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Di Carlo E, Sorrentino C. The multifaceted role of the stroma in the healthy prostate and prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:825. [PMID: 39238004 PMCID: PMC11378418 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is an age-related disease and represents, after lung cancer, the second cause of cancer death in males worldwide. Mortality is due to the metastatic disease, which mainly involves the bones, lungs, and liver. In the last 20 years, the incidence of metastatic PC has increased in Western Countries, and a further increase is expected in the near future, due to the population ageing. Current treatment options, including state of the art cancer immunotherapy, need to be more effective to achieve long-term disease control. The most significant anatomical barrier to overcome to improve the effectiveness of current and newly designed drug strategies consists of the prostatic stroma, in particular the fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix, which are the most abundant components of both the normal and tumor prostatic microenvironment. By weaving a complex communication network with the glandular epithelium, the immune cells, the microbiota, the endothelium, and the nerves, in the healthy prostatic microenvironment, the fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix support organ development and homeostasis. However, during inflammation, ageing and prostate tumorigenesis, they undergo dramatic phenotypic and genotypic changes, which impact on tumor growth and progression and on the development of therapy resistance. Here, we focus on the characteristics and functions of the prostate associated fibroblasts and of the extracellular matrix in health and cancer. We emphasize their roles in shaping tumor behavior and the feasibility of manipulating and/or targeting these stromal components to overcome the limitations of current treatments and to improve precision medicine's chances of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Di Carlo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini, Chieti, 66100, Italy.
- Anatomic Pathology and Immuno-Oncology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi 11, Chieti, 66100, Italy.
| | - Carlo Sorrentino
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti- Pescara, Via dei Vestini, Chieti, 66100, Italy
- Anatomic Pathology and Immuno-Oncology Unit, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi 11, Chieti, 66100, Italy
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2
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Aran D. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing for Studying Human Cancers. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 2023; 6:1-22. [PMID: 37040737 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-020722-091857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the first publication a decade ago describing the use of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in the context of cancer, over 200 datasets and thousands of scRNA-seq studies have been published in cancer biology. scRNA-seq technologies have been applied across dozens of cancer types and a diverse array of study designs to improve our understanding of tumor biology, the tumor microenvironment, and therapeutic responses, and scRNA-seq is on the verge of being used to improve decision-making in the clinic. Computational methodologies and analytical pipelines are key in facilitating scRNA-seq research. Numerous computational methods utilizing the most advanced tools in data science have been developed to extract meaningful insights. Here, we review the advancements in cancer biology gained by scRNA-seq and discuss the computational challenges of the technology that are specific to cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvir Aran
- Faculty of Biology, The Taub Faculty of Computer Science, and Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel;
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3
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Nisar S, Yousuf P, Masoodi T, Wani NA, Hashem S, Singh M, Sageena G, Mishra D, Kumar R, Haris M, Bhat AA, Macha MA. Chemokine-Cytokine Networks in the Head and Neck Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094584. [PMID: 33925575 PMCID: PMC8123862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are aggressive diseases with a dismal patient prognosis. Despite significant advances in treatment modalities, the five-year survival rate in patients with HNSCC has improved marginally and therefore warrants a comprehensive understanding of the HNSCC biology. Alterations in the cellular and non-cellular components of the HNSCC tumor micro-environment (TME) play a critical role in regulating many hallmarks of cancer development including evasion of apoptosis, activation of invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, response to therapy, immune escape mechanisms, deregulation of energetics, and therefore the development of an overall aggressive HNSCC phenotype. Cytokines and chemokines are small secretory proteins produced by neoplastic or stromal cells, controlling complex and dynamic cell-cell interactions in the TME to regulate many cancer hallmarks. This review summarizes the current understanding of the complex cytokine/chemokine networks in the HNSCC TME, their role in activating diverse signaling pathways and promoting tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (S.N.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Parvaiz Yousuf
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal 191201, India;
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Genetikode 400102, India;
| | - Nissar A. Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal 191201, India;
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (S.N.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
| | - Mayank Singh
- Departmental of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | | | - Deepika Mishra
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Advanced Research, School of Biotechnology and Indian Council of Medical Research, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra 182320, India;
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (S.N.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A. Bhat
- Molecular and Metabolic Imaging Laboratory, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha 26999, Qatar; (S.N.); (S.H.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.); or (M.A.M.); Tel.: +974-40037703 (A.A.B.); +91-8082326900 (M.A.M.)
| | - Muzafar A. Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora 192122, India
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.); or (M.A.M.); Tel.: +974-40037703 (A.A.B.); +91-8082326900 (M.A.M.)
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4
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Xiu W, Ma J, Lei T, Zhang M. AG490 reverses phenotypic alteration of dendritic cells by bladder cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2851-2856. [PMID: 30127871 PMCID: PMC6096164 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Past studies have confirmed that tumors can impair the function of dendritic cells (DCs) and promote tumor evasion. AG490, a Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitor, has been shown to induce maturation of DCs and inhibit the growth of tumor cells. In the present study, DCs were generated from healthy human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. On day 5 of culture, the DCs were co-cultured with human bladder cancer pumc-91 cells for 24 h, and then purified using magnetic beads. The maturation of the DCs was induced by lipopolysaccharide. Subsequent to co-culture with pumc-91 cells, the expression of human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related (HLA-DR), cluster of differentiation (CD)86 and CD80 was found to be reduced in the DCs, accompanied by increased production of interleukin (IL)-10, but decreased production of IL-12p70. Furthermore, the DCs co-cultured with pumc-91 inhibited the proliferation of allogeneic T cells. Finally, AG490 restored the expression of HLA-DR, CD86 and CD80. These data identified that bladder cancer cells could inhibit the antigen-presenting function of the DCs and induce anergy in T cells. AG490 may partly reverse this inhibitory effect of bladder cancer cells on DCs, activate immunogenicity and induce the antitumor immunity response of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Xiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Juan Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing 100038, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
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Marongiu F, Serra MP, Fanti M, Cadoni E, Serra M, Laconi E. Regenerative Medicine: Shedding Light on the Link between Aging and Cancer. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1530-1537. [PMID: 29113461 PMCID: PMC5680953 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717721224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence linking aging and cancer is overwhelming. Findings emerging from the field of regenerative medicine reinforce the notion that aging and cancer are profoundly interrelated in their pathogenetic pathways. We discuss evidence to indicate that age-associated alterations in the tissue microenvironment contribute to the emergence of a neoplastic-prone tissue landscape, which is able to support the selective growth of preneoplastic cell populations. Interestingly, tissue contexts that are able to select for the growth of preneoplastic cells, including the aged liver microenvironment, are also supportive for the clonal expansion of normal, homotypic, transplanted cells. This suggests that the growth of normal and preneoplastic cells is possibly driven by similar mechanisms, implying that strategies based on principles of regenerative medicine might be applicable to modulate neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maura Fanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Erika Cadoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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6
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Kormi SMA, Seghatchian J. Taming the immune system through transfusion in oncology patients. Transfus Apher Sci 2017; 56:310-316. [PMID: 28651910 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Blood transfusion is a clinical replacement therapy with many successes with some benefit and, also, some harm. Cancer is a multifaceted disease potentially associated with the immune system's weakness where the cancerous tumor cells escape from the immune system. Allogeneic blood transfusion, through five major mechanisms including the lymphocyte-T set, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), natural killer cells (NKCs), and dendritic cells (DCs) can help the recipient's defense mechanisms. On the other hand, the role for each of the listed items includes activation of the antitumor CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+/CTL), temporal inactivation of Tregs, inactivation of the STAT3 signaling pathway, the use of bacteria to enhance the antitumor immune response and cellular immunotherapy. The above issues are concisely addressed in this manuscript based on a literature survey on this topic carried out by the first author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Amin Kormi
- Cancer Genetics Research Unit, Reza Radiation Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Jerard Seghatchian
- International Consultancy in Blood Components Quality/ Safety Improvement, Audit/ Inspection and DDR Strategies, London, United Kingdom.
