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Su R, Xue R, Ma X, Zeng Z, Li L, Wang S. Targeted improvement of narrow micropores in porous carbon for enhancing trace benzene vapor removal: Revealing the adsorption mechanism via experimental and molecular simulation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 671:770-778. [PMID: 38830289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Porous carbon materials are highly desirable for removing benzene due to their low energy for capture and regeneration. Research has demonstrated that narrow microporous volume is crucial for effective adsorption of benzene at ultra-low concentration. Unfortunately, achieving directional increase in the narrow microporous volume in porous carbon remains a challenge. Here, nitrogen-doped hydrothermal carbon was prepared using urea-assisted hydrothermal method, and then porous carbon (PUC800) was prepared by KOH activation. The resulting material had 180 % higher pore volume and 179 % higher surface area compared to non-nitrogen activation methods. Then, using mechanochemical (mechanical compaction and KOH activation) approach to produce PUC800-3T, which had a 30 % increase in pore volume and a 33 % increase in surface area compared to PUC800. PUC800-3T showed benzene adsorption capacity of 4.2 mmol g-1 at 1 Pa and 5.8 mmol g-1 at 5 Pa. Experimental and molecular simulation indicate that the benzene adsorption at 1 and 5 Pa is determined by pore volume of less than 0.8 and 0.9 nm, respectively. Density functional theory calculations provided insight into the CH⋯X (X = N/O) interactions drive benzene adsorption on the carbon framework. This work provides valuable theoretical and experimental support for designing, preparing, and applying adsorbents for trace removal of benzene vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkui Su
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Ruiqi Xue
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Xiancheng Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Zheng Zeng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Liqing Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, 108 King William Street, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Elkama A, Şentürk K, Karahalil B. Assessment of genotoxicity biomarkers in gasoline station attendants due to occupational exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:337-351. [PMID: 38597775 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241247089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Gasoline station attendants are exposed to numerous chemicals that might have genotoxic and carcinogenic potential, such as benzene in fuel vapor and particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vehicle exhaust emission. According to IARC, benzene and diesel particulates are Group 1 human carcinogens, and gasoline has been classified as Group 2A "possibly carcinogenic to humans." At gas stations, self-service is not implemented in Turkey; fuel-filling service is provided entirely by employees, and therefore they are exposed to those chemicals in the workplace during all working hours. Genetic monitoring of workers with occupational exposure to possible genotoxic agents allows early detection of cancer. We aimed to investigate the genotoxic damage due to exposures in gasoline station attendants in Turkey. Genotoxicity was evaluated by the Comet, chromosomal aberration, and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Gasoline station attendants (n = 53) had higher tail length, tail intensity, and tail moment values than controls (n = 61). In gasoline station attendants (n = 46), the frequencies of chromatid gaps, chromosome gaps, and total aberrations were higher compared with controls (n = 59). Increased frequencies of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges were determined in gasoline station attendants (n = 47) compared with controls (n = 40). Factors such as age, duration of working, and smoking did not have any significant impact on genotoxic endpoints. Only exposure increased genotoxic damage in gasoline station attendants independently from demographic and clinical characteristics. Occupational exposure-related genotoxicity risk may increase in gasoline station attendants who are chronically exposed to gasoline and various chemicals in vehicle exhaust emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Elkama
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerem Şentürk
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Bensu Karahalil
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
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Xu F, Wang B, Hu J, Cai N, Han L, Jiang M, Zhao Y, Zhu B. Optimization of benzene exposure risk assessment: An integrated approach utilizing internal and external concentrations with a focus on biomarkers S-PMA & t, t-MA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171719. [PMID: 38490405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In the majority of occupational settings within China, the concentrations of benzene are observed to fall markedly below the demarcated detection thresholds. Employing traditional risk assessment models, the presence of exceptionally low airborne benzene exposure concentrations may infuse heightened degrees of uncertainty. Consequently, the necessity arises to investigate risk assessment methodologies more apt for the prevalent exposure environment among employees. In the present study, a pharmacokinetic model premised on urinary benzene metabolites (S-PMA and t, t-MA) was employed to ascertain a more precise daily airborne benzene exposure concentration per individual. This value was integrated into the linear multistage model as the 'internal exposure concentration'. In conjunction with the U.S National Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) inhalation risk assessment model predicated on the external exposure concentration, the Singapore Ministry of Manpower's (MOM) model, and the linear multistage (LMS) model, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of benzene were evaluated for 1781 benzene-exposed employees across 76 enterprises in Jiangsu Province. Findings suggest that in the linear multilevel model assessment, the cancer risk levels based on t, t-MA and S-PMA were higher in the printing and recording media reproduction industry, automobile manufacturing industry, general equipment manufacturing industry and the furniture manufacturing industry (median 2.842 × 10-4, 2.819 × 10-4, 2.809 × 10-4, and 2.678 × 10-4), which align more consistently with the actual benzene exposure circumstances of each industry's study participants, with overall risk levels calculated by the linear multistage model exceeding those of the EPA inhalation risk assessment model and the MOM model. This implies that the linear multistage model of internal exposure, based on the reciprocal of benzene biomarkers S-PMA and t, t-MA for airborne benzene exposure, presents enhanced sensitivity and suitability for the current occupational health risk assessment of workers. Without doubt, biomarker-based benzene exposure risk assessment emerges as the optimal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Boshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Preventive Medical Association, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Na Cai
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lei Han
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Preventive Medical Association, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minyun Jiang
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Preventive Medical Association, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Cheng PK, Ponnusamy VK, Prakasham K, Huang HI, Chang WT, Huang PC. Exposure and risk assessment of urinary trans, trans-Muconic acid in school-age children in the vicinity of a petrochemical complex in Central Taiwan. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1234823. [PMID: 37732090 PMCID: PMC10507417 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1234823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
School-age children living near large petrochemical factories may be at high risk of exposure to benzene released during manufacturing processes. We aimed to investigate the urinary concentrations of trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in school-age children living near a petrochemical complex and to estimate their cumulative risk of benzene exposure. We examined an established cohort (Taiwan Petrochemical Complex Cohort for Children, TPE3C) of school-age children (aged 6-13 years) who lived near large petrochemical factories in central Taiwan between October 2013 and September 2014. The cohort comprised 297 children from five elementary schools, namely S.-C. Branch (n = 63, school A, ~0.9 km), F.-A. (n = 51, school B, ~2.7 km), C.-T. (n = 63, school C, ~5.5 km), M.-L. (n = 54, school D, ~6.9 km), and L.-F. (n = 66, school E, ~8.6 km). We analyzed the urinary t,t-MA levels of each participant and estimated their daily intake of benzene. We also performed multiple regression analysis to investigate potential risk factors for a high urinary t,t-MA level in the study cohort. The median urinary t,t-MA levels and median estimated benzene daily intake of the children from each school were as follows: school A, 64.07 ng/mL, 11.13 μg/kg/day; school B, 61.01 ng/mL, 15.32 μg/kg/day; school C, 59.38 ng/mL, 14.81 μg/kg/day; school D, 42.35 ng/mL, 11.67 μg/kg/day; school E, undetected, 0.14 μg/kg/day. The distance between a school and a petrochemical complex (greater distance: β = -0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.52 to 0.00, p = 0.053), and the age of the children (older age: β = -3.44, 95% CI = -5.90 to -1.46, p < 0.001) were identified as potential risk factors. After confounders were adjusted for, the creatinine adjusted urinary t,t-MA levels of the school-age children tended to be lower when the distance between their school and a petrochemical complex was greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Keng Cheng
- Department of Finance and Cooperative Management, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Karthikeyan Prakasham
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, and Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Abstract
Historically, benzene has been widely used in a large variety of applications. Occupational exposure limits (OELs) were set for benzene as it was found to be acutely toxic, causing central nervous system depression at high exposures. OELs were lowered when it was discovered that chronic exposure to benzene could cause haematotoxicity. After confirmation that benzene is a human carcinogen causing acute myeloid leukaemia and possibly other blood malignancies, OEL were further lowered. The industrial application of benzene as solvent is almost completely discontinued but it is still used as feedstock for the production of other materials, such as styrene. Occupational exposure to benzene may also occur since it is present in crude oil, natural gas condensate and a variety of petroleum products and because benzene can be formed in combustion of organic material. In the past few years, lower OELs for benzene in the range of 0.05-0.25 ppm have been proposed or were already established to protect workers from benzene-induced cancer. The skin is an important potential route of exposure and relatively more important at lower OELs. Consequently, human biomonitoring - which integrates all exposure routes - is routinely applied to control overall exposure to benzene. Several potential biomarkers have been proposed and investigated. For compliance check of the current low OELs, urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), urinary benzene and blood benzene are feasible biomarkers. S-PMA appears to be the most promising biomarker but proper validation of biomarker levels corresponding to airborne benzene concentrations below 0.25 ppm are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Boogaard
- AFSG - Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Cui S, Pang B, Yan H, Wu B, Li M, Xing C, Li J. Using Urinary Biomarkers to Estimate the Benzene Exposure Levels in Individuals Exposed to Benzene. TOXICS 2022; 10:636. [PMID: 36355928 PMCID: PMC9698901 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urinary benzene metabolites trans, trans-muconic acid (t, t-MA), and S-phenyl mercapturic acid (S-PMA) are often used as biomarkers of internal exposure to benzene. However, there are few reports on using urinary benzene metabolites to estimate airborne benzene concentrations in individuals exposed to benzene. In this study, t, t-MA, and S-PMA were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS, and a simple pharmacokinetic model was used to calculate the daily intake (DI) of benzene based on the levels of urinary t, t-MA, and S-PMA in occupational individuals. The back-calculated airborne benzene levels (BCABL) were obtained from the DI of benzene. Among the exposed subjects (n = 84), the median BCABL (3.67 mg/m3) based on t, t-MA was very close to the median level of measured airborne benzene (3.27 mg/m3, p = 0.171), and there was no effect of smoking or dietary habits on t, t-MA-based BCABL. In the control subjects (n = 49), the levels of measured airborne benzene were all below the quantitation limit (0.024 mg/m3), and the BCABL (0.002-0.25 mg/m3) calculated by S-PMA was close to this background level. Our study suggests that the t, t-MA-based BCABL can reflect the actual airborne benzene level in a range of 1.10-86.91 mg/m3 and that the S-PMA-based BCABL is more reliable for non-professional benzene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Cui
