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Vieira BM, de São José VS, Niemeyer Filho PS, Moura-Neto V. Eosinophils induces glioblastoma cell suppression and apoptosis - Roles of GM-CSF and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110729. [PMID: 37536182 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Despite the available cancer treatments, the recurrence of the tumor is high, and the survival rate is low. New approaches to antitumor therapies are needed. Eosinophils are prominent in allergic diseases and accumulate in several human brain tumors. Recently, the antitumor role of eosinophils has been targeted as eosinophils release several cytotoxic factors that induce cell impairment and death. OBJECTIVE Here we aim to evaluate the interaction of the eosinophil and glioblastoma cells, the mechanism involved in the potential killing of the glioblastoma cells by the eosinophils, and how allergy/asthma could confer a better glioblastoma prognosis. METHODS Eosinophils and serum from asthmatic and non-asthmatic donors were cultivated with different glioblastoma cell lines. RESULTS Glioblastoma cells recruit eosinophils via GM-CSF signaling, activating and increasing eosinophil survivability and function on a GM-CSF-dependent manner. Eosinophils reduce glioblastoma cells metabolism, proliferation, and migration, via Fas/FasL. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes are accounted for the asthmatic serum enhancement of the glioblastoma cell migration and proliferation. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes enhance glioblastoma cell proliferation and migration, albeit activate eosinophils that suppress glioblastoma cells. CONCLUSION Eosinophils have the potential to be key cells on glioblastoma therapeutics, as allergy and eosinophilia are correlated with a better glioblastoma prognosis. Eosinophils are elicited and attach to glioblastoma cells, where, by its cytotoxic function, via Fas/FasL, hind glioblastoma cell metabolism, proliferation, migration, and induce cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Marques Vieira
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Vitória Santório de São José
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio®), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Soares Niemeyer Filho
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Francis SS, Ostrom QT, Cote DJ, Smith TR, Claus E, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. The Epidemiology of Central Nervous System Tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:23-42. [PMID: 34801162 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the current epidemiology of central nervous system tumors. Population-level basic epidemiology, nationally and internationally, and current understanding of germline genetic risk are discussed, with a focus on known and well-studied risk factors related to the etiology of central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Francis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Division of Neuro and Molecular Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, 1450 3rd Street, HD442, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 571 Research Drive, MSRB-1, Rm 442, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David J Cote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 N State Street, Suite 3300, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Timothy R Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neuroscience Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Claus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, Yale School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NCI Shady Grove, 9609 Medical Center Dr, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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3
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Jaman E, Zhang X, Sandlesh P, Habib A, Allen J, Saraiya RG, Amankulor NM, Zinn PO. History of atopy confers improved outcomes in IDH mutant and wildtype lower grade gliomas. J Neurooncol 2021; 155:133-141. [PMID: 34714520 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A history of atopy or allergy has been shown to be protective against the development of glioma, however the effect of atopy on patient outcomes, especially in conjunction with the survival benefit associated with IDH mutation, has not yet been investigated, and is the focus of the study we present here. METHODS Low grade glioma (LGG) data from the TCGA was downloaded, along with IDH, TERT, 1p/19q and ATRX mutational status and genetic alterations. History of asthma, eczema, hay fever, animal, or food allergies, as documented in TCGA, was used to determine patient atopy status. Patients with missing variables were excluded from the study. RESULTS 374 LGG studies were included. Patients with a history of atopy demonstrated longer overall survival (OS) compared to those without (145.3 vs. 81.5 months, p = 00.0195). IDH mutant patients with atopy had longer OS compared those without atopy (158.8 vs. 85 months, p = 0.035). Multivariate cox regression analysis demonstrated that the effects of atopy on survival were independent of IDH and histological grade, (p = 0.002, HR 0.257, 95% 0.109-0.604), (p = < 0.001, HR 0.217, 95% 0.107-0.444), and (p = 0.004, HR 2.72, 95% 1.373-5.397), respectively. In terms of treatment outcomes, patients with atopy did not differ in treatment response compared to their counterpart. Pathway analysis demonstrated an upstream activation of the BDNF pathway (p = 0.00027). CONCLUSION A history of atopy confers a survival benefit in patients with diffuse low-grade glioma. Activation of the BDNF pathway may drive the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emade Jaman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Poorva Sandlesh
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ahmed Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jordan Allen
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raj G Saraiya
- Dietrich School of Arts and Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nduka M Amankulor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pascal O Zinn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Qi Y, Zeng T, Fan S, Zhang L, Liang C. Genetic Association between Interleukin-4 Receptor Polymorphisms and Cancer Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis Based on 53 Case-Control Studies. J Cancer 2019; 10:1538-1549. [PMID: 31031864 PMCID: PMC6485229 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) gene have been reported susceptible to a variety of cancer types, nevertheless, data from these publications remained inconsistent and controversial. We further performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to present a precise estimation of its relationship. Extensive retrieve was performed in PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science up to May 25, 2018. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were conducted to evaluate the overall strength of the associations in five genetic models, as well as in subgroup analyses, stratified by ethnicity, cancer type or source of control. Q-test, Egger's test and Begg's funnel plot were applied to evaluate the heterogeneity and publication bias. In-silico analysis was managed to demonstrate the relationship of IL-4R expression correlated with cancer tissues. Finally, 31 publications including 53 case-control studies were enrolled, with 24,452 cases and 24,971 controls. After a comprehensive analysis, no significant evidence was revealed for the association between four IL-4R polymorphisms (rs1801275, rs1805010, rs1805015, rs2057768) and cancer susceptibility in the overall population, as well as the subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity, cancer type, the genotyping method or the source of control. To sum up, no evidence was identified between IL-4R polymorphisms and overall cancer susceptibility. Further well-designed studies with large sample sizes will be continued on this issue of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qi
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Taofei Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Song Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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5
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Brenner AV, Inskip PD, Rusiecki J, Rabkin CS, Engels J, Pfeiffer RM. Serially measured pre-diagnostic levels of serum cytokines and risk of brain cancer in active component military personnel. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:893-900. [PMID: 30297770 PMCID: PMC6189110 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence that history of allergic or autoimmune disease is associated with reduced risk of glioma, but few prospective studies have explored the biological basis. To assess associations with immune conditions and levels of 14 cytokines in serial prediagnostic serum samples, we conducted a study of glioma/brain cancer nested in a cohort of active component military personnel. Methods A total of 457 case-control sets were ascertained from the Department of Defense (DoD) Automated Central Tumour Registry, Defense Medical Surveillance System (DMSS) database, and DoD Serum Repository. These were individually matched on sex, race/ethnicity, birth year, number of serum samples (1, 2 or 3), and date(s) of sample collection. We obtained diagnoses of pre-existing immune-related conditions from the DMSS database and measured cytokines using Meso Scale Discovery assays. Statistical analyses included conditional logistic regression. Results Overall association between glioma and prior immune-related conditions was null. Higher levels of IL-15 and IL-16 were independently associated with lower glioma risks (Ptrend = 0.002 and Ptrend = 0.001); both associations were more pronounced in individuals with prior immune conditions (Pheterogeneity = 0.0009 and Pheterogeneity = 0.031). Conclusions Associations with pre-diagnostic levels of IL-15 and IL-16 and their modification by diagnosis of immune-related conditions support the importance of immune alterations in glioma aetiology years before diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina V Brenner
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan. .,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
| | - Peter D Inskip
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Engels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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6
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Jia Y, Xie X, Shi X, Li S. Associations of common IL-4 gene polymorphisms with cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1927-1945. [PMID: 28656227 PMCID: PMC5561993 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence is dramatically increasing worldwide, therefore improved prediction and therapeutic methods are needed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes may contribute to carcinogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-4 gene polymorphisms have been intensively studied with regard to their associations with cancer. However, the results of these previous studies remain inconclusive. The present study, therefore, aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of previously published studies in order to clarify the association of IL-4 with cancer risk. Eligible published articles were searched in Medline, PubMed, Embase and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases up to March 2016. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to identify potential associations between IL-4 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of cancer. A meta-analysis was then performed on 10,873 patients and 14,328 controls for IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism, 3,970 patients and 5,686 controls for IL-4 rs2070874 polymorphism, and 1,896 patients and 2,526 controls for IL-4 rs79071878 polymorphism. A significant association with cancer risk was observed for rs2243250 and rs79071878 polymorphisms. In the subgroup analysis by cancer type, rs2243250 polymorphism was demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer and breast cancer, rs2070874 polymorphism was correlated with leukemia and oral carcinoma, and rs79071878 polymorphism was relevant to bladder carcinoma risk. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism was demonstrated to be associated with cancer risk in both Caucasian and Asian populations, rs2070874 was associated with cancer risk in Asian populations, while rs79071878 polymorphism was associated with cancer risk in Caucasian populations. In conclusion, the present results suggested that the IL-4 rs2243250 and rs79071878 polymorphisms were associated with cancer susceptibility. Further subgroup analyses revealed that the effects of IL-4 gene polymorphisms on cancer risk may vary by cancer type and by ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxian Jia
