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De Sota RE, Quake SR, Sninsky JJ, Toden S. Decoding bioactive signals of the RNA secretome: the cell-free messenger RNA catalogue. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e12. [PMID: 38682644 PMCID: PMC11140549 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Despite gene-expression profiling being one of the most common methods to evaluate molecular dysregulation in tissues, the utilization of cell-free messenger RNA (cf-mRNA) as a blood-based non-invasive biomarker analyte has been limited compared to other RNA classes. Recent advancements in low-input RNA-sequencing and normalization techniques, however, have enabled characterization as well as accurate quantification of cf-mRNAs allowing direct pathological insights. The molecular profile of the cell-free transcriptome in multiple diseases has subsequently been characterized including, prenatal diseases, neurological disorders, liver diseases and cancers suggesting this biological compartment may serve as a disease agnostic platform. With mRNAs packaged in a myriad of extracellular vesicles and particles, these signals may be used to develop clinically actionable, non-invasive disease biomarkers. Here, we summarize the recent scientific developments of extracellular mRNA, biology of extracellular mRNA carriers, clinical utility of cf-mRNA as disease biomarkers, as well as proposed functions in cell and tissue pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys E. De Sota
- Superfluid Dx., 259 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Stephen R. Quake
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John J. Sninsky
- Superfluid Dx., 259 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shusuke Toden
- Superfluid Dx., 259 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Schöckel L, Woischke C, Surendran SA, Michl M, Schiergens T, Hölscher A, Glass F, Kreissl P, Klauschen F, Günther M, Ormanns S, Neumann J. PPARG activation promotes the proliferation of colorectal cancer cell lines and enhances the antiproliferative effect of 5-fluorouracil. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:234. [PMID: 38378472 PMCID: PMC10877928 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-11985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) is a member of the nuclear receptor family. It is involved in the regulation of adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, vascular homeostasis and inflammation. In addition, PPARG agonists, known as thiazolidinediones, are well established in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. PPARGs role in cancer is a matter of debate, as pro- and anti-tumour properties have been described in various tumour entities. Currently, the specific role of PPARG in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is not fully understood. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prognostic impact of PPARG expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry in a case-control study using a matched pair selection of CRC tumours (n = 246) with either distant metastases to the liver (n = 82), lung (n = 82) or without distant metastases (n = 82). Its effect on proliferation as well as the sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was examined after activation, inhibition, and transient gene knockdown of PPARG in the CRC cell lines SW403 and HT29. RESULTS High PPARG expression was significantly associated with pulmonary metastasis (p = 0.019). Patients without distant metastases had a significantly longer overall survival with low PPARG expression in their tumours compared to patients with high PPARG expression (p = 0.045). In the pulmonary metastasis cohort instead, a trend towards longer survival was observed for patients with high PPARG expression in their tumour (p = 0.059). Activation of PPARG by pioglitazone and rosiglitazone resulted in a significant dose-dependent increase in proliferation of CRC cell lines. Inhibition of PPARG by its specific inhibitor GW9662 and siRNA-mediated knockdown of PPARG significantly decreased proliferation. Activating PPARG significantly increased the CRC cell lines sensitivity to 5-FU while its inhibition decreased it. CONCLUSION The prognostic effect of PPARG expression depends on the metastasis localization in advanced CRC patients. Activation of PPARG increased malignancy associated traits such as proliferation in CRC cell lines but also increases sensitivity towards the chemotherapeutic agent 5-FU. Based on this finding, a combination therapy of PPARG agonists and 5-FU-based chemotherapy constitutes a promising strategy which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Schöckel
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Woischke
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sai Agash Surendran
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlies Michl
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Schiergens
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Frederick Klauschen
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, a partnership between DKFZ and LMU Munich Germany, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Günther
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, a partnership between DKFZ and LMU Munich Germany, Munich, Germany
- Innpath Institute for Pathology GmbH, Tirol Kliniken, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steffen Ormanns
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, a partnership between DKFZ and LMU Munich Germany, Munich, Germany
- Innpath Institute for Pathology GmbH, Tirol Kliniken, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) München, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich, a partnership between DKFZ and LMU Munich Germany, Munich, Germany.
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Dev A, Vachher M, Prasad CP. β-catenin inhibitors in cancer therapeutics: intricacies and way forward. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2251696. [PMID: 37655825 PMCID: PMC10478749 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2251696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
β-catenin is an evolutionary conserved, quintessential, multifaceted protein that plays vital roles in cellular homeostasis, embryonic development, organogenesis, stem cell maintenance, cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, and pathogenesis of various human diseases including cancer. β-catenin manifests both signaling and adhesive features. It acts as a pivotal player in intracellular signaling as a component of versatile WNT signaling cascade involved in embryonic development, homeostasis as well as in carcinogenesis. It is also involved in Ca2+ dependent cell adhesion via interaction with E-cadherin at the adherens junctions. Aberrant β-catenin expression and its nuclear accumulation promote the transcription of various oncogenes including c-Myc and cyclinD1, thereby contributing to tumor initiation, development, and progression. β-catenin's expression is closely regulated at various levels including its stability, sub-cellular localization, as well as transcriptional activity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of regulation of β-catenin and its atypical expression will provide researchers not only the novel insights into the pathogenesis and progression of cancer but also will help in deciphering new therapeutic avenues. In the present review, we have summarized the dual functions of β-catenin, its role in signaling, associated mutations as well as its role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression of various cancers. Additionally, we have discussed the challenges associated with targeting β-catenin molecule with the presently available drugs and suggested the possible way forward in designing new therapeutic alternatives against this oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhathi Dev
- Department of Medical Oncology (Laboratory), DR BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi Vachher
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Department of Medical Oncology (Laboratory), DR BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Ahmed EM, Farag AS, Abdelwahed MS, Hanbazazh M, Samman A, Ashmawy D, Abd-Elhameed NR, Tharwat M, Othman AE, Shawky TA, Attia RM, Ibrahim AA, Azzam S, Elhussiny MEA, Nasr M, Naeem SA, Abd-Elhay WM, Ali Alfaifi AM, Hasan A. The Expression of Stem Cell Marker LGR5 and Its Coexpression with Β-Catenin in Sporadic Colorectal Carcinoma and Adenoma: A Comparative Immunohistochemical Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1233. [PMID: 37512045 PMCID: PMC10383310 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: LGR5 is one of the most important stem cell markers for colorectal cancer (CRC), as it potentiates Wnt/Β-catenin signaling. The well-characterized deregulation of Wnt/Β-catenin signaling that occurs during adenoma/carcinoma sequence in CRC renders LGR5 a hopeful therapeutic target. We assessed the immunohistochemical expression of LGR5 and Β-catenin in normal colonic and tumorous lesions with a clinicopathological correlation. Methods: Tissue blocks and clinical data of 50 selected cases were included: 8 from normal mucosa, 12 cases of adenoma, and 30 cases of CRC, where sections were cut and re-examined and the immunohistochemical technique was conducted using anti-LGR5 and anti-Β-catenin to measure the staining density. Results: There was no expression of LGR5 in normal mucosa compared to samples of adenoma and CRC samples. The association analysis showed that CRC specimens were more likely to have strong LGR5 and Β-catenin expressions than the other two groups (p = 0.048 and p < 0.001, respectively). Specimens with high-grade dysplastic adenoma were more likely to express moderate-to-strong expression of LGR5 and Β-catenin (p = 0.013 and p = 0.036, respectively). In contrast, there were no statistically significant associations between LGR5 and Β-catenin expression with grade and stage. Conclusion: These results suggest and support the possible role of LGR5 as a potential marker of cancer stem cells in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis in addition to a prognostic value for LGR5 and Β-catenin in adenomatous lesions according to immunohistochemical expression density. A potential therapeutic role of LGR5 in CRC is suggested for future studies based on its role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mohamed Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Abeer Said Farag
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Abdelwahed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehenaz Hanbazazh
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhadi Samman
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diaa Ashmawy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta 34517, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Tharwat
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Alyaa E Othman
- Infectious Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
| | - Taiseer Ahmed Shawky
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Radwa Mohamed Attia
- General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | - Sherif Azzam
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Nasr
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Suhaib Alsayed Naeem
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Wagih M Abd-Elhay
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | | | - Abdulkarim Hasan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Prince Mishari bin Saud Hospital, Ministry of Health, Albahah 22888, Saudi Arabia
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Saliem SS, Bede SY, Abdulkareem AA, Abdullah BH, Milward MR, Cooper PR. Gingival tissue samples from periodontitis patients demonstrate epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:247-255. [PMID: 36575609 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of key epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in gingival tissue samples collected from patients with periodontitis. BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is a process responsible for shifting epithelial-phenotype to mesenchymal-phenotype leading to loss of epithelial-barrier function. Thus, EMT could be involved as a pathogenic mechanism in periodontitis as both conditions share common promoters and signalling pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gingival tissue samples were collected from patients with periodontitis (case) and healthy periodontium (control). Periodontal parameters including bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment loss were recorded. Paraffinized tissue samples were processed and immunohistochemically stained to determine the expression of key EMT markers which included E-cadherin, β-catenin, Snail1 and vimentin. RESULTS The majority of cases (n = 65, 72.2%) were diagnosed with periodontitis stage 3 or 4, grade b or c vs 25 (27.8%) subjects with intact healthy periodontium. Discontinuity of epithelium was detected in up to 80.9% of periodontitis cases associated with reduced number of epithelial layers as compared to controls. Immunohistochemical expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and β-catenin) was significantly downregulated in periodontitis patients as compared with controls. Periodontitis cases exhibited significant upregulation of Snail1 expression. Furthermore, cytoplasmic vimentin (66.2%) and nuclear β-catenin (27.7%) were solely expressed in periodontally diseased tissues compared with control. Epithelial markers, E-cadherin and β-catenin, were significantly negatively correlated with increasing PPD, while vimentin showed positive correlation with this parameter. CONCLUSION There were marked downregulation of epithelial molecules and upregulation of mesenchymal markers in gingival tissues derived from periodontitis patients, suggesting expression of the EMT phenotype in the pathological epithelial lining of periodontal pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif S Saliem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salwan Y Bede
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | | | - Paul R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Tunuguntla A, Suresh T, PN S. Association Between the Immunohistochemistry Expression of E-cadherin, Beta-Catenin, and CD44 in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Cureus 2023; 15:e35686. [PMID: 37012965 PMCID: PMC10066707 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in cancer metastasis. In EMT, there is downregulation of E-cadherin, an intracellular adhesion molecule, as well as mutations in beta-catenin genes. On immunohistochemistry (IHC), the expression of CD44 portrays stem cell differentiation, which, in turn, is strongly associated with EMT. Thus, newer targeted therapies can be advised based on the expression of EMT and stem cell differentiation. Aims and objectives To determine the IHC expression of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and CD44 in colorectal adenocarcinoma and find the association of the IHC expression of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and CD44 with the histopathological grade, stage, lymph node metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods Fifty histologically proven cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma from 2016 to 2021 were included in this study, and clinicopathological data including age, gender, grading, TNM (tumour, node, and metastasis) staging, and lymph node metastasis were collected and hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed. IHC staining for E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and CD44 was done for all cases using the peroxidase and anti-peroxidase method, and the results were analysed. Results Peak incidence occurred in the 61-70 years age group (36%), and the most common site of the tumour was the rectal area (48%). The majority of the cases were in TNM stage II (37.3%), and a low expression of E-cadherin was found to be associated with higher T stage (p = 0.03), TNM staging (p = 0.04), as well as the presence of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.006). High beta-catenin expression was observed to have a significant correlation with a higher T stage (p = 0.006) and TNM staging (p = 0.005), while high CD44 expression was found to be associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.01). Altered expression of EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin and beta-catenin) showed a significant correlation with higher T stage (p = 0.03), TNM staging (p = 0.016), and lymph node metastasis (0.04). Conclusions EMT and cancer stem cell IHC markers are biomarkers for aggressive tumour growth and lymph node metastasis. Hence, EMT markers (E-cadherin and beta-catenin) and cancer stem cell markers (CD44) can be used as prognostic markers.
