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Liu Y, Jing Y, Gao Y, Li M, Qin W, Xie Y, Zhang B, Li J. Exploring the correlation between childhood trauma experiences, inflammation, and brain activity in first-episode, drug-naive major depressive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01847-3. [PMID: 39073445 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma experiences and inflammation are pivotal factors in the onset and perpetuation of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, research on brain mechanisms linking childhood trauma experiences and inflammation to depression remains insufficient and inconclusive. METHODS Resting-state fMRI scans were performed on fifty-six first-episode, drug-naive MDD patients and sixty healthy controls (HCs). A whole-brain functional network was constructed by thresholding 246 brain regions, and connectivity and network properties were calculated. Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in MDD patients, and childhood trauma experiences were evaluated through the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). RESULTS Negative correlations were observed between CTQ total (r = -0.28, p = 0.047), emotional neglect (r = -0.286, p = 0.042) scores, as well as plasma IL-6 levels (r = -0.294, p = 0.036), with mean decreased functional connectivity (FC) in MDD patients. Additionally, physical abuse exhibited a positive correlation with the nodal clustering coefficient of the left thalamus in patients (r = 0.306, p = 0.029). Exploratory analysis indicated negative correlations between CTQ total and emotional neglect scores and mean decreased FC in MDD patients with lower plasma IL-6 levels (n = 28), while these correlations were nonsignificant in MDD patients with higher plasma IL-6 levels (n = 28). CONCLUSIONS This finding enhances our understanding of the correlation between childhood trauma experiences, inflammation, and brain activity in MDD, suggesting potential variations in their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Yifan Jing
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Meijuan Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, 13 Liulin Rd., Hexi District, Tianjin, 300222, China.
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2
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Yang Z, Guo L, Sun Y, Huang Y, Li J, Lin Y, Zhang X, Wu D, Luo Y. Investigation of the causal relationship between Interleukin-6 signaling and gastrointestinal tract cancers: A Mendelian randomization study. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:679-686. [PMID: 37612215 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies indicate that interleukin-6(IL-6) has been associated with gastrointestinal tract cancers. However, the causal association is still confusing. Thus, we aimed to putative the causality between IL-6 signaling and gastrointestinal tract cancers. METHODS We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to assess the causal effects. Two groups of IL-6 signaling-related single nucleotide polymorphisms were chosen from two Genome-wide association studies. Summary-level data for gastrointestinal tract cancers including esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancer, were obtained from the FinnGen consortium and UK Biobank study. We also performed survival analysis to explore the prognostic value of IL-6 in gastrointestinal tract cancers. RESULTS Genetically predicted plasma sIL6R level, which inhibits IL-6 Signaling, was associated with a reduced risk of gastric cancer in FinnGen. In the combined analysis of the two sources, genetically predicted sIL6R was associated with a decreased risk of gastric cancer (OR = 0.943, 95%CI: 0.904,0.983, p = 0.006). Survival analysis results indicated the prognostic value of IL-6 in gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS These results present evidence indicating that genetically-determined reduced IL-6 signaling lowers the risk of gastric cancer, which may provide potential prevention and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer. Additionally, IL-6 may be a prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lingyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yandi Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yingfei Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jingjia Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yindan Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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3
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Karalis JD, Ju MR, Yoon LY, Castro-Dubon EC, Reznik SI, Hammer STG, Porembka MR, Wang SC. Serum Interleukin 6 Level is Associated With Overall Survival and Treatment Response in Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer. Ann Surg 2023; 278:918-924. [PMID: 37450705 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000005997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers for gastric and gastroesophageal junction (G+GEJ) adenocarcinoma. BACKGROUND There are few biomarkers to guide treatment for G+GEJ. The systemic inflammatory response of G+GEJ patients is associated with survival. In this study, we evaluated the relationship of circulating serum cytokine levels with overall survival (OS) and pathologic tumor regression grade (TRG) in G+GEJ patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We queried the UT Southwestern gastric cancer biobank to identify consecutive patients diagnosed with G+GEJ from 2016 to 2022; these patients had pretreatment serum collected at diagnosis. For patients who received neoadjuvant therapy, an additional serum sample was collected immediately before surgical resection. An unbiased screen of 17 cytokines was measured in a discovery cohort. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the association of cytokine concentration with OS. Findings were validated in additional patients. In patients who received neoadjuvant therapy, we assessed whether the change in interleukin 6 (IL-6) after therapy was associated with TRG. RESULTS Sixty-seven patients were included in the discovery cohort, and IL-6 was the only pretreatment cytokine associated with OS; this was validated in 134 other patients (hazard ratio: 1.012 per 1 pg/mL increase, 95% CI: 1.006-1.019, P = 0.0002). Patients in the top tercile of IL-6 level had worse median OS (10.6 months) compared with patients in the intermediate (17.4 months) and bottom tercile (35.8 months, P < 0.0001). Among patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy (n = 50), an unchanged or decrease in IL-6 level from pretreatment to posttreatment, had a sensitivity and specificity of 80% for predicting complete or near-complete pathologic tumor regression (TRG 0-1). CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment serum level of IL-6 is a promising prognostic biomarker for G+GEJ patients. Comparing pre and post-neoadjuvant IL-6 levels may predict pathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Karalis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michelle R Ju
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lynn Y Yoon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Scott I Reznik
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Suntrea T G Hammer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Matthew R Porembka
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Sam C Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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4
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Pu N, Chen Q, Zhang J, Yin H, Wang D, Ji Y, Rao S, Kuang T, Xu X, Wu W, Lou W. Circulating cytokines allow for identification of malignant intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Cancer Med 2023; 12:3919-3930. [PMID: 35871313 PMCID: PMC9972143 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are the precursor lesions of pancreatic cancers, requiring active surgical intervention during cancer development. However, the current criteria for predicting malignant IPMNs remain challenging and limited. Hence, this study aimed to assess the discriminatory performance of circulating cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-2R, IL-6, and IL-8, then build a novel predictive model to improve the diagnostic accuracy. METHOD A total of 131 retrospective (from March 2016 to December 2019) and 53 prospective (from March 2020 to January 2021) patients who were histologically confirmed as IPMNs were consecutively collected and analyzed. RESULT The circulating levels of TNF-α, IL-2R, IL-6, and IL-8 were significantly elevated in malignant IPMNs, and were verified as independent factors for malignant IPMNs (p < 0.05). Then, a novel score, the circulating cytokine score (CCS), was calculated and demonstrated as an independent predictive indicator with a higher area under the curve (AUC) than each cytokine alone (p < 0.001). Besides the CCS, two high-risk stigmata features, the presence of solid component (PSC), and main pancreatic duct (MPD) dilation ≥10 mm were also demonstrated as independent indicators for predicting malignant IPMNs. Finally, a novel nomogram incorporating the CCS and these two high-risk stigmata features presented a remarkable diagnostic performance, both in the training and validation cohorts with AUCs of 0.928 and 0.873, respectively. CONCLUSION The CCS can be considered a novel independent predictive indicator for malignant IPMNs. Additionally, the formulated nomogram model integrating the CCS, PSC, and MPD ≥10 mm can be a valuable and promising tool for predicting the malignant transformation of IPMNs during long-term follow-ups to assist in timely and accurate surgical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Pu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiangda Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jicheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanlin Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dansong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxiang Rao
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantao Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Lou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Peripheral Cytokine Levels as a Prognostic Indicator in Gastric Cancer: A Review of Existing Literature. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121916. [PMID: 34944729 PMCID: PMC8698340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although strong connections exist between the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer and chronic inflammation, gastric cancer is unique in that the chronic gastritis which frequently precedes carcinogenesis is strongly associated with H. pylori infection. The interplay between H. pylori virulence factors and host immune cells is complex but culminates in the activation of inflammatory pathways and transcription factors such as NF-κB, STAT3, and AP-1, all of which upregulate cytokine production. Due to the key role of cytokines in modulating the immune response against tumour cells as well as possibly stimulating tumour growth and proliferation, different patterns of cytokine secretion may be associated with varying patient outcomes. In relation to gastric cancer, interleukin-6, 8, 10, 17A, TNF, and IFN-γ may have pro-tumour properties, although interleukin-10, TNF, and IFN-γ may have anti-tumour effects. However, due to the lack of studies investigating patient outcomes, only a link between higher interleukin-6 levels and poorer prognosis has been demonstrated. Further investigations which link peripheral cytokine levels to patient prognosis may elucidate important pathological mechanisms in gastric cancer which adversely impact patient survival and allow treatments targeting these processes to be developed.