- Division of Reproductive Medical Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochuan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohan Shi
- Division of Reproductive Medical Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shangwei Li
- Division of Reproductive Medical Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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7
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Amirian ES, Zhou R, Wrensch MR, Olson SH, Scheurer ME, Il'yasova D, Lachance D, Armstrong GN, McCoy LS, Lau CC, Claus EB, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Schildkraut J, Ali-Osman F, Sadetzki S, Johansen C, Houlston RS, Jenkins RB, Bernstein JL, Merrell RT, Davis FG, Lai R, Shete S, Amos CI, Melin BS, Bondy ML. Approaching a Scientific Consensus on the Association between Allergies and Glioma Risk: A Report from the Glioma International Case-Control Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:282-90. [PMID: 26908595 PMCID: PMC4874516 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several previous studies have found inverse associations between glioma susceptibility and a history of allergies or other atopic conditions. Some evidence indicates that respiratory allergies are likely to be particularly relevant with regard to glioma risk. Using data from the Glioma International Case-Control Study (GICC), we examined the effects of respiratory allergies and other atopic conditions on glioma risk. METHODS The GICC contains detailed information on history of atopic conditions for 4,533 cases and 4,171 controls, recruited from 14 study sites across five countries. Using two-stage random-effects restricted maximum likelihood modeling to calculate meta-analysis ORs, we examined the associations between glioma and allergy status, respiratory allergy status, asthma, and eczema. RESULTS Having a history of respiratory allergies was associated with an approximately 30% lower glioma risk, compared with not having respiratory allergies (mOR, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.90). This association was similar when restricting to high-grade glioma cases. Asthma and eczema were also significantly protective against glioma. CONCLUSION A substantial amount of data on the inverse association between atopic conditions and glioma has accumulated, and findings from the GICC study further strengthen the existing evidence that the relationship between atopy and glioma is unlikely to be coincidental. IMPACT As the literature approaches a consensus on the impact of allergies in glioma risk, future research can begin to shift focus to what the underlying biologic mechanism behind this association may be, which could, in turn, yield new opportunities for immunotherapy or cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susan Amirian
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Renke Zhou
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Margaret R Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sara H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dora Il'yasova
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia. Cancer Control and Prevention Program, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Lachance
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Georgina N Armstrong
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lucie S McCoy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ching C Lau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth B Claus
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joellen Schildkraut
- Cancer Control and Prevention Program, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francis Ali-Osman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark. Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B Jenkins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jonine L Bernstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ryan T Merrell
- Department of Neurology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Faith G Davis
- Department of Public Health Services, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rose Lai
- Department of Neurology, The University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California. Department of Preventive Medicine, The University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Department of Genetics, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Beatrice S Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Abstract
More than 250,000 new cases of primary malignant brain tumors are diagnosed annually worldwide, 77% of which are gliomas. A small proportion of gliomas are caused by the inheritance of rare high-penetrance genetic variants or high-dose radiation. Since 2009, inherited genetic variants in 10 regions near eight different genes have been consistently associated with glioma risk via genome-wide association studies. Most of these variants increase glioma risk by 20-40%, but two have higher relative risks. One on chromosome 8 increases risk of IDH-mutated gliomas sixfold and another that affects TP53 function confers a 2.5-fold increased risk of glioma. Functions of some of the other risk variants are known or suspected, but future research will determine functions of other risk loci. Recent progress also has been made in defining subgroups of glioma based on acquired alterations within tumors. Allergy history has been consistently associated with reduced glioma risk, though the mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Future studies will need to be large enough so that environmental and constitutive genetic risk factors can be examined within molecularly defined, etiologically homogeneous subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Walsh
- Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiroko Ohgaki
- Section of Molecular Pathology, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Margaret R Wrensch
- Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco and UCSF Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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Inverse Association between Prediagnostic IgE Levels and the Risk of Brain Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:294213. [PMID: 26448931 PMCID: PMC4584062 DOI: 10.1155/2015/294213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An inverse association between allergic conditions and glioma risk has been suggested in many epidemiological studies. However, the evidence is inadequate to draw robust conclusions for the association between prediagnostic IgE levels and brain tumors risk. The aim of this study was to provide more precise estimates for this association by meta-analysis of all published studies. Overall, 8 individual studies with 2,461 cases and 3,934 controls were included in our study. A decreased risk of brain tumors (RR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.61–0.86, P < 0.001) was observed in relation to elevated level of total IgE. The negative association was significant between elevated total IgE level and the risk of glioma (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.62–0.88, P = 0.001). However, no significant relationship was demonstrated between testing positive for respiratory allergen-specific IgE and brain tumors risk. In addition, the role of prediagnostic IgE levels in brain tumors risk did not alter in men and women. The present study suggests that increased level of total prediagnostic IgE but not respiratory allergen-specific IgE plays a protective role in brain tumors risk, glioma in particular. More studies are warranted for further elucidation of the meningioma risk related to prediagnostic IgE levels.
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10
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Krishnamachari B, Il'yasova D, Scheurer ME, Bondy M, Zhou R, Wrensch M, Davis F. A pooled multisite analysis of the effects of atopic medical conditions in glioma risk in different ethnic groups. Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:270-4. [PMID: 25691445 PMCID: PMC4454363 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidences of atopic conditions (allergies, asthma, or eczema) and glioma vary by ethnicity. Atopic conditions are inversely associated with gliomas. We conducted a pooled multisite study investigating the associations of atopic conditions with glioma in different race/ethnicity groups. METHODS Using glioma cases and healthy controls, unconditional logistic regression was conducted to assess the associations of atopic conditions with glioma separately in white, black, Asian, and Hispanic subpopulations. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS Glioblastoma multiforme cases were less likely than controls to report a history of atopic conditions in whites (OR = 0.46, [95% CI, 0.38-0.54]) and Asians (OR = 0.27, [95% CI, 0.10-0.73]). The same trend was seen when looking at glioma cases of all histologies. An inverse association was not seen in blacks for glioblastoma multiforme or all histologies combined. CONCLUSIONS The inverse association between glioma and atopic conditions may vary by ethnicity due to a difference in the biology of atopic conditions in different ethnicities but may be due to chance because of the limitations of small nonwhite sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuma Krishnamachari
- Department of Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury.
| | - Dora Il'yasova
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Renke Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Margaret Wrensch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Faith Davis
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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11
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Chen P, Chen C, Chen K, Xu T, Luo C. Polymorphisms in IL-4/IL-13 pathway genes and glioma risk: an updated meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:121-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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12
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Ostrom QT, Bauchet L, Davis FG, Deltour I, Fisher JL, Langer CE, Pekmezci M, Schwartzbaum JA, Turner MC, Walsh KM, Wrensch MR, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. The epidemiology of glioma in adults: a "state of the science" review. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:896-913. [PMID: 24842956 PMCID: PMC4057143 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1406] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary intracranial tumor, representing 81% of malignant brain tumors. Although relatively rare, they cause significant mortality and morbidity. Glioblastoma, the most common glioma histology (∼45% of all gliomas), has a 5-year relative survival of ∼5%. A small portion of these tumors are caused by Mendelian disorders, including neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, and Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Genomic analyses of glioma have also produced new evidence about risk and prognosis. Recently discovered biomarkers that indicate improved survival include O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase methylation, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, and a glioma cytosine-phosphate-guanine island methylator phenotype. Genome-wide association studies have identified heritable risk alleles within 7 genes that are associated with increased risk of glioma. Many risk factors have been examined as potential contributors to glioma risk. Most significantly, these include an increase in risk by exposure to ionizing radiation and a decrease in risk by history of allergies or atopic disease(s). The potential influence of occupational exposures and cellular phones has also been examined, with inconclusive results. We provide a “state of the science” review of current research into causes and risk factors for gliomas in adults.