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7
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Recovery Profiles of T-Cell Subsets Following Low-Dose Total Body Irradiation and Improvement With Cinnamon. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:1118-26. [PMID: 26475064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inefficient T-cell reconstitution from x-ray-induced immune damage reduces antitumor response. To understand the profile of T-cell reconstitution after irradiation will overcome the barrier of antitumor immunity. This study aimed to identify the recovery profile of T-cell subsets following x-ray irradiation and to highlight the role of cinnamon on efficient T-cell restoration postexposure in the antitumor response. METHODS AND MATERIALS CD3(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+) T cells and Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were evaluated at different time points after single low-dose total body irradiation (SLTBI) with or without cinnamon treatments. T-bet, GATA3, RORγt, and Foxp3 signaling specific for Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg were also analyzed by RT-PCR assay. The effects of cinnamon on efficient T-cell subset reconstitution was confirmed in a lung melanoma model in irradiated mice. RESULTS Reconstitution of CD4(+) T cells was delayed more than that of CD8(+) T cells in T-cell restoration after SLTBI. The production of IFNγ by Th1 or Tc1 cells was sharply decreased and was accompanied by reduced T-bet mRNA, even when total T-cell numbers had recovered; the frequencies of Th17 and Treg cells and their specific transcription factors (RORγt and Foxp3, respectively) were obviously increased. Irradiation-induced inefficient T-cell reconstitution impaired the antitumor capacities in the lung melanoma model. Pretreatment with cinnamon in irradiated mice accelerated the generation of Th1 and reduced the differentiation of Treg cells by activating T-bet and limiting transcriptions of Foxp3. Improvement resulting from cinnamon pretreatment on the efficient T-cell recovery profile from SLTBI promoted antitumor immunity in the lung melanoma model. CONCLUSIONS T-cell reconstitution from SLTBI was characterized by impaired Th1 and elevated Th17 and Treg cells. Cinnamon effectively improved the imbalance of T-cell subsets by promoting the proliferation of Th1 and by suppressing expansions of Th17 and Tregs. The role of cinnamon in efficient T-cell reconstitution from SLTBI is effective in antitumor immunity.
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8
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Choi M, Thakur A. Identifying Appropriate Colorectal Cancer-Associated Antigens for the Clinical Trials. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Khalili JS, Hwu P, Lizée G. Forging a link between oncogenic signaling and immunosuppression in melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22745. [PMID: 23525189 PMCID: PMC3601157 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments limit the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapy. We have recently demonstrated that the inhibition of BRAFV600E with vemurafenib relieves interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced T-cell suppression as mediated by melanoma tumor associated fibroblasts (TAFs). These results suggest that inhibitors of the MAPK pathway in combination with T cell-based immunotherapies may induce long-lasting and durable responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan S Khalili
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; The Center for Cancer Immunology Research; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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10
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Sauter CS, Giralt S. The prognostic impact of peripheral blood progenitor cell dose following high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant for hematologic malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:1619-25. [PMID: 25284496 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.970544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy (HDT) followed by autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplant (PBPCT) has become a standard intervention in certain clinical settings of hematologic malignancies, particularly multiple myeloma and relapsed/refractory lymphoma. While the minimal required PBPCs infused, as defined by number of CD34 + cells, has been relatively well delineated for adequate hematopoietic recovery post-HDT, optimal PBPC dose has not been clearly defined. This is particularly relevant in the context of retrospective data suggesting improved survival outcomes with increased PBPC doses. The potential confounding of these data as they relate to disease risk is discussed within this review. Additionally, other retrospective data have suggested that enhanced quantitative lymphocyte subset reconstitution post-HDT-PBPCT may confer progression-free and overall survival advantage. These reported series herein reviewed may inform discussion of future, prospective clinical trials with the intent of defining optimal autologous PBPC dose following HDT, especially as it may relate to metrics beyond hematopoietic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S Sauter
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
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Ljujic B, Milovanovic M, Volarevic V, Murray B, Bugarski D, Przyborski S, Arsenijevic N, Lukic ML, Stojkovic M. Human mesenchymal stem cells creating an immunosuppressive environment and promote breast cancer in mice. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2298. [PMID: 23892388 PMCID: PMC3725512 DOI: 10.1038/srep02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) can home to tumor sites and promote tumor growth. The effects of hMSC on tumor growth are controversial and involvement of hMSC in tumor immunology has not been adequately addressed. Therefore, we investigated whether injection of hMSC affects tumor appearance, growth and metastasis, and anti-tumor immunity in an experimental animal model of metastatic breast cancer. Injection of hMSC in BALB/c mice bearing mammary carcinoma promoted tumor growth and metastasis, which was accompanied by lower cytotoxic activity of splenocytes, NK cells and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Tumor-bearing mice that received hMSC had significantly lower percentages of CD3+NKp46+ NKT-like, higher percentages of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells, increased serum levels of Th2 and decreased serum levels of Th1 cytokines, and significantly higher number of CD4+ cells expressing IL-10. These results demonstrate that immunosuppressive environment created by hMSC promoted breast tumor growth and metastasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Ljujic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Cell-mediated immune responses in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:630602. [PMID: 24575143 PMCID: PMC3932176 DOI: 10.1155/2013/630602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are disorders of the nervous system that are associated with remote effects of malignancy. PNS are considered to have an autoimmune pathology. It has been suggested that immune antitumor responses are the origin of improved outcome in PNS. We describe cell-mediated immune responses in PNS and their potential contributions to antitumor reactions. Experimental and neuropathological studies have revealed infiltrates in nervous tissue and disturbances in lymphocyte populations in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood. A predominance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) over T helper cells has been observed. CTLs can be specifically aggressive against antigens shared by tumors and nervous tissue. Based on genetic studies, a common clonal origin of lymphocytes from blood, tumor, and nervous tissue is suggested. Suppressive regulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes are dysfunctional. Simultaneously, in tumor tissue, more intense cell-mediated immune responses are observed, which often coincide with a less aggressive course of neoplastic disease. An increased titer of onconeural antibodies is also related to better prognoses in patients without PNS. The evaluation of onconeural and neuronal surface antibodies was recommended in current guidelines. The link between PNS emergence and antitumor responses may result from more active CTLs and less functional Treg lymphocytes.
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Bhatia A, Kumar Y. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in cancer immune escape: a comprehensive review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 10:41-62. [PMID: 24325346 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.865519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune escape is the final phase of cancer immunoediting process wherein cancer modulates our immune system to escape from being destroyed by it. Many cellular and molecular events govern the cancer's evasion of host immune response. The tumor undergoes continuous remodeling at the genetic, epigenetic and metabolic level to acquire resistance to apoptosis. At the same time, it effectively modifies all the components of the host's immunome so as to escape from its antitumor effects. Moreover, it induces accumulation of suppressive cells like Treg and myeloid derived suppressor cells and factors which also enable it to elude the immune system. Recent research in this area helps in defining the role of newer players like miRNAs and exosomes in immune escape. The immunotherapeutic approaches developed to target the escape phase appear quite promising; however, the quest for a perfect therapeutic agent that can achieve maximum cure with minimal toxicity continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh-160012, India
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Tumor Inhibition by DepoVax-Based Cancer Vaccine Is Accompanied by Reduced Regulatory/Suppressor Cell Proliferation and Tumor Infiltration. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:753427. [PMID: 23533812 PMCID: PMC3606802 DOI: 10.1155/2013/753427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A successful cancer vaccine needs to overcome the effects of immune-suppressor cells such as Treg lymphocytes, suppressive cytokine-secreting Tr1 cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), while enhancing tumor-specific immune responses. Given the relative poor efficacy associated with current cancer vaccines, a novel vaccine platform called DepoVaxTM
(DPX) was developed. C3 tumor-challenged mice were immunized with HPV-E7 peptide in DPX- or conventional-emulsion- (CE-) based vaccine. While control mice showed marked increase in Treg/MDSCs in spleen and blood, in mice treated with DPX-E7 the levels remained similar to tumor-free naive mice. Such differences were also seen within the tumor. Antigen-specific IL10-secreting CD4/CD8 T cells and TGF-β+CD8+ T cell frequencies were increased significantly in CE-treated and control mice in contrast to DPX-E7-immunized mice. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating cells revealed higher frequency of suppressor cells in untreated controls than in DPX-E7 group while the converse was true for tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. Immunization of tumor-bearing HLA-A2 transgenic mice with human vaccine DPX-0907, a peptide-based vaccine for breast/ovarian/prostate cancers, showed efficient induction of immune response to cancer peptides despite the presence of suppressor cells. Thus, this study provides the rationale for using DPX-based cancer vaccines in immune-suppressed cancer patients, to induce effective anticancer immunity.