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huifang Yan
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Occupational Health, Jinan Railway Disease Control and Prevention Center, Jinan 250001, China
| | - Caihong Xing
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Hygienic Inspection, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Tabatabaei Z, Hoseini M, Fararooei M, Shamsedini N, Baghapour MA. Biomonitoring of BTEX in primary school children exposed to hookah smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:69008-69021. [PMID: 35554839 PMCID: PMC9100313 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hookah smoking is one of the major indoor sources of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). This study aimed to investigate the potential exposure to BTEX among primary school children, particularly those exposed to hookah smoke. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Khesht, one of the southwestern cities in Iran, in mid-June 2020. Totally, 50 primary school children exposed to hookah smoke were chosen as the case group and 50 primary school children were selected as the control group. Urinary un-metabolized BTEX was measured by a headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, a detailed questionnaire was used to gather data and information from the students' parents. The mean levels of urinary benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene were 1.44, 5.87, 2.49, 6.93, and 7.17 μg/L, respectively in the exposed children. Urinary BTEX was 3.93-folds higher in the case group than in the controls (p<0.05). Household cleaning products, the floor on which the house was located, children's sleeping place, and playing outdoors were found to be important factors in predicting urinary BTEX levels. Overall, it was found necessary to avoid indoor smoking to prevent the emission of BTEX compounds via exhaled mainstream smoke and to protect vulnerable non-smokers, especially children, from exposure to second-hand and third-hand smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Tabatabaei
- Department of Environment Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fararooei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Shamsedini
- Department of Environment Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Fars Water and Wastewater Company, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Baghapour
- Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Verma N, Pandit S, Gupta PK, Kumar S, Kumar A, Giri SK, Yadav G, Priya K. Occupational health hazards and wide spectrum of genetic damage by the organic solvent fumes at the workplace: A critical appraisal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:30954-30966. [PMID: 35102507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to organic solvents is known to affect human health posing serious occupational hazards. Organic solvents are genotoxic, and they can cause genetic changes in the exposed employees' somatic or germ cells. Chemicals such as benzene, toluene, and gasoline induce an excessive amount of genotoxicity results either in genetic polymorphism or culminates in deleterious mutations when concentration crosses the threshold limits. The impact of genotoxicity is directly related to the time of exposure, types, and quantum of solvent. Genotoxicity affects almost all the physiological systems, but the most vulnerable ones are the nervous system, reproductive system, and blood circulatory system. Based on the available literature report, we propose to evaluate the outcomes of such chemicals on the exposed humans at the workplace. Attempts would be made to ascertain if the long-term exposure makes a person resistant to such chemicals. This may seem to be a far-fetched idea but has not been studied. The health prospect of this study is envisaged to complement the already existing data facilitating a deeper understanding of the genotoxicity across the population. This would also demonstrate if it correlates with the demographic profile of the population and contributes to comorbidity and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Verma
- Deptt. of Life Sciences, SBSR, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Deptt. of Life Sciences, SBSR, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Deptt. of Life Sciences, SBSR, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Deptt. of Life Sciences, SBSR, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak Haryana, HR, 124001, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Giri
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, HP, India
| | - Gulab Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Agrasen University, Baddi, HP, India
| | - Kanu Priya
- Deptt. of Life Sciences, SBSR, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India.
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Yang EH, Nam DJ, Lee HC, Shin SS, Ryoo JH. Association between urinary trans,trans-muconic acid and diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015-2017). Ann Occup Environ Med 2021; 33:e35. [PMID: 35096399 PMCID: PMC8770538 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzene is a ubiquitous air pollutant that is well known to cause hematopoietic effects in humans including leukemia. Recently, several studies have discussed its non-carcinogenic effects such as diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the association between diabetes and urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), one of benzene metabolite, using adult data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 3 (2015-2017). METHODS This study analyzed 3,777 adults (1,645 men and 2,132 women) from the KoNEHS cycle 3 (2015-2017). The distribution and fraction of each independent variable were presented separately according to the urinary benzene metabolite levels (t,t-MA quartiles) and diabetes to determine the general characteristics of the subjects. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression after stratification by gender and smoking status to identify the association between urinary t,t-MA and diabetes. RESULTS Compared with the first quartile (reference), the risk of diabetes significantly increased above the 4th (1.834 [1.107-3.039]) quartile in men and above the 3rd (1.826 [1.095-3.044]) and 4th (2.243 [1.332-3.776]) quartiles in women after adjustment. Stratified analysis based on smoking revealed that the ORs for the 3rd (1.847 [1.146-2.976]) and 4th (1.862 [1.136-3.052]) quartiles in non-smokers and those for the 2nd (1.721 [1.046-2.832]), 3rd (1.797 [1.059-3.050]), and 4th (2.546 [1.509-4.293]) quartiles in smokers were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that urinary t,t-MA is significantly associated with diabetes regardless of gender and smoking status. And further studies are necessary to access the clinical impacts of this findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Yang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Jin Nam
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Choon Lee
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Su Shin
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Ryoo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Ramírez‐Lopera V, Uribe‐Castro D, Bautista‐Amorocho H, Silva‐Sayago JA, Mateus‐Sánchez E, Ardila‐Barbosa WY, Pérez‐Cala TL. The effects of genetic polymorphisms on benzene-exposed workers: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e327. [PMID: 34295994 PMCID: PMC8284097 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Benzene is a group I carcinogen, which has been associated with leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Moreover, it has been proposed that polymorphisms in benzene metabolizing genes influence the outcomes of benzene exposure in the human body. This systematic review aims to elucidate the existent relationship between genetic polymorphisms and the risk of developing adverse health effects in benzene-exposed workers. METHODS Three databases were systematically searched until April 2020. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses method was used to select articles published between 2005 and 2020. Quality assessment and risk of bias were evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS After full-text evaluation, 36 articles remained out of 645 initially screened. The most studied health effects within the reviewed papers were chronic benzene poisoning, hematotoxicity, altered urinary biomarkers of exposure, micronucleus/chromosomal aberrations, and gene methylation. Furthermore, some polymorphisms on NQO1, GSTT1, GSTM1, MPO, and CYP2E1, among other genes, showed a statistically significant relationship with an increased risk of developing at least one of these effects on benzene-exposed workers. However, there was no consensus among the reviewed papers on which specific polymorphisms were the ones associated with the adverse health-related outcomes, except for the NQO1 rs1800566 and the GSTT1 null genotypes. Additionally, the smoking habit was identified as a confounder, demonstrating worse health outcomes in exposed workers that smoked. CONCLUSION Though there is a positive relationship between genetic polymorphisms and detrimental health outcomes for benzene-exposed workers, broader benzene-exposed cohorts that take into account the genetic diversity of the population are needed in order to determine which specific polymorphisms incur in health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Ramírez‐Lopera
- Bacterias & Cáncer Group, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Daniel Uribe‐Castro
- Bacterias & Cáncer Group, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - Henry Bautista‐Amorocho
- Bacterias & Cáncer Group, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Humano, Tejido Social e Innovaciones Tecnológicas—GIDTI, Programa Administración en Salud OcupacionalCentro Regional Bucaramanga, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de DiosBucaramangaColombia
| | - Jorge Alexander Silva‐Sayago
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Humano, Tejido Social e Innovaciones Tecnológicas—GIDTI, Programa Administración en Salud OcupacionalCentro Regional Bucaramanga, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de DiosBucaramangaColombia
| | - Enrique Mateus‐Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Humano, Tejido Social e Innovaciones Tecnológicas—GIDTI, Programa de PsicologíaCentro Regional Bucaramanga, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de DiosBucaramangaColombia
| | - Wilman Yesid Ardila‐Barbosa
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollo Humano, Tejido Social e Innovaciones Tecnológicas—GIDTI, Programa Administración en Salud OcupacionalCentro Regional Bucaramanga, Corporación Universitaria Minuto de DiosBucaramangaColombia
| | - Tania Liseth Pérez‐Cala
- Bacterias & Cáncer Group, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of MedicineUniversidad de AntioquiaMedellínColombia
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Zhang D, Liu J, Liu M, Liu L, Do D. On the capture of ultralow-level benzene in indoor environments: Experiments, modeling and molecular simulation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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The exposure level of environmental harmful substances related to the secondhand smoke in Korean non-smoker adults: data from the second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS 2012-2014): a cross-sectional study. Ann Occup Environ Med 2019; 31:e30. [PMID: 31737285 PMCID: PMC6850792 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2019.31.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to find the exposure level of environmental harmful substances related to the secondhand smoke (SHS) using a nationally representative data of the general population in Korea. Methods Total 3,533 people were included in this study. We compared the proportion exceeding 95 percentile of the concentrations of harmful substances by sex according to SHS exposure. 16 kinds of substances related to tobacco smoke were analyzed including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and environmental phenol. For 16 kinds of substances, the odds ratios (ORs) for exceeding 95 percentile of each harmful substance were calculated by multiple logistic regression according to SHS exposure. Age, education level, marital status, body mass index, drinking, and exercise were adjusted as covariates. Cotinine level was additionally adjusted to increase reliability of our results. Results SHS was associated with high exposure of mercury, methylhippuric acid, fluorene, and cotinine. In women, SHS was associated with mercury, methylhippuric acid, fluorene, and cotinine, while in men, it was associated with cotinine. After adjusting covariates, ORs of blood mercury, methylhippuric acid and hydroxyfluorene in the exposed gruop were greater than that in the non-exposed group. Especially in female, methylhippuric acid and hydroxyfluorene showed consistent result. Conclusions Our finding demonstrates that SHS is related to several harmful substances. Therefore, to reduce the health effects of SHS, it is necessary to educate and publicize the risk of SHS. Future studies are necessary to more accurately analyze factors such as exposure frequency, time, and pathway of SHS.