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Krishnamachari B, Il'yasova D, Scheurer ME, Bondy ML, Wrensch M, Davis FG. A pooled multisite analysis of the effects of female reproductive hormones on glioma risk. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:1007-13. [PMID: 24890803 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between female reproductive factors and glioma risk is unclear, but most published studies have been limited by small sample size. We conducted a pooled multisite study of pre- and postmenopausal women, investigating the effect of female reproductive factors, including hormonal medications. METHODS Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) assessing the effects of female reproductive factors and female hormonal medications in glioma cases and unrelated controls. RESULTS Menarche over the age of 15 as compared to under 12 was associated with a statistically significant risk for glioma (OR 2.00, 95 % CI 1.47-2.71). Use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) was inversely associated with risk of glioma (OR 0.61, 95 % CI 0.50-0.74), and there was an inverse trend with longer duration of OCP use (p for trend <0.0001). Use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was also inversely associated with risk of glioma (OR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.44-0.68), and there was an inverse trend with longer duration of use (p for trend <0.0001). Compared to those reporting neither OCP use nor HRT use, those who reported using both were less likely to have a diagnosis of glioma (OR 0.34, 95 % CI 0.24-0.48). CONCLUSIONS Female reproductive hormones may decrease the risk for glioma. The association appears to be strongest with greater length of use and use of both HRT and OCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuma Krishnamachari
- Department of Medicine, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Old Westbury, NY, 11568-8000, USA,
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14
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Antihistamine use and immunoglobulin E levels in glioma risk and prognosis. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:908-12. [PMID: 23994286 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An inverse association between personal history of allergies/asthma and glioma risk has been fairly consistently reported in the epidemiologic literature. However, the role of regular antihistamine use remains controversial due to a small number of studies reporting contradictory findings. We evaluated the association between regular use of oral antihistamines and glioma risk, adjusting for a number of relevant factors (e.g., immunoglobulin E levels and history of chickenpox). METHODS We used a subset of the Harris County Case-Control Study, which included 362 pathologically confirmed glioma cases and 462 cancer-free controls, to evaluate this association using unconditional multivariable logistic regression. These models were run among the overall study population and stratified by allergy status. Cox regression was utilized to examine whether antihistamine use was associated with mortality among all cases and separately among high-grade cases. RESULTS Antihistamine use was strongly associated with glioma risk among those with a positive allergy/asthma history (OR: 4.19, 95% CI: 2.06-8.51), but not among those with a negative history (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 0.95-2.67). There were no significant associations between antihistamine use and survival among cases. CONCLUSION The current study implies that regular antihistamine use may increase glioma risk. However, several larger studies are necessary before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
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Guo J, Shi L, Li M, Xu J, Yan S, Zhang C, Sun G. Association of the interleukin-4Rα rs1801275 and rs1805015 polymorphisms with glioma risk. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:573-9. [PMID: 23979976 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) rs1801275 and rs1805015 have been implicated in glioma risk; however, the findings of previous published case-control studies are conflicting and inconclusive. We performed the updated meta-analysis with the aim to provide a more precise estimate for the role of interleukin-4Rα SNPs in glioma risk. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the strength of the gene association. Overall, the pooled analysis showed that the IL-4Rα rs1801275 polymorphism was associated with a decreased risk of glioma in the comparison of G vs. A (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.76-0.99, P OR = 0.041). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that the IL-4Rα rs1801275 variant G and GG + AG exerted a decreased risk effect on the development of glioma among Asians, but not Caucasians (G vs. A, OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69-0.95, P OR = 0.011; GG + AG vs. AA, OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66-0.96, P OR = 0.018). However, the IL-4Rα rs1805015 polymorphism did not modify the risk of glioma. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the reliability for all of the results. Our meta-analysis suggests that the polymorphism of IL-4Rα rs1801275 but not IL-4Rα rs1805015 plays a protective role in the glioma pathogenesis, particularly among Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, First Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, 224001, People's Republic of China
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Anic GM, Madden MH, Sincich K, Thompson RC, Nabors LB, Olson JJ, LaRocca RV, Browning JE, Pan E, Egan KM. Early life exposures and the risk of adult glioma. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28:753-8. [PMID: 23681776 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-013-9811-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to common infections in early life may stimulate immune development and reduce the risk for developing cancer. Birth order and family size are proxies for the timing of exposure to childhood infections with several studies showing a reduced risk of glioma associated with a higher order of birth (and presumed younger age at infection). The aim of this study was to examine whether birth order, family size, and other early life exposures are associated with the risk of glioma in adults using data collected in a large clinic-based US case-control study including 889 glioma cases and 903 community controls. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on family structure, childhood exposures and other potential risk factors. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between early life factors and glioma risk. Persons having any siblings were at significantly lower risk for glioma when compared to those reporting no siblings (OR=0.64; 95% CI 0.44-0.93; p=0.020). Compared to first-borns, individuals with older siblings had a significantly lower risk (OR=0.75; 95% CI 0.61-0.91; p=0.004). Birth weight, having been breast fed in infancy, and season of birth were not associated with glioma risk. The current findings lend further support to a growing body of evidence that early exposure to childhood infections reduces the risk of glioma onset in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella M Anic
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Okada H, Scheurer ME, Sarkar SN, Bondy ML. Integration of epidemiology, immunobiology, and translational research for brain tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1284:17-23. [PMID: 23651189 PMCID: PMC3648859 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified a pivotal role for the host type I interferon (IFN) pathway in immunosurveillance against de novo mouse glioma development, especially through the regulation of immature myeloid cells (IMCs) in the glioma microenvironment. The present paper summarizes our published work in a number of areas. We have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human IFN genes that dictate altered prognosis of patients with glioma. One of these SNPs (rs12553612) is located in the promoter of IFNA8 and influences its activity. Conversely, recent epidemiologic data show that chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs lowers the risk of glioma. We translated these findings back to our de novo glioma model and found that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition enhances antiglioma immunosurveillance by reducing glioma-associated IMCs. Taken together, these findings suggest that alterations in myeloid cell function condition the brain for glioma development. Finally, in preliminary work, we have begun applying novel immunotherapeutic approaches to patients with low-grade glioma with the aim of preventing malignant transformation. Future research will hopefully better integrate epidemiological, immunobiological, and translational techniques to develop novel, preventive approaches for malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideho Okada
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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18
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The -590C/T polymorphism in the IL-4 gene and the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2261-8. [PMID: 23576103 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. The -590C/T polymorphism in the IL-4 gene has been implicated in susceptibility to cancer, but the results have been inconclusive. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between this polymorphism with the risk of cancer by meta-analysis. PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang databases were searched for all publications concerning the association between this polymorphism and cancer risk. Statistical analyses were analyzed by using RevMan 4.2 and STATA10.0 softwares. A total of 8,715 cases and 9,532 controls in 23 case-control studies were included. The results suggested that there was no significant association between IL-4 -590C/T polymorphism and cancer risks (TT + TC vs. CC: OR = 0.97, 95 % CI = 0.90-1.04, P = 0.36). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no significant association was detected in Asians and Caucasians. In the subgroup analysis by cancer types, no significant association was found in gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. The current meta-analysis suggested that the -590C/T polymorphism in the IL-4 gene might not be associated with increased/decreased risk of cancer. The -590C/T polymorphism might be not a risk factor for cancers.