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Hailemichael Y, Dai Z, Jaffarzad N, Ye Y, Medina MA, Huang XF, Dorta-Estremera SM, Greeley NR, Nitti G, Peng W, Liu C, Lou Y, Wang Z, Ma W, Rabinovich B, Sowell RT, Schluns KS, Davis RE, Hwu P, Overwijk WW. Persistent antigen at vaccination sites induces tumor-specific CD8⁺ T cell sequestration, dysfunction and deletion. Nat Med 2013; 19:465-72. [PMID: 23455713 PMCID: PMC3618499 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To understand why cancer vaccine-induced T cells often fail to eradicate tumors, we studied immune responses in mice vaccinated with gp100 melanoma peptide in incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA), commonly used in clinical cancer vaccine trials. Peptide/IFA vaccination primed tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, which accumulated not in tumors but at the persisting, antigen-rich vaccination site. Once there, primed T cells became dysfunctional and underwent antigen-driven, Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated apoptosis, resulting in hyporesponsiveness to subsequent vaccination. Provision of anti-CD40 antibody, Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist and interleukin-2 (IL-2) reduced T cell apoptosis but did not prevent vaccination site sequestration. A non-persisting vaccine formulation shifted T cell localization towards tumors, inducing superior anti-tumor activity while reducing systemic T cell dysfunction and promoting memory formation. Persisting peptide/IFA vaccine depots can induce specific T cell sequestration, dysfunction and deletion at vaccination sites; short-lived formulations may overcome these limitations and result in greater therapeutic efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Hailemichael
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Ma Y, Shurin GV, Peiyuan Z, Shurin MR. Dendritic cells in the cancer microenvironment. J Cancer 2012; 4:36-44. [PMID: 23386903 PMCID: PMC3564245 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the tumor immunoenvironment is underscored by the emergence and discovery of different subsets of immune effectors and regulatory cells. Tumor-induced polarization of immune cell differentiation and function makes this unique environment even more intricate and variable. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a special group of cells that display different phenotype and activity at the tumor site and exhibit differential pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic functions. DCs play a key role in inducing and maintaining the antitumor immunity, but in the tumor environment their antigen-presenting function may be lost or inefficient. DCs might be also polarized into immunosuppressive/tolerogenic regulatory DCs, which limit activity of effector T cells and support tumor growth and progression. Although various factors and signaling pathways have been described to be responsible for abnormal functioning of DCs in cancer, there are still no feasible therapeutic modalities available for preventing or reversing DC malfunction in tumor-bearing hosts. Thus, better understanding of DC immunobiology in cancer is pivotal for designing novel or improved therapeutic approaches that will allow proper functioning of DCs in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ma
- 1. Departments of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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17
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Peng W, Liu C, Xu C, Lou Y, Chen J, Yang Y, Yagita H, Overwijk WW, Lizée G, Radvanyi L, Hwu P. PD-1 blockade enhances T-cell migration to tumors by elevating IFN-γ inducible chemokines. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5209-18. [PMID: 22915761 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is considered a promising modality for cancer treatment, but despite ongoing improvements, many patients do not experience clinical benefits. The tumor microenvironment is an important limiting factor in immunotherapy that has not been addressed fully in ACT treatments. In this study, we report that upregualtion of the immunosuppressive receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expressed on transferred T cells at the tumor site, in a murine model of ACT, compared with its expression on transferred T cells present in the peripheral blood and spleen. As PD-1 can attenuate T-cell-mediated antitumor responses, we tested whether its blockade with an anti-PD-1 antibody could enhance the antitumor activity of ACT in this model. Cotreatment with both agents increased the number of transferred T cells at the tumor site and also enhanced tumor regressions, compared with treatments with either agent alone. While anti-PD-1 did not reduce the number of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells present in tumor-bearing mice, we found that it increased expression of IFN-γ and CXCL10 at the tumor site. Bone marrow-transplant experiments using IFN-γR-/- mice implicated IFN-γ as a crucial nexus for controlling PD-1-mediated tumor infiltration by T cells. Taken together, our results imply that blocking the PD-1 pathway can increase IFN-γ at the tumor site, thereby increasing chemokine-dependent trafficking of immune cells into malignant disease sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Peng
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Khalili JS, Liu S, Rodríguez-Cruz TG, Whittington M, Wardell S, Liu C, Zhang M, Cooper ZA, Frederick DT, Li Y, Zhang M, Joseph RW, Bernatchez C, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm E, Radvanyi LG, Davis RE, Davies MA, Wargo JA, Hwu P, Lizée G. Oncogenic BRAF(V600E) promotes stromal cell-mediated immunosuppression via induction of interleukin-1 in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5329-40. [PMID: 22850568 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we assessed the specific role of BRAF(V600E) signaling in modulating the expression of immune regulatory genes in melanoma, in addition to analyzing downstream induction of immune suppression by primary human melanoma tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAF). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary human melanocytes and melanoma cell lines were transduced to express WT or V600E forms of BRAF, followed by gene expression analysis. The BRAF(V600E) inhibitor vemurafenib was used to confirm targets in BRAF(V600E)-positive melanoma cell lines and in tumors from melanoma patients undergoing inhibitor treatment. TAF lines generated from melanoma patient biopsies were tested for their ability to inhibit the function of tumor antigen-specific T cells, before and following treatment with BRAF(V600E)-upregulated immune modulators. Transcriptional analysis of treated TAFs was conducted to identify potential mediators of T-cell suppression. RESULTS Expression of BRAF(V600E) induced transcription of interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) and IL-1β in melanocytes and melanoma cell lines. Further, vemurafenib reduced the expression of IL-1 protein in melanoma cell lines and most notably in human tumor biopsies from 11 of 12 melanoma patients undergoing inhibitor treatment. Treatment of melanoma-patient-derived TAFs with IL-1α/β significantly enhanced their ability to suppress the proliferation and function of melanoma-specific cytotoxic T cells, and this inhibition was partially attributable to upregulation by IL-1 of COX-2 and the PD-1 ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 in TAFs. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a novel mechanism of immune suppression sensitive to BRAF(V600E) inhibition, and indicates that clinical blockade of IL-1 may benefit patients with BRAF wild-type tumors and potentially synergize with immunotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan S Khalili
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Feyler S, Scott GB, Parrish C, Jarmin S, Evans P, Short M, McKinley K, Selby PJ, Cook G. Tumour cell generation of inducible regulatory T-cells in multiple myeloma is contact-dependent and antigen-presenting cell-independent. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35981. [PMID: 22666318 PMCID: PMC3362588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (TReg cells) are increased in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We investigated whether MM cells could generate and/or expand TReg cells as a method of immuno-surveillance avoidance. In an in vitro model, CD4+CD25-FoxP3- T-cells co-cultured with malignant plasma cells (primary MM cells and cell lines) induced a significant generation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ inducible TReg cells (tTReg cells; p<0.0001), in a contact-dependent manner. tTReg cells were polyclonal, demonstrated a suppressive phenotype and phenotypically, demonstrated increased FoxP3 (p = 0.0001), increased GITR (p<0.0001), increased PD1 (p = 0.003) and decreased CD62L (p = 0.007) expression compared with naturally occurring TReg cells. FACS-sorted tTReg cells differentiated into FoxP+IL-17+ and FoxP3-IL-17+ CD4+ cells upon TCR-mediated stimulation. Blocking experiments with anti-ICOS-L MoAb resulted in a significant inhibition of tTReg cell generation whereas both IL-10 & TGFβ blockade did not. MM tumour cells can directly generate functional TReg cells in a contact-dependent manner, mediated by ICOS/ICOS-L. These features suggest that tumour generation of TReg cells may contribute to evasion of immune surveillance by the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Feyler
- Transplant Immunology Group, Academic Department of Haematology and Oncology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Trust, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Gina B. Scott
- Transplant Immunology Group, Academic Department of Haematology and Oncology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Parrish
- Transplant Immunology Group, Academic Department of Haematology and Oncology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Jarmin
- Transplant Immunology Group, Academic Department of Haematology and Oncology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Evans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Short
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine McKinley
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Selby
- Academic Department of Haematology and Oncology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Cook