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Pei XM, Wong HT, Ng SSM, Leung WW, Wong YN, Tsang HF, Chan AKC, Wong YKE, Yu ACS, Yim AKY, Cho WCS, Chan JKC, Wong KF, Luk JM, Tai WCS, Wong SCC. The diagnostic significance of CDH17-positive circulating tumor cells in patients with colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:171-179. [PMID: 36744385 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2176223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Hong Kong. We tested the hypothesis that circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis by ARB101 antibody could be used as a tool for CRC detection, progression, and therapy response. RESEARCH METHODS ARB101 antibody was used for investigation of CDH17 expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of CRC patients. RESULTS Using ARB101, highest sensitivity was observed in 98/100 (98%) colorectal cancer tissue compared to 72/100 gastric cancer (72%) and 27/32 pancreatic cancer (84%). Immunoreactivity of CDH17 was significantly higher in distant metastatic (tumor-node-metastasis [TNM] stage IV) than non-distant metastatic (TNM stage I to III) CRC. ARB101 antibody also manifested the higher sensitivity than c-erbB2 (8%) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting antibodies (37%) with the significance (p < 0.0001). ARB101 positive CTCs were detected in 64/83 (77%) TNM stage I to IV CRC patients. Furthermore, ARB101 positive CTCs detected in TNM stage I to III CRC patients before and after surgical operation are statistically significant (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS CTC detection by ARB101 antibody could serve as a potential non-invasive approach for CRC detection, progression, and monitoring of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng Pei
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Heong Ting Wong
- Department of Pathology, Kiang Wu Hospital, Macao, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Simon Siu Man Ng
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wing Wa Leung
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yee Ni Wong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hin Fung Tsang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Amanda Kit Ching Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yin Kwan Evelyn Wong
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Allen Chi Shing Yu
- Department of Research and Develpment, Codex Genetics Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Aldrin Kay Yuen Yim
- Department of Research and Develpment, Codex Genetics Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - William Chi Shing Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John Kwok Cheung Chan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwong Fai Wong
- Department of Research and Develpment Arbele Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - John M Luk
- Department of Research and Develpment Arbele Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - William Chi Shing Tai
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sze Chuen Cesar Wong
- Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Klingler S, Hsu KS, Hua G, Martin ML, Adileh M, Baslan T, Zhang Z, Paty PB, Fuks Z, Brown AM, Kolesnick R. Disruption of the crypt niche promotes outgrowth of mutated colorectal tumor stem cells. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153793. [PMID: 35260534 PMCID: PMC8983138 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data establish a logarithmic expansion of leucine rich repeat containing G protein coupled receptor 5–positive (Lgr5+) colonic epithelial stem cells (CESCs) in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Complementary studies using the murine 2-stage azoxymethane–dextran sulfate sodium (AOM-DSS) colitis-associated tumor model indicate early acquisition of Wnt pathway mutations drives CESC expansion during adenoma progression. Here, subdivision of the AOM-DSS model into in vivo and in vitro stages revealed DSS induced physical separation of CESCs from stem cell niche cells and basal lamina, a source of Wnt signals, within hours, disabling the stem cell program. While AOM delivery in vivo under non-adenoma-forming conditions yielded phenotypically normal mucosa and organoids derived thereof, niche injury ex vivo by progressive DSS dose escalation facilitated outgrowth of Wnt-independent dysplastic organoids. These organoids contained 10-fold increased Lgr5+ CESCs with gain-of-function Wnt mutations orthologous to human CRC driver mutations. We posit CRC originates by niche injury–induced outgrowth of normally suppressed mutated stem cells, consistent with models of adaptive oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klingler
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kuo-Shun Hsu
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guoqiang Hua
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maria Laura Martin
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohammad Adileh
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Zvi Fuks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, and
| | - Anthony Mc Brown
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Kolesnick
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Elshazly AAA, Desouky MN, Diab IH, Ibrahim AMA, Dwedar FI. Serum Long-Noncoding RNA H19 and β-Catenin as Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in Egyptian Patients: A Case Control Study. JOURNAL OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer and the second most common cause of cancer death; however, its early detection can improve the survival. Colonic polyps are considered one of the CRC's major risk factors. Throughout many biological processes and malignancies, the non-coding RNAs have essential functions. Certain long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), including H19, were supposed to be CRC possible biomarkers. Also, H19 has been reported to play a role in regulating the activity of β-catenin, a protein that regulates cell-to-cell adhesion, as well as gene transcription. The current work aimed to investigate the potential significance of LncRNA H19 relative serum expression level by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and β-catenin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as noninvasive biomarkers to discriminate between colorectal cancer and colonic polyps. The statistical analysis of the studied factors revealed that the serum expression of H19 and β-catenin in cancer cases were substantially greater than colonic polyp cases and normal control.
Conclusion The relative expressions of H19 and beta-catenin in the serum can significantly discriminate patients with CRC from those with polyp and normal controls, which could help when screening for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Nageeb Desouky
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Iman Hassan Diab
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Ibrahim Dwedar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Prognostic Biomarkers in Uveal Melanoma: The Status Quo, Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010096. [PMID: 35008260 PMCID: PMC8749988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although rare, uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common cancer that develops inside adult eyes. The prognosis is poor, since 50% of patients will develop lethal metastases in the first decade, especially to the liver. Once metastases are detected, life expectancy is limited, given that the available treatments are mostly unsuccessful. Thus, there is a need to find methods that can accurately predict UM prognosis and also effective therapeutic strategies to treat this cancer. In this manuscript, we initially compile the current knowledge on epidemiological, clinical, pathological and molecular features of UM. Then, we cover the most relevant prognostic factors currently used for the evaluation and follow-up of UM patients. Afterwards, we highlight emerging molecular markers in UM published over the last three years. Finally, we discuss the problems preventing meaningful advances in the treatment and prognostication of UM patients, as well as forecast new roadblocks and paths of UM-related research. Abstract Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common malignant intraocular tumour in the adult population. It is a rare cancer with an incidence of nearly five cases per million inhabitants per year, which develops from the uncontrolled proliferation of melanocytes in the choroid (≈90%), ciliary body (≈6%) or iris (≈4%). Patients initially present either with symptoms like blurred vision or photopsia, or without symptoms, with the tumour being detected in routine eye exams. Over the course of the disease, metastases, which are initially dormant, develop in nearly 50% of patients, preferentially in the liver. Despite decades of intensive research, the only approach proven to mildly control disease spread are early treatments directed to ablate liver metastases, such as surgical excision or chemoembolization. However, most patients have a limited life expectancy once metastases are detected, since there are limited therapeutic approaches for the metastatic disease, including immunotherapy, which unlike in cutaneous melanoma, has been mostly ineffective for UM patients. Therefore, in order to offer the best care possible to these patients, there is an urgent need to find robust models that can accurately predict the prognosis of UM, as well as therapeutic strategies that effectively block and/or limit the spread of the metastatic disease. Here, we initially summarized the current knowledge about UM by compiling the most relevant epidemiological, clinical, pathological and molecular data. Then, we revisited the most important prognostic factors currently used for the evaluation and follow-up of primary UM cases. Afterwards, we addressed emerging prognostic biomarkers in UM, by comprehensively reviewing gene signatures, immunohistochemistry-based markers and proteomic markers resulting from research studies conducted over the past three years. Finally, we discussed the current hurdles in the field and anticipated the future challenges and novel avenues of research in UM.
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The Small-Molecule Wnt Inhibitor ICG-001 Efficiently Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Stemness and Metastasis by Suppressing MEIS1 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413413. [PMID: 34948208 PMCID: PMC8704261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrence and metastasis remain major obstacles in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment. Recent studies suggest that a small subpopulation of cells with a self-renewal ability, called cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), promotes recurrence and metastasis in CRC. Unfortunately, no CSC inhibitor has been demonstrated to be more effective than existing chemotherapeutic drugs, resulting in a significant unmet need for effective CRC therapies. In this study, transcriptomic profiling of metastatic tumors from CRC patients revealed significant upregulation in the Wnt pathway and stemness genes. Thus, we examined the therapeutic effect of the small-molecule Wnt inhibitor ICG-001 on cancer stemness and metastasis. The ICG-001 treatment efficiently attenuated self-renewal activity and metastatic potential. Mechanistically, myeloid ecotropic viral insertion site 1 (MEIS1) was identified as a target gene of ICG-001 that is transcriptionally regulated by Wnt signaling. A series of functional analyses revealed that MEIS1 enhanced the CSC behavior and metastatic potential of the CRC cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that ICG-001 efficiently inhibits CRC stemness and metastasis by suppressing MEIS1 expression. These results provide a basis for the further clinical investigation of ICG-001 as a targeted therapy for CSCs, opening a new avenue for the development of novel Wnt inhibitors for the treatment of CRC metastasis.