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Campo L, Bechtold P, Borsari L, Fustinoni S. A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:479-519. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1630362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Bechtold
- Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Borsari
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Environmental and Industrial Toxicology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Belingheri M, Fustinoni S, De Vito G, Porro A, Riva MA. Benzene and leukemia: from scientific evidence to regulations. A historical example. LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 2019; 110:234-240. [PMID: 31268430 PMCID: PMC7812544 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v110i3.7995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzene is a highly flammable, highly volatile liquid aromatic hydrocarbon. It has been used in many industrial processes as a solvent or a starting material. At the beginning of the twentieth century, it was very widely used in the workplace, especially in printing and in the shoe manufacturing and rubber industries. Although benzene was first recognized to cause aplastic anemia, its association with leukemia has been investigated only since the 1930s. In 1963, Italy was one of the first countries in the world to adopt a law to ban benzene as a solvent in work activities. OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the contribution of the Clinica del Lavoro in Milan, Italy, to studies of the relationship between exposure to benzene and leukemia. METHODS Scientific literature and historical sources on benzene and leukemia in the twentieth century were reviewed, and interviews with a first-hand witness of that period were conducted. RESULTS By 1928, several scholars had reported anecdotal cases of leukemia among workers exposed to benzene. Enrico Vigliani was the first to collect all of these cases and to try to conduct statistical analysis on these data, in order to support the association between benzene and leukemia. In the 1960s, Vigliani and Alessandra Forni showed that benzene could cause chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow that could produce leukemic clones. CONCLUSIONS As a result of these studies and the subsequent regulations which banned benzene, exposure conditions changed in the workplace in the last few decades. The resulting low concentrations have prompted researchers to investigate new exposure biomarkers and to study any related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Belingheri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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15
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Chappuis TH, Pham Ho BA, Ceillier M, Ricoul F, Alessio M, Beche JF, Corne C, Besson G, Vial J, Thiébaut D, Bourlon B. Miniaturization of breath sampling with silicon chip: application to volatile tobacco markers tracking. J Breath Res 2018; 12:046011. [PMID: 30008462 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aad384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the performances of silicon micro-preconcentrators chips for breath sampling. The silicon chips were coupled to a handheld battery powered system for breath sampling and direct injection in a laboratory gas chromatography mass spectrometry system through thermal desorption (TD). Performances of micro-preconcentrators were first compared to commercial TD for benzene trapping. Similar chromatographic peaks after gas chromatographic separation were observed while the volume of sample needed was reduced by a factor of 5. Repeatability and day to day variability of the micro-preconcentrators were then studied for a 500 ppb synthetic model mixture injected three times a day four days in a row: 8% and 12% were measured respectively. Micro-preconcentrator to micro-preconcentrator variability was not significant compared to day to day variability. In addition, micro-preconcentrators were tested for breath samples collected in Tedlar® bags. Three analyses of the same breath sample displayed relative standard deviations values below 16% for eight of the ten most intense peaks. Finally, the performances of micro-preconcentrators for breath sampling on a single expiration were illustrated with the example of volatile tobacco markers tracking. The signals of three smoking markers in breath, benzene, 2,5-dimethylfuran, and toluene were studied. Concentrations of benzene and toluene were found to be 10 to 100 higher in the breath of smokers. 2,5-dimethylfuran was only found in the breath of smokers. The elimination kinetics of the markers were followed as well during 4 h: a fast decrease of the signal of the three markers in breath was observed 20 min after smoking in good agreement with what is described in the literature. Those results demonstrate the efficiency of silicon chips for breath sampling, compared to the state of the art techniques. Thanks to miniaturization and lower sample volumes needed, micro-preconcentrators could be in the future a key technology towards portable breath sampling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hector Chappuis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38000 Grenoble, France. UMR 8231 CBI, LSABM, ESPCI Paris-CNRS, PSL Institute, Paris, France
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16
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Rafiee A, Delgado-Saborit JM, Gordi E, Quémerais B, Kazemi Moghadam V, Lu W, Hashemi F, Hoseini M. Use of urinary biomarkers to characterize occupational exposure to BTEX in healthcare waste autoclave operators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:857-865. [PMID: 29727996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Urinary benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) can be used as a reliable biomarker of exposure to these pollutants. This study was aimed to investigate the urinary BTEX concentration in operators of healthcare waste (HCW) autoclaves. This cross-sectional study was conducted in selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran between April and June 2017. Twenty operators (as the case group) and twenty control subjects were enrolled in the study. Personal urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of the work shift. Urinary BTEX were measured by a headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A detailed questionnaire was used to gather information from subjects. Results showed that the median of urinary benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-p xylene, and o-xylene levels in the exposed group were 3.26, 3.36, 0.84, 3.94 and 4.48 μg/L, respectively. With the exception of ethylbenzene, subjects in the exposed group had significantly higher urinary BTEX levels than control group (p < 0.05). Urinary BTEX concentrations in the exposed case group were 2.5-fold higher than in the control group. There was a significant relationship between the amount of generated waste per day and the urinary BTEX in the exposed group. Smoking status and type of autoclave used were also identified as predictors of urinary BTEX concentrations. The healthcare waste treatment autoclaves can be considered as a significant BTEX exposure source for operators working with these treatment facilities. The appropriate personal protection equipment and control measures capable in reducing BTEX exposure should be provided to HCW workers to reduce their exposures to BTEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Rafiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elham Gordi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
| | | | | | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fallah Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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KOH DH, LEE MY, CHUNG EK, JANG JK, PARK DU. Comparison of personal air benzene and urine t,t-muconic acid as a benzene exposure surrogate during turnaround maintenance in petrochemical plants. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2018; 56:346-355. [PMID: 29643270 PMCID: PMC6066433 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that biomarkers of chemicals with long half-lives may be better surrogates of exposure for epidemiological analyses, leading to less attenuation of the exposure-disease association, than personal air samples. However, chemicals with short half-lives have shown inconsistent results. In the present study, we compared pairs of personal air benzene and its short-half-life urinary metabolite trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), and predicted attenuation bias of theoretical exposure-disease association. Total 669 pairs of personal air benzene and urine t,t-MA samples were taken from 474 male workers during turnaround maintenance operations held in seven petrochemical plants. Maintenance jobs were classified into 13 groups. Variance components were calculated for personal air benzene and urine t,t-MA separately to estimate the attenuation of the theoretical exposure-disease association. Personal air benzene and urine t,t-MA showed similar attenuation of the theoretical exposure-disease association. Analyses for repeated measurements showed similar results, while in analyses for values above the limits of detection (LODs), urine t,t-MA showed less attenuation of the theoretical exposure-disease association than personal air benzene. Our findings suggest that there may be no significant difference in attenuation bias when personal air benzene or urine t,t-MA is used as a surrogate for benzene exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee KOH
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
International St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Korea
| | - Mi-Young LEE
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea
Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyo CHUNG
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea
Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Korea
| | - Jae-Kil JANG
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea
Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk PARK
- Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open
University, Korea
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18
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Biomonitoring of Urinary Benzene Metabolite SPMA in the General Population in Central Italy. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6030037. [PMID: 29997369 PMCID: PMC6161128 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Benzene is an important component of cigarette smoke and car exhaust. Products containing benzene in concentrations greater than 0.1% are prohibited in Europe, but 1% of benzene is still allowed in gasoline. The purpose of the study was to assess the levels of urine benzene biomarkers in a sample of the general population not occupationally exposed to benzene, resident in the period 2013–2014 in Central Italy, compared to other groups. Methods: The urinary levels of the benzene metabolites S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (SPMA) and cotinine (nicotine metabolite) were determined by means of HPLC with mass spectrometric detection in 1076 subjects. Results: The median SPMA value in smokers was 1.132 µg/g of creatinine while in non-smokers it was 0.097 µg/g of creatinine, and the 95th percentile results were seven times higher. Conclusion: The main source of benzene exposure in the studied population was active smoking, however, non-smokers were also exposed to airborne benzene concentrations. The concentration ranges found in this study can be used as a background reference for occupational exposure assessment to benzene by means of SPMA biomonitoring.