- Transplant Immunology Group, Academic Department of Haematology and Oncology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, St James’s Institute of Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Dilling DF, Gilbert ER, Picken MM, Eby JM, Love RB, Le Poole IC. A current viewpoint of lymphangioleiomyomatosis supporting immunotherapeutic treatment options. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:1-5. [PMID: 21940815 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0215tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) leads to hyperproliferation of abnormal smooth muscle cells in the lungs, associated with diffuse pulmonary parenchymal cyst formation and progressive dyspnea on exertion. The disease targets women of child-bearing age. Complications include pneumothoraces and chylous pleural effusions. Ten-year survival is estimated at 70%, and lung transplantation remains the only validated treatment. It has been observed that LAM cells express markers associated with melanocytic differentiation, including gp100 and MART-1. Other melanocytic markers have also been observed. The same proteins are targeted by T cells infiltrating melanoma tumors as well as by T cells infiltrating autoimmune vitiligo skin, and these antigens are regarded as relatively immunogenic. Consequently, vaccines have been developed for melanoma targeting these and other immunogenic melanocyte differentiation proteins. Preliminary data showing susceptibility of LAM cells to melanoma derived T cells suggest that vaccines targeting melanosomal antigens can be successful in treating LAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Dilling
- Department of Medicine, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Tumor associated regulatory dendritic cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:298-306. [PMID: 22414911 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune effector and regulatory cells in the tumor microenvironment are key factors in tumor development and progression as the pathogenesis of cancer vitally depends on the multifaceted interactions between various microenvironmental stimuli provided by tumor-associated immune cells. Immune regulatory cells participate in all stages of cancer development from the induction of genomic instability to the maintenance of intratumoral angiogenesis, proliferation and spreading of malignant cells, and formation of premetastatic niches in distal tissues. Dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment serve as a double-edged sword and, in addition to initiating potent anti-tumor immune responses, may mediate genomic damage, support neovascularization, block anti-tumor immunity and stimulate cancerous cell growth and spreading. Regulatory dendritic cells in cancer may directly and indirectly maintain antigen-specific and non-specific T cell unresponsiveness by controlling T cell polarization, MDSC and Treg differentiation and activity, and affecting specific microenvironmental conditions in premalignant niches. Understanding the mechanisms involved in regulatory dendritic cell polarization and operation and revealing pharmacological means for harnessing these pathways will provide additional opportunities for modifying the tumor microenvironment and improving the efficacy of different therapeutic approaches to cancer.
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22
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Randazzo M, Terness P, Opelz G, Kleist C. Active-specific immunotherapy of human cancers with the heat shock protein Gp96-revisited. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:2219-31. [PMID: 22052568 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The passive administration of specific antibodies that selectively target tumors is a well-known strategy in cancer treatment. Active immunotherapy using peptide vaccines, in contrast, is expected to induce specific, cytolytic T cells in the patient, which react against tumor antigens and destroy malignant cells. Although several concepts exist, the identification and low immunogenicity of tumor-specific peptides remain a serious problem. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), notably glycoprotein (Gp) 96, are of special interest, because they are able to take molecular peptide-fingerprints of the protein array characteristic for a particular cell. Association of Gp96 with peptides has been shown to be essential for crosspresentation and activation of T cells. Consequently, Gp96-peptide complexes extracted from cancer cells harbor the tumor-specific peptides and are immunogenic, thus offering a tool for active immunization against the tumor. Already, several immunotherapy studies of human cancers have been carried out, showing no severe adverse effects but unfortunately only limited improvement in the clinical outcome. Vitespen, a commercial HSP-peptide complex vaccine based on tumor-derived Gp96, seems to induce an improved overall survival for subsets of early stage melanoma and kidney cancer patients. The limited access to vaccine material derived from the autologous tumor requires the development of alternative protocols. Moreover, counteracting immunosuppressive mechanisms induced by the malignancy might further improve the efficacy of vaccinations. This review critically analyzes the current state of clinical immunotherapy with Gp96, with special attention to Vitespen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Randazzo
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Arce F, Breckpot K, Collins M, Escors D. Targeting lentiviral vectors for cancer immunotherapy. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2011; 7:248-260. [PMID: 22983382 DOI: 10.2174/157339411797642605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of tumour-associated antigens (TAA) in a way that induces effective, specific immunity is a challenge in anti-cancer vaccine design. Circumventing tumour-induced tolerogenic mechanisms in vivo is also critical for effective immunotherapy. Effective immune responses are induced by professional antigen presenting cells, in particular dendritic cells (DC). This requires presentation of the antigen to both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the context of strong co-stimulatory signals. Lentiviral vectors have been tested as vehicles, for both ex vivo and in vivo delivery of TAA and/or activation signals to DC, and have been demonstrated to induce potent T cell mediated immune responses that can control tumour growth. This review will focus on the use of lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene delivery to DC, introducing strategies to target DC, either targeting cell entry or gene expression to improve safety of the lentiviral vaccine or targeting dendritic cell activation pathways to enhance performance of the lentiviral vaccine. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential of lentiviral vectors as a generally applicable 'off-the-shelf' anti-cancer immunotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Arce
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Medical School of the Royal Free and University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, United Kingdom
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24
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Joseph RW, Peddareddigari VR, Liu P, Miller PW, Overwijk WW, Bekele NB, Ross MI, Lee JE, Gershenwald JE, Lucci A, Prieto VG, McMannis JD, Papadopoulos N, Kim K, Homsi J, Bedikian A, Hwu WJ, Hwu P, Radvanyi LG. Impact of clinical and pathologic features on tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte expansion from surgically excised melanoma metastases for adoptive T-cell therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4882-91. [PMID: 21632855 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical trials on adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) using expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have shown response rates of over 50% in refractory melanoma. However, little is known how clinical and pathologic features impact TIL outgrowth isolated from metastatic melanoma tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed the impact of clinical and pathologic features on initial TIL outgrowth in 226 consecutive patients undergoing tumor resection. Successful initial TIL outgrowth was defined as ≥40 million viable lymphocytes harvested from all tumor fragments in a 5-week culture. To normalize for the different size of resected tumors and thus available tumor fragments, we divided the number of expanded TIL by the starting number of tumor fragments (TIL/fragment). RESULTS Overall, initial TIL outgrowth was successful in 62% of patients, with patients ≤30 years of age (94%; P = 0.01) and female patients (71% vs. 57% for males; P = 0.04) having the highest rate of success. Systemic therapy 30 days before tumor harvest negatively impacted initial TIL outgrowth compared to patients who never received systemic therapy (47% vs. 71%, P = 0.02). Biochemotherapy within 0 to 60 days of tumor harvest negatively impacted the initial TIL outgrowth with a success rate of only 16% (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Parameters such as age, sex, and the type and timing of prior systemic therapy significantly affect the success rate of the initial TIL outgrowth from tumor fragments for ACT; these parameters may be helpful in selecting patients for melanoma ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Joseph
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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25
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Mulligan JK, Young MRI. Tumors induce the formation of suppressor endothelial cells in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 59:267-77. [PMID: 19669642 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0747-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with solid tumors have defects in immune effector cells, which have been associated with a poorer prognosis. Previous studies by our laboratory have shown that exposure to Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)- secreted products induces the formation of suppressor endothelial cells in vitro. The current studies examined if tumors could induce the formation of suppressor endothelial cells in vivo. Endothelial cells were immunomagnetically isolated from the lungs of tumor-bearing mice or normal controls and examined for their ability to modulate NK cell, T-cell and macrophage functions. Compared to normal controls, supernatants from endothelial cells isolated from tumor-bearing lungs had elevated secretion of PGE2, IL-6, IL-10 and VEGF. Conditioned media from endothelial cells isolated from normal lungs increased CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ and CD4+ T-cell IL-2 production in response to anti-CD3 stimulation, while media conditioned by endothelial cells from tumor-bearing lungs had a diminished stimulatory capacity. Examination of NK cell functions showed that supernatants from endothelial cells isolated from normal lungs were potent activators of NK cells, as indicated by their secretion of TNF- and IFN-γ. Endothelial cells isolated from tumor-bearing lungs had a significantly diminished capacity to activate NK cells. Finally, supernatants from endothelial cells of tumor-bearing lungs diminished macrophage phagocytosis compared to either treatment with supernatants of normal endothelial cells or treatment with media alone. The results of these studies demonstrate that tumors induce the formation of suppressor endothelial cells in vivo and provide support for the role of endothelial cells in tumor-induced immune suppression.