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Xia Y, Wang G, Jiang M, Liu X, Zhao Y, Song Y, Jiang B, Zhu D, Hu L, Zhang Z, Cao T, Wang JM, Hu J. A Novel Biological Activity of the STAT3 Inhibitor Stattic in Inhibiting Glutathione Reductase and Suppressing the Tumorigenicity of Human Cervical Cancer Cells via a ROS-Dependent Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4047-4060. [PMID: 34262291 PMCID: PMC8275107 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s313507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glutathione reductase (GSR) provides reduced glutathione (GSH) to maintain redox homeostasis. Inhibition of GSR disrupts this balance, resulting in cell damage, which benefits cancer therapy. However, the effect of GSR inhibition on the tumorigenicity of human cervical cancer is not fully understood. Materials and Methods Tissue microarray analysis was employed to determine GSR expression in cervical cancer tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Cell death was measured with PI/FITC-annexin V staining. mRNA levels were measured via quantitative RT-PCR. Protein expression was measured by Western blotting and flow cytometry. STAT3 deletion was performed with CRISPR/Cas9 technology. GSR knockdown was achieved by RNA interference. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by DCF staining. GSR enzymatic activity was measured with a GSR assay kit. The effect of GSR inhibition on the growth of tumors formed by cervical cancer cells was investigated using a xenograft model. Results The expression of GSR was increased in human cervical cancer tissues, as shown by immunohistochemical staining. GSR knockdown by RNA interference in human cervical cancer cell lines resulted in cell death, suggesting the ability of GSR to maintain cancer cell survival. The STAT3 inhibitor 6-nitrobenzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide (Stattic) also inhibited the enzymatic activity of GSR and induced the death of cervical cancer cells. More importantly, Stattic decreased the growth of xenograft tumors formed by cervical cancer cells in nude mice. Mechanistically, tumor cell death induced by Stattic-mediated GSR inhibition was ROS-dependent, since the ROS scavengers GSH and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) reversed the effect of Stattic. In contrast, pharmacological and molecular inhibition of STAT3 did not induce the death of cervical cancer cells, suggesting a STAT3-independent activity of Stattic. Conclusion Stattic inhibits the enzymatic activity of GSR and induces STAT3-independent but ROS-dependent death of cervical cancer cells, suggesting its potential application as a therapeutic agent for human cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Xia
- Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Department of Oncology, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Binyuan Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Demao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jinyue Hu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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The correlation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related gene expression and the clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer patients in Taiwan. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254000. [PMID: 34214117 PMCID: PMC8253430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. It has been the most prevalent malignancy in Taiwan for consecutive thirteen years. Despite the diversity of its etiologic and pathophysiologic factors, a biological process named as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is indispensable in the progression of epithelial cancer. Our aim is to investigate the correlation between the expression of 8 EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin, β-catenin, claudin-1, CD44, N-cadherin, fibronectin, vimentin, S100A4) and the clinicopathologic features of CRC in Taiwan, along with the DNA CpG epigenetic status of CD44 gene. In immunohistochemical assessment, decreased expression of E-cadherin is statistically associated with the progression of cancer stage, while decreased expression of claudin-1 as well as increased β-catenin nuclear translocation and N-cadherin expression is statistically associated with the progression of histopathologic grade. E-cadherin, nuclear β-catenin and claudin-1 are also associated with other important prognostic factors, including nodal metastasis, tumor deposits, and elevated serum CA 19-9 levels. In addition, the left-sided colon and rectal cancers show increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin compared to the right-sided colon cancers, while the rectal cancers show increased fibronectin expression compared to the right-sided and left-sided colon cancers. Moreover, vimentin is aberrantly expressed in one case of signet-ring cell carcinoma. The DNA methylation levels of CD44 gene promoter between the tumoral and non-tumorous tissues by NGS comparison showed statistical difference on six CpG sites. However, such difference may not be sufficient because these DNA methylation proportions are too low to inactivate CD44 gene. Our results demonstrate the expression of E-cadherin, claudin-1, and nuclear β-catenin is closely related to the clinicopathologic prognostic determinants of CRC in Taiwan. The DNA methylation level of CD44 gene and its protein expression, however, show no correlation with the clinicopathologic features in CRC.
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Vaes N, Schonkeren SL, Rademakers G, Holland AM, Koch A, Gijbels MJ, Keulers TG, de Wit M, Moonen L, Van der Meer JRM, van den Boezem E, Wolfs TGAM, Threadgill DW, Demmers J, Fijneman RJA, Jimenez CR, Vanden Berghe P, Smits KM, Rouschop KMA, Boesmans W, Hofstra RMW, Melotte V. Loss of enteric neuronal Ndrg4 promotes colorectal cancer via increased release of Nid1 and Fbln2. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51913. [PMID: 33890711 PMCID: PMC8183412 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-Myc Downstream-Regulated Gene 4 (NDRG4), a prominent biomarker for colorectal cancer (CRC), is specifically expressed by enteric neurons. Considering that nerves are important members of the tumor microenvironment, we here establish different Ndrg4 knockout (Ndrg4-/- ) CRC models and an indirect co-culture of primary enteric nervous system (ENS) cells and intestinal organoids to identify whether the ENS, via NDRG4, affects intestinal tumorigenesis. Linking immunostainings and gastrointestinal motility (GI) assays, we show that the absence of Ndrg4 does not trigger any functional or morphological GI abnormalities. However, combining in vivo, in vitro, and quantitative proteomics data, we uncover that Ndrg4 knockdown is associated with enlarged intestinal adenoma development and that organoid growth is boosted by the Ndrg4-/- ENS cell secretome, which is enriched for Nidogen-1 (Nid1) and Fibulin-2 (Fbln2). Moreover, NID1 and FBLN2 are expressed in enteric neurons, enhance migration capacities of CRC cells, and are enriched in human CRC secretomes. Hence, we provide evidence that the ENS, via loss of Ndrg4, is involved in colorectal pathogenesis and that ENS-derived Nidogen-1 and Fibulin-2 enhance colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vaes
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Simone L Schonkeren
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Glenn Rademakers
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Amy M Holland
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Marion J Gijbels
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular GeneticsCardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical BiochemistryAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tom G Keulers
- Department of RadiotherapyGROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Maastricht MUMC+Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Meike de Wit
- Department of Medical Oncology and Oncoproteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Moonen
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Jaleesa R M Van der Meer
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Edith van den Boezem
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Tim G A M Wolfs
- Department of PediatricsGROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterCollege StationTXUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics CenterErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology and Oncoproteomics LaboratoryCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric Neuroscience (LENS) and Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID)Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and AgeingKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Kim M Smits
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Department of RadiotherapyGROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Maastricht MUMC+Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED)Hasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of PathologyGROW–School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Gomaa W, Al-Maghrabi H, Al-Maghrabi J. The prognostic significance of immunostaining of Wnt signalling pathway molecules, E-cadherin and β-catenin in colorectal carcinomacolorectal carcinoma. Arab J Gastroenterol 2021; 22:137-145. [PMID: 34088623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The E-cadherin-catenin complex is crucial in the development and progression of carcinomas. This study was conducted to evaluate the relation between E-cadherin and β-catenin immunostaining and CRC outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tissue microarrays were constructed from CRC, nodal metastases, adenomas, and normal mucosa. E-cadherin and β-catenin immunostaining was performed, and results were analyzed. RESULTS For E-cadherin, the membranous fraction (MF) was higher in normal mucosa, adenoma, CRC, and nodal metastasis than the cytoplasmic fraction (CF), but no difference in nodal metastasis was observed. A low MF in CRC was associated with disease relapse. For β-catenin, high MF and CF in normal mucosa, adenoma, CRC, and nodal metastasis were observed, whereas the nuclear fraction (NF) was high only in CRC. In CRC, a high CF was associated with nodal metastasis and the incidence of relapse and predicted nodal metastasis. A high NF could predict distance metastasis. A high CF in CRC was associated with favorable disease-free survival and overall survival. CONCLUSION Reduced E-cadherin and β-catenin immunostaining in CRC is related to prognostic factors. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway may play a crucial role in CRC progression and help identify the high risk of adverse outcomes and indicate close follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaey Gomaa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Al-Minia, Egypt
| | - Haneen Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Kundu A, Sen A, Choudhury S, Mandal TK, Guha D, Lahiry S. Immunohistochemical analysis of beta-catenin expression: a probable prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target in renal cell carcinoma. Med Pharm Rep 2021; 94:65-72. [PMID: 33629051 PMCID: PMC7880061 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) seems to be the most aggressive type of genitourinary neoplasm. Down regulation of normal beta-catenin expression contributes to development of RCC, reflecting the role of beta-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway in pathogenesis. This study aims to evaluate the significance of beta-catenin expression and its correlation with the prognostic parameters. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a tertiary care center on 58 RCC cases using variables like histological grade and type, tumor stage, necrosis. Formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks were evaluated for beta-catenin expression by immunohistochemistry using scoring system. Data were analyzed by mean ± SD, χ2 test, Pearson’s correlation test. Results Membranous score (MS) had a strong negative correlation with tumor stage (r=−0.407, p=0.044) and grade (r=−0.787, p=<0.001). Mean membranous score difference between low (Stage 1 and 2) vs. high stage (Stage 3 and 4) and low (Grade 1 and 2) vs. high grade (Grade 3 and 4) was statistically significant (p<0.001). Cytoplasmic score (CS) had positive correlation with tumor stage (r=0.586; p=0.002). No significant correlation was evident between cytoplasmic scores and tumor grade, however the mean cytoplasmic score difference between low grade vs. high grade was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion Beta-catenin may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RCC and has a positive correlation with the biological behavior of this tumor. The important role of beta-catenin as a prognostic parameter and probably a critical evaluator of targeted chemotherapy cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Kundu
- Department of Pathology, NRS Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Anway Sen
- Department of Pathology, NRS Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Debasish Guha
- Department of Pathology, NRS Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India
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Mosnier JF, Airaud F, Métairie S, Volteau C, Bezieau S, Denis M. Mapping of colorectal carcinoma diseases with activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway using hierarchical clustering approach. J Clin Pathol 2021; 75:168-175. [PMID: 33441391 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-207144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To map the colorectal carcinoma (CRC) diseases with significant Wnt signalling pathway activation for delineating their clinicopathological and molecular profiles. METHODS Mapping is based on hierarchical clustering analyses of a series of 283 CRCs. Data tabulated were histopathological patterns, immunophenotypic differentiation, RAS, RAF, CTNNB1 mutations and microsatellite instability status, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and genetic setting. Beta-catenin expression in more than 10% of cell nuclei in the centre of tumour serves as a surrogate marker of significant activation of Wnt signalling pathway. RESULTS Nuclei beta-catenin expression was present in 95% of CRCs; 56% of them met the criteria of high level of nuclei beta-catenin expression (≥10%). Proportion of beta-catenin positive nuclei was significantly higher in younger patients, rectal and left-sided colonic carcinomas. CRCs with high level of nuclei beta-catenin expression were regrouped into three clusters: (1) microsatellite stability (MSS) CRCs with no constitutive MAPK pathway activation including 90% of low-grade adenocarcinoma, NOS, with intestinal differentiation without TILs; (2) RAS-mutated MSS CRCs including low-grade adenocarcinoma, NOS, with intestinal differentiation and mucinous adenocarcinoma without TILs; (3) MSI-H CRCs including both BRAF-mutated CRCs evolving from serrated pathway and CTNNB1-mutated CRCs associated with Lynch syndrome. CONCLUSIONS MSS low-grade adenocarcinoma, NOS, with intestinal differentiation without TILs ('crypt-like adenocarcinoma') might be the morphological pending of canonical molecular subtype of CRC defined as displayed molecular epithelial differentiation and upregulation of WNT in consensus molecular classification of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrice Airaud
- Department of Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvie Métairie
- Department of Digestive and Endocrinology Surgeries, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Christelle Volteau
- Biostatistics Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Bezieau
- Department of Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Denis
- Department of Biochemistry and Oncogenomics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
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Nagy N, Reis H, Hadaschik B, Niedworok C, Módos O, Szendrői A, Bíró K, Hager T, Herold T, Ablat J, Black PC, Okon K, Tolkach Y, Csizmarik A, Oláh C, Keresztes D, Bremmer F, Gaisa NT, Kriegsmann J, Kovalszky I, Kiss A, Tímár J, Szász MA, Rink M, Fisch M, Nyirády P, Szarvas T. Prevalence of APC and PTEN Alterations in Urachal Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2773-2781. [PMID: 32754865 PMCID: PMC7471184 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urachal carcinoma (UrC) is a rare tumor with remarkable histological and molecular similarities to colorectal cancer (CRC). Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is the most frequently affected gene in CRC, but the prevalence and significance of its alterations in UrC is poorly understood. In addition, loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) was shown to be associated with therapy resistance in CRC. Our primary aim was to assess specific genetic alterations including APC and PTEN in a large series of UrC samples in order to identify clinically significant genomic alterations. We analyzed a total of 40 UrC cases. Targeted 5-gene (APC, PTEN, DICER1, PRKAR1A, TSHR, WRN) panel sequencing was performed on the Illumina MiSeq platform (n = 34). In addition, ß-catenin (n = 38) and PTEN (n = 30) expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry. APC and PTEN genes were affected in 15% (5/34) and 6% (2/34) of cases. Two of five APC alterations (p.Y1075*, p.K1199*) were truncating pathogenic mutations. One of the two PTEN variants was a pathogenic frameshift insertion (p.C211fs). In 29% (11/38) of samples, at least some weak nuclear ß-catenin immunostaining was detected and PTEN loss was observed in 20% (6/30) of samples. The low prevalence of APC mutations in UrC represents a characteristic difference to CRC. Based on APC and ß-catenin results, the Wnt pathway seems to be rarely affected in UrC. Considering the formerly described involvement of PTEN protein loss in anti-EGFR therapy-resistance its immunohistochemical testing may have therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Nagy
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
| | - Henning Reis
- Institute of Pathology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Boris Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Niedworok
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Orsolya Módos
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
| | - Attila Szendrői
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
| | | | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Herold
- Institute of Pathology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jason Ablat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Okon
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University, 30252, Cracow, Poland
| | - Yuri Tolkach
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anita Csizmarik
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
| | - Csilla Oláh
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
| | - David Keresztes
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
| | - Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine T Gaisa
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joerg Kriegsmann
- Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics Trier, Center for Histology, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Expreimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - András Kiss
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - József Tímár
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Marcell A Szász
- Cancer Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Michael Rink
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margit Fisch
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Péter Nyirády
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1082, Hungary.