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19
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Rota F, Conti A, Campo L, Favero C, Cantone L, Motta V, Polledri E, Mercadante R, Dieci G, Bollati V, Fustinoni S. Epigenetic and Transcriptional Modifications in Repetitive Elements in Petrol Station Workers Exposed to Benzene and MTBE. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E735. [PMID: 29649143 PMCID: PMC5923777 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Benzene, a known human carcinogen, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity, are fuel-related pollutants. This study investigated the effect of these chemicals on epigenetic and transcriptional alterations in DNA repetitive elements. In 89 petrol station workers and 90 non-occupationally exposed subjects the transcriptional activity of retrotransposons (LINE-1, Alu), the methylation on repeated-element DNA, and of H3K9 histone, were investigated in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Median work shift exposure to benzene and MTBE was 59 and 408 µg/m³ in petrol station workers, and 4 and 3.5 µg/m³, in controls. Urinary benzene (BEN-U), S-phenylmercapturic acid, and MTBE were significantly higher in workers than in controls, while trans,trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) was comparable between the two groups. Increased BEN-U was associated with increased Alu-Y and Alu-J expression; moreover, increased tt-MA was associated with increased Alu-Y and Alu-J and LINE-1 (L1)-5'UTR expression. Among repetitive element methylation, only L1-Pa5 was hypomethylated in petrol station workers compared to controls. While L1-Ta and Alu-YD6 methylation was not associated with benzene exposure, a negative association with urinary MTBE was observed. The methylation status of histone H3K9 was not associated with either benzene or MTBE exposure. Overall, these findings only partially support previous observations linking benzene exposure with global DNA hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rota
- EPIGET, Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anastasia Conti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- Present address: San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Campo
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Favero
- EPIGET, Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Cantone
- EPIGET, Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valeria Motta
- EPIGET, Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa Polledri
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- EPIGET, Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Dieci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET, Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- EPIGET, Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi di Milano, via San Barnaba 8, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Occupational Medicine Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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20
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Biomonitoring-based exposure assessment of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene among workers at petroleum distribution facilities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:19-25. [PMID: 29145162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Pruneda-Alvarez LG, Ruíz-Vera T, Ochoa-Martínez AC, Pérez-Maldonado IN. Urinary trans-trans muconic acid (exposure biomarker to benzene) and hippuric acid (exposure biomarker to toluene) concentrations in Mexican women living in high-risk scenarios of air pollution. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2017; 72:351-358. [PMID: 27982738 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2016.1272539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA; exposure biomarker for benzene) and hippuric acid (HA; exposure biomarker for toluene) concentrations in the urine of women living in Mexico. In a cross-sectional study, apparently healthy women (n = 104) were voluntarily recruited from localities with a high risk of air pollution; t,t-MA and HA in urine were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Mean urinary levels of t,t-MA ranged from 680 to 1,310 μg/g creatinine. Mean values of HA ranged from 0.38 to 0.87 g/g creatinine. In conclusion, compared to data recently reported in literature, we found high urinary levels of t,t-MA and HA in assessed women participating in this study. We therefore deem the implementation of a strategy aimed at the reduction of exposure as a necessary measure for the evaluated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía G Pruneda-Alvarez
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Tania Ruíz-Vera
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Angeles C Ochoa-Martínez
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Iván N Pérez-Maldonado
- a Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , San Luis Potosí , México
- c Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Media, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Rio Verde, San Luis Potosí , México
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Gadhia PK, Thumbar RP, Kevadiya B. Cytome Assay of Buccal Epithelium for Bio-monitoring Genotoxic Assessment of Benzene Exposure among Petrol Pump Attendants. INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2010.11886112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K. Gadhia
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Rahul P. Thumbar
- Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavesh Kevadiya
- Department of chemistry, Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
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Tranfo G, Pigini D, Paci E, Marini F, Bonanni RC. Association of exposure to benzene and smoking with oxidative damage to nucleic acids by means of biological monitoring of general population volunteers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13885-13894. [PMID: 26971514 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the validation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) isotopic dilution method for the determination of benzene and nicotine metabolites in urine was carried out. Limit of detection are 0.026 μg/L for S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), 0.55 μg/L for t,t-muconic acid (t,t-MA), and 12.41 μg/L for the cotinine, and the relative combined uncertainty was also calculated. The study involves 446 healthy volunteer residents since at least 10 years in an area of central Italy. SPMA resulted to be strongly correlated with cotinine (p = 0.75), its concentration in smokers (93) being about ten times than in non/ex-smokers (197/156), while the t,t-MA of smokers is about twice the non/ex-smokers value. A cutoff value for the definition of smoker is set at 100 μg/g creat. Oxidative stress was studied in smokers and non- and ex-smokers by means of the determination of the biomarkers 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo), 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo), and 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua): no significant differences were found between smokers and non/ex-smokers, but when subjects are classified according to the cotinine cutoff value, a correlation in smokers' urinary 8-oxodGuo is found with SPMA and cotinine (p = 0.60 and p = 0.57). Results were confirmed by chemometric analysis that also identified the experimental variables most contributing the discrimination as cotinine and t,t-MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tranfo
- INAIL, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Research Area of Monte Porzio Catone, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - D Pigini
- INAIL, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Research Area of Monte Porzio Catone, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - E Paci
- INAIL, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Research Area of Monte Porzio Catone, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - F Marini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - R C Bonanni
- INAIL, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Research Area of Monte Porzio Catone, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Sun R, Zhang J, Wei H, Meng X, Ding Q, Sun F, Cao M, Yin L, Pu Y. Acetyl-l-carnitine partially prevents benzene-induced hematotoxicity and oxidative stress in C3H/He mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 51:108-113. [PMID: 28233701 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is an environmental pollutant and occupational toxicant which induces hematotoxicity. Our previous metabonomics study suggested that acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR) decreased in the mouse plasma and bone marrow (BM) cells due to benzene exposure. In the present study, the topic on whether ALCAR influences hematotoxicity caused by benzene exposure was explored. Thirty-two male C3H/He mice were divided into four groups: control group (C: vehicle, oil), benzene group (150mg/kg body weight (b.w.) benzene), benzene+A1 group (150mg/kg b.w. benzene+100mg/kg b.w. ALCAR), and benzene+A2 group (150mg/kg b.w. benzene+200mg/kg b.w. ALCAR). Benzene was injected subcutaneously, and ALCAR was orally administrated via gavage once daily for 4 weeks consecutively. After the experimental period, the blood routine, BM cell number and frequency of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HS/PC) were assessed. The mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP level were determined to evaluate the mitochondrial function. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also examined, and the comet assay was performed to measure oxidative stress. Results showed that ALCAR intervention can partially reduce the benzene-induced damage on BM and HS/PCs and can simultaneously alleviate the DNA damage by reducing benzene-induced H2O2, ROS, and MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengxia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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In vitro hydroquinone-induced instauration of histone bivalent mark on human retroelements (LINE-1) in HL60 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 40:1-10. [PMID: 27979589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is extensively used in industry despite its leukemogenic activity, representing a significant occupational hazard. We investigated if long-term treatment with low-doses hydroquinone (HQ), a benzene metabolite, might be sufficient to alter in vitro the epigenetic signature underlining LINE-1 sequences, a poorly explored step in health risks associated with benzene exposure. In HL-60 cell line, exploring the epigenetic events occurring in chromatin, we found the transient instauration of the distinctive signature combining the repressive H3Lys27 tri-methylation mark and the activating H3Lys4 tri-methylation mark (H3K27me3/H3K4me3), indicating a tendency toward a poised chromatin conformation. These alterations are lost in time after short-term treatments, while the long-term setting, performed using a concentration within the levels of total HQ in peripheral blood of benzene-exposed workers, showed a gradual increase in H3K4me3. We observed the absence of statistically significant variations in DNA methylation and expression levels of LINE-1, despite a decrease in protein levels of UHRF1, DNA methyl-transferases and histone methyl-transferases. In conclusion, in vitro treatment with low-dose HQ determined the instauration of a reversible poised state of chromatin in LINE-1 sequences, suggesting that prolonged exposure could cause persistent epigenetic alterations.