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26
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Shurin MR, Gregory M, Morris JC, Malyguine AM. Genetically modified dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy: a better tomorrow? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1539-53. [PMID: 20955111 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.526105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Dendritic cells (DC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells that induce and maintain primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses directed against tumor antigens. Consequently, there has been much interest in their application as antitumor vaccines. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A large number of DC-based vaccine trials targeting a variety of cancers have been conducted; however, the rate of reported clinically significant responses remains low. Modification of DC to express tumor antigens or immunostimulatory molecules through the transfer of genes or mRNA transfection offers a logical alternative with potential advantages over peptide- or protein antigen-loaded DC. In this article, we review the current results and future prospects for genetically modified DC vaccines for the treatment of cancer. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Genetically-modified dendritic cell-based vaccines represent a powerful tool for cancer therapy. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of dendritic cell vaccines alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Genetically modified DC-based anti-cancer vaccination holds promise, perhaps being best employed in the adjuvant setting with minimal residual disease after primary therapy, or in combination with other antitumor or immune-enhancing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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27
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Ha TY. The Role of MicroRNAs in Regulatory T Cells and in the Immune Response. Immune Netw 2011; 11:11-41. [PMID: 21494372 PMCID: PMC3072673 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of microRNA (miRNA) is one of the major scientific breakthroughs in recent years and has revolutionized current cell biology and medical science. miRNAs are small (19~25nt) noncoding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for degradation of translation repression. Genetic ablation of the miRNA machinery, as well as loss or degradation of certain individual miRNAs, severely compromises immune development and response, and can lead to immune disorders. Several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms are used to maintain immune homeostasis. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent publications have provided compelling evidence that miRNAs are highly expressed in Treg cells, that the expression of Foxp3 is controlled by miRNAs and that a range of miRNAs are involved in the regulation of immunity. A large number of studies have reported links between alterations of miRNA homeostasis and pathological conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as well as psychiatric and neurological diseases. Although it is still unclear how miRNA controls Treg cell development and function, recent studies certainly indicate that this topic will be the subject of further research. The specific circulating miRNA species may also be useful for the diagnosis, classification, prognosis of diseases and prediction of the therapeutic response. An explosive literature has focussed on the role of miRNA. In this review, I briefly summarize the current studies about the role of miRNAs in Treg cells and in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. I also review the explosive current studies about clinical application of miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Ha
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk 561-180, Korea
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Park YS, Bae JH, Son CH, Lee KS, Kim W, Jung MH, Yang K, Kim SH, Kang CD. Cyclophosphamide potentiates the antitumor effect of immunization with injection of immature dendritic cells into irradiated tumor. Immunol Invest 2011; 40:383-99. [PMID: 21314288 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2011.552141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth of a tumor on the left flank was suppressed by direct injection of immature DCs (iDCs) into the irradiated tumor on the right thigh (IR/DC). This antitumor immune effect of IR/DC was enhanced by pretreatment with CTX (CTX+IR/DC) and this effect was related with increased number of tumor-specific IFN-γ secreting T cells and decreased ratio of CD4(+)CD25(+)/CD4(+) T cells. The treatment with CTX+IR/DC increased or decreased the levels of IL-2 or IL-10, respectively. These results demonstrated that antitumor effect of IR/DC could be augmented by pretreatment with low-dose CTX, suggesting a new antitumor therapeutic modality of chemoradioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Soo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
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Archaeosome adjuvant overcomes tolerance to tumor-associated melanoma antigens inducing protective CD8 T cell responses. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2010:578432. [PMID: 21318177 PMCID: PMC3034908 DOI: 10.1155/2010/578432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Vesicles comprised of the ether glycerolipids of the archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii (archaeosomes) are potent adjuvants for evoking CD8+ T cell responses. We therefore explored the ability of archaeosomes to overcome immunologic tolerance to self-antigens. Priming and boosting of mice with archaeosome-antigen evoked comparable CD8+ T cell response and tumor protection to an alternate boosting strategy utilizing live bacterial vectors for antigen delivery. Vaccination with melanoma antigenic peptides TRP181-189 and Gp10025-33 delivered in archaeosomes resulted in IFN-γ producing antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with strong cytolytic capability and protection against subcutaneous B16 melanoma. Targeting responses against multiple antigens afforded prolonged median survival against melanoma challenge. Entrapment of multiple peptides within the same vesicle or admixed formulations were both effective at evoking CD8+ T cells against each antigen. Melanoma-antigen archaeosome formulations also afforded therapeutic protection against established B16 tumors when combined with depletion of T-regulatory cells. Overall, we demonstrate that archaeosome adjuvants constitute an effective choice for formulating cancer vaccines.
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Samadi-Foroushani M, Vahabpour R, Memarnejadian A, Namdar A, Khamisabadi M, Sadat SM, Asgarian-Omran H, Azadmanesh K, Kokhaei P, Aghasadeghi MR, Hadjati J. Immune responses regulation following antitumor dendritic cell-based prophylactic, concurrent, and therapeutic vaccination. Med Oncol 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S660-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
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Breckpot K, Escors D. Dendritic cells for active anti-cancer immunotherapy: targeting activation pathways through genetic modification. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2010; 9:328-43. [PMID: 19857199 DOI: 10.2174/187153009789839156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tumour immunotherapy has become a treatment modality for cancer, harnessing the immune system to recognize and eradicate tumour cells specifically. It is based on the expression of tumour associated antigens (TAA) by the tumour cells and aims at the induction of TAA-specific effector T cell responses, whilst overruling various mechanisms that can hamper the anti-tumour immune response, e.g. regulatory T cells (Treg). (Re-) activation of effector T cells requires the completion of a carefully orchestrated series of specific steps. Particularly important is the provision of TAA presentation and strong stimulatory signals, delivered by co-stimulatory surface molecules and cytokines. These can only be delivered by professional antigen-presenting cells, in particular dendritic cells (DC). Therefore, DC need to be loaded with TAA and appropriately activated. It is not surprising that an extensive part of DC research has focused on the delivery of both TAA and activation signals to DC, developing a one step approach to obtain potent stimulatory DC. The simultaneous delivery of TAA and activation signals is therefore the topic of this review, emphasizing the role of DC in mediating T cell activation and how we can manipulate DC for the pill-pose of enhancing tumour immunotherapy. As we gain a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate induction of TAA-specific T cells, rational approaches for the activation of T cell responses can be developed for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Physiology-Immunology, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103 building E, 1090 Jette, Belgium.