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Queiroz CJS, Song F, Reed KR, Al-Khafaji N, Clarke AR, Vimalachandran D, Miyajima F, Pritchard DM, Jenkins JR. NAP1L1: A Novel Human Colorectal Cancer Biomarker Derived From Animal Models of Apc Inactivation. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1565. [PMID: 32850460 PMCID: PMC7431561 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide and most deaths result from metastases. We have analyzed animal models in which Apc, a gene that is frequently mutated during the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, was inactivated and human samples to try to identify novel potential biomarkers for CRC. Materials and Methods We initially compared the proteomic and transcriptomic profiles of the small intestinal epithelium of transgenic mice in which Apc and/or Myc had been inactivated. We then studied the mRNA and immunohistochemical expression of one protein that we identified to show altered expression following Apc inactivation, nucleosome assembly protein 1–like 1 (NAP1L1) in human CRC samples and performed a prognostic correlation between biomarker expression and survival in CRC patients. Results Nap1l1 mRNA expression was increased in mouse small intestine following Apc deletion in a Myc dependant manner and was also increased in human CRC samples. Immunohistochemical NAP1L1 expression was decreased in human CRC samples relative to matched adjacent normal colonic tissue. In a separate cohort of 75 CRC patients, we found a strong correlation between NAP1L1 nuclear expression and overall survival in those patients who had stage III and IV cancers. Conclusion NAP1L1 expression is increased in the mouse small intestine following Apc inactivation and its expression is also altered in human CRC. Immunohistochemical NAP1L1 nuclear expression correlated with overall survival in a cohort of CRC patients. Further studies are now required to clarify the role of this protein in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleberson J S Queiroz
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Henry Wellcome Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiaba, Brazil
| | - Fei Song
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Henry Wellcome Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,INFRAFRONTIER GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karen R Reed
- Wales Gene Park, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Nadeem Al-Khafaji
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Henry Wellcome Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Clarke
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Biosciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Vimalachandran
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Miyajima
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Henry Wellcome Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Eusebio, Brazil
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Henry Wellcome Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John R Jenkins
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Henry Wellcome Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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20
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β-catenin activation down-regulates cell-cell junction-related genes and induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18440. [PMID: 31804558 PMCID: PMC6895046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signaling activation in colorectal cancers (CRCs) occurs through APC inactivation or β-catenin mutations. Both processes promote β-catenin nuclear accumulation, which up-regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We investigated β-catenin localization, transcriptome, and phenotypic differences of HCT116 cells containing a wild-type (HCT116-WT) or mutant β-catenin allele (HCT116-MT), or parental cells with both WT and mutant alleles (HCT116-P). We then analyzed β-catenin expression and associated phenotypes in CRC tissues. Wild-type β-catenin showed membranous localization, whereas mutant showed nuclear localization; both nuclear and non-nuclear localization were observed in HCT116-P. Microarray analysis revealed down-regulation of Claudin-7 and E-cadherin in HCT116-MT vs. HCT116-WT. Claudin-7 was also down-regulated in HCT116-P vs. HCT116-WT without E-cadherin dysregulation. We found that ZEB1 is a critical EMT factor for mutant β-catenin-mediated loss of E-cadherin and Claudin-7 in HCT116-P and HCT116-MT cells. We also demonstrated that E-cadherin binds to both WT and mutant β-catenin, and loss of E-cadherin releases β-catenin from the cell membrane and leads to its degradation. Alteration of Claudin-7, as well as both Claudin-7 and E-cadherin respectively caused tight junction (TJ) impairment in HCT116-P, and dual loss of TJs and adherens junctions (AJs) in HCT116-MT. TJ loss increased cell motility, and subsequent AJ loss further up-regulated that. Immunohistochemistry analysis of 101 CRCs revealed high (14.9%), low (52.5%), and undetectable (32.6%) β-catenin nuclear expression, and high β-catenin nuclear expression was significantly correlated with overall survival of CRC patients (P = 0.009). Our findings suggest that β-catenin activation induces EMT progression by modifying cell-cell junctions, and thereby contributes to CRC aggressiveness.
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21
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Clinical Implications of Extracellular HMGA1 in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235950. [PMID: 31779212 PMCID: PMC6928815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unconventional secretion of proteins is generally caused by cellular stress. During the tumorigenesis, tumor cells experience high levels of stress, and the secretion of some theoretically intracellular proteins is activated. Once in the extracellular space, these proteins play different paracrine and autocrine roles and could represent a vulnerability of cancer. One of these proteins is the high mobility group A1 (HMGA1), which is frequently overexpressed in tumors and presents a low expression in normal adult tissues. We have recently described that HMGA1 establishes an autocrine loop in invasive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The secretion of HMGA1 and its binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates the migration, invasion, and metastasis of TNBC cells and predicts the onset of metastasis in these patients. In this review, we summarized different strategies to exploit the novel tumorigenic phenotype mediated by extracellular HMGA1. We envisioned future clinical applications where the association between its change in subcellular localization and breast cancer progression could be used to predict tumor aggressiveness and guide treatment decisions. Furthermore, we proposed that targeting extracellular HMGA1 as monotherapy using monoclonal antibodies, or in combination with chemotherapy and other targeted therapies, could bring new therapeutic options for TNBC patients.
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22
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Recurrent Mutations in APC and CTNNB1 and Activated Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Intraductal Papillary Neoplasms of the Bile Duct: A Whole Exome Sequencing Study. Am J Surg Pathol 2019; 42:1674-1685. [PMID: 30212390 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the genetic landscape of biliary papillary neoplasms. Of 28 cases examined, 7 underwent whole exome sequencing, while the remaining 21 were used for validation studies with targeted sequencing. In the whole exome sequencing study, 4/7 cases had mutations in either APC or CTNNB1, both of which belong to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Somatic mutations were also identified in genes involved in RAS signaling (KRAS, BRAF), a cell cycle regulator (CDC27), histone methyltransferase (KMT2C, KMT2D), and DNA mismatch repair (MSH3, MSH6, PMS1). Combined with discovery and validation cohorts, mutations in APC or CTNNB1 were observed in 6/28 subjects (21%) and were mutually exclusive. When the cases were classified into intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct (IPNBs, n=14) and papillary cholangiocarcinomas (n=14) based on the recently proposed classification criteria, mutations in APC and CTNNB1 appeared to be entirely restricted to IPNBs with 6/14 cases (43%) harboring mutations in either gene. These genetic alterations were detected across the 3 nonintestinal histologic types. In immunohistochemistry, the aberrant cytoplasmic and/or nuclear expression of β-catenin was found in not only 5/6 IPNBs with APC or CTNNB1 mutations, but also 6/8 cases with wild-type APC and CTNNB1 (total 79%). In addition, APC and CTNNB1 alterations were exceptional in nonpapillary cholangiocarcinomas (n=29) with a single case harboring CTNNB1 mutation (3%). This study demonstrated recurrent mutations in APC and CTNNB1 in nonintestinal-type IPNBs, suggesting that activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is relevant to the development and progression of IPNBs.