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Kicinski M, Saenen ND, Viaene MK, Den Hond E, Schoeters G, Plusquin M, Nelen V, Bruckers L, Sioen I, Loots I, Baeyens W, Roels HA, Nawrot TS. Urinary t,t-muconic acid as a proxy-biomarker of car exhaust and neurobehavioral performance in 15-year olds. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:521-527. [PMID: 27569194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traffic-related air pollution has been shown to induce neurotoxicity in rodents. Several recent epidemiological studies reported negative associations between residential outdoor air pollution and neurobehavioral performance. We investigated in a population of non-smoker adolescents the associations between the urinary concentration of trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA-U), a metabolite of benzene and used as proxy-biomarker of traffic exposure, and two neurobehavioral domains, i.e. sustained attention and short-term memory. METHODS In the framework of an environmental health surveillance study in Flanders (Belgium), we examined between 2008 and 2014 grade nine high school students (n=895). We used reaction time, number of omission errors, and number of commission errors in the Continuous Performance Test to evaluate sustained attention, and for the evaluation of short-term memory we used maximum digit span forward and backward of the Digit Span Test. We measured blood lead (PbB) to assess the independent effect of t,t-MA-U on neurobehavioral outcomes. RESULTS This neurobehavioral examination study showed that a ten-fold increase in t,t-MA-U was associated with a 0.14 SD lower sustained attention (95% Confidence Interval: -0.26 to -0.019; p=0.02) and a 0.17 SD diminished short-term memory (95% CI: -0.31 to -0.030; p=0.02). For the same increment in t,t-MA-U, the Continuous Performance Test showed a 12.2ms higher mean reaction time (95% CI: 4.86-19.5; p=0.001) and 0.51 more numbers of errors of omission (95% CI: 0.057-0.97; p=0.028), while no significant association was found with errors of commission. For the Digit Span Tests, the maximum digit span forward was associated with a 0.20 lower number of digits (95% CI: -0.38 to -0.026; p=0.025) and maximum digit span backward with -0.15 digits (95% CI: -0.32 to 0.022; p=0.088). These associations were independent of PbB, parental education and other important covariates including gender, age, passive smoking, ethnicity, urinary creatinine, time of the day, and examination day of the week. For PbB, an independent association was only found with mean reaction time of the Continuous Performance Test (19.1ms, 95% CI: 2.43-35.8; p=0.025). CONCLUSIONS In adolescents, a ten-fold increase in the concentration of t,t-MA-U, used as a proxy-biomarker for traffic-related exposure, was associated with a significant deficit in sustained attention and short-term memory. The public health implications of this finding cannot be overlooked as the effect-size for these neurobehavioral domains was about 40% of the effect-size of parental education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kicinski
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Nelly D Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Mineke K Viaene
- Department of Neurology, Sint Dimphna Hospital, Geel, Belgium
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health, Mol, Belgium
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Vera Nelen
- Department of Health, Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Bruckers
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Sioen
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Loots
- Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Willy Baeyens
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry A Roels
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Environment & Health Unit, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium.
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Campo L, Rossella F, Mercadante R, Fustinoni S. Exposure to BTEX and Ethers in Petrol Station Attendants and Proposal of Biological Exposure Equivalents for Urinary Benzene and MTBE. THE ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:318-33. [PMID: 26667482 PMCID: PMC4886192 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess exposure to benzene (BEN) and other aromatic compounds (toluene, ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, o-xylene) (BTEX), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) in petrol station workers using air sampling and biological monitoring and to propose biological equivalents to occupational limit values. METHODS Eighty-nine petrol station workers and 90 control subjects were investigated. Personal exposure to airborne BTEX and ethers was assessed during a mid-week shift; urine samples were collected at the beginning of the work week, prior to and at the end of air sampling. RESULTS Petrol station workers had median airborne exposures to benzene and MTBE of 59 and 408 µg m(-3), respectively, with urinary benzene (BEN-U) and MTBE (MTBE-U) of 339 and 780 ng l(-1), respectively. Concentrations in petrol station workers were higher than in control subjects. There were significant positive correlations between airborne exposure and the corresponding biological marker, with Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.437 and 0.865 for benzene and MTBE, respectively. There was also a strong correlation between airborne benzene and urinary MTBE (r = 0.835). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the urinary levels of benzene were influenced by personal airborne exposure, urinary creatinine, and tobacco smoking [determination coefficient (R(2)) 0.572], while MTBE-U was influenced only by personal exposure (R(2) = 0.741). CONCLUSIONS BEN-U and MTBE-U are sensitive and specific biomarkers of low occupational exposures. We propose using BEN-U as biomarker of exposure to benzene in nonsmokers and suggest 1457 ng l(-1) in end shift urine samples as biological exposure equivalent to the EU occupational limit value of 1 p.p.m.; for both smokers and nonsmokers, MTBE-U may be proposed as a surrogate biomarker of benzene exposure, with a biological exposure equivalent of 22 µg l(-1) in end shift samples. For MTBE exposure, we suggest the use of MTBE-U with a biological exposure equivalent of 22 µg l(-1) corresponding to the occupational limit value of 50 p.p.m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8 - 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Rossella
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8 - 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Mercadante
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8 - 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via S. Barnaba, 8 - 20122 Milan, Italy
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Costa C, Ozcagli E, Gangemi S, Schembri F, Giambò F, Androutsopoulos V, Tsatsakis A, Fenga C. Molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and role of dietary factors in gasoline station attendants. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:30-5. [PMID: 26827788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to benzene promotes oxidative stress through the production of ROS, which can damage biological structures with the formation of new metabolites which can be used as markers of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. This study aims to assess modifications in circulating levels of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and serum reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) in a group of gasoline station attendants exposed to low-dose benzene and to evaluate the influence of antioxidant food intake on these biomarkers of oxidative stress. The diet adopted by the population examined consisted of compounds belonging to the classes of terpenoids, stilbenes and flavonoids, notably resveratrol, lycopene and apigenin. Ninety one gasoline station attendants occupationally exposed to benzene and 63 unexposed male office workers were recruited for this study. Urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) concentration, determined to assess individual exposure level, resulted significantly higher in exposed workers. In subjects exposed to benzene, we observed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in ROMs and AOPP levels, which were also negatively correlated with fruit and vegetables consumption. By contrast, AGE did not show a significant increase and consequently any relation with antioxidant food intake. Only ROMs, representing a global biomarker of oxidative status, resulted correlated to t,t-MA levels (p < 0.01), probably due to low-dose exposure. Increase of ROS induced by reactive benzene metabolites may promote specific biochemical pathways with a major production of AOPP, which seem to represent a more sensitive biochemical marker of oxidative stress in workers exposed to benzene compared to AGE. Furthermore, this is the first study demonstrating ROMs increment in subject exposed to benzene. These biomarkers may be useful for screening purposes in gasoline station workers and other subjects exposed to low-dose benzene. Moreover, a diet rich in fruits and vegetables demonstrated an inverse association with the levels of oxidative stress markers, suggesting a protective role of antioxidant food intake in workers exposed to oxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Costa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina. University Hospital "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Eren Ozcagli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Turkey
| | - Silvia Gangemi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section - University of Messina, University Hospital "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Schembri
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section - University of Messina, University Hospital "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Giambò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section - University of Messina, University Hospital "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Vasilis Androutsopoulos
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-functional Imaging, Occupational Medicine Section - University of Messina, University Hospital "G. Martino", 98125 Messina, Italy
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Carbonari D, Chiarella P, Mansi A, Pigini D, Iavicoli S, Tranfo G. Biomarkers of susceptibility following benzene exposure: influence of genetic polymorphisms on benzene metabolism and health effects. Biomark Med 2016; 10:145-63. [PMID: 26764284 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a ubiquitous occupational and environmental pollutant. Improved industrial hygiene allowed airborne concentrations close to the environmental context (1-1000 µg/m(3)). Conversely, new limits for benzene levels in urban air were set (5 µg/m(3)). The biomonitoring of exposure to such low benzene concentrations are performed measuring specific and sensitive biomarkers such as S-phenylmercapturic acid, trans, trans-muconic acid and urinary benzene: many studies referred high variability in the levels of these biomarkers, suggesting the involvement of polymorphic metabolic genes in the individual susceptibility to benzene toxicity. We reviewed the influence of metabolic polymorphisms on the biomarkers levels of benzene exposure and effect, in order to understand the real impact of benzene exposure on subjects with increased susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Carbonari
- INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Antonella Mansi
- INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Reaserch, Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology & Hygiene, Via Fontana Candida 1 - 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
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Majumdar D, Dutta C, Sen S. Inhalation exposure or body burden? Better way of estimating risk--An application of PBPK model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 41:54-61. [PMID: 26650798 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We aim to establish a new way for estimating the risk from internal dose or body burden due to exposure of benzene in human subject utilizing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. We also intend to verify its applicability on human subjects exposed to different levels of benzene. We estimated personal inhalation exposure of benzene for two occupational groups namely petrol pump workers and car drivers with respect to a control group, only environmentally exposed. Benzene in personal air was pre-concentrated on charcoal followed by chemical desorption and analysis by gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). We selected urinary trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) as biomarker of benzene exposure and measured its concentration using solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our estimated inhalation exposure of benzene was 137.5, 97.9 and 38.7 μg/m(3) for petrol pump workers, car drivers and environmentally exposed control groups respectively which resulted in urinary t,t-MA levels of 145.4±55.3, 112.6±63.5 and 60.0±34.9 μg g(-1) of creatinine, for the groups in the same order. We deduced a derivation for estimation of body burden from urinary metabolite concentration using PBPK model. Estimation of the internal dose or body burden of benzene in human subject has been made for the first time by the measurement of t,t-MA as a urinary metabolite using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model as a tool. The weight adjusted total body burden of benzene was estimated to be 17.6, 11.1 and 5.0 μg kg(-1) of body weight for petrol pump workers, drivers and the environmentally exposed control group, respectively using this method. We computed the carcinogenic risk using both the estimated internal benzene body burden and external exposure values using conventional method. Our study result shows that internal dose or body burden is not proportional to level of exposure rather have a non-linear relationship. At a higher exposure level such as for occupational exposure of petrol pump workers and drivers, the conventionally estimated risk is higher than risk estimated from internal body burden. Likewise, for environmental exposure the conventional risk estimation predict lower level than estimated in our study. This emphasizes the importance of body burden and to consider it as a key parameter while estimating health risk at varying level of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanjali Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India.