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Fridlender ZG, Kapoor V, Buchlis G, Cheng G, Sun J, Wang LCS, Singhal S, Snyder LA, Albelda SM. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 blockade inhibits lung cancer tumor growth by altering macrophage phenotype and activating CD8+ cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:230-7. [PMID: 20395632 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0080oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of lung cancer has been increasingly appreciated. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, also known as CCL2) is secreted from tumor cells and associated tumor stromal cells. The blockade of CCL2, as mediated by neutralizing antibodies, was shown to reduce tumorigenesis in several solid tumors, but the role of CCL2 in lung cancer remains controversial, with evidence of both protumorigenic and antitumorigenic effects. We evaluated the effects and mechanisms of CCL2 blockade in several animal models of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Anti-murine-CCL2 monoclonal antibodies were administered in syngeneic flank and orthotopic models of NSCLC. CCL2 blockade significantly slowed the growth of primary tumors in all models studied, and inhibited lung metastases in a model of spontaneous lung metastases of NSCLC. In contrast to expectations, no significant effect of treatment was evident in the number of tumor-associated macrophages recruited into the tumor after CCL2 blockade. However, a change occurred in the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages to a more antitumor phenotype after CCL2 blockade. This was associated with the activation of cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes (CTLs). The antitumor effects of CCL2 blockade were completely lost in CB-17 severe combined immunodeficient mice or after CD8 T-cell depletion. Our data from NSCLC models show that CCL2 blockade can inhibit the tumor growth of primary and metastatic disease. The mechanisms of CCL2 blockade include an alteration of the tumor macrophage phenotype and the activation of CTLs. Our work supports further evaluation of CCL2 blockade in thoracic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi G Fridlender
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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Ling X, Marini F, Konopleva M, Schober W, Shi Y, Burks J, Clise-Dwyer K, Wang RY, Zhang W, Yuan X, Lu H, Caldwell L, Andreeff M. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Overexpressing IFN-β Inhibit Breast Cancer Growth and Metastases through Stat3 Signaling in a Syngeneic Tumor Model. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2010; 3:83-95. [PMID: 21209776 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-010-0041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We previously demonstrated that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are recruited to tumors and that IFN-β produced by MSC inhibited tumor growth in xenograft models. Because of a deficient immune system, murine xenograft models cannot fully recapitulate tumor and immune cell interactions during progression. Therefore we investigated the capacity of MSC to migrate to and engraft into primary breast tumor sites and subsequently explore mechanisms of tumor inhibition by MSC-delivered IFN-β in a syngeneic, immunocompetent murine model. Herein we report that 1) systemically administrated MSC migrate to established 4 T1 breast cancer sites and localize among the tumor-stroma border and throughout the tumor mass; 2) high levels of IFN-β secreted by MSC are detectable in the tumor microenvironment but not in circulation; 3) intratumorally produced IFN-β inactivates constitutive phosphorylation of signal transducer activator transcription factor 3 (Stat3), Src, and Akt and down-regulates cMyc and MMP2 expression in 4 T1 cells, and 4) in mice with established breast cancer IFN-β expressing MSC administered systemically resulted in inhibition of primary cancer growth and in dramatic reduction of pulmonary and hepatic metastases. 5) MSC-IFN-β treated, but not control mice, maintained normal levels of splenic mature dendritic (DC), CD8+ T cells and CD4+/Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Treg). Our findings suggest that MSC are capable of migrating to tumor sites in an immunocompetent environment, that IFN-β produced by MSC suppresses breast cancer growth through inhibition of Stat3 signaling, and dramatically reduces pulmonary and hepatic metastases. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12307-010-0041-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ling
- Molecular Hematology and Therapy Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 448, Houston, TX 77030-4009 USA
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Mishra S, Sinha S. Immunoinformatics and modeling perspective of T cell epitope-based cancer immunotherapy: a holistic picture. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2010; 27:293-306. [PMID: 19795913 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2009.10507317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is fast gaining global attention with its unique position as a potential therapy showing promise in cancer prevention and cure. It utilizes the natural system of immunity as opposed to chemotherapy and radiotherapy that utilize chemical drugs and radiation, respectively. Cancer immunotherapy essentially involves treatment and/or prevention with vaccines in the form of peptide vaccines (T and B cell epitopes), DNA vaccines and vaccination using whole tumor cells, dendritic cells, viral vectors, antibodies and adoptive transfer of T cells to harness the body's own immune system towards the targeting of cancer cells for destruction. Given the time, cost and labor involved in the vaccine discovery and development, researchers have evinced interest in the novel field of immunoinformatics to cut down the escalation of these critical resources. Immunoinformatics is a relatively new buzzword in the scientific circuit that is showing its potential and delivering on its promise in expediting the development of effective cancer immunotherapeutic agents. This review attempts to present a holistic picture of our race against cancer and time using the science and technology of immunoinformatics and molecular modeling in T cell epitope-based cancer immunotherapy. It also attempts to showcase some problem areas as well as novel ones waiting to be explored where development of novel immunoinformatics tools and simulations in the context of cancer immunotherapy would be highly welcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mishra
- National Institute of Biologicals, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, A-32 Sector 62, Noida, U. P., India.
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Ha TY. The role of regulatory T cells in cancer. Immune Netw 2009; 9:209-35. [PMID: 20157609 PMCID: PMC2816955 DOI: 10.4110/in.2009.9.6.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an explosion of literature focusing on the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer immunity. It is becoming increasingly clear that Treg cells play an active and significant role in the progression of cancer, and have an important role in suppressing tumor-specific immunity. Thus, there is a clear rationale for developing clinical strategies to diminish their regulatory influences, with the ultimate goal of augmenting antitimor immunity. Therefore, manipulation of Treg cells represent new strategies for cancer treatment. In this Review, I will summarize and review the explosive recent studies demonstrating that Treg cells are increased in patients with malignancies and restoration of antitumor immunity in mice and humans by depletion or reduction of Treg cells. In addition, I will discuss both the prognostic value of Treg cells in tumor progression in tumor-bearing hosts and the rationale for strategies for therapeutic vaccination and immunotherapeutic targeting of Treg cells with drugs and microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-You Ha
- Department of Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea
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Lustgarten J. Cancer, aging and immunotherapy: lessons learned from animal models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1979-89. [PMID: 19238382 PMCID: PMC11030962 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging of the immune system is associated with a dramatic reduction in responsiveness as well as functional dysregulation. This deterioration of immune function with advancing age is associated with an increased incidence of cancer. Although there is a plethora of reports evaluating the effect of immunotherapy in stimulating antitumor immune responses, the majority of these studies do not pay attention to the effect aging has on the immune system. Studies from our group and others indicate that immunotherapies could be effective in the young, are not necessarily effective in the old. To optimally stimulate an antitumor immune response in the old, it is necessary to (1) identify and understand the intrinsic defects of the old immune system and (2) use relevant models that closely reflect those of cancer patients, where self-tolerance and aging are present simultaneously. The present review summarizes some defects found in the old immune system affecting the activation of antitumor immune responses, the strategies used to activate stronger antitumor immune response in the old and the use of a tolerant animal tumor model to target a self-tumor antigen for the optimization of immunotherapeutic interventions in the old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lustgarten
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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Guminski AD, Thompson JF. Predicting response to IL-2 therapy for metastatic melanoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9:1571-5. [PMID: 19895241 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Recent scientific advances have expanded our understanding of the immune system and its response to malignant cells. The clinical goal of tumour immunotherapy is to provide either passive or active immunity against malignancies by harnessing the immune system to target tumours. Monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, cellular immunotherapy, and vaccines have increasingly become successful therapeutic agents for the treatment of solid and haematological cancers in preclinical models, clinical trials, and practice. In this article, we review recent advances in the immunotherapy of cancer, focusing on new strategies and future perspectives as well as on clinical trials attempting to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutic modalities and translate this knowledge into effective cancer therapies.