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Backes DM, Siddiq A, Cox DG, Calboli FCF, Gaziano JM, Ma J, Stampfer M, Hunter DJ, Camargo CA, Michaud DS. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of allergy-related genes and risk of adult glioma. J Neurooncol 2013; 113:229-38. [PMID: 23525950 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown an inverse association between allergies and glioma risk; however, results for associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of allergy-related genes and glioma risk have been inconsistent and restricted to a small number of SNPs. The objective of this study was to examine the association between 166 SNPs of 21 allergy-related genes and glioma risk in a nested case-control study of participants from three large US prospective cohort studies. Blood collection took place between 1982 and 1994 among the 562 included Caucasian participants (143 cases and 419 matched controls) prior to case diagnosis. Custom Illumina assay chips were used for genotyping. Logistic regression analyses, controlling for age and study cohort, were used to determine associations between each SNP and glioma risk. Statistically significant associations were found between rs2494262 and rs2427824 of the FCER1A gene, which encodes the alpha chain of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor, and glioma risk (nominal trend p values 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). Significant associations were also found between SNPs in IL10, ADAM33, NOS1 and IL4R and glioma risk. However, our analyses were not corrected for multiple comparisons and need to be interpreted with caution. Our findings with FCER1A SNPs provide further support for the link between allergies and risk of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Backes
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Turner MC, Krewski D, Armstrong BK, Chetrit A, Giles GG, Hours M, McBride ML, Parent MÉ, Sadetzki S, Siemiatycki J, Woodward A, Cardis E. Allergy and brain tumors in the INTERPHONE study: pooled results from Australia, Canada, France, Israel, and New Zealand. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:949-60. [PMID: 23443320 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A history of allergy has been inversely associated with several types of cancer although the evidence is not entirely consistent. We examined the association between allergy history and risk of glioma, meningioma, acoustic neuroma, and parotid gland tumors using data on a large number of cases and controls from five INTERPHONE study countries (Australia, Canada, France, Israel, New Zealand), to better understand potential sources of bias in brain tumor case-control studies and to examine associations between allergy and tumor sites where few studies exist. METHODS A total of 793 glioma, 832 meningioma, 394 acoustic neuroma, and 84 parotid gland tumor cases were analyzed with 2,520 controls recruited during 2000-2004. Conditional logistic regression models were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between self-reported allergy and tumor risk. RESULTS A significant inverse association was observed between a history of any allergy and glioma (OR = 0.73, 95 % CI 0.60-0.88), meningioma (OR = 0.77, 95 % CI 0.63-0.93), and acoustic neuroma (OR = 0.64, 95 % CI 0.49-0.83). Inverse associations were also observed with specific allergic conditions. However, inverse associations with asthma and hay fever strengthened with increasing age of allergy onset and weakened with longer time since onset. No overall association was observed for parotid gland tumors (OR = 1.21, 95 % CI 0.73-2.02). CONCLUSIONS While allergy history might influence glioma, meningioma, and acoustic neuroma risk, the observed associations could be due to information or selection bias or reverse causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Turner
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, One Stewart Street, Room 313, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Sun G, Wang X, Shi L, Yue X, Fu L, Chen C, Li Z, Pan T, Wan Z. Association between polymorphisms in interleukin-4Rα and interleukin-13 and glioma risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2013; 37:306-10. [PMID: 23395224 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that allergies are inversely associated with glioma risk. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in two allergy-related genes [interleukin (IL)-4Rα, IL-13] have been implicated in susceptibility to glioma; however, results from the published studies remained inconclusive. METHODS To derive a more precise relationship, we conducted a meta-analysis including seven case-control studies that investigated the influence of IL-4Rα rs1801275 and IL13 rs20541 polymorphisms on glioma risk. Data were extracted from these studies and pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to investigate the strength of the association. RESULTS Overall, the pooled analysis showed that there was no significant association between the IL-4Rα rs1801275 polymorphism and glioma risk (OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.79-1.25, AG/GG vs. AA). However, we found that the IL13 rs20541 variant genotypes (GA/AA) were significantly associated with reduced risk for glioma (OR = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.75-0.97, GA/AA vs. GG). In the stratified analyses by ethnicity, marginally significant association between the IL13 rs20541 polymorphism and decreased glioma risk was found among Asian populations in dominant models (OR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.70-1.00, GA/AA vs. GG). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the IL13 rs20541 but not the IL-4Rα rs1801275 polymorphism may be a genetic predictor for glioma. More studies with larger sample size are warranted to further elucidate the impact of the IL13 rs20541 polymorphism on glioma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng affiliated with Nantong University, Yancheng 224001, PR China.
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Amirian ES, Marquez-Do D, Bondy ML, Scheurer ME. Anti-human-cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin G levels in glioma risk and prognosis. Cancer Med 2013; 2:57-62. [PMID: 24133628 PMCID: PMC3797564 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in glioma development and progression remains controversial. The purpose of our study was to assess the potential associations between anti-HCMV antibodies (immunoglobulin G [IgG] and immunoglobulin M [IgM]) and glioma risk and prognosis using data from the Harris County Case–Control Study. Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between glioma status and antibody levels among glioma cases (n = 362) and cancer-free controls (n = 462). Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusting for age, race, and sex, to determine if antibody levels were associated with survival over time among cases. Among IgG-positive participants, increasing anti-HCMV IgG levels were associated with decreasing glioma risk (P for trend = 0.0008), and those with the lowest level of anti-HCMV IgG (<10 U/mL) had the highest glioma risk, controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.42–4.43). Antibody levels were not associated with survival among glioma cases. Our study contributes new evidence toward the potential importance of the direct and indirect effects of HCMV infection in gliomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susan Amirian
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
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Walsh KM, Anderson E, Hansen HM, Decker PA, Kosel ML, Kollmeyer T, Rice T, Zheng S, Xiao Y, Chang JS, McCoy LS, Bracci PM, Wiemels JL, Pico AR, Smirnov I, Lachance DH, Sicotte H, Eckel-Passow JE, Wiencke JK, Jenkins RB, Wrensch MR. Analysis of 60 reported glioma risk SNPs replicates published GWAS findings but fails to replicate associations from published candidate-gene studies. Genet Epidemiol 2013; 37:222-8. [PMID: 23280628 PMCID: PMC3670948 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomewide association studies (GWAS) and candidate-gene studies have implicated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in at least 45 different genes as putative glioma risk factors. Attempts to validate these associations have yielded variable results and few genetic risk factors have been consistently replicated. We conducted a case-control study of Caucasian glioma cases and controls from the University of California San Francisco (810 cases, 512 controls) and the Mayo Clinic (852 cases, 789 controls) in an attempt to replicate previously reported genetic risk factors for glioma. Sixty SNPs selected from the literature (eight from GWAS and 52 from candidate-gene studies) were successfully genotyped on an Illumina custom genotyping panel. Eight SNPs in/near seven different genes (TERT, EGFR, CCDC26, CDKN2A, PHLDB1, RTEL1, TP53) were significantly associated with glioma risk in the combined dataset (P < 0.05), with all associations in the same direction as in previous reports. Several SNP associations showed considerable differences across histologic subtype. All eight successfully replicated associations were first identified by GWAS, although none of the putative risk SNPs from candidate-gene studies was associated in the full case-control sample (all P values > 0.05). Although several confirmed associations are located near genes long known to be involved in gliomagenesis (e.g., EGFR, CDKN2A, TP53), these associations were first discovered by the GWAS approach and are in noncoding regions. These results highlight that the deficiencies of the candidate-gene approach lay in selecting both appropriate genes and relevant SNPs within these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Goodenberger ML, Jenkins RB. Genetics of adult glioma. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:613-21. [PMID: 23238284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas make up approximately 30% of all brain and central nervous system tumors and 80% of all malignant brain tumors. Despite the frequency of gliomas, the etiology of these tumors remains largely unknown. Diffuse gliomas, including astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas, belong to a single pathologic class but have very different histologies and molecular etiologies. Recent genomic studies have identified separate molecular subtypes within the glioma classification that appear to correlate with biological etiology, prognosis, and response to therapy. The discovery of these subtypes suggests that molecular genetic tests are and will be useful, beyond classical histology, for the clinical classification of gliomas. While a familial susceptibility to glioma has been identified, only a small percentage of gliomas are thought to be due to single-gene hereditary cancer syndromes. Through the use of linkage studies and genome-wide association studies, multiple germline variants have been identified that are beginning to define the genetic susceptibility to glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKinsey L Goodenberger
- Division of Laboratory Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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Su T, Mi Y, Zhang L, Wang S, Lu H, Shi L, Sun H, Wu X, Zhang W, Zuo L, Zou J. Association between IL13 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to cancer: a meta-analysis. Gene 2012; 515:56-61. [PMID: 23246181 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Interleukin-13 (IL13) is an immunoregulatory cytokine which plays an important role in carcinogenesis through affecting tumor immunosurveillance. Many studies had reported the influence of IL13 rs1800925 and rs20541 polymorphisms on cancer risk, however, with inconclusive results. The aim of the present study was to conduct a meta-analysis to clarify the relationship. METHODS Twenty studies including a total of 6713 cancer cases and 8693 controls for IL13 rs20541 polymorphism and 4081 cancer cases and 6202 controls for IL13 rs1800925 polymorphism were included in the meta-analysis. Data were extracted from these studies and odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS Overall, the IL13 rs20541 polymorphism were associated with significantly decreased cancer risk in all genetic models (AA vs. GG: OR=0.82, 95%CI=0.71-0.95; GA vs. GG: OR=0.92, 95%CI=0.85-0.99; GA/AA vs. GG: OR=0.90, 95%CI=0.85-0.97; AA vs. GG/GA: OR=0.85, 95CI%=0.74-0.98). In the stratified analyses, significant effects were found among European populations, studies with population-based controls and studies of glioma. No influence of the IL13 rs1800925 polymorphism on the overall cancer risk was observed. However, in the stratified analyses, we found the IL13 rs1800925 polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased risk for glioma (CT vs. TT: OR=0.72, 95%CI=0.55-0.93; CT/TT vs. TT: OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.62-0.89). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggests that the IL13 rs20541 polymorphism contributes to susceptibility to cancer, especially for glioma; and the IL13 rs1800925 polymorphism may be associated with glioma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- Department of Urology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 29 Xinglong Road, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