| | - Chirasree Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
| | - Subha Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, India
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Song MK, Ryu JC. Blood miRNAs as sensitive and specific biological indicators of environmental and occupational exposure to volatile organic compound (VOC). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2015; 218:590-602. [PMID: 26141241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is still shortage of highly sensitive and specific minimally invasive biomarkers for assessment of environmental toxicants exposure. Because of the significance of microRNA (miRNA) in various diseases, circulating miRNAs in blood may be unique biomarkers for minimally invasive prediction of toxicants exposure. We identified and validated characteristic miRNA expression profiles of human whole blood in workers exposed to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and compared the usefulness of miRNA indicator of VOCs with the effectiveness of the already used urinary biomarkers of occupational exposure. Using a microarray based approach we screened and detected deregulated miRNAs in their expression in workers exposed to VOCs (toluene [TOL], xylene [XYL] and ethylbenzene [EBZ]). Total 169 workers from four dockyards were enrolled in current study, and 50 subjects of them were used for miRNA microarray analysis. We identified 467 miRNAs for TOL, 211 miRNAs for XYL, and 695 miRNAs for XYL as characteristic discernible exposure indicator, which could discerned each VOC from the control group with higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity than urinary biomarkers. Current observations from this study point out that the altered levels of circulating miRNAs can be a reliable novel, minimally invasive biological indicator of occupational exposure to VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Song
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 13, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chun Ryu
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 13, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Human and Environmental Toxicology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-Ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea.
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Carbonari D, Mansi A, Proietto AR, Paci E, Bonanni RC, Gherardi M, Gatto MP, Sisto R, Tranfo G. Influence of genetic polymorphisms of styrene-metabolizing enzymes on the levels of urinary biomarkers of styrene exposure. Toxicol Lett 2015; 233:156-62. [PMID: 25562543 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Styrene exposure is still present in different occupational settings including manufacture of synthetic rubber, resins, polyesters and plastic. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of polymorphic genes CYP2E1, EPHX1, GSTT1, and GSTM1 on the urinary concentrations of the styrene metabolites mandelic acid (MA), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) and on the concentration ratios between (MA+PGA) and urinary styrene (U-Sty) and airborne styrene (A-Sty), in 30 workers from two fiberglass-reinforced plastic manufacturing plants and 26 unexposed controls. Personal air sampling and biological monitoring results revealed that sometimes exposure levels exceeded both the threshold limit value (TLV) and the biological exposure index (BEI) suggested by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. A significantly reduced excretion of styrene metabolites (MA+PGA) in individuals carrying the CYP2E1*5B and CYP2E1*6 heterozygote alleles, with respect to the homozygote wild type, was observed only in the exposed group. A reduction was also detected, in the same group, in subjects carrying the slow allele EPHX1 (codon 113), through the lowering of (MA+PGA)/urinary styrene concentration ratio. In addition, the ratio between MA+PGA and the personal airborne styrene concentration appeared to be modulated by the predicted mEH activity, in the exposed group, as evidenced by univariate linear regression analysis. Our results confirm some previous hypotheses about the role of the polymorphism of genes coding for enzymes involved in the styrene detoxification pathway: this may significantly reduce the levels of excreted metabolites and therefore it must be taken into account in the interpretation of the biological monitoring results for occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Carbonari
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Mansi
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Proietto
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Paci
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rossana Claudia Bonanni
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Gherardi
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Pia Gatto
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Renata Sisto
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
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Bader M, Van Weyenbergh T, Verwerft E, Van Pul J, Lang S, Oberlinner C. Human biomonitoring after chemical incidents and during short-term maintenance work as a tool for exposure analysis and assessment. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:328-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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De Palma G, Manno M. Metabolic polymorphisms and biomarkers of effect in the biomonitoring of occupational exposure to low-levels of benzene: state of the art. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:194-204. [PMID: 25447454 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current levels of occupational exposure to benzene, a genotoxic human carcinogen, in Western countries are reduced by two-three orders of magnitude (from ppm to ppb) as compared to the past. However, as benzene toxicity is strongly dependent on biotransformation and recent evidence underlines a higher efficiency of bio-activation pathways at lower levels of exposure, toxic effects at low doses could be higher than expected, particularly in susceptible individuals. Currently, biological monitoring can allow accurate exposure assessment, relying on sensitive and specific enough biomarkers of internal dose. The availability of similarly reliable biomarkers of early effect or susceptibility could greatly improve the risk assessment process to such an extent that risk could even be assessed at the individual level. As to susceptibility biomarkers, functional genetic polymorphisms of relevant biotransformation enzymes may modulate the risk of adverse effects (NQO1) and the levels of biomarkers of internal dose, in particular S-phenylmercapturic acid (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTA1). Among biomarkers of early effect, genotoxicity indicators, although sensitive in some cases, are too aspecific for routine use in occupational health surveillance programmes. Currently only the periodical blood cell count seems suitable enough to be applied in the longitudinal monitoring of effects from benzene exposure. Novel biomarkers of early effect are expected from higher collaboration among toxicologists and clinicians, also using advanced "omics" techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - M Manno
- Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Lovreglio P, Maffei F, Carrieri M, D’Errico MN, Drago I, Hrelia P, Bartolucci GB, Soleo L. Evaluation of chromosome aberration and micronucleus frequencies in blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to low concentrations of benzene. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 770:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Carbonari D, Proietto A, Fioretti M, Tranfo G, Paci E, Papacchini M, Mansi A. Influence of genetic polymorphism on t,t-MA/S-PMA ratio in 301 benzene exposed subjects. Toxicol Lett 2014; 231:205-12. [PMID: 24968062 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of polymorphic genes GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTA1, EHPX1, NQO1, CYP2E1, CYP1A and MPO on the urinary concentrations and ratio (R) of the benzene metabolites trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) and S-phenyl mercapturic acid (S-PMA) in 301 oil refinery workers. The metabolites' concentrations are lower and R is higher (100.66) in non-smokers (n=184) than in smokers (n=117, R=36.54). Non-smokers have lower S-PMA and a higher R in GSTT1 null genotypes than in positive, and a higher S-PMA and a lower R in GSTA1 wild type genotypes. In smokers the GSTT1 null genotype effect on both S-PMA and R is confirmed, and is also shown in GSTM1 null, but not in GSTA1 wild type genotypes. GSTT1 null polymorphism reduces the conjugation rate of benzene epoxide with GSH, and to a lesser extent also GSTTA1 mutant, GSTM1 null and NQO1 mutant genotypes. The activity of one GST is compensated by another in GSTM1 and GSTA1 defective subjects, but not in GSTT1 null genotypes, whose average S-PMA excretion is about 50% with respect to the positive ones, for the same benzene exposure. R showed to be a more sensitive marker for these effects than the metabolite levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Carbonari
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational Hygiene, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Annarita Proietto
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational Hygiene, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Fioretti
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational Hygiene, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational Medicine, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Paci
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational Medicine, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Papacchini
- INAIL Research, Department for Production Plants and Interactions with the Environment, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Mansi
- INAIL Research, Department of Occupational Hygiene, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
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Trevisan P, da Silva JN, da Silva AP, Rosa RFM, Paskulin GA, Thiesen FV, de Oliveira CAV, Zen PRG. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of benzene and its derivatives in workers of gas stations. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2195-2204. [PMID: 24292950 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The search for reliable biomarkers of human exposure to benzene and its derivatives is still subject of research. Many of the proposed biomarkers have limitations ranging from the low sensitivity to the wide variability of results. Thus, the aim of our study was to assess the frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities (CA) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in workers of gas stations, with (cases, n = 19) and without (local controls, n = 6) risk of exposure to benzene and its derivatives, comparing them with the results from the general population (external controls, n = 38). The blood dosages of benzene, toluene, and xylenes were measured in all participants. Blood solvent levels were compared with the findings obtained in cytogenetic evaluation and a research protocol which included data of the workplace, lifestyle, and health of the individuals. We did not detect the presence of benzene and its derivatives and did not find chromosomal damage that may be associated with the gas station activity in cases. Moreover, although we found an association of increased SCE and the working time in the local controls, the values found for SCE are within normal limits. Thus, our evaluation of SCE and CA reflected the levels of benzene and its derivatives observed in the blood. We believe, therefore, that SCE and CA may actually constitute possible tests for the evaluation of these exposures. However, we believe that further studies, including individuals at risk, are important to confirm this assertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Trevisan