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Autologous MUC1-specific Th1 effector cell immunotherapy induces differential levels of systemic TReg cell subpopulations that result in increased ovarian cancer patient survival. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:333-52. [PMID: 19762283 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell immunotherapy using autologous lymphocytes is a viable treatment for patients with cancer and requires participation of Ag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Here, we assessed the immunotherapeutic effects of autologous MUC1 peptide-stimulated CD4(+) effector cells following adoptive transfer in patients with ovarian cancer. Using MUC1 peptide and IL-2 for ex vivo CD4(+)/Th1 effector cell generation, we show that three monthly treatment cycles of peripheral blood T cell restimulation and intraperitoneal re-infusion selectively modulated endogenous T cell-mediated immune responses that correlated with diminished serum CA125 tumor marker levels and enhanced patient survival. One patient remains disease-free, another patient survived long-term for nearly 16 months with recurrent disease and two patients expired within 3-5 months following final infusion. Although PBL from all patients showed elevated MUC1 cytolytic activity following therapy, such responses did not correlate with therapeutic efficacy. Long-term survivors showed elevated levels of systemic memory (CD45RO) and naïve (CD45RA) CD3/CD4/CD25(+) T cells when compared to that of pre-treatment levels and similarly treated short-term survivors. Such cells co-expressed different levels of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 that resulted in progressively lower systemic Foxp3/CTLA-4 memory T cell ratios that further correlated with disease-free survival. Lastly, these patients showed elevated levels of MUC1-specific T cells expressing the CCR5 and CCR1 chemokine receptors and the chemokine CCL4 associated with Th1 cell differentiation/memory. We suggest that effective immunotherapy with autologous MUC1-stimulated CD4(+) effector cells induces differential levels of systemic "Ag-experienced" and "Ag-inexperienced" CD4/CD25(+) TReg cell subpopulations that influence long-term tumor immunity in ovarian cancer patients.
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Lung cancer-associated tumor antigens and the present status of immunotherapy against non-small-cell lung cancer. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 57:449-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11748-008-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Karai LJ, Bergfeld WF. Recent advances in T-cell regulation relevant to inflammatory dermatopathology. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:721-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Immunotherapy for malignant melanoma--tracing Ariadne's thread through the labyrinth. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:2266-73. [PMID: 19497734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A working group (FEBIM) within the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer undertook extensive studies on the possible association of infectious diseases and the risk of malignant melanoma. These studies provided evidence that several infectious diseases and also some vaccines including the anti-tuberculosis vaccine, BCG, derived from Mycobacterium bovis, confer a significant level of protection against this form of cancer. In recent years, the importance of immunoregulatory networks in the establishment of tolerance to tumour antigens and the key role of the innate immune system in the development of such networks have been recognised. The molecular patterns of micro-organisms activate pattern recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells and determine the qualitative nature of the ensuing immune response. Bacteria in the actinomycetales family, notably members of the genus Mycobacterium, exhibit particularly powerful adjuvant activity and profoundly affect underlying patterns of immune reactivity. In particular, there is growing evidence that a heat-killed preparation of a strain of Mycobacterium vaccae is able to down-regulate patterns of immune reactivity that favour the tumour and to induce those that lead to anti-cancer immune responses. The results of preliminary clinical observations with melanoma patients, and published studies on other cancers, point to the need for more formal clinical trials.
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Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang M, Yu Y, Liu X, Cao X. Fas signal promotes lung cancer growth by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells via cancer cell-derived PGE2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:3801-8. [PMID: 19265159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fas/FasL system has been extensively investigated with respect to its capacity to induce cellular apoptosis. However, accumulated evidences show that Fas signaling also exhibits nonapoptotic functions, such as induction of cell proliferation and differentiation. Lung cancer is one of cancer's refractory to the immunotherapy, however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully understood. In this study, we show that Fas overexpression does not affect in vitro growth of 3LL cells, but promotes lung cancer growth in vivo. However, such tumor-promoting effect is not observed in FasL-deficient (gld) mice, and also not observed in the immune competent mice once inoculation with domain-negative Fas-overexpressing 3LL cells, suggesting the critical role of Fas signal in the promotion of lung cancer growth in vivo. More accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells is found in tumors formed by inoculation with Fas-overexpressing 3LL cells, but not domain-negative Fas-overexpressing 3LL cells. Accordingly, Fas-ligated 3LL lung cancer cells can chemoattract more MDSC but not regulatory T cells in vitro. Furthermore, Fas ligation induces 3LL lung cancer cells to produce proinflammatory factor PGE(2) by activating p38 pathway, and in turn, 3LL cells-derived PGE(2) contribute to the Fas ligation-induced MDSC chemoattraction. Furthermore, in vivo administration of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor can significantly reduce MDSC accumulation in the Fas-overexpressing tumor. Therefore, our results demonstrate that Fas signal can promote lung cancer growth by recruiting MDSC via cancer cell-derived PGE(2), thus providing new mechanistic explanation for the role of inflammation in cancer progression and immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Immunoregulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of melanoma patients treated with melanoma antigen-pulsed mature monocyte-derived dendritic cell vaccination. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 54:31-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fietta AM, Morosini M, Passadore I, Cascina A, Draghi P, Dore R, Rossi S, Pozzi E, Meloni F. Systemic inflammatory response and downmodulation of peripheral CD25+Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells in patients undergoing radiofrequency thermal ablation for lung cancer. Hum Immunol 2009; 70:477-86. [PMID: 19332094 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFTA) is a local tumor-destructing technique that can potentially modulate the host immune response through mechanisms that are not clearly defined. We assessed whether RFTA could affect multiple systemic inflammatory and immunological parameters, including CD25+Foxp+ cells, in patients with primary or metastatic lung tumors. Three days after RFTA, a moderate and temporary systemic inflammatory response developed, as demonstrated by the increase in peripheral neutrophils and monocytes and in plasma levels of proinflammatory chemokines (MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, eotaxin, and interleukin[IL]-8) and acute phase reactants (complement C3 and C4, serum amyloid, alpha1 antichymotrypsin, and C-reactive protein). Moreover, we found a concomitant release of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Thirty days after RFTA, a significant reduction in CD25+Foxp3+ counts with an increase in CD4+ T-cell proliferation and number of interferon-gamma-secreting cells was observed. The reduction in CD25+Foxp3+ cells lasted up to 90 days after treatment. The use of RFTA in lung cancer patients has an immunomodulatory activity: it induces a self-limiting systemic inflammation early and later a reduction of circulating CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. In addition to tumor ablation, downmodulation of this regulatory subset might be an important mechanism involved in the long-term clinical efficacy of RFTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Fietta