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23
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Bhattacharya I, Barman N, Maiti M, Sarkar R. Assessment of beta-catenin expression by immunohistochemistry in colorectal neoplasms and its role as an additional prognostic marker in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Med Pharm Rep 2019; 92:246-252. [PMID: 31460505 PMCID: PMC6709962 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is one of the world's biggest health care challenges, with colorectal cancer (CRC) being one of the three most frequently encountered malignancy worldwide. The main cause of mortality associated with CRC is tumour invasion and metastasis. Pathogenesis of CRC is a multistep process, during which different molecular pathways come into play. The cardinal genomic alteration that has been found universally present in CRC is a mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene (APC). APC mutation causes unrestricted action of the Wnt signaling pathway which subsequently enhances the intracellular accumulation of a protein called beta-catenin, responsible for cell proliferation, differentiation and enhanced survival of colorectal epithelial cells. Aim This study was conducted to analyze beta-catenin expression in various colorectal neoplasms, and its change with respect to different grades and stage of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Study design This was a cross-sectional observational study. Methods A total of 66 cases were enrolled in this study. Census method of sampling was used. Data was collected using a pre-designed, pretested semi-structured schedule on dependent variables like beta-catenin expression and independent variables like clinico-pathological profile including dietary history, macroscopic findings, histological type, histological grade, stage and other relevant parameters.An institution based cross sectional observational study was performed between February 2016 and July 2017. Representative sections taken from the specimens included in the study were subjected to histopathological examination followed by immunohistochemistry [IHC] for beta-catenin expression; the data obtained were analyzed by mean ± SD, Student t test, Chi-square/ Fisher Exact test using statistical software SPSS 18.0. Results A statistically significant correlation (P = 0.004), of beta-catenin localization and IHC score was noted between the benign, premalignant and malignant neoplasms following a gradual transition from a membranous to a nuclear positivity; also, a significant (P<0.001) correlation between beta-catenin nuclear score and the corresponding American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage of colorectal adenocarcinoma was also found in this study. Conclusion The purpose of this study was to determine the change in beta-catenin expression which demonstrates a gradual shift from a membranous to subsequent cytoplasmic and nuclear positivity from normal colorectal tissue to benign, premalignant and malignant neoplasms respectively. This property of beta-catenin can determine the malignant potential of various premalignant neoplasms of the large intestine, thus aiding in an early initiation of prophylactic treatment, which can prevent the development of an invasive disease. The membranous, cytoplasmic and nuclear scores show a linear progression with the advancing stages of colorectal carcinoma, making beta-catenin a prognostic marker in malignant colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moumita Maiti
- Pathology Department, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, India
| | - Ranu Sarkar
- Pathology Department, Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, India
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24
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25
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Wang Z, Ye Y, Liu D, Yang X, Wang F. Hypermethylation of multiple Wnt antagonist genes in gastric neoplasia: Is H pylori infection blasting fuse? Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13734. [PMID: 30593147 PMCID: PMC6314707 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt antagonist genes hypermethylation has been found in several tumors. Accordingly, the events that occur during the progression of adenoma to carcinoma have been characterized and include activation of the Wnt-pathway. Further, gastric adenoma (GA) is a premalignant lesion of gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). In this paper, we focused our interesting on Wnt signaling path function in the pathogenesis of GAC.We compared the differences between low grade adenoma (LGA), high grade adenoma (HGA), GACs and corresponding normal gastric tissue (NGT). Specific indexes include the pathological characteristics of gastric neoplasia, Helicobacter pylori infection, β-catenin mutation status, and methylation status of Wnt antagonist genes.There was significant difference of β-catenin expression in patient with NGT, LGA, HGA, and GAC, the results respectively were 4.2%, 41.7%, 83.3%, and 91.7%. Only 1 GACs was detected exon 3 of β-catenin mutation. Wnt antagonist genes mRNA expression levels, such as APC, sFRP-1, Wif-1, and Dkk-1, were significantly reduced in GAC. Promoter methylation levels of the 4 genes were significantly elevated in GAC and HGA compared to NGT and LGA. However, there was no significant difference between HGAs and GACs. The β-catenin abnormal expression was correlated with hypermethylation of these 4 genes. Multiple gene concurrent methylation phenomenon was increased from NGTs to GACs; the amount of methylation genes in GACs and HGAs was more than NGTs and LGAs. The more methylation of the above-mentioned genes, the more severity of local inflammation. The infection rate of H pylori was significantly higher in patient with HGA (66.7%, 16/24) and GAC (58.5%, 14/24) than in LGAs (16.7%,4/24) (PHGA-LGA = .024, PGAC-LGA = .032). In addition, the present of H pylori also correlated with the β-catenin abnormal expression and the hypermethylation status of Wnt antagonist genes (P < .001). But other parameters in adenoma cases had no significantly related with infection of H pylori.Hypermethylation of Wnt antagonist genes may have a tight relationship with gastric tumorigenesis. And these genes may increase the incidence of GAC. Additionally, H pylori may have promotion function in GA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkai Wang
- Endoscopy Center, Nanjing hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province
| | - Yaqing Ye
- Fujian Health Vocational and Technical College, Fuzhou, Fujjian Province
| | - Dan Liu
- Endoscopy Center, Nanjing hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Endoscopy Center, Nanjing hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province
| | - Fangyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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26
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Khan Z, Arafah M, Shaik JP, Mahale A, Alanazi MS. High-frequency deregulated expression of Wnt signaling pathway members in breast carcinomas. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:323-335. [PMID: 29391809 PMCID: PMC5769582 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s154395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast carcinoma is the most common malignancy and leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide including Saudi Arabia. Breast cancer in Saudi women develops at a much early age with median age of onset of 49 years compared to 62 years observed in patients from USA. Aberrations in wingless and integration site growth factor (Wnt) signaling pathway have been pathologically implicated in development of breast cancers and hence its role was examined in Saudi patients. Materials and methods We immunohistochemically examined various components of Wnt signaling pathway including β-catenin, tumor suppressor proteins, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and Axin, expression of naturally occurring pathway antagonists such as Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 3 (DKK3), FRP2, and WIF1, as well as Wnt target cyclin D1 and c-Myc to establish if the pathway is constitutively activated in breast cancers arising in Saudi women. Results Cytoplasmic β-catenin, indicative of activation of the pathway, was observed in 24% of cases. Expression of APC and Axin, which are components of β-catenin destruction complex, was lost in 5% and 10% of tumors, respectively. Additionally, Wnt signaling inhibitors DKK3, FRP2, and Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) were not expressed in 8%, 14%, and 5% breast tumors, respectively. Overall, accumulation of cytoplasmic β-catenin and downregulation of other Wnt pathway proteins (APC/Axin/DKK3/FRP2/WIF1) were found in approximately half of the breast cancers (47%) in our cohort. Consistent with this, analysis of Wnt target genes demonstrated moderate-to-strong expression of c-Myc in 58% and cyclin D1 in 50% of breast cancers. Deregulation of Wnt pathway was not associated with age of onset of the disease, tumor grade, and triple-negative status of breast cancers. Conclusions High level of deregulated expression of Wnt pathway proteins suggests its important role in pathogenesis of breast cancers arising in Saudi women who may benefit from development of therapeutic drugs targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Khan
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh
| | - Maha Arafah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh
| | | | - Alka Mahale
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Saud Alanazi
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh
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27
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Lu Y, Xie S, Zhang W, Zhang C, Gao C, Sun Q, Cai Y, Xu Z, Xiao M, Xu Y, Huang X, Wu X, Liu W, Wang F, Kang Y, Zhou T. Twa1/Gid8 is a β-catenin nuclear retention factor in Wnt signaling and colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell Res 2017; 27:1422-1440. [PMID: 28829046 PMCID: PMC5717399 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is one of the major causes of human colorectal cancer (CRC). A hallmark of Wnt signaling is the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Although β-catenin nuclear import and export have been widely investigated, the underlying mechanism of β-catenin's nuclear retention remains largely unknown. Here, we report that Twa1/Gid8 is a key nuclear retention factor for β-catenin during Wnt signaling and colorectal carcinogenesis. In the absence of Wnt, Twa1 exists together with β-catenin in the Axin complex and undergoes ubiquitination and degradation. Upon Wnt signaling, Twa1 translocates into the nucleus, where it binds and retains β-catenin. Depletion of Twa1 attenuates Wnt-stimulated gene expression, dorsal development of zebrafish embryos and xenograft tumor growth of CRC cells. Moreover, nuclear Twa1 is significantly upregulated in human CRC tissues, correlating with the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and poor prognosis. Thus, our results identify Twa1 as a previously undescribed regulator of the Wnt pathway for promoting colorectal tumorigenesis by facilitating β-catenin nuclear retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuqi Cai
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Current address: Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhangqi Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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28
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Distinct hydrophobic “patches” in the N- and C-tails of beta-catenin contribute to nuclear transport. Exp Cell Res 2016; 348:132-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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29
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Lee KS, Kwak Y, Nam KH, Kim DW, Kang SB, Choe G, Kim WH, Lee HS. Favorable prognosis in colorectal cancer patients with co-expression of c-MYC and ß-catenin. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:730. [PMID: 27619912 PMCID: PMC5020485 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2770-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of our research was to determine the prognostic impact and clinicopathological feature of c-MYC and β-catenin overexpression in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), we measured the c-MYC and β-catenin expression in 367 consecutive CRC patients retrospectively (cohort 1). Also, c-MYC expression was measured by mRNA in situ hybridization. Moreover, to analyze regional heterogeneity, three sites of CRC including the primary, distant and lymph node metastasis were evaluated in 176 advanced CRC patients (cohort 2). Results In cohort 1, c-MYC protein and mRNA overexpression and ß-catenin nuclear expression were found in 201 (54.8 %), 241 (65.7 %) and 221 (60.2 %) of 367 patients, respectively, each of which was associated with improved prognosis (P = 0.011, P = 0.012 and P = 0.033, respectively). Moreover, co-expression of c-MYC and ß-catenin was significantly correlated with longer survival by univariate (P = 0.012) and multivariate (P = 0.048) studies. Overexpression of c-MYC protein was associated with mRNA overexpression (ρ, 0.479; P < 0.001) and nuclear ß-catenin expression (ρ, 0.282; P < 0.001). Expression of c-MYC and ß-catenin was heterogeneous depending on location in advanced CRC patients (cohort 2). Nevertheless, both c-MYC and ß-catenin expression in primary cancer were significantly correlated with improved survival in univariate (P = 0.001) and multivariate (P = 0.002) analyses. c-MYC and ß-catenin expression of lymph node or distant metastatic tumor was not significantly correlated with patients’ prognosis (P > 0.05). Conclusions Co-expression of c-MYC and ß-catenin was independently correlated with favorable prognosis in CRC patient. We concluded that the expression of c-MYC and ß-catenin might be useful predicting indicator of CRC patient’s prognosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2770-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Sang Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjin Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro (Yongon-dong), Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Han Nam
- Department of Pathology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, 875, Haeun-daero, Haeundae-gu, Busan, 612-896, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheeyoung Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro (Yongon-dong), Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro (Yongon-dong), Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Liu Q, Li X, Li S, Qu S, Wang Y, Tang Q, Ma H, Luo Y. Three novel mutations of APC gene in Chinese patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11421-7. [PMID: 27000756 PMCID: PMC4999466 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of hundreds to thousands of colonic adenomas and an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), encoding a large multidomain protein involved in antagonizing the Wnt signaling pathway, has been identified as the main causative gene responsible for FAP. In this study, we identified three novel mutations as well as two recurrent mutations in the APC in five Chinese FAP families by sequencing. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that among these mutations, a nonsense mutation (c.2510C>G) and two small deletions (c.2016_2047del, c.3180_3184del) led to the truncation of the APC protein and the cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in the colorectal samples from affected individuals, respectively. Our study expands the database on mutations of APC and provides evidence to understand the function of APC in FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Sen Li