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Jahromi M, Al-Otaibi T, Ashry Gheith O, Farouk Othman N, Mahmoud T, Nair P, A-Halim M, Aggarwal P, Messenger G, Chu P, De Serres SA, Azzi JR. Analysis of the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes in patients with New Onset Diabetes After Transplant. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6014. [PMID: 33727573 PMCID: PMC7966742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
New Onset Diabetes After Transplantation (NODAT) is a serious metabolic complication. While β-cell dysfunction is considered the main contributing factor in the development of NODAT, the precise pathogenesis is not well understood. Cytokines are thought to be involved in the inflammation of islet β-cells in diabetes; however, few studies have investigated this hypothesis in NODAT. A total of 309 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) were included in this study. An association between kidney transplants, and the development of diabetes after transplant (NODAT) was investigated. Comparison was made between KTRs who develop diabetes (NODAT cases) or did not develop diabetes (control), using key cytokines, IL-6 G (− 174)C, macrophage mediator; IL-4 C (− 490)T, T helper (Th)-2 cytokine profile initiator; Th-1 cytokine profile initiator interferon-γ T (+ 874) A gene and TGF β1 C (+ 869) T gene polymorphisms were investigated. The genes were amplified using well-established polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques in our laboratory. Compared to the AA and AT genotypes of interferon gamma (IFNG), there was a strong association between the TT genotype of IFNG and NODAT kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) versus non-NODAT KTRs (p = 0.005). The AA genotype of IFNG was found to be predominant in the control group (p = 0.004). Also, significant variations of IL6 G (− 174) C, IL-4 C (− 590) T, interferon-γ T (+ 874) A gene and transforming growth factor β1 C (+ 869) T may contribute to NODAT. Our data is consistent with theTh-1/T-reg pathway of immunity. Further larger pan Arab studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Jahromi
- Clinical Research, Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait. .,Sehatek Awal, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - Torki Al-Otaibi
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Osama Ashry Gheith
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait.,Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Farouk Othman
- Community department, Faculty of Nursing, Manoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Education, Clinical Services Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Tarek Mahmoud
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Parasad Nair
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Medhat A-Halim
- Nephrology Department, Hamad Al-Essa Organ Transplantation Center, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Grace Messenger
- Podiatry Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | | | - Jamil R Azzi
- Kidney Division, Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
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7
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Gao X, Pan Y, Han W, Hu C, Wang C, Chen L, Guo Y, Shi Y, Pan Y, Xie H, Yao L, Yang J, Zheng J, Li X, Liu X, Hong L, Li J, Li M, Ji G, Li Z, Xia J, Zhao Q, Fan D, Wu K, Nie Y. Association of systemic inflammation and body mass index with survival in patients with resectable gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinomas. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:283-297. [PMID: 33628601 PMCID: PMC7877168 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The systemic inflammation index and body mass index (BMI) are easily accessible markers that can predict mortality. However, the prognostic value of the combined use of these two markers remains unclear. The goal of this study was therefore to evaluate the association of these markers with outcomes based on a large cohort of patients with gastric cancer. Methods A total of 2,542 consecutive patients undergoing radical surgery for gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma between 2009 and 2014 were included. Systemic inflammation was quantified by the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). High systemic inflammation was defined as NLR ≥ 3, and underweight was defined as BMI < 18.5 kg/m2. Results Among 2,542 patients, NLR ≥ 3 and underweight were common [627 (25%) and 349 (14%), respectively]. In the entire cohort, NLR ≥ 3 or underweight independently predicted overall survival (OS) [hazard ratio (HR): 1.236, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.069-1.430; and HR: 1.600, 95% CI: 1.350-1.897, respectively] and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR: 1.230, 95% CI: 1.054-1.434; and HR: 1.658, 95% CI: 1.389-1.979, respectively). Patients with both NLR ≥ 3 and underweight (vs. neither) had much worse OS (HR: 2.445, 95% CI: 1.853-3.225) and RFS (HR: 2.405, 95% CI: 1.802-3.209). Furthermore, we observed similar results in subgroup analyses according to pathological stage, age, and postoperative chemotherapy. Conclusions Our results showed that preoperative elevated NLR and decreased BMI had a significant negative effect on survival. Underweight combined with severe inflammation could enhance prognostication. Taking active therapeutic measures to reduce inflammation and increase nutrition may help improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yanan Pan
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Weili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Caie Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yupeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huahong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Mengbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Gang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zengshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital and School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jielai Xia
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University of PLA, Xi'an 710032, China
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Chen HY, Hu Y, Lu NH, Zhu Y. Caudal type homeoboxes as a driving force in Helicobacter pylori infection-induced gastric intestinal metaplasia. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-12. [PMID: 33031021 PMCID: PMC7553748 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1809331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(H. pylori), a common pathogenic bacterium in the stomach, has been demonstrated to be