will have to meet certain criteria of size and tumor cell content. Using a COPAS Plus flow cytometer, histoids containing fluorescent tumor cells were analyzed successfully and sorted using such criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ingram
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 North El Molino Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91101-1830, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Although used in academic research for several decades, 3D culture models have long been regarded expensive, cumbersome and unnecessary in drug development processes. Technical advances, coupled with recent observations showing that gene expression in 3D is much closer to clinical expression profiles than those seen in 2D, have renewed attention and generated hope in the feasibility of maturing organotypic 3D systems to therapy test platforms with greater power to predict clinical efficacies. Here we describe a standardized setup for reproducible, easy-handling culture, treatment and routine analysis of multicellular spheroids, the classical 3D culture system resembling many aspects of the pathophysiological situation in human tumor tissue. We discuss essential conceptual and practical considerations for an adequate establishment and use of spheroid-based drug screening platforms and also provide a list of human carcinoma cell lines, partly on the basis of the NCI-DTP 60-cell line screen, that produce treatable spheroids under identical culture conditions. In contrast to many other settings with which to achieve similar results, the protocol is particularly useful to be integrated into standardized large-scale drug test routines as it requires a minimum number of defined spheroids and a limited amount of drug. The estimated time to run the complete screening protocol described herein--including spheroid initiation, drug treatment and determination of the analytical end points (spheroid integrity, and cell survival through the acid phosphatase assay)--is about 170 h. Monitoring of spheroid growth kinetics to determine growth delay and regrowth, respectively, after drug treatment requires long-term culturing (> or =14 d).
Collapse
|
38
|
Engelberg JA, Ropella GEP, Hunt CA. Essential operating principles for tumor spheroid growth. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2008; 2:110. [PMID: 19105850 PMCID: PMC2667182 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-2-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to discover in silico axioms that are plausible representations of the operating principles realized during characteristic growth of EMT6/Ro mouse mammary tumor spheroids in culture. To reach that objective we engineered and iteratively falsified an agent-based analogue of EMT6 spheroid growth. EMT6 spheroids display consistent and predictable growth characteristics, implying that individual cell behaviors are tightly controlled and regulated. An approach to understanding how individual cell behaviors contribute to system behaviors is to discover a set of principles that enable abstract agents to exhibit closely analogous behaviors using only information available in an agent's immediate environment. We listed key attributes of EMT6 spheroid growth, which became our behavioral targets. Included were the development of a necrotic core surrounded by quiescent and proliferating cells, and growth data at two distinct levels of nutrient. RESULTS We then created an analogue made up of quasi-autonomous software agents and an abstract environment in which they could operate. The system was designed so that upon execution it could mimic EMT6 cells forming spheroids in culture. Each agent used an identical set of axiomatic operating principles. In sequence, we used the list of targeted attributes to falsify and revise these axioms, until the analogue exhibited behaviors and attributes that were within prespecified ranges of those targeted, thereby achieving a level of validation. CONCLUSION The finalized analogue required nine axioms. We posit that the validated analogue's operating principles are reasonable representations of those utilized by EMT6/Ro cells during tumor spheroid development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse A Engelberg
- UCSF/UC Berkeley Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Glen EP Ropella
- The Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Anthony Hunt
- UCSF/UC Berkeley Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Stefanaki C, Stefanaki K, Antoniou C, Argyrakos T, Stratigos A, Patereli A, Katsambas A. G1 cell cycle regulators in congenital melanocytic nevi. Comparison with acquired nevi and melanomas. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:799-808. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
40
|