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Shengqiang Qu
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Qingzhu Tang
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Department of Developing Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Yang Luo
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, MOH Key Laboratory of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Zhou H, Zhang G, Xue X, Yang Y, Yang Y, Chang X, Ge X, Xiao Z, Guo H, Wang Y. Identification of novel NRAGE involved in the radioresistance of esophageal cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8741-52. [PMID: 26738870 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is one main method for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and the radioresistance is the predominant cause of patients with local recurrence. The previous results of gene microarray and subsequent verification showed that NRAGE might be involved in radiation resistance of ESCC cells. In this study, we reestablished human esophageal carcinoma radioresistant cell lines TE13R120 and ECA109R60 with gradient dose irradiation as previously reported, respectively. NRAGE expression was high in TE13R120 and ECA109R60 cells and was correlative with ionizing radiation (IR) resistance in clinic. However, the radiosensitivity of TE13R120 cells had a remarkable increase detected by colony formation assays after siRNA against NRAGE (siNRG) transfection into TE13R120 cells. Compared with TE13 cells, an increasing number of TE13R120 cells with NRAGE overexpression in S phase and a lower ratio in G2/M were observed by flow cytometry method (FCM). Intriguingly, the above changes were partially reversed in TE13R120 cells treated with siNRG. More importantly, the ectopic subcellular localization of NRAGE mediated nuclear translocation of β-catenin which may be one reason of IR resistance of esophageal carcinoma cell. These data indicate that NRAGE extremely may be a pivotal factor involved in Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway, mediating nuclear translocation of β-catenin and then facilitating the formation of radioresistance of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huandi Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoying Xue
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Yanling Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaojing Chang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaohui Ge
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiqing Xiao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yanqiang Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Anwar M, Kochhar R, Singh R, Bhatia A, Vaiphei K, Mahmood A, Mahmood S. Frequent activation of the β-catenin gene in sporadic colorectal carcinomas: A mutational & expression analysis. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1627-1638. [PMID: 26373808 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
β-catenin (CTNNB1), an oncogene/onco-protein and an adhesion molecule is a key effector in colorectal cancer (CRC). Its activation, and subsequent up-regulation of Wnt-signaling, is an important event in the development of certain human cancers including CRC. Mutations in the β-catenin gene in the region of serine-threonine glycogen kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation target sites have been identified in colorectal cancer in humans. In the current study, we investigated 60 sporadic colorectal adenocarcinomas along with adjoining and normal mucosa cases in humans for β-catenin mutations. Thirteen of sixty colorectal tumors from humans had point mutations with a frequency of 21.66% at codons 24, 26, 27, 32, 34, 35, 41, 42,43, 46, 49, 54, 55, or 67 sites which are mutated in colorectal cancer and some of these sites in other cancers. Thus, there appears to be a key involvement of β-catenin activation in human colorectal carcinogenesis. mRNA expression analysis using q-Real Time PCR showed 21.5-fold up-regulation of β-catenin mRNA in tumor tissue compared to normal and adjoining mucosa. Protein expression analysis using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and Western blot confirmed aberrant accumulation of β-catenin protein along the nucleus and cytoplasm following mutation. The observed mutations and up-regulation of mRNA in tumors, and the increased expression of β-catenin protein in CRC suggest that these alterations are early and prognostic events in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis in humans. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Anwar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Department of General Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kim Vaiphei
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Akhtar Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Safrun Mahmood
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E, Kashfi SMH, Mirtalebi H, Almasi S, Chaleshi V, Kishani Farahani R, Tarban P, Molaei M, Zali MR, J.K. Kuppen P. Prognostic Significance of Nuclear β-Catenin Expression in Patients with Colorectal Cancer from Iran. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e22324. [PMID: 26421170 PMCID: PMC4584109 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.22324v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Beta catenin plays a key role in cancer tumorigenesis. However, its prognostic significance in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. It has been demonstrated that 90% of all tumors have a mutation in individual components of multiple oncogenes in Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Accumulation of nuclear β-catenin in cytoplasm leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Thus, nuclear β-catenin accumulation may be a valuable biomarker associated with invasion, metastasis and poor prognosis of CRC. Objectives: In this study the prognostic value of beta catenin expression in 165 Iranian CRC patients was evaluated. Patients and Methods: In this cross sectional retrospective study immunohistochemistry analyses of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues were performed to characterize the expression of nuclear β-catenin in a series of 165 Iranian patients with colorectal carcinoma. Heat-induced antigen retrieval using the microwave method was applied for all staining procedures. Staining was scored independently by two observers, and a high level of concordance (90%) was achieved. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS software for Windows, version 13.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Two-tailed P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The patients consisted of 85 males and 80 females. Eighty-eight patients had primary tumor of the rectum and sigmoid, while 77 patients had primary tumor of the colon. The mean period of follow-up was 47.2 ± 10 months and the median period of follow-up was 38 months (range 6 - 58) for each patient. Of 165 tumors, 32 tumors (19.39 %) showed expression of β-catenin and 133 (80.6 %) were negative for β-catenin expression. Based on our findings the distribution of Microsatellite Instability (MSI) status differed between patients with nuclear β-catenin positive and negative tumors and this difference was significant (P = 0.001). Patients with nuclear β-catenin positive expression profile were found to be younger than patients with negative nuclear β-catenin expression (P = 0.010). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that tumors with β-catenin expression had a poorer prognosis compared to tumors without β-catenin expression. Conclusions: According to our findings, the distribution of nuclear b-catenin expression is a poor prognostic marker in patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Nazemalhosseini Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hossein Kashfi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hanieh Mirtalebi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shohre Almasi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Vahid Chaleshi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Roya Kishani Farahani
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Peyman Tarban
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahsa Molaei
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mahsa Molaei, Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2122432525, Fax: +98-2122432514, E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Disease Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Peter J.K. Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Soutto M, Peng D, Katsha A, Chen Z, Piazuelo MB, Washington MK, Belkhiri A, Correa P, El-Rifai W. Activation of β-catenin signalling by TFF1 loss promotes cell proliferation and gastric tumorigenesis. Gut 2015; 64:1028-39. [PMID: 25107557 PMCID: PMC4320984 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the role of Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) in regulating cell proliferation and tumour development through β-catenin signalling using in vivo and in vitro models of gastric tumorigenesis. DESIGN Tff1-knockout (Tff1-KO) mice, immunohistochemistry, luciferase reporter, qRT-PCR, immunoblot, and phosphatase assays were used to examine the role of TFF1 on β-catenin signalling pathway. RESULTS Nuclear localisation of β-catenin with transcriptional upregulation of its target genes, c-Myc and Ccnd1, was detected in hyperplastic tissue at an early age of 4-6 weeks and maintained during all stages of gastric tumorigenesis in the Tff1-KO mice. The reconstitution of TFF1 or TFF1 conditioned media significantly inhibited the β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) transcription activity in MKN28 gastric cancer cells. In agreement with these results, we detected a reduction in the levels of nuclear β-catenin with downregulation of c-MYC and CCND1 mRNA. Analysis of signalling molecules upstream of β-catenin revealed a decrease in phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β) (Ser9) and p-AKT (Ser473) protein levels following the reconstitution of TFF1 expression; this was consistent with the increase of p-β-catenin (Ser33/37/Thr41) and decrease of p-β-catenin (Ser552). This TFF1-induced reduction in phosphorylation of GSK3β, and AKT was dependent on protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. The treatment with okadaic acid or knockdown of PP2A abrogated these effects. Consistent with the mouse data, we observed loss of TFF1 and an increase in nuclear localisation of β-catenin in stages of human gastric tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that loss of TFF1 promotes β-catenin activation and gastric tumorigenesis through regulation of PP2A, a major regulator of AKT-GSK3β signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - DunFa Peng
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ahmed Katsha
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Abbes Belkhiri
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pelayo Correa
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Balzi M, Ringressi MN, Faraoni P, Booth C, Taddei A, Boni L, Bechi P. B-cell lymphoma 2 and β-catenin expression in colorectal cancer and their prognostic role following surgery. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:553-60. [PMID: 25738398 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of colorectal cancer depends on the stage of the disease. However, even within the same stage there may be different outcomes in terms of recurrence and survival. Therefore, it is clear that as well as pathological stage, novel biomarkers that are capable of improving risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making are required. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential roles of two previously proposed biomarkers of tumour status: B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and β-catenin. A total of 412 patients undergoing surgery for primary colorectal cancer were studied. Tumour specimens of the patients were collected, fixed and processed for immunohistochemical detection of Bcl-2 and β-catenin. The data were then analyzed in relation to disease-free survival and overall survival. Pathological stage was the only variable that was significantly correlated with both disease-free and overall survival. The expression levels of neither Bcl-2 nor β-catenin were able to accurately predict prognosis. However, there was a clear association between nuclear β-catenin expression levels and disease-free survival in the three tumour stages. There was an increased hazard ratio in stage I and II nuclear β-catenin positive tumours, whereas there was a marked decrease in risk in stage III positive tumours. A similar effect was also observed with regards to overall survival, however this finding was not significant. The results of the present study suggest that conventional pathological tumour staging is the only accurate prognostic method. Neither Bcl-2 or β-catenin were shown to be useful biomarkers for the prognosis of colorectal cancer. However, the heterogeneous behaviour of nuclear β-catenin expression in the various tumour stages may indicate a possible role in predicting the response of patients to chemotherapy. Therefore, nuclear β-catenin expression may be a biomarker for the prediction of improved responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Balzi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Ringressi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Paola Faraoni
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
| | - Catherine Booth
- Epistem Limited, Incubator Building, Manchester M13 9XX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Taddei
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Luca Boni
- Clinical Trials Coordinating Center, Careggi Hospital and Tumour Institute of Tuscany, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Paolo Bechi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50134, Italy
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Expression and mutation pattern of β-catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli in colorectal cancer patients. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:54-62. [PMID: 25660336 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS β-Catenin and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) are major components of the Wnt pathway. This study aimed to investigate the expression of β-catenin and APC in tumors and lymph nodes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and the mutational spectrum of the genes coding these proteins. METHODS Expression of APC and β-catenin was examined in 124 tumors and 41 lymph nodes. Exon 3 of CTNNB1 and the mutation cluster region (MCR) in exon 15 of the APC gene were screened for mutation by PCR-sequencing. RESULTS Nuclear/cytoplasmic immunostaining of β-catenin was detected in 58.1 and 48.8% in tumors and lymph nodes, respectively. In tumors, abnormal expression of β-catenin correlated with tumor size and with those in lymph nodes. Membranous β-catenin expression occurred in 41.9 and 14.6% of tumors and lymph nodes, respectively. In tumors, lack of membranous β-catenin correlated with high invasiveness and metastatic potential. Positive immunostaining for APC was observed in 2 and 14% of tumors and lymph nodes, respectively. Overexpression in nucleus/cytoplasm and lack of membranous β-catenin significantly correlated with a reduced overall survival. Among 25 tumors, four harbour mutation in Ser33 and Ser47 and overexpress the β-catenin in the nucleus/cytoplasm. Mutations were identified in the APC gene in 13 tumors and six mutations were novel. CONCLUSIONS Positive association between aberrant expression of β-catenin in the nucleus/cytoplasm of tumors and lymph nodes was observed. Nucleus/cytoplasmic accumulation of β-catenin and loss of membranous expression are related to reduced survival and could serve as a candidate prognostic predictor.