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Turner MC. Epidemiology: allergy history, IgE, and cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1493-510. [PMID: 22183126 PMCID: PMC11028502 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have investigated potential associations between allergy history and cancer risk with strong inverse associations reported in studies of pancreatic cancer, glioma, and childhood leukemia. Recently, there has been a rapid expansion of the epidemiological literature both of studies evaluating self-reported allergy history in relation to cancer risk and of studies evaluating biological indicators of allergy history and immune function including levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) E. However, there are several potential methodological limitations associated with prior studies, and further research is required to clarify associations observed. This paper summarizes the recent epidemiological literature examining associations between allergy history and cancer risk. From 2008, a total of 55 epidemiological studies were identified that examined some aspect of the association between allergy and cancer. Although the majority of studies examined self-reported allergy history in relation to cancer risk, there were also studies examining allergy diagnoses or discharges as captured in existing administrative databases, levels of IgE, polymorphisms of allergy, inflammatory- or allergy-related cytokine genes, and concentrations of immune regulatory proteins. The most frequently studied cancer sites included brain and lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers. Potential methodological sources of bias are discussed as well as recommendations for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Turner
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, One Stewart Street, Room 313, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
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You G, Sha Z, Jiang T. The pathogenesis of tumor-related epilepsy and its implications for clinical treatment. Seizure 2012; 21:153-9. [PMID: 22300623 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30-50% of patients with brain tumors present with seizures as the initial symptom. Seizures play a very important role in the quality of life, particularly in patients with slow-growing primary brain tumors. Tumor-related seizures are often refractory to antiepileptic treatment. Despite the importance of this subject to the fields of neurology, neurosurgery and neurooncology, the pathogenesis of tumor-related epilepsy remains poorly understood. This review summarizes possible mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tumor-related epilepsy, including both tumoral and peri-tumoral aspects. Tumor cells themselves may create intrinsic epileptogenicity, and inadequate homeostasis in the peri-tumoral tissues may lead to seizure susceptibility. Other local changes in electrolytes, perfusion, metabolism, and enzymes could also contribute. It is generally accepted that changes in amino acid neurotransmission are the most important mechanism underlying tumor-related seizures, and changes in extracellular ions also play an important role. Hypoxia, acidosis, and metabolic, immunological, and inflammatory changes may also be involved in the occurrence of seizures. Knowledge of these mechanisms may provide guidance in the search for new strategies for the surgical and medical treatment of tumor-related epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan You
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Lachance DH, Yang P, Johnson DR, Decker PA, Kollmeyer TM, McCoy LS, Rice T, Xiao Y, Ali-Osman F, Wang F, Stoddard SM, Sprau DJ, Kosel ML, Wiencke JK, Wiemels JL, Patoka JS, Davis F, McCarthy B, Rynearson AL, Worra JB, Fridley BL, O'Neill BP, Buckner JC, Il'yasova D, Jenkins RB, Wrensch MR. Associations of high-grade glioma with glioma risk alleles and histories of allergy and smoking. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174:574-81. [PMID: 21742680 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma risk has consistently been inversely associated with allergy history but not with smoking history despite putative biologic plausibility. Data from 855 high-grade glioma cases and 1,160 controls from 4 geographic regions of the United States during 1997-2008 were analyzed for interactions between allergy and smoking histories and inherited variants in 5 established glioma risk regions: 5p15.3 (TERT), 8q24.21 (CCDC26/MLZE), 9p21.3 (CDKN2B), 11q23.3 (PHLDB1/DDX6), and 20q13.3 (RTEL1). The inverse relation between allergy and glioma was stronger among those who did not (odds ratio(allergy-glioma) = 0.40, 95% confidence interval: 0.28, 0.58) versus those who did (odds ratio(allergy-glioma) = 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.59, 0.97; P(interaction) = 0.02) carry the 9p21.3 risk allele. However, the inverse association with allergy was stronger among those who carried (odds ratio(allergy-glioma) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval: 0.29, 0.68) versus those who did not carry (odds ratio(allergy-glioma) = 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.54, 0.86) the 20q13.3 glioma risk allele, but this interaction was not statistically significant (P = 0.14). No relation was observed between glioma risk and smoking (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval: 0.77, 1.10; P = 0.37), and there were no interactions for glioma risk of smoking history with any of the risk alleles. The authors' observations are consistent with a recent report that the inherited glioma risk variants in chromosome regions 9p21.3 and 20q13.3 may modify the inverse association of allergy and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Lachance
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW,Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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29
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Amirian ES, Scheurer ME, Liu Y, D'Amelio AM, Houlston RS, Etzel CJ, Shete S, Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, McKinney PA, Fleming SJ, Muir KR, Lophatananon A, Bondy ML. A novel approach to exploring potential interactions among single-nucleotide polymorphisms of inflammation genes in gliomagenesis: an exploratory case-only study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:1683-1689. [PMID: 21724854 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive research on the topic, glioma etiology remains largely unknown. Exploration of potential interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of immune genes is a promising new area of glioma research. The case-only study design is a powerful and efficient design for exploring possible multiplicative interactions between factors that are independent of one another. The purpose of our study was to use this exploratory design to identify potential pair wise SNP-SNP interactions from genes involved in several different immune-related pathways for investigation in future studies. METHODS The study population consisted of two case groups: 1,224 histologic confirmed, non-Hispanic white glioma cases from the United States and a validation population of 634 glioma cases from the United Kingdom. Polytomous logistic regression, in which one SNP was coded as the outcome and the other SNP was included as the exposure, was utilized to calculate the ORs of the likelihood of cases simultaneously having the variant alleles of two different SNPs. Potential interactions were examined only between SNPs located in different genes or chromosomes. RESULTS Using this data mining strategy, we found 396 significant SNP-SNP interactions among polymorphisms of immune-related genes that were present in both the U.S. and U.K. study populations. CONCLUSION This exploratory study was conducted for the purpose of hypothesis generation, and thus has provided several new hypotheses that can be tested using traditional case-control study designs to obtain estimates of risk. IMPACT This is the first study, to our knowledge, to take this novel approach to identifying SNP-SNP interactions relevant to glioma etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Susan Amirian
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony M D'Amelio
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Carol J Etzel
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Section of Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah J Fleming
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kenneth R Muir
- Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Artitaya Lophatananon
- Health Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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30
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Chen C, Xu T, Chen J, Zhou J, Yan Y, Lu Y, Wu S. Allergy and risk of glioma: a meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 2010; 18:387-95. [PMID: 20722711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the association between allergic conditions and the risk of glioma in case-control and cohort studies published so far on this issue. A total of 12 studies (10 case-control and 2 cohort studies) were included in the analysis, involving 61 090 participants, of whom 6408 had glioma. When compared with non-allergic conditions, the pooled odds ratio (OR) with any allergic conditions for glioma was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.52-0.69, P<0.001), suggesting a significant negative association (protective effect) between allergy and glioma. Subgroup analysis showed that the ORs were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.62-0.79, P<0.001), 0.69 (95% CI: 0.62-0.78, P<0.001), and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.70-0.87, P<0.001) for asthma, eczema, and hay fever, respectively. The significant association remained even after excluding the bias of proxy reporting (OR=0.61; 95% CI: 0.50-0.75, P<0.001). We conclude that allergic conditions may significantly reduce the risk of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Schwartzbaum JA, Xiao Y, Liu Y, Tsavachidis S, Berger MS, Bondy ML, Chang JS, Chang SM, Decker PA, Ding B, Hepworth SJ, Houlston RS, Hosking FJ, Jenkins RB, Kosel ML, McCoy LS, McKinney PA, Muir K, Patoka JS, Prados M, Rice T, Robertson LB, Schoemaker MJ, Shete S, Swerdlow AJ, Wiemels JL, Wiencke JK, Yang P, Wrensch MR. Inherited variation in immune genes and pathways and glioblastoma risk. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1770-7. [PMID: 20668009 PMCID: PMC2950934 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether inherited variations in immune function single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genes or pathways affect glioblastoma risk, we analyzed data from recent genome-wide association studies in conjunction with predefined immune function genes and pathways. Gene and pathway analyses were conducted on two independent data sets using 6629 SNPs in 911 genes on 17 immune pathways from 525 glioblastoma cases and 602 controls from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and a subset of 6029 SNPs in 893 genes from 531 cases and 1782 controls from MD Anderson (MDA). To further assess consistency of SNP-level associations, we also compared data from the UK (266 cases and 2482 controls) and the Mayo Clinic (114 cases and 111 controls). Although three correlated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) SNPs were consistently associated with glioblastoma in all four data sets (Mantel-Haenzel P values = 1 × 10⁻⁵ to 4 × 10⁻³), independent replication is required as genome-wide significance was not attained. In gene-level analyses, eight immune function genes were significantly (minP < 0.05) associated with glioblastoma; the IL-2RA (CD25) cytokine gene had the smallest minP values in both UCSF (minP = 0.01) and MDA (minP = 0.001) data sets. The IL-2RA receptor is found on the surface of regulatory T cells potentially contributing to immunosuppression characteristic of the glioblastoma microenvironment. In pathway correlation analyses, cytokine signaling and adhesion-extravasation-migration pathways showed similar associations with glioblastoma risk in both MDA and UCSF data sets. Our findings represent the first systematic description of immune genes and pathways that characterize glioblastoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Schwartzbaum