- Postgraduation Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Borgie M, Garat A, Cazier F, Delbende A, Allorge D, Ledoux F, Courcot D, Shirali P, Dagher Z. Traffic-related air pollution. A pilot exposure assessment in Beirut, Lebanon. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:122-128. [PMID: 24184043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution has frequently been demonstrated to be a serious problem in the developing countries. Benzene and 1,3-butadiene (BD) have been classified as a human carcinogen based on evidence for an increased genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects in both occupational exposure assessment and in vivo/in vitro studies. We have undertaken a biomonitoring of 25 traffic policemen and 23 office policemen in Beirut, through personal air monitoring, assessed by diffusive samplers, as well as through the use of biomarkers of exposure to benzene and BD. Personal benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) exposure were quantified by GC-MS/MS, urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) by HPLC/UV, S-phenyl mercapturic acid (S-PMA), monohydroxy-butenyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) and dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI(-)-MS/MS) in MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) mode. We found that individual exposure to benzene in the traffic policemen was higher than that measured in traffic policemen in Prague, in Bologna, in Ioannina and in Bangkok. t,t-MA levels could distinguish between office and traffic policemen. However, median MHBMA levels in traffic policemen were slightly elevated, though not significantly higher than in office policemen. Alternatively, DHBMA concentrations could significantly distinguish between office and traffic policemen and showed a better correlation with personal total BTEX exposure. DHMBA, measured in the post-shift urine samples, correlated with both pre-shift MHMBA and pre-shift DHMBA. Moreover, there was not a marked effect of smoking habits on DHBMA. Taken together, these findings suggested that DHBMA is more suitable than MHBMA as biomarker of exposure to BD in humans. Traffic policemen, who are exposed to benzene and BD at the roadside in central Beirut, are potentially at a higher risk for development of diseases such as cancer than office policemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Borgie
- Unit of Environmental Chemistry and Interactions on Living, EA 4492, University of Littoral-Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France; University of Lille North of France, Lille, France; Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Lebanon
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Rive S, Hulin M, Baiz N, Hassani Y, Kigninlman H, Toloba Y, Caillaud D, Annesi-Maesano I. Urinary S-PMA related to indoor benzene and asthma in children. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 25:373-82. [PMID: 23796016 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.790522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benzene is a ubiquitous pollutant of both indoor and outdoor environments which impacts on respiratory health. Our aim was to relate urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA), a biomarker of benzene exposure, to benzene concentrations and related sources at home and asthma in a population-based sample of children. METHODS Exposure to benzene was assessed in the dwellings of 63 children (32 asthmatics and 31 controls) through the identification of sources of benzene and in situ assessments with passive samplers. The determination of urinary S-PMA was obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS At home, asthmatics were significantly more polluted by benzene levels from ambient sampling than controls (p ≤ 0.05). Benzene exposure significantly aggravated asthma symptoms overall in non-atopic children (OR = 10.10; 95% confidence interval: 10.10). Urinary S-PMA was significantly associated with benzene concentrations in the entire population (regression coefficient = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.07-0.49; p < 0.05) and asthma (OR = 7.69; 95% CI: 1.37-42.52 for an increase of 1 µg/g creatinine of urinary S-PMA). However, after adjustment for environmental tobacco smoking exposure, familial allergy, age and sex, the latter relationship was no more significant (OR = 4.95; 95% CI: 0.91-27.4, p < 0.10). Both benzene concentrations and urinary S-PMA concentrations were higher in dwelling built after 1948 and in flats. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a relationship between childhood asthma and benzene concentrations at home, even at low levels of this pollutant. This was confirmed when considering urinary S-PMA, which was related to both benzene concentrations and asthma. Further epidemiological and toxicological studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rive
- EPAR, U707, INSERM, Paris, France
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Campagna M, Satta G, Campo L, Flore V, Ibba A, Meloni M, Tocco MG, Avataneo G, Flore C, Fustinoni S, Cocco P. Analysis of potential influence factors on background urinary benzene concentration among a non-smoking, non-occupationally exposed general population sample. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:793-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ranzi A, Fustinoni S, Erspamer L, Campo L, Gatti MG, Bechtold P, Bonassi S, Trenti T, Goldoni CA, Bertazzi PA, Lauriola P. Biomonitoring of the general population living near a modern solid waste incinerator: a pilot study in Modena, Italy. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 61:88-97. [PMID: 24103350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND GOALS As part of the authorization process for the solid waste incinerator (SWI) in Modena, Italy, a human biomonitoring cross-sectional pilot study was conducted to investigate the degree to which people living and working in the proximity of the plant were exposed to SWI emissions. METHODS Between May and June 2010, 65 subjects living and working within 4km of the incinerator (exposed) and 103 subjects living and working outside this area (unexposed) were enrolled in the study. Blood, serum and urinary metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Mn, Ni), urinary benzene, toluene, xylene (BTEX), S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), and urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed. Information about lifestyle, anthropometric characteristics, residence, and health status was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) emitted from the SWI was estimated using fall-out maps from a quasi-Gaussian dispersion model. A multiple linear regression analysis investigated the relationship between biomarkers and the distance of a subject's place of residence from the SWI plant or the exposure to PM. RESULTS Urinary BTEX and SPMA and blood, serum and urinary metals showed no differences between exposed and unexposed subjects. PAHs were higher in exposed than in unexposed subjects for phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene (median levels: 9.5 vs. 7.2ng/L, 0.8 vs. <0.5ng/L and 1.6 vs. 1.3ng/L, respectively, p<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood Cd and Hg and urinary Mn, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene were inversely correlated to the distance of a subject's residence from the SWI. Urinary Mn, fluorene and phenanthrene were directly correlated to PM exposure. CONCLUSIONS This study, although not representative of the general population, suggests that specific biomarkers may provide information about the degree of exposure the subjects working and living in the proximity of the SWI plant may have to emissions from that facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ranzi
- Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia-Romagna, Modena, Italy
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Song MK, Song M, Choi HS, Park YK, Ryu JC. Discovery of a characteristic molecular signature by microarray analysis of whole-blood gene expression in workers exposed to volatile organic compounds. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Arnold SM, Angerer J, Boogaard PJ, Hughes MF, O'Lone RB, Robison SH, Schnatter AR. The use of biomonitoring data in exposure and human health risk assessment: benzene case study. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:119-53. [PMID: 23346981 PMCID: PMC3585443 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.756455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract A framework of "Common Criteria" (i.e. a series of questions) has been developed to inform the use and evaluation of biomonitoring data in the context of human exposure and risk assessment. The data-rich chemical benzene was selected for use in a case study to assess whether refinement of the Common Criteria framework was necessary, and to gain additional perspective on approaches for integrating biomonitoring data into a risk-based context. The available data for benzene satisfied most of the Common Criteria and allowed for a risk-based evaluation of the benzene biomonitoring data. In general, biomarker (blood benzene, urinary benzene and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid) central tendency (i.e. mean, median and geometric mean) concentrations for non-smokers are at or below the predicted blood or urine concentrations that would correspond to exposure at the US Environmental Protection Agency reference concentration (30 µg/m(3)), but greater than blood or urine concentrations relating to the air concentration at the 1 × 10(-5) excess cancer risk (2.9 µg/m(3)). Smokers clearly have higher levels of benzene exposure, and biomarker levels of benzene for non-smokers are generally consistent with ambient air monitoring results. While some biomarkers of benzene are specific indicators of exposure, the interpretation of benzene biomonitoring levels in a health-risk context are complicated by issues associated with short half-lives and gaps in knowledge regarding the relationship between the biomarkers and subsequent toxic effects.