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Zhou Y, Wu J, Fu X, Du W, Zhou L, Meng X, Yu H, Lin J, Ye W, Liu J, Peng H, Liu RY, Pan C, Huang W. OTUB1 promotes metastasis and serves as a marker of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:258. [PMID: 25431208 PMCID: PMC4351937 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background OTUB1 (OTU deubiquitinase, ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) that belongs to the OTU (ovarian tumor) superfamily. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of OTUB1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to identify the mechanism underlying its function. Methods Two hundred and sixty CRC samples were subjected to association analysis of OTUB1 expression and clinicopathological variables using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Overexpression of OTUB1 was achieved in SW480 and DLD-1 cells, and downregulation of OTUB1 was employed in SW620 cells. Then, migration and invasion assays were performed, and markers of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were analyzed. In addition, hepatic metastasis models in mice were used to validate the function of OTUB1 in vivo. Results OTUB1 was overexpressed in CRC tissues, and the expression level of OTUB1 was associated with metastasis. A high expression level of OTUB1 was also associated with poor survival, and OTUB1 served as an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. OTUB1 also promoted the metastasis of CRC cell lines in vitro and in vivo by regulating EMT. Conclusions OTUB1 promotes CRC metastasis by facilitating EMT and acts as a potential distant metastasis marker and prognostic factor in CRC. Targeting OTUB1 may be helpful for the treatment of CRC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-258) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Changchuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center;Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, No, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Jamieson C, Sharma M, Henderson BR. Targeting the β-catenin nuclear transport pathway in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 27:20-9. [PMID: 24820952 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear localization of specific proteins is critical for cellular processes such as cell division, and in recent years perturbation of the nuclear transport cycle of key proteins has been linked to cancer. In particular, specific gene mutations can alter nuclear transport of tumor suppressing and oncogenic proteins, leading to cell transformation or cancer progression. This review will focus on one such factor, β-catenin, a key mediator of the canonical wnt signaling pathway. In response to a wnt stimulus or specific gene mutations, β-catenin is stabilized and translocates to the nucleus where it binds TCF/LEF-1 transcription factors to transactivate genes that drive tumor formation. Moreover, the nuclear import and accumulation of β-catenin correlates with clinical tumor grade. Recent evidence suggests that the primary nuclear transport route of β-catenin is independent of the classical Ran/importin import machinery, and that β-catenin directly contacts the nuclear pore complex to self-regulate its own entry into the nucleus. Here we propose that the β-catenin nuclear import pathway may provide an opportunity for identification of specific drug targets and inhibition of β-catenin nuclear function, much like the current screening of drugs that block binding of β-catenin to LEF-1/TCFs. Here we will discuss the diverse mechanisms regulating nuclear localization of β-catenin and their potential as targets for anticancer agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Jamieson
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Beric R Henderson
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Melanoma Development and Progression Are Associated with Rad6 Upregulation and β -Catenin Relocation to the Cell Membrane. J Skin Cancer 2014; 2014:439205. [PMID: 24891954 PMCID: PMC4033428 DOI: 10.1155/2014/439205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Rad6 and β -catenin enhance each other's expression through a positive feedback loop to promote breast cancer development/progression. While β -catenin has been implicated in melanoma pathogenesis, Rad6 function has not been investigated. Here, we examined the relationship between Rad6 and β -catenin in melanoma development and progression. Eighty-eight cutaneous tumors, 30 nevi, 29 primary melanoma, and 29 metastatic melanomas, were immunostained with anti- β -catenin and anti-Rad6 antibodies. Strong expression of Rad6 was observed in only 27% of nevi as compared to 100% of primary and 96% of metastatic melanomas. β -Catenin was strongly expressed in 97% of primary and 93% of metastatic melanomas, and unlike Rad6, in 93% of nevi. None of the tumors expressed nuclear β -catenin. β -Catenin was exclusively localized on the cell membrane of 55% of primary, 62% of metastatic melanomas, and only 10% of nevi. Cytoplasmic β -catenin was detected in 90% of nevi, 17% of primary, and 8% of metastatic melanoma, whereas 28% of primary and 30% of metastatic melanomas exhibited β -catenin at both locations. These data suggest that melanoma development and progression are associated with Rad6 upregulation and membranous redistribution of β -catenin and that β -catenin and Rad6 play independent roles in melanoma development.
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Wang L, Li D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Cui J, Cui A, Wu W. Expression of RUNX3 and β-catenin in the carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal tubular adenoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6039-46. [PMID: 24622886 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the possible roles of runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and β-catenin in the carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal tubular adenomas. The expression of the RUNX3 and β-catenin proteins was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 23 normal colorectal mucosa (NCM), 81 sporadic colorectal tubular adenomas with different dysplasias (SCTA-D) (mild n=33, moderate n=23, and severe n=25 dysplasia), and 48 sporadic colorectal tubular adenomas with cancerous changes (SCTA-Ca). RUNX3 methylation was assessed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), combined with laser capture microdissection (LCM), in 17 NCM, 41 SCTA-D (mild n=15, moderate n=12, and severe n=14 dysplasia), and 17 SCTA-Ca tissues. Compared to NCM (82.6 %), RUNX3 in SCTA-D (54.3 %) and SCTA-Ca (27.1 %) was significantly downregulated (P<0.05). In NCM, SCTA-D, and SCTA-Ca, the incidence of positive expression for β-catenin was 13.0, 60.5, and 79.2 %, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed (P<0.05). RUNX3 levels were markedly higher in adenoma with mild dysplasia (75.8 %) and moderate dysplasia (60.9 %) than in adenoma with severe dysplasia (20.0 %) (both with P<0.05). Likewise, the expression of β-catenin in severe dysplasia adenoma was 84.0 %, which was significantly higher than that in mild dysplasia adenoma (39.4 %). An inverse correlation was found between the protein expression of RUNX3 and β-catenin in SCTA-D and SCTA-Ca (P<0.05). MSP results showed that RUNX3 methylation in NCM, SCTA-D, and SCTA-Ca was 5.9, 17.1, and 41.2 %, respectively, with a statistically significant difference between NCM and SCTA-Ca (P<0.05). However, no significant difference of RUNX3 methylation was observed among different dysplasia groups. RUNX3 and β-catenin play important roles in the carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal tubular adenomas. In addition, hypermethylation of RUNX3 can downregulate its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Wang
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No 215, West Heping Rd, 050000, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Sakai E, Ohata K, Chiba H, Matsuhashi N, Doi N, Fukushima J, Endo H, Takahashi H, Tsuji S, Yagi K, Matsusaka K, Aburatani H, Nakajima A, Kaneda A. Methylation epigenotypes and genetic features in colorectal laterally spreading tumors. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1586-95. [PMID: 24590867 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation plays an important role in genesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Previously, we identified Group 1 and Group 2 methylation markers through genome-wide DNA methylation analysis, and classified CRC and protruded adenoma into three distinct clusters: high-, intermediate- and low-methylation epigenotypes. High-methylation epigenotype strongly correlated with BRAF mutations and these aberrations were involved in the serrated pathway, whereas intermediate-methylation epigenotype strongly correlated with KRAS mutations. Here, we investigated laterally spreading tumors (LSTs), which are flat, early CRC lesions, through quantitative methylation analysis of six Group 1 and 14 Group 2 methylation markers using pyrosequencing. Gene mutations in BRAF, KRAS and PIK3CA, and immunostaining of TP53 and CTNNB1 as well as other clinicopathological factors were also evaluated. By hierarchical clustering using methylation information, LSTs were classified into two subtypes; intermediate-methylation epigenotype correlating with KRAS mutations (p = 9 × 10(-4)) and a granular morphology (LST-G) (p = 1 × 10(-7)), and low-methylation epigenotype correlating with CTNNB1 activation (p = 0.002) and a nongranular morphology (LST-NG) (p = 1 × 10(-7)). Group 1 marker methylation and BRAF mutations were barely detected, suggesting that high-methylation epigenotype was unlikely to be involved in LST development. TP53 mutations correlated significantly with malignant transformation, regardless of epigenotype or morphology type. Together, this may suggest that two molecular pathways, intermediate methylation associated with KRAS mutations and LST-G morphology, and low methylation associated with CTNNB1 activation and LST-NG morphology, might be involved in LST development, and that involvement of TP53 mutations could be important in both subtypes in the development from adenoma to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Molecular Oncology Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Park DK, Lim YH, Park HJ. Antrodia camphorata grown on germinated brown rice inhibits HT-29 human colon carcinoma proliferation through inducing G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis by targeting the β-catenin signaling. J Med Food 2014; 16:681-91. [PMID: 23957353 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia camphorata (AC) has been used as a traditional medicine to treat food and drug intoxication, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypertension, pruritis (skin itch), and liver cancer in East Asia. In this study, we investigated anticancer activities of AC grown on germinated brown rice (CBR) in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. We found that the inhibitory efficacy of CBR 80% ethanol (EtOH) extract on HT-29 and CT-26 cell proliferation was more effective than ordinary AC EtOH 80% extract. Next, 80% EtOH extract of CBR was further separated into four fractions; hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (BuOH), and water. Among them, CBR EtOAc fraction showed the strongest inhibitory activity against HT-29 cell proliferation. Therefore, CBR EtOAc fraction was chosen for further studies. Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate staining data indicated that CBR EtOAc fraction induced apoptosis. Induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest on human colon carcinoma cell was observed in CBR EtOAc fraction-treated cells. We found that CBR decreased the level of proteins involved in G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. CBR EtOAc fraction inhibited the β-catenin signaling pathway, supporting its suppressive activity on the level of cyclin D1. High performance liquid chromatography analysis data indicated that CBR EtOAc fraction contained adenosine. This is the first investigation that CBR has a greater potential as a novel chemopreventive agent than AC against colon cancer. These data suggest that CBR might be useful as a chemopreventive agent against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ki Park
- Cell Activation Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Ye Y, Miao S, Lu R, Xia X, Chen Y, Zhang J, Wu X, He S, Qiang F, Zhou J. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 is an independent prognostic indicator that regulates β-catenin in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:828-34. [PMID: 24337893 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) protein appears to be increased in malignancies and is correlated with a poorer prognosis in cervical cancer, while its role in gastric cancer has not been reported. We analyzed the expression of AIF-1 in 78 cancer lesions and the corresponding non-cancerous tissues by immunohistochemistry. In contrast with other cancers, we found that AIF-1 protein levels were significantly decreased in 53 of the 78 (67.9%) gastric cancer tissues when compared with the matched normal tissues. This was further confirmed using 7 pairs of fresh gastric cancer tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues. Low tumoral AIF-1 expression was significantly correlated with less favorable clinicopathological characteristics, as well as with reduced overall survival (P<0.001) in the gastric cancer patients. Furthermore, knockdown of AIF-1 obviously increased proliferation, migration and β-catenin expression in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. Taken together, for the first time, we provide evidence that the level of AIF-1 expression may serve as a protective prognostic indicator for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Shuhan Miao
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Xia
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yansu Chen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xuming Wu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Song He
- Department of Pathology, Nantong Cancer Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
| | - Fulin Qiang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong Cancer Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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ß-Catenin, Cox-2 and p53 immunostaining in colorectal adenomas to predict recurrence after endoscopic polypectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:1091-8. [PMID: 23516071 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-013-1667-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic polypectomy significantly reduces the incidence of colorectal cancer, but recurrence rates are high, especially for adenomas with advanced histology. The present guidelines recommend re-colonoscopy 3 to 5 years later. Due to limited resources, more precise predictions of adenoma recurrence are required. DESIGN Lesions from 109 patients with colorectal adenomas recruited into a randomized, placebo-controlled chemoprevention trial with mesalazine were included. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained for ß-catenin, cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), and p53 and scored. Adenoma recurrence rates were recorded after 3 years and associated with clinical and immunohistochemical parameters by contingency table analysis. RESULTS After 3 years, adenomas recurred in 51.4% of patients. Out of 109 adenomas, 95 met at least one criterion of advanced adenoma (size >1 cm, villous histology, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia). There was no influence of age, sex, size or villous histology on adenoma reappearance, whilst the number of adenomas at baseline was positively associated with recurrence (p = 0.003). In contrast, ß-catenin nuclear localisation, Cox-2 expression and p53 nuclear expression were significantly associated with adenoma recurrence after 3 years (ß-catenin: p = 0.002; Cox-2: p = 0.001; p53: p = 0.001). Combining these three markers led to a negative predictive value of 88.5% and a sensitivity of 94.6%. (OR = 13.54) CONCLUSIONS: Scoring each single parameter and, more strongly, the combination of all three parameters of the expression of ß-catenin, Cox-2 and p53 in colorectal adenoma tissue may be a useful negative predictor for adenoma recurrence in patients with advanced colorectal adenomas.