- Department of Hematological, Pneumological, and Cardiovascular Sciences, Section of Pneumology, University of Pavia and Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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Kim S, Buchlis G, Fridlender ZG, Sun J, Kapoor V, Cheng G, Haas A, Cheung HK, Zhang X, Corbley M, Kaiser LR, Ling L, Albelda SM. Systemic blockade of transforming growth factor-beta signaling augments the efficacy of immunogene therapy. Cancer Res 2009; 68:10247-56. [PMID: 19074893 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Locally produced transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) promotes tumor-induced immunosuppression and contributes to resistance to immunotherapy. This article explores the potential for increased efficacy when combining immunotherapies with TGF-beta suppression using the TGF-beta type I receptor kinase inhibitor SM16. Adenovirus expressing IFN-beta (Ad.IFN-beta) was injected intratumorally once in established s.c. AB12 (mesothelioma) and LKR (lung cancer) tumors or intratracheally in a Kras orthotopic lung tumor model. Mice bearing TC1 (lung cancer) tumors were vaccinated with two injections of adenovirus expressing human papillomavirus-E7 (HPV-E7; Ad.E7). SM16 was administered orally in formulated chow. Tumor growth was assessed and cytokine expression and cell populations were measured in tumors and spleens by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. SM16 potentiated the efficacy of both immunotherapies in each of the models and caused changes in the tumor microenvironment. The combination of SM16 and Ad.IFN-beta increased the number of intratumoral leukocytes (including macrophages, natural killer cells, and CD8(+) cells) and increased the percentage of T cells expressing the activation marker CD25. SM16 also augmented the antitumor effects of Ad.E7 in the TC1 flank tumor model. The combination did not increase HPV-E7 tetramer-positive CD8(+) T cells in the spleens but did induce a marked increase in the tumors. Tumors from SM16-treated mice showed increased mRNA and protein for immunostimulatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as endothelial adhesion molecules, suggesting a mechanism for the increased intratumoral leukocyte trafficking. Blockade of the TGF-beta signaling pathway augments the antitumor effects of Ad.IFN-beta immune-activating or Ad.E7 vaccination therapy. The addition of TGF-beta blocking agents in clinical trials of immunotherapies may increase efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kim
- Thoracic Oncology Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA
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Mulligan JK, Lathers DMR, Young MRI. Tumors skew endothelial cells to disrupt NK cell, T-cell and macrophage functions. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:951-61. [PMID: 18058097 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients and mice with solid tumors, such as Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), have defects in functions of immune effector cells. Endothelial cells, a component of the tumor vasculature, are potential regulators of immune cell functions. Therefore, these studies examined the impact of exposure to LLC tumor on the ability of endothelial cells to modulate immune cell functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Endothelial cells were pre-treated with LLC tumor-conditioned medium (Endo(T-sup)) for 24 h. Control endothelial cells that were exposed to medium (Endo(Media)) epithelial cell-conditioned medium or (Endo(Epi-sup)). After the initial 24 h incubation, endothelial cells were washed and fresh media was added. Cells were allowed to incubate for an additional 24 h. Supernatants from Endo(Media), Endo(Epi-sup) or Endo(T-sup) were collected and assayed for immune modulatory products and for immune modulatory activity. RESULTS Supernatant from Endo(T-sup) contained increased levels of PGE2, IL-6 and VEGF as compared to Endo(Media) and Endo(Epi-sup) controls. NK cell activity, as measured by TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secretion, was increased following exposure to media conditioned by Endo(Media) and Endo(Epi-sup) Exposure of NK cells to supernatants of Endo(T-sup), also increases TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma secretion, but to a lesser extent than by Endo(Media) and Endo(Epi-sup). Examination of macrophage functions demonstrated that supernatant from Endo(T-sup) decreased microbead phagocytosis and increased production of the immune suppressive mediators, IL-10 and PGE2. Lastly, T-cell responses to stimulation with anti-CD3 in the presence of supernatants from Endo(T-sup) were examined. IFN-gamma production by CD8+ T-cells was reduced after exposure to Endo(T-sup)-conditioned medium, as compared to cells treatments with medium or control conditioned medium. Production of IFN-gamma by CD4+ T-cells exposed to Endo(T-sup) was not altered. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these studies demonstrate that tumors skew endothelial cells to disrupt NK cell, T-cell and macrophages functions, and represents a novel mechanism of tumor-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Mulligan
- Research Service (151), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, 109 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
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Shahabi V, Reyes-Reyes M, Wallecha A, Rivera S, Paterson Y, Maciag P. Development of a Listeria monocytogenes based vaccine against prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1301-13. [PMID: 18273616 PMCID: PMC11030952 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a likely immunotherapeutic target antigen for prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related death in American men. Previously, we demonstrated that attenuated strains of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) can be used as effective vaccine vectors for delivery of tumor antigens causing regression of established tumors accompanied by strong immune responses toward these antigens in murine models of cancer. In the present study, we have developed and characterized a recombinant live attenuated L. monocytogenes/PSA (Lm-LLO-PSA) vaccine with potential use for the treatment of pCa. Human PSA gene was cloned into and expressed by an attenuated Lm strain. This recombinant bacterial vaccine, Lm-LLO-PSA was tested for stability, virulence, immunogenicity and anti-tumor effects in a murine model for pCa. Immunization with Lm-LLO-PSA was shown to lower the number of tumor infiltrating T regulatory cells and cause complete regression of over 80% of tumors formed by an implanted genetically modified mouse prostate adenocarcinoma cell line, which expressed human PSA. Lm-LLO-PSA was immunogenic in C57BL/6 mice and splenocytes from mice immunized with Lm-LLO-PSA showed significantly higher number of IFN-gamma secreting cells over that of the naïve animals in response to a PSA H2Db-specific peptide, as measured by both, ELISpot and intracellular cytokine staining. In addition, using a CTL assay we show that the T cells specific for PSA were able to recognize and lyse PSA-peptide pulsed target cells in vitro. In a comparison study with two other PSA-based vaccines (a pDNA and a vaccinia vaccine), Lm-LLO-PSA was shown to be more efficacious in regressing established tumors when used in a homologues prime/boost regimen. Together, these results indicate that Lm-LLO-PSA is a potential candidate for pCa immunotherapy and should be further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Shahabi
- Research and Development, Advaxis, Inc, North Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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Abstract
The clinical goal of tumour immunotherapy is to provide either active or passive immunity against malignancies by harnessing the immune system to target tumours. Although vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent infectious disease, it is less effective in the therapeutic setting for cancer treatment, which might be related to the low immunogenicity of tumour antigens and the reduced immunocompetence of cancer patients. Recent advances in technology have led to the development of passive immunotherapy approaches that utilize the unique specificity of antibodies and T cell receptors to target selected antigens on tumour cells. These approaches are likely to benefit patients and alter the way that clinicians treat malignant disease. In this article we review recent advances in the immunotherapy of cancer, focusing on new strategies to enhance the efficacy of passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies and antigen-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J King
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Dummer R, Hauschild A, Becker JC, Grob JJ, Schadendorf D, Tebbs V, Skalsky J, Kaehler KC, Moosbauer S, Clark R, Meng TC, Urosevic M. An exploratory study of systemic administration of the toll-like receptor-7 agonist 852A in patients with refractory metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:856-64. [PMID: 18245549 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A topical Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist induces regression of cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms. We explored antitumor activity of a systemically administered TLR7 agonist, 852A, in patients with metastatic melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We undertook a phase II, multicenter, open-label study in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic melanoma. Patients received i.v. 852A, starting at 0.6 mg/m(2) and increasing to 0.9 mg/m(2) based on tolerance, thrice per week for 12 weeks. Clinical response was determined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Immune effects of 852A were monitored by measuring serum type I IFN and IP-10 together with assessment of immune cell markers in peripheral blood. RESULTS Twenty-one patients were enrolled. Thirteen patients completed the initial 12-week treatment cycle, with two discontinuing for adverse events considered to be possibly related to study drug. Four (19%) patients had disease stabilization for >100 days. One patient had a partial remission after two treatment cycles, but progressed during the third. Dose-limiting toxicity was observed in two patients. Serum type I IFN and IP-10 increased in most patients on 852A administration. Serum type I IFN increases were greater after dosing with 852A 0.9 mg/m(2) than after 0.6 mg/m(2) (P = 0.009). The maximal increase in IP-10 compared with baseline correlated with the maximal increase in type I IFN (P = 0.003). In the eight patients with immune cell marker data, CD86 expression on monocytes increased significantly post-first dose (P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Intravenous 852A was well tolerated and induced systemic immune activation that eventually resulted in prolonged disease stabilization in some patients with stage IV metastatic melanoma who had failed chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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