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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32
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Amirian E, Liu Y, Scheurer ME, El-Zein R, Gilbert MR, Bondy ML. Genetic variants in inflammation pathway genes and asthma in glioma susceptibility. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:444-52. [PMID: 20406895 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in inflammation-related genes have previously been shown to alter risks of developing various cancers. However, the effects of such SNPs on glioma risk remain unclear. We used a multistrategic approach to elucidate the relationship between glioma risk, asthma/allergies, and 23 literature-based functional SNPs in 11 inflammation genes. Genotyping was conducted on 373 histologically confirmed adult glioma patients and 365 cancer-free controls from the Harris County Brain Tumor Study. Deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were assessed using the chi(2)-test, and Akaike's information criterion was used to determine the best genetic model for each SNP. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated both for each SNP individually and for grouped analyses, examining the effects of the numbers of adverse alleles on glioma risk in participants with and without asthma. In the single-locus analysis of the 23 examined SNPs, 1 pro-inflammatory and 2 anti-inflammatory gene SNPs were significantly associated with glioma risk (COX2/PTGS2, rs20417 [OR = 1.41]; IL10, rs1800896 [OR = 1.57]; and IL13, rs20541 [OR = 0.39], respectively). When we examined the joint effects of the risk-conferring alleles of these 3 SNPs, we found a significant trend indicating that the risk increases as the number of adverse alleles increase (P = .005). Stratifying by asthma status, we found that this dose-response-like trend of increasing risk is only present among those without asthma/allergies (P < .0001). Our study indicates that polymorphisms in inflammation genes are associated with glioma susceptibility, especially when a history of asthma/allergies is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Amirian
- Departments of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Schwartzbaum JA, Huang K, Lawler S, Ding B, Yu J, Chiocca EA. Allergy and inflammatory transcriptome is predominantly negatively correlated with CD133 expression in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2009; 12:320-7. [PMID: 20308310 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergies and the use of anti-inflammatory medication appear to be associated with reduced glioblastoma risk. However, these observations may merely reflect systemic immunosuppression induced by the tumor. To better understand the effect of this tumor on allergies and inflammation, we used CD133 mRNA expression as an indicator of tumor aggressiveness and systematically examined its relation to mRNA expression levels of 919 allergy- and inflammation-related genes in 142 glioblastoma tissue samples. We found that 69% of these genes are negatively correlated with CD133 expression including allergy-related (eg, interleukin [IL]-4R-alpha; Pearson correlation coefficient [r] = - 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = - 0.53, -0.25) and immunoregulatory genes (eg, TGF-beta1; r = - 0.35; 95% CI = - 0.49, -0.20). Exceptions to this negative trend include the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17-beta (r = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.37) and 2 IL-17 receptors. Also positively related to CD133 expression are NCAM-1 (r = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.57) and PDGFR-alpha (r = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.30, 0.57). Previous literature suggests that NCAM-1(+) T cells infiltrate glioblastoma and may cause suppression of antitumor immunity, whereas PDGFR-alpha is involved in neurogenesis and amplified in glioblastoma. Ours is the first study to document down-regulation of the majority of allergy- and inflammation-related genes with glioblastoma progression. However, IL-17 and NCAM-1 may play proinflammatory and immunosuppressive roles, respectively, during the late stage of glioblastoma progression. Our findings suggest that immune function continues to change as the tumor progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Schwartzbaum
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Abstract
In gliomas, germline gene alterations play a significant role during malignant transformation of progenitor glial cells, at least for families with occurrence of multiple cancers or with specific hereditary cancer syndromes. Scientific evidence during the last few years has revealed several constitutive genetic abnormalities that may influence glioma formation. These germline abnormalities are manifested as either gene polymorphisms or hemizygous mutations of key regulatory genes that are involved either in DNA repair or in apoptosis. Such changes, among others, include hemizygous alterations of the neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and p53 genes that are involved in apoptotic pathways, and alterations in multiple DNA repair genes such as mismatch repair (MMR) genes, x-ray cross-complementary genes (XRCC), and O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) genes. Subsequent cellular changes include somatic mutations in cell cycle regulatory genes and genes involved in angiogenesis and invasion, leading eventually to tumor formation in various stages. Future molecular diagnosis may identify new genomic regions that could harbor genes important for glioma predisposition and aid in the early diagnosis of these patients and genetic counseling of their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios P Kyritsis
- University Hospital of Ioannina, Neurosurgical Research Institute, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, University Campus, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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35
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Zhao B, Meng LQ, Huang HN, Pan Y, Xu QQ. A novel functional polymorphism, 16974 A/C, in the interleukin-12-3' untranslated region is associated with risk of glioma. DNA Cell Biol 2009; 28:335-41. [PMID: 19435421 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors are important in the development of glioma. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces Interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion and plays an important role in antitumor immunity. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) is a novel IL-12 family member, and the present studies demonstrate that IL-27 mediates a potent antitumor activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether IL-12 and IL-27 gene polymorphisms and their serum levels are associated with glioma. We analyzed IL-12 gene 16974 A/C and IL-27 gene -964 A/G, 2905 T/G, and 4730 T/C polymorphisms in 210 patients with glioma and 220 matched controls, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method and DNA sequencing methods, while serum IL-12p40 and IL-27p28 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum IL-12p40 and IL-27p28 levels were decreased in patients with glioma compared with controls (p < 0.01). There were significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of the IL-12 gene 16974 A/C polymorphism between the group of patients with glioma and the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, genotypes carrying the IL-12 16974 C variant allele were associated with decreased serum IL-12p40 and IL-27p28 levels compared to the homozygous wild-type genotype in patients with glioma. The IL-12 gene 16974 A/C polymorphism may regulate expression of the serum IL-12p40 and IL-27p28, and associate with increased risk of glioma. Thus, genotypes carrying the IL-12 16974 C variant allele had a decreased ability to produce IL-12 and IL-27, which may contribute to glioma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Guangxi, China.
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36
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Gu J, Liu Y, Kyritsis AP, Bondy ML. Molecular epidemiology of primary brain tumors. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:427-35. [PMID: 19560733 PMCID: PMC5084179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although primary brain tumors (PBTs) are generally considered to be a multifactorial disorder, understanding the genetic basis and etiology of the disease is essential for PBT risk assessment. Understanding of the genetic susceptibility for PBT has come from studies of rare genetic syndromes, linkage analysis, family aggregation, early-onset pediatric cases, and mutagen sensitivity. There are currently no effective markers to assess biological dose of exposures and genetic heterogeneity. The priorities recently recommended by the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium emphasized the need for expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology. In this article, we review the literature to identify molecular epidemiologic case-control studies of PBTs that were hypothesis-driven and focused on four hypothesized candidate pathways: DNA repair, cell cycle, metabolism, and inflammation. We summarize the results in terms of genetic associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms of these pathways. We also discuss future research directions based on available evidence and technologies, and conclude that high resolution whole genome approach with significantly large sample size could rapidly advance our understanding of the genetic etiology of PBTs. Literature searches were done on PubMed in March 2009 with the terms glioma, glioblastoma, brain tumor, association, and polymorphism, and we only reviewed English language publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- grid.240145.60000000122914776School of Health Professions, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX
| | - Yanhong Liu
- grid.240145.60000000122914776Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX
| | - Athanassios P. Kyritsis
- grid.240145.60000000122914776Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX
- grid.411740.70000000406229754Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Melissa L. Bondy
- grid.240145.60000000122914776Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 77030 Houston, TX
- grid.240145.60000000122914776Department of Epidemiology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Pressler St, Unit 1340, 77030 Houston, TX
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Ruder AM, Carreón T, Butler MA, Calvert GM, Davis-King KE, Waters MA, Schulte PA, Mandel JS, Morton RF, Reding DJ, Rosenman KD. Exposure to farm crops, livestock, and farm tasks and risk of glioma: the Upper Midwest Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:1479-91. [PMID: 19403843 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies of brain cancer have found an excess risk for farmers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health previously found no increased glioma risk for ever (vs. never) being exposed to pesticides on a farm among 798 cases and 1,175 population-based controls (adult (ages 18-80 years) nonmetropolitan residents of Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin). For this analysis (1995-1998), 288 cases and 474 controls (or their proxies) who had lived on farms at age 18 years or after were asked about exposure to crops, livestock, and farm tasks. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios adjusted for age, age group, sex, state, and education. Never immediately washing up (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.08, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.78, 5.34) or changing clothes (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.04, 7.78) after applying pesticides was associated with increased glioma risk. Living on a farm on which corn, oats, soybeans, or hogs were raised was associated with decreased risk (corn-OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.69; oats-OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40, 1.00; soybeans-OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.98; hogs-OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.93). Negative associations may be due to chance or a "healthy farmer" effect. Farmers' increased risk of glioma may be due to work practices, other activities, or an inverse association with allergies (reported by other investigators).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avima M Ruder
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA.