Friedrich J, Ebner R, Kunz-Schughart LA. Experimental anti-tumor therapy in 3-D: spheroids--old hat or new challenge? Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 83:849-71. [PMID: 18058370 DOI: 10.1080/09553000701727531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To give a state-of-the-art overview on the promise of three-dimensional (3-D) culture systems for anticancer drug development, with particular emphasis on multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Cell-based assays have become an integral component in many stages of routine anti-tumor drug testing. However, they are almost always based on homogenous monolayer or suspension cultures and thus represent a rather artificial cellular environment. 3-D cultures--such as the well established spheroid culture system--better reflect the in vivo behavior of cells in tumor tissues and are increasingly recognized as valuable advanced tools for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic intervention. The present article summarizes past and current applications and particularly discusses technological challenges, required improvements and recent progress with the use of the spheroid model in experimental therapeutics, as a basis for sophisticated drug/therapy screening. A brief overview is given focusing on the nomenclature of spherical 3-D cultures, their potential to mimic many aspects of the pathophysiological situation in tumors, and currently available protocols for culturing and analysis. A list of spheroid-forming epithelial cancer cell lines of different origin is provided and the recent trend to use spheroids for testing combination treatment strategies is highlighted. Finally, various spheroid co-culture approaches are presented that have been established to study heterologous cell interactions in solid tumors and thereby are able to reflect the cellular tumor environment with increasing accuracy. The intriguing observation that in order to retain certain tumor initiating cell properties, some primary tumor cell populations must be maintained exclusively in 3-D culture is mentioned, adding a new but fascinating challenge for future therapeutic campaigns.
Collapse
|
41
|
Integrating cell-cycle progression, drug penetration and energy metabolism to identify improved cancer therapeutic strategies. J Theor Biol 2008; 253:98-117. [PMID: 18402980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs in tumors is reduced by multiple effects including drug diffusion and variable susceptibility of local cell populations. We hypothesized that quantifying the interactions between drugs and tumor microenvironments could be used to identify more effective anti-cancer strategies. To test this hypothesis we created a mathematical model that integrated intracellular metabolism, nutrient and drug diffusion, cell-cycle progression, cellular drug effects, and drug pharmacokinetics. To our knowledge, this is the first model that combines these elements and has coupled them to experimentally derived parameters. Drug cytotoxicity was assumed to be cell-cycle phase specific, and progression through the cell cycle was assumed to be dependent on ATP generation. The model consisted of a coupled set of nonlinear partial differential, ordinary differential and algebraic equations with an outer free boundary, which was solved using orthogonal collocation on a moving grid of finite elements. Model simulations showed the existence of an optimum drug diffusion coefficient: a low diffusivity prevents effective penetration before the drug is cleared from the blood and a high diffusivity limits drug retention. This result suggests that increasing the molecular weight of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel from 854 to approximately 20,000 by nanoparticle conjugation would improve its efficacy. The simulations also showed that fast growing tumors are less responsive to therapy than are slower tumors with more quiescent cells, demonstrating the competing effects of regrowth and cytotoxicity. The therapeutic implications of the simulation results are that (1) monolayer cultures are inadequate for accurately determining therapeutic effects in vitro, (2) decreasing the diffusivity of paclitaxel could increase its efficacy, and (3) measuring the proliferation fraction in tumors could enhance the prediction of therapeutic efficacy.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kim BJ, Forbes NS. Flux analysis shows that hypoxia-inducible-factor-1-alpha minimally affects intracellular metabolism in tumor spheroids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 96:1167-82. [PMID: 17009333 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous metabolic microenvironments in tumors affect local cell growth, survival, and overall therapeutic efficacy. Hypoxia-inducible-factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is a transcription factor that responds to low-oxygen environments by upregulating genes for cell survival and metabolism. To date, the metabolic effects of HIF-1alpha in three-dimensional tissue have not been investigated. Preliminary experiments have shown that the effects of HIF-1alpha are dependent on glucose availability. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that HIF-1alpha would not affect cell survival and metabolism in the center of spheroids, where the concentrations of oxygen and glucose are low, similar to hypoxic regions found in tumors. To test this hypothesis we used fluorescence microscopy and the tumor cylindroid model to quantify cellular viability in three-dimensional tissue. Isotope labeling and metabolic flux analysis were also used to quantity the intracellular metabolism of wild-type and HIF-1alpha-null spheroids. As hypothesized, cell survival and intracellular metabolism were not different between wild-type and HIF-1alpha-null tissues. In addition, small spheroids, which contain less quiescent cells and are less nutritionally limited, were found to have increased carbon flux through the biosynthetic pentose phosphate and pyruvate carboxylase pathways. These results show how nutrient gradients affect cell growth and metabolism in spheroids and suggest that metabolic microenvironment should be taken into account when developing HIF-1alpha-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Stefanaki C, Stefanaki K, Antoniou C, Argyrakos T, Patereli A, Stratigos A, Katsambas A. Cell cycle and apoptosis regulators in Spitz nevi: comparison with melanomas and common nevi. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56:815-24. [PMID: 17437889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deregulated cell cycle control is one of the hallmarks of tumor development. The expression of different cell cycle regulators has been used in various neoplasms as an adjunct to diagnosis. OBJECTIVE We sough to determine the expression of cell cycle and apoptosis regulators in Spitz nevi and to appraise its value as a diagnostic adjunct in the differential diagnosis from melanomas and common nevi. METHODS Ki-67, p-27, p-16, p-53, p-21, Rb, cyclin D1, cyclin A, cyclin B1, bcl-2, and bax expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 10 Spitz nevi and was compared with 16 melanomas and 20 common nevi immunohistochemical expression. RESULTS P-27 (60% +/- 20.13), p-16 (62.00% +/- 10.85), and bcl-2 (46.00% +/- 42.47) were highly expressed in Spitz nevi, whereas Ki-67 (2.80% +/- 2.55), Rb (3.75% +/- 4.55), p-53 (2.30% +/- 0.10), cyclin A (0.70% +/- 1.56), B1 (0.20% +/- 0.34), and bax (2.65% +/- 6.37) demonstrated a limited expression. Cyclin D1 (8.60% +/- 7.30) and p-21 (6.40% +/- 5.37) showed a moderate expression. The expression of bax (P = .001), Ki-67 (P < .0001), Rb (P < .0001), p-16 (P < .0001), cyclin A (P < .0001), and cyclin B1 (P < .0001) was significantly higher in melanomas in comparison with Spitz nevi, whereas p-27 expression was significantly higher in Spitz nevi (P < .0001). A trend for significant difference in favor of melanomas was also observed for p-53 (P = .002). On the other hand, no difference was detected for bcl-2 (P = .275), p-21 (P = .055), or cyclin D1 (P = .077). Spitz nevi demonstrated a trend for a higher expression for p-21 (P = .008) and cyclin D1 (P = .006), whereas they exhibited lower p-16 (P = .004) in comparison with common nevi. LIMITATIONS The number of Spitz nevi was relatively small. CONCLUSION Spitz nevi differ from melanomas in their immunohistochemical pattern of expression of cell cycle and apoptosis regulators and more closely resemble common benign nevi.
Collapse
|
44
|
Smalley KSM, Lioni M, Herlyn M. Life isn't flat: taking cancer biology to the next dimension. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2007; 42:242-7. [PMID: 17163781 DOI: 10.1290/0604027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Classically, most cell culture experiments have been performed under adherent 2D conditions. Cells in the human body grow within an organized 3D matrix, surrounded by other cells. The behavior of individual cells is controlled through their interactions with their immediate neighbors and the extracellular matrix. The complex summation of these multiple signals determines whether a given cell undergoes differentiation, apoptosis, proliferation, or invasion. In 2D culture many of these complex interactions are lost. As a result, there are a growing number of studies which report differences in phenotype, cellular signaling, cell migration, and drug responses when the same cells are grown under 2D or 3D culture conditions. One potential application of these techniques is to anticancer drug discovery, which has long been hampered by the lack of good preclinical models. Compounds with good antitumor activity in 2D cell culture models often fail to translate into the clinic. Here we suggest that the response of cancer cells to drugs is determined in part by the 3D tumor microenvironment and discuss models to re-create the 3D tumor microenvironment in vitro. It is likely that the adoption of these and other 3D models will allow us to more closely re-create the behavior of the tumor in vivo which may lead to identifying better anticancer drug candidates at an earlier stage of development.