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Zhou J, Teng R, Xu C, Wang Q, Guo J, Xu C, Li Z, Xie S, Shen J, Wang L. Overexpression of ERα inhibits proliferation and invasion of MKN28 gastric cancer cells by suppressing β-catenin. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1622-30. [PMID: 23843035 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between estrogen receptor (ER)α and patient prognosis has been identified in gastric cancer; however, the definite role of ERα in gastric cancer remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate the impact of ERα on cell proliferation, migration and invasion in gastric cancer cell lines. We investigated the biological effect of ERα overexpression on gastric carcinoma cells. An MKN28 gastric cancer cell line stably overexpressing ERα was established. The effect of ERα overexpression on cell growth was assessed by evaluating cell survival, colony formation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Cell migration and invasion were detected by Transwell migration/invasion assays. The protein levels of several potentially involved genes were determined by western blotting to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The Student's t-test was used to determine the statistical differences between various experimental and control groups, and one-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between three or more groups. The results showed that ERα overexpression significantly inhibited cell growth and proliferation, blocked cell entry into the G1/G0 phase and promoted cell apoptosis. In addition, ERα reduced the motility and invasion of gastric cancer cells. These phenotypes may partly be explained by a decrease in β-catenin expression caused by ERα overexpression. ERα overexpression effectively inhibited cell growth and cancer progression by suppressing β-catenin in gastric cancer, identifying ERα as a promising target with therapeutic potential for development of new approaches to treat gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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Zheng H, Li W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Cai Y, Xie T, Shi M, Wang Z, Jiang B. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta regulates Snail and β-catenin expression during Fas-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastrointestinal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:2734-46. [PMID: 23582741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fas signalling has been shown to induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to promote gastrointestinal (GI) cancer metastasis, but its mechanism of action is still unknown. The effects of Fas-ligand (FasL) treatment and inhibition of Fas signalling on GI cancer cells were tested using invasion assay, immunofluorescence, immunoblot, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyse the EMT-associated molecules in GI cancer specimens. FasL treatment inhibited E-cadherin transcription by upregulation of Snail in GI cancer cells. The nuclear expression and transcriptional activity of Snail and β-catenin were increased by inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) at Ser9 by FasL-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling. Snail associated with β-catenin in the nucleus and, thus, increased β-catenin transcriptional activity. Evaluation of human GI cancer specimens showed that the expression of FasL, phospho-GSK-3β, Snail and β-catenin increase during GI cancer progression. An EMT phenotype was shown to correlate with an advanced cancer stage, and a non-EMT phenotype significantly correlated with a better prognosis. Collectively, these data indicate that GSK-3β regulates Snail and β-catenin expression during Fas-induced EMT in gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Umemura K, Takagi S, Shimada T, Masuda T, Shiga H, Takahashi S, Takahashi S, Kinouchi Y, Shibuya D, Shimosegawa T. Prognostic and Diagnostic Significance of Tumor Budding Associated with β-Catenin Expression in Submucosal Invasive Colorectal Carcinoma. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2013; 229:53-9. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.229.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Umemura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Sho Takagi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Hisashi Shiga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Seiichi Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshitaka Kinouchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Tooru Shimosegawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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Raman R, Kotapalli V, Adduri R, Gowrishankar S, Bashyam L, Chaudhary A, Vamsy M, Patnaik S, Srinivasulu M, Sastry R, Rao S, Vasala A, Kalidindi N, Pollack J, Murthy S, Bashyam M. Evidence for possible non-canonical pathway(s) driven early-onset colorectal cancer in India. Mol Carcinog 2012; 53 Suppl 1:E181-6. [PMID: 23168910 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two genetic instability pathways viz. chromosomal instability, driven primarily by APC mutation induced deregulated Wnt signaling, and microsatellite instability (MSI) caused by mismatch repair (MMR) inactivation, together account for >90% of late-onset colorectal cancer (CRC). Our understanding of early-onset sporadic CRC is however comparatively limited. In addition, most seminal studies have been performed in the western population and analyses of tumorigenesis pathway(s) causing CRC in developing nations have been rare. We performed a comparative analysis of early and late-onset CRC from India with respect to common genetic aberrations including Wnt, KRAS, and p53 (constituting the classical CRC progression sequence) in addition to MSI. Our results revealed the absence of Wnt and MSI in a significant proportion of early-onset as against late-onset CRC in India. In addition, KRAS mutation frequency was significantly lower in early-onset CRC indicating that a significant proportion of CRC in India may follow tumorigenesis pathways distinct from the classical CRC progression sequence. Our study has therefore revealed the possible existence of non-canonical tumorigenesis pathways in early-onset CRC in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratheesh Raman
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Nampally, Hyderabad, India
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Nakae K, Mitomi H, Saito T, Takahashi M, Morimoto T, Hidaka Y, Sakamoto N, Yao T, Watanabe S. MUC5AC/β-catenin expression and KRAS gene alteration in laterally spreading colorectal tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5551-9. [PMID: 23112547 PMCID: PMC3482641 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i39.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To clarify differences in mucin phenotype, proliferative activity and oncogenetic alteration among subtypes of colorectal laterally spreading tumor (LST).
METHODS: LSTs, defined as superficial elevated lesions greater than 10 mm in diameter with a low vertical axis, were macroscopically classified into two subtypes: (1) a granular type (Gr-LST) composed of superficially spreading aggregates of nodules forming a flat-based lesion with a granulonodular and uneven surface; and (2) a non-granular type (NGr-LST) with a flat smooth surface and an absence of granulonodular formation. A total of 69 LSTs, comprising 36 Gr-LSTs and 33 NGr-LSTs, were immunohistochemically stained with MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, CD10 (markers of gastrointestinal cell lineage), p53, β-catenin and Ki-67 antibodies, and examined for alteration in exon 1 of v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and exon 15 of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (BRAF) by polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing.
RESULTS: Histologically, 15 Gr-LST samples were adenomas with low-grade dysplasia (LGD), 12 were high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and 9 were adenocarcinomas invading the submucosa (INV), while 12 NGr-LSTs demonstrated LGD, 14 HGD and 7 INV. In the proximal colon, MUC5AC expression was significantly higher in the Gr-type than the NGr-type. MUC6 was expressed only in NGr-LST. MUC2 or CD10 did not differ. P53 expression demonstrated a significant stepwise increment in progression through LGD-HGD-INV with both types of LST. Nuclear β-catenin expression was significantly higher in the NGr-type. Ki-67 expression was significantly higher in the Gr-type in the lower one third zone of the tumor. In proximal, but not distal colon tumors, the incidence of KRAS provided mutation was significantly higher in the Gr-type harboring a specific mutational pattern (G12V). BRAF mutations (V600E) were detected only in two Gr-LSTs.
CONCLUSION: The two subtypes of LST, especially in the proximal colon, have differing phenotypes of gastrointestinal cell lineage, proliferation and activation of Wnt/β-catenin or RAS/RAF/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling.
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Xie J, Xiang DB, Wang H, Zhao C, Chen J, Xiong F, Li TY, Wang XL. Inhibition of Tcf-4 induces apoptosis and enhances chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45617. [PMID: 23029137 PMCID: PMC3454396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of β-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling has been implicated in human carcinogenesis, including colorectal cancer. In this study, we compared the effects of Tcf-4 knockdown with β-catenin knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and chemosensitivity in SW480 and HCT116 colon cancer cells using adenoviral vector-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Our results show that, compared to β-catenin knockdown, Tcf-4 knockdown more effectively inhibited colony formation, induced apoptosis, and increased 5-FU and oxaliplatin-mediated cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells. We further investigated the mechanisms involved in the different efficacies observed with β-catenin and Tcf-4 knockdown in colon cancer cells. FOXO4 is a member of the subfamily of mammalian FOXO forkhead transcription factors and plays a major role in controlling cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Our data showed that the protein level of FOXO4 did not change after treatment with both β-catenin and Tcf-4 shRNA. However, β-catenin shRNA was found to increase the accumulation of phosphorylated FOXO4 S193 and decrease the expression of FOXO target genes p27Kip1 and MnSOD, whereas Tcf-4 shRNA showed the opposite effect. Therefore, compared to β-catenin knockdown, Tcf-4 knockdown shows better efficacy for inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells, which may be related to increased FOXO4 transcriptional activity. These results suggest that Tcf-4 is an attractive potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xie
- Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (TYL)
| | - De-Bing Xiang
- Cancer Center, Jiangjin Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Yu Li
- Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (TYL)
| | - Xiao-Lei Wang
- The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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