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Berg-Beckhoff G, Schüz J, Blettner M, Münster E, Schlaefer K, Wahrendorf J, Schlehofer B. History of allergic disease and epilepsy and risk of glioma and meningioma (INTERPHONE study group, Germany). Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 24:433-40. [PMID: 19484497 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-009-9355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present analysis was to examine the association of a medical history of asthma, hay fever, eczema, or epilepsy with the risk of glioma and meningioma. Data of a German population-based case-control study included 381 meningioma cases, 366 glioma cases, and 1,494 controls. Participants' histories of asthma, hay fever, eczema, and epilepsy and the respective ages at onset were asked during a personal interview. A small inverse association between allergic condition and both glioma (odds ratio: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.70-1.22) and meningioma (odd ratio: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.66-1.14) was found. For glioma, this inverse association was more pronounced in persons reporting to have asthma compared to other allergic conditions. The positive association between epilepsy and particularly glioma suggests that epilepsy is an early symptom of the disease. As the association was seen also for epilepsies occurring more than a decade before the diagnosis of glioma, this might indicate either an aetiological role of epilepsy, or a relatively long preclinical phase. In conclusion our study confirms previous findings of case control studies but not those from cohort studies. However, possible selection bias in case control studies might not explain the different results in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Berg-Beckhoff
- Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Rajaraman P, Brenner AV, Butler MA, Wang SS, Pfeiffer RM, Ruder AM, Linet MS, Yeager M, Wang Z, Orr N, Fine HA, Kwon D, Thomas G, Rothman N, Inskip PD, Chanock SJ. Common variation in genes related to innate immunity and risk of adult glioma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1651-8. [PMID: 19423540 PMCID: PMC2771723 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that immune system alterations contribute to the etiology of adult glioma, the most common adult brain tumor. Although previous studies have focused on variation in candidate genes in the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system has emerged as a critical avenue for research given its known link with carcinogenesis. To identify genetic markers in pathways critical to innate immunity, we conducted an association study of 551 glioma cases and 865 matched controls of European ancestry to investigate "tag" single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 148 genetic regions. Two independent U.S. case-control studies included were as follows: a hospital-based study conducted by the National Cancer Institute (263 cases, 330 controls) and a community-based study conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (288 cases, 535 controls). Tag SNPs (1,397) chosen on the basis of an r(2) of >0.8 and minor allele frequency of >5% in Caucasians in HapMap1 were genotyped. Glioma risk was estimated by odds ratios. Nine SNPs distributed across eight genetic regions (ALOX5, IRAK3, ITGB2, NCF2, NFKB1, SELP, SOD1, and STAT1) were associated with risk of glioma with P value of <0.01. Although these associations were no longer statistically significant after controlling for multiple comparisons, the associations were notably consistent in both studies. Region-based tests were statistically significant (P < 0.05) for SELP, SOD, and ALOX5. Analyses restricted to glioblastoma (n = 254) yielded significant associations for the SELP, DEFB126/127, SERPINI1, and LY96 genetic regions. We have identified a promising set of innate immunity-related genetic regions for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Rajaraman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Abstract
Gliomas account for more than 70% of all brain tumors, and of these, glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant histologic type (World Health Organization [WHO] grade IV). There is a tendency toward a higher incidence of gliomas in highly developed, industrialized countries. Some reports indicate that Caucasians have a higher incidence than African or Asian populations. With the exception of pilocytic astrocytomas (WHO grade I), the prognosis of glioma patients is still poor. Fewer than 3% of glioblastoma patients are still alive at 5 years after diagnosis, older age being the most significant and consistent prognostic factor of poorer outcome. Gliomas are components of several inherited tumor syndromes, but the prevalence of these syndromes is very low. Many environmental and lifestyle factors including several occupations, environmental carcinogens, and diet have been reported to be associated with an elevated glioma risk, but the only factor unequivocally associated with an increased risk is therapeutic X-irradiation. In particular, children treated with X-irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia show a significantly elevated risk of developing gliomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumors, often within 10 years after therapy. Significant correlation between G:C --> A:T transitions in the TP53 gene and promoter methylation of the O6 -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene in glio-mas have been reported in several studies, suggesting the possible involvement of O6-methylguanine DNA adducts, which may be produced by exogenous or endogenous alkylating agents in the development of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ohgaki
- Pathology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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41
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Reilly KM. Brain tumor susceptibility: the role of genetic factors and uses of mouse models to unravel risk. Brain Pathol 2009; 19:121-31. [PMID: 19076777 PMCID: PMC2761018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2008.00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are relatively rare but deadly cancers, and present challenges in the determination of risk factors in the population. These tumors are inherently difficult to cure because of their protected location in the brain, with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy options carrying potentially lasting morbidity for patients and incomplete cure of the tumor. The development of methods to prevent or detect brain tumors at an early stage is extremely important to reduce damage to the brain from the tumor and the therapy. Developing effective prevention or early detection methods requires a deep understanding of the risk factors for brain tumors. This review explores the difficulties in assessing risk factors in rare diseases such as brain tumors, and discusses how mouse models of cancer can aid in a better understanding of genetic risk factors for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlyne M Reilly
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Berntsson SG, Malmer B, Bondy ML, Qu M, Smits A. Tumor-associated epilepsy and glioma: are there common genetic pathways? Acta Oncol 2009; 48:955-63. [PMID: 19639468 PMCID: PMC6436628 DOI: 10.1080/02841860903104145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with glioma exhibit a great variability in clinical symptoms apart from variations in response to therapy and survival. Many patients present with epileptic seizures at disease onset, especially in case of low-grade gliomas, but not all have seizures. A large proportion of patients develop refractory seizures. It is likely that the variability in epileptic symptoms cannot exclusively be explained by tumor-related factors, but rather reflects complex interaction between tumor-related, environmental and hereditary factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS No data exist on susceptibility genes associated with epileptic symptoms in patients with glioma. However, an increasing number of candidate genes have been proposed for other focal epilepsies such as temporal lobe epilepsy. Some of the susceptibility candidate genes associated with focal epilepsy may contribute to epileptic symptoms also in patients with glioma. RESULTS This review presents an update on studies on genetic polymorphisms and focal epilepsy and brings forward putative candidate genes for tumor-associated epilepsy, based on the assumption that common etiological pathways may exist for glioma development and glioma-associated seizures. Conclusion. Genes involved in the immune response, in synaptic transmission and in cell cycle control are discussed that may play a role in the pathogenesis of tumor growth as well as epileptic symptoms in patients with gliomas.
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Scheurer ME, Amirian E, Cao Y, Gilbert MR, Aldape KD, Kornguth DG, El-Zein R, Bondy ML. Polymorphisms in the interleukin-4 receptor gene are associated with better survival in patients with glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6640-6. [PMID: 18927306 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous literature provides some evidence that atopic diseases, IgE levels, and inflammatory gene polymorphisms may be associated with risk of glioblastoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of certain inflammatory gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on patient survival. Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults, however, few prognostic factors have been identified. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using 694 incident adult glioma cases identified between 2001 and 2006 in Harris County, TX, we examined seven SNPs in the interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-4 receptor (IL4R) genes. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between the SNPs and overall and long-term survival, controlling for age at diagnosis, time between diagnosis and registration, extent of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. RESULTS We found that among high-grade glioma cases, IL4R rs1805016 (TT versus GT/GG) was significantly protective against mortality over time [hazard ratios (HR), 0.59; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.40-0.88]. The IL4R rs1805016 and rs1805015 TT genotypes were both found to be significantly associated with survival beyond 1 year among patients with high-grade glioma (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27-0.73 and HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44-0.91, respectively). Furthermore, the IL4R haplotype analysis showed that SNPs in the IL4R gene may be interacting to affect long-term survival among high-grade glioma cases. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that polymorphisms in inflammation pathway genes may play an important role in glioma survival. Further research on the effects of these polymorphisms on glioma prognosis is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Epidemiology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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44
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Chang JS, Wiemels JL, Buffler PA. Allergies and childhood leukemia. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2008; 42:99-104. [PMID: 19049852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A majority of studies to date have reported an inversed association between allergies and childhood leukemia. However, this association is likely an indirect one and may represent some shared underlying immune mechanisms that have been explained in the context of the "hygiene hypothesis", which has been thought to play an important role in the development of both allergies and childhood leukemia. This review focuses on what we know so far about the role of various immune cells (Th1, Th2, T regulatory and Th17 cells) in the development of allergies and how they may potentially be related to the etiology of childhood leukemia. In addition, the utilities of genetic and molecular studies to disentangle the association between allergies and childhood leukemia and to elucidate the biological mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 44 Page Street, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1215, USA.