Collapse
|
45
|
Hindié M, Vayssade M, Dufresne M, Quéant S, Warocquier-Clérout R, Legeay G, Vigneron P, Olivier V, Duval JL, Nagel MD. Interactions of B16F10 melanoma cells aggregated on a cellulose substrate. J Cell Biochem 2006; 99:96-104. [PMID: 16598743 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the shape of cells and their contact with a matrix direct the growth and the differentiation of both normal and cancer cells. Cells in 3D culture resemble the in vivo situation more closely than do those in conventional 2D cultures. We have studied the interactions and functions of B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, which spread and grow well on tissue culture polystyrene (tPS), when they were made to aggregate on cellulose-coated Petri dishes (CEL). This aggregation of melanoma cells on CEL was Ca2+ dependent and mediated by N-cadherins. The levels of N-cadherin and beta-catenin transcripts in cells cultured on CEL and tPS were similar, but those on CEL contained less beta-catenin protein. Immunoprecipitation and immunostaining showed that both N-cadherins and beta-catenins were present at the membranes of cells on CEL. Cells proliferated significantly more slowly after 48 h on CEL and the cellulose coating caused most of them to arrest in G1. We also compared the melanin contents and tyrosinase activity of cells on CEL and controls grown on tPS. Melanogenesis was induced in cells aggregated on CEL. A cellulose substrate thus appears to be an outstanding tool for studying cell-cell interactions and cell functions in 3D cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hindié
- Domaine Biomatériaux-Biocompatibilité, UMR CNRS 6600, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP20529 60205 Compiègne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jack GD, Mead EA, Garst JF, Cabrera MC, DeSantis AM, Slaughter SM, Jervis J, Brooks AI, Potts M, Helm RF. Long term metabolic arrest and recovery of HEK293 spheroids involves NF-kappaB signaling and sustained JNK activation. J Cell Physiol 2006; 206:526-36. [PMID: 16155929 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how cells withstand a depletion of intracellular water is relevant to the study of longevity, aging, and quiescence because one consequence of air-drying is metabolic arrest. After removal of medium, HEK293 spheroids with intracellular water content of approximately 65% survived partial vacuum, with antistatic control, for weeks in the dark at 25 degrees C. In contrast, only a limited exposure of monolayers to air was lethal; the mitochondrion being a target of this stress. The pathways activated during the long-term arrest and recovery of spheroids depended on both NF-kappaB signaling and sustained JNK activation. A cyclical cascade, presumably originating from an intercellular stress signal, led to endogenous cytokine production (TNF-alpha, IL-1b, and IL-8) and propagation of the cellular stress signal through the co-activation of NF-kappaB and JNK. Increased levels of downstream pathway signaling members, specifically Gadd45beta, c-jun, and ATF3 were observed, as was activation of c-jun (phosphorylation). Activation of these pathways permit cells to survive long-term storage and recovery because chemical inhibition of both NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and JNK phosphorylation led to cell death. The capacity of an immortalized cell to enter, and then exit, a state of long-term quiescence, without genetic or chemical intervention, has implications for the study of cell transformation. In addition, the ability to monitor the relevant signaling pathways at endogenous levels, from effector to transcriptional regulator, emphasizes the utility of multicellular aggregate models in delineating stress response pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham D Jack
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech Center for Genomics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mellor HR, Snelling S, Hall MD, Modok S, Jaffar M, Hambley TW, Callaghan R. The influence of tumour microenvironmental factors on the efficacy of cisplatin and novel platinum(IV) complexes. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1137-46. [PMID: 16139250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin is an important treatment for many types of solid tumours, in particular non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Platinum(IV) complexes offer several advantages to cisplatin due to their requirement for reduction to the active platinum(II) form to elicit cytotoxicity. This should minimise non-specific effects and facilitate higher amounts of the active complexes reaching the target DNA. Hypoxia and a quiescent cell population are features of the tumour microenvironment known to lead to resistance to many chemotherapeutic agents. It is unclear how these microenvironmental factors will impact on the efficacy of novel platinum(IV) complexes. Consequently, the cytotoxicities of several platinum drugs were determined in monolayer and tumour spheroid cultures derived from NSCLC lines. Platinum(IV) reduction potential correlated well with cytotoxicity. The complex containing a chloro axial ligand demonstrated the greatest potency and the drug with the hydroxy ligand was the least effective. Although drug cytotoxicity was not enhanced under hypoxic conditions, both cisplatin and the platinum(IV) complexes retained full potency. In addition, all of the platinum drugs retained the ability to evoke apoptosis in quiescent cells. In summary, unlike many anticancer drugs, the platinum(IV) complexes retain cytotoxic potency under resistance-inducing tumour microenvironmental conditions and warrant further investigation as more selective alternatives to current platinum-based therapy for the treatment of solid tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Mellor
- Oxford Drug Resistance Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The desire to understand tumor complexity has given rise to mathematical models to describe the tumor microenvironment. We present a new mathematical model for avascular tumor growth and development that spans three distinct scales. At the cellular level, a lattice Monte Carlo model describes cellular dynamics (proliferation, adhesion, and viability). At the subcellular level, a Boolean network regulates the expression of proteins that control the cell cycle. At the extracellular level, reaction-diffusion equations describe the chemical dynamics (nutrient, waste, growth promoter, and inhibitor concentrations). Data from experiments with multicellular spheroids were used to determine the parameters of the simulations. Starting with a single tumor cell, this model produces an avascular tumor that quantitatively mimics experimental measurements in multicellular spheroids. Based on the simulations, we predict: 1), the microenvironmental conditions required for tumor cell survival; and 2), growth promoters and inhibitors have diffusion coefficients in the range between 10(-6) and 10(-7) cm2/h, corresponding to molecules of size 80-90 kDa. Using the same parameters, the model also accurately predicts spheroid growth curves under different external nutrient supply conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xing H, Wang S, Hu K, Tao W, Li J, Gao Q, Yang X, Weng D, Lu Y, Ma D. Effect of the cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitor p27 on resistance of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids to anticancer chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131:511-9. [PMID: 15924242 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A low proliferating fraction in solid tumors limits the effectiveness of cell-cycle-dependent chemotherapeutic agents. To understand the molecular basis of such resistance, we examined the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitor p27, and relationship with drug resistance and P-gp expression in ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids. METHODS We cultured ovarian cancer cells (A2780 and CAOV3) as multicellular spheroids and examined the expression of p27 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) by western blot, flow cytometry and confocal. We also analyzed the cell-cycle distribution by flow cytometry. In addition, trypan blue exclusion testing and cell apoptosis analysis were used to detect the sensitivity to Taxol. RESULTS When transferred from monolayer to three-dimensional culture, a consistent upregulation of p27 protein and P-gp protein was observed in ovarian cancer cell lines. Compared with monolayer cells, there was a significant increase of G0-G1 phase cells and decrease of S and G2-M phase cells in spheroid cells. Aggregates of cells showed higher cell viability than monolayer cells. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASON) -mediated downregulation of p27 reduced intercellular adhesion, increased cell proliferation, downregulated P-gp expression and sensitized cells to Taxol. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate that p27 serves as a regulator of drug resistance in ovarian tumors. ASON-mediated alteration of p27 reverses resistance of ovarian cancer to anticancer agents that are associated with increased sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xing
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, People Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|