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Seow WJ, Pesatori AC, Dimont E, Farmer PB, Albetti B, Ettinger AS, Bollati V, Bolognesi C, Roggieri P, Panev TI, Georgieva T, Merlo DF, Bertazzi PA, Baccarelli AA. Urinary benzene biomarkers and DNA methylation in Bulgarian petrochemical workers: study findings and comparison of linear and beta regression models. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50471. [PMID: 23227177 PMCID: PMC3515615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic occupational exposure to benzene is associated with an increased risk of hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. The main objective of this study was to investigate the association between benzene exposure and DNA methylation, both in repeated elements and candidate genes, in a population of 158 Bulgarian petrochemical workers and 50 unexposed office workers. Exposure assessment included personal monitoring of airborne benzene at work and urinary biomarkers of benzene metabolism (S-phenylmercapturic acid [SPMA] and trans,trans-muconic acid [t,t-MA]) at the end of the work-shift. The median levels of airborne benzene, SPMA and t,t-MA in workers were 0.46 ppm, 15.5 µg/L and 711 µg/L respectively, and exposure levels were significantly lower in the controls. Repeated-element DNA methylation was measured in Alu and LINE-1, and gene-specific methylation in MAGE and p15. DNA methylation levels were not significantly different between exposed workers and controls (P>0.05). Both ordinary least squares (OLS) and beta-regression models were used to estimate benzene-methylation associations. Beta-regression showed better model specification, as reflected in improved coefficient of determination (pseudo R(2)) and Akaike's information criterion (AIC). In beta-regression, we found statistically significant reductions in LINE-1 (-0.15%, P<0.01) and p15 (-0.096%, P<0.01) mean methylation levels with each interquartile range (IQR) increase in SPMA. This study showed statistically significant but weak associations of LINE-1 and p15 hypomethylation with SPMA in Bulgarian petrochemical workers. We showed that beta-regression is more appropriate than OLS regression for fitting methylation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie Seow
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Protano C, Andreoli R, Manini P, Vitali M. Urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and S-phenylmercapturic acid are indicative of exposure to urban benzene pollution during childhood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 435-436:115-123. [PMID: 22846771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to evaluate the feasibility of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid (u-t,t-MA) and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (u-SPMA) as markers of exposure to urban benzene pollution for biomonitoring studies performed on children and to investigate the impact that creatinine correction may have on the classification of children exposure status. U-t,t-MA, u-SPMA, u-cotinine, and u-creatinine levels were measured in urine samples of 396 Italian children (5-11 years) living in three areas with different degrees of urbanisation (very, fairly and non-urban). The median u-SPMA levels significantly increased with increased urbanisation: non-urban (0.19 μg/L; 0.22 μg/g creatinine)<fairly urban (0.28 μg/L; 0.28 μg/g creatinine)<very urban group (0.92 μg/L; 0.90 μg/g creatinine). Differences in the levels of u-t,t-MA excretion related to the degree of urbanisation were revealed only by multivariate analyses. Neither u-SPMA nor u-t,t-MA levels were influenced by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure. Athletic activity during the sampling day was negatively associated with u-SPMA in the model built with u-SPMA adjusted for creatinine, but not in the model where unadjusted u-SPMA was used. This finding demonstrates that u-creatinine correction may alter the results when an independent variable is unrelated to the chemical concentration itself but is related to the u-creatinine levels. These results suggest that both u-SPMA and u-t,t-MA are indicative for assessing environmental benzene exposure in children (exposed and unexposed to ETS) when urine sample is collected at the end of the day. However, u-SPMA is more reliable because u-t,t-MA, also a metabolite of sorbic acid, is less specific for exposure to low levels of benzene. To avoid the possible confounding effect of creatinine correction, it is better to use u-creatinine as additional independent variable in multiple linear regression analyses for evaluating the independent role of the covariates on the variability of u-t,t-MA and u-SPMA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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Carrieri M, Bartolucci GB, Scapellato ML, Spatari G, Sapienza D, Soleo L, Lovreglio P, Tranfo G, Manno M, Trevisan A. Influence of glutathione S-transferases polymorphisms on biological monitoring of exposure to low doses of benzene. Toxicol Lett 2012; 213:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Manuela C, Francesco T, Tiziana C, Assunta C, Lara S, Nadia N, Giorgia A, Barbara S, Maria F, Carlotta C, Valeria DG, Pia SM, Gianfranco T, Angela S. Environmental and biological monitoring of benzene in traffic policemen, police drivers and rural outdoor male workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 14:1542-50. [PMID: 22555192 DOI: 10.1039/c2em30120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate exposure to benzene in urban and rural areas, an investigation into personal exposure to benzene in traffic policemen, police drivers and rural (roadmen) male outdoor workers was carried out. Personal samples and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure personal exposure to benzene in 62 non-smoker traffic policemen, 22 police drivers and 57 roadmen. Blood benzene, urinary trans-trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and S-phenyl-mercapturic acid (S-PMA) were measured at the end of work shift in 62 non-smoker traffic policemen, 22 police drivers and 57 roadmen and 34 smoker traffic policemen, 21 police drivers and 53 roadmen. Exposure to benzene was similar among non-smoker traffic policemen and police drivers and higher among non-smoker urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were similar among non-smoker traffic policemen and police drivers; blood benzene and t,t-MA were significantly higher in non-smoker urban workers compared to rural workers. Significant increases in t,t-MA were found in smokers vs. non-smokers. In non-smoker urban workers airborne benzene and blood benzene, and t,t-MA and S-PMA were significantly correlated. This study gives an evaluation of the exposure to benzene in an urban area, comparing people working in the street or in cars, to people working in a rural area. Benzene is a certain carcinogen for humans. The results we showed should lead to more in-depth studies about the effects on health of these categories of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarrocca Manuela
- University of Rome Sapienza, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Ciarrocca M, Tomei G, Fiaschetti M, Caciari T, Cetica C, Andreozzi G, Capozzella A, Schifano MP, Andre' JC, Tomei F, Sancini A. Assessment of occupational exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes in urban and rural female workers. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:813-819. [PMID: 22297198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This is the first research study to compare among female, non-smoker workers: (a) the exposure to benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTXs) in urban air during work in the street (traffic policewomen, TP) vs. work in vehicles (police drivers, PD); (b) the exposure to BTXs in urban environments (in street and in car) vs. rural environments (roadwomen, RW); (c) the values of blood benzene, urinary trans, trans muconic acid (t,t-MA) and urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) in urban areas (in street and in car) vs. rural areas. METHODS Passive personal samplings and data acquired using fixed monitoring stations located in different areas of the city were used to measure environmental and occupational exposure to BTXs during the work shift in 48 TP, 21 PD and 22 RW. In the same study subjects, blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA were measured at the end of each work shift. RESULTS Personal exposure of urban workers to benzene seemed to be higher than the exposure measured by the fixed monitoring stations. Personal exposure to benzene and toluene was (a) similar among TP and PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Personal exposure to xylenes was (a) higher in TP than in PD and (b) higher among urban workers compared to rural workers. Blood benzene, t,t-MA and S-PMA levels were similar among TP and PD, although the blood benzene level was significantly higher in urban workers compared to rural workers. In urban workers, airborne benzene and blood benzene levels were significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Benzene is a human carcinogen, and BTXs are potential reproductive toxins at low dose exposures. Biological and environmental monitoring to assess exposure to BTXs represents a preliminary and necessary tool for the implementation of preventive measures for female subjects working in outdoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ciarrocca
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopaedics, Unit of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Pruneda-Álvarez LG, Pérez-Vázquez FJ, Salgado-Bustamante M, Martínez-Salinas RI, Pelallo-Martínez NA, Pérez-Maldonado IN. Exposure to indoor air pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toluene, benzene) in Mexican indigenous women. INDOOR AIR 2012; 22:140-147. [PMID: 21985234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Indoor air pollution is considered to be a serious public health issue in Mexico; therefore, more studies regarding this topic are necessary. In this context, we assessed exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds in: (i) women who use firewood combustion (indoor) for cooking and heating using traditional open fire; (ii) women who use firewood combustion (outdoor) for cooking and heating using traditional open fire; and (iii) women who use LP gas as the principal energy source. We studied 96 healthy women in San Luis Potosi, México. Urine samples were collected, and analyses of the following urinary exposure biomarkers were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography: 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), trans, trans-muconic acid, and hippuric acid (HA). The highest levels of 1-OHP, trans, trans-muconic acid, and HA were found in communities where women were exposed to indoor biomass combustion smoke (or products; geometric mean ± s.d., 3.98 ± 5.10 μmol/mol creatinine; 4.81 ± 9.60 μg/l 1-OHP; 0.87 ± 1.78 mg/g creatinine for trans, trans-muconic acid; and 1.14 ± 0.91 g/g creatinine for HA). Our findings indicate higher exposure levels to all urinary exposure biomarkers studied in women who use indoor firewood combustion for cooking and heating (using traditional open fire). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS High mean levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, t,t-muconic acid, and hippuric acid were found in women who use firewood combustion (indoor) for cooking and heating using traditional open fire and taking into account that millions of women and children in Mexico are living in scenarios similar to those studied in this report, the assessment of health effects in women and children exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds is urgently needed. Moreover, it is immediately necessary an intervention program to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Pruneda-Álvarez
- Departamento de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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De Palma G, Poli D, Manini P, Andreoli R, Mozzoni P, Apostoli P, Mutti A. Biomarkers of exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons and methyltert-butyl ether in petrol station workers. Biomarkers 2012; 17:343-51. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.672459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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