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45
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Aldrich MC, Selvin S, Hansen HM, Barcellos LF, Wrensch MR, Sison JD, Quesenberry CP, Kittles RA, Silva G, Buffler PA, Seldin MF, Wiencke JK. Comparison of statistical methods for estimating genetic admixture in a lung cancer study of African Americans and Latinos. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168:1035-46. [PMID: 18791191 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of methods are available for estimating genetic admixture proportions in populations; however, few investigators have conducted detailed comparisons using empirical data. The authors characterized admixture proportions among self-identified African Americans (n = 535) and Latinos (n = 412) living in the San Francisco Bay Area who participated in a lung cancer case-control study (1998-2003). Individual estimates of genetic ancestry based on 184 informative markers were obtained from a Bayesian approach and 2 maximum likelihood approaches and were compared using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman plots. Case-control differences in individual admixture proportions were assessed using 2-sample t tests and logistic regression analysis. Results indicated that Bayesian and frequentist approaches to estimating admixture provide similar estimates and inferences. No difference was observed in admixture proportions between African-American cases and controls, but Latino cases and controls significantly differed according to Amerindian and European genetic ancestry. Differences in admixture proportions between Latino cases and controls were not unexpected, since cases were more likely to have been born in the United States. Genetic admixture proportions provide a quantitative measure of ancestry differences among Latinos that can be used in analyses of genetic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda C Aldrich
- University of California, San Francisco, Box 2911 Rock Hall, Mission Bay 582, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-2911, USA.
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Chang JS, Wrensch MR, Hansen HM, Sison JD, Aldrich MC, Quesenberry CP, Seldin MF, Kelsey KT, Kittles RA, Silva G, Wiencke JK. Nucleotide excision repair genes and risk of lung cancer among San Francisco Bay Area Latinos and African Americans. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2095-104. [PMID: 18709642 PMCID: PMC2734972 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Few studies on the association between nucleotide excision repair (NER) variants and lung cancer risk have included Latinos and African Americans. We examine variants in 6 NER genes (ERCC2, ERCC4, ERCC5, LIG1, RAD23B and XPC) in association with primary lung cancer risk among 113 Latino and 255 African American subjects newly diagnosed with primary lung cancer from 1998 to 2003 in the San Francisco Bay Area and 579 healthy controls (299 Latinos and 280 African Americans). Individual single nucleotide polymorphism and haplotype analyses, multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) and principal components analysis (PCA) were performed to assess the association between 6 genes in the NER pathway and lung cancer risk. Among Latinos, ERCC2 haplotype CGA (rs238406, rs11878644, rs6966) was associated with reduced lung cancer risk [odds ratio (OR) of 0.65 and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.44-0.97], especially among nonsmokers (OR = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.12-0.67). From MDR analysis, in Latinos, smoking and 3 SNPs (ERCC2 rs171140, ERCC5 rs17655 and LIG1 rs20581) together had a prediction accuracy of 67.4% (p = 0.001) for lung cancer. Among African Americans, His/His genotype of ERCC5 His1104Asp (rs17655) was associated with increased lung cancer risk (OR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.09-2.91), and LIG1 haplotype GGGAA (rs20581, rs156641, rs3730931, rs20579 and rs439132) was associated with reduced lung cancer risk (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.42-0.88). Our study suggests different elements of the NER pathway may be important in the different ethnic groups resulting either from different linkage relationship, genetic backgrounds and/or exposure histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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47
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Chang JS, Yeh RF, Wiencke JK, Wiemels JL, Smirnov I, Pico AR, Tihan T, Patoka J, Miike R, Sison JD, Rice T, Wrensch MR. Pathway analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms potentially associated with glioblastoma multiforme susceptibility using random forests. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:1368-73. [PMID: 18559551 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a complex disease that is unlikely to result from the effect of a single gene. Genetic analysis at the pathway level involving multiple genes may be more likely to capture gene-disease associations than analyzing genes one at a time. The current pilot study included 112 Caucasians with glioblastoma multiforme and 112 Caucasian healthy controls frequency matched to cases by age and gender. Subjects were genotyped using a commercially available (ParAllele/Affymetrix) assay panel of 10,177 nonsynonymous coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) spanning the genome known at the time the panel was constructed. For this analysis, we selected 10 pathways potentially involved in gliomagenesis that had SNPs represented on the panel. We performed random forests (RF) analyses of SNPs within each pathway group and logistic regression to assess interaction among genes in the one pathway for which the RF prediction error was better than chance and the permutation P < 0.10. Only the DNA repair pathway had a better than chance classification of case-control status with a prediction error of 45.5% and P = 0.09. Three SNPs (rs1047840 of EXO1, rs12450550 of EME1, and rs799917 of BRCA1) of the DNA repair pathway were identified as promising candidates for further replication. In addition, statistically significant interactions (P < 0.05) between rs1047840 of EXO1 and rs799917 or rs1799966 of BRCA1 were observed. Despite less than complete inclusion of genes and SNPs relevant to glioma and a small sample size, RF analysis identified one important biological pathway and several SNPs potentially associated with the development of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Chang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 44 Page Street, Suite 503, San Francisco, CA 94143-1215, USA.
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48
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Bondy ML, Scheurer ME, Malmer B, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Davis FG, Il'yasova D, Kruchko C, McCarthy BJ, Rajaraman P, Schwartzbaum JA, Sadetzki S, Schlehofer B, Tihan T, Wiemels JL, Wrensch M, Buffler PA. Brain tumor epidemiology: consensus from the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer 2008; 113:1953-68. [PMID: 18798534 PMCID: PMC2861559 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologists in the Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium (BTEC) have prioritized areas for further research. Although many risk factors have been examined over the past several decades, there are few consistent findings, possibly because of small sample sizes in individual studies and differences between studies in patients, tumor types, and methods of classification. Individual studies generally have lacked samples of sufficient size to examine interactions. A major priority based on available evidence and technologies includes expanding research in genetics and molecular epidemiology of brain tumors. BTEC has taken an active role in promoting understudied groups, such as pediatric brain tumors; the etiology of rare glioma subtypes, such as oligodendroglioma; and meningioma, which, although it is not uncommon, has only recently been registered systematically in the United States. There also is a pressing need for more researchers, especially junior investigators, to study brain tumor epidemiology. However, relatively poor funding for brain tumor research has made it difficult to encourage careers in this area. In this report, BTEC epidemiologists reviewed the group's consensus on the current state of scientific findings, and they present a consensus on research priorities to identify which important areas the science should move to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Bondy
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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49
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Schwartzbaum JA, Ahlbom A, Lönn S, Malmer B, Wigertz A, Auvinen A, Brookes AJ, Collatz Christensen H, Henriksson R, Johansen C, Salminen T, Schoemaker MJ, Swerdlow AJ, Debinski W, Feychting M. An international case-control study of interleukin-4Ralpha, interleukin-13, and cyclooxygenase-2 polymorphisms and glioblastoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 16:2448-54. [PMID: 18006935 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies found that allergies are inversely related to risk of glioma. In an earlier publication, using data from a Swedish case-control study, Schwartzbaum et al. report an inverse relation between risk of glioblastoma and four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on two genes [interleukin (IL)-4Ralpha, IL-13] that are associated with allergies. In addition, recent studies suggest that IL-4 and IL-13 induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) to resolve brain inflammation. To see whether previous Swedish results (110 cases, 430 controls) would be replicated, we estimated the association between glioblastoma and two IL-4Ralpha (rs1805015, rs1801275) and two IL-13 (rs20541, rs1800925) SNPs and their haplotypes and one COX-2 SNP (-765GC) using additional English, Danish, and Finnish data (217 cases, 1,171 controls). Among general population controls, we evaluated associations between these haplotypes, the COX-2 SNP, and self-reported allergies. Our data did not support our original observations relating individual IL-4Ralpha, IL-13, or COX-2 SNPs to glioblastoma risk. However, the T-G IL-4Ralpha haplotype was associated with glioblastoma risk (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-4.52) and there was a suggestion of an inverse relation between this haplotype and hayfever prevalence among controls (odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-1.03). The lack of support for a link between four IL-4Ralpha and IL-13 SNPs and glioblastoma may reflect the absence of associations or may result from uncontrolled confounding by haplotypes related both to those that we examined and glioblastoma. Nonetheless, the association between the T-G IL-4Ralpha haplotype and glioblastoma risk may indicate a role of immune factors in glioblastoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Schwartzbaum
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ohio State University, Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West Tenth Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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50
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The atopic state: Permissive or dismissive of cancer? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11882-008-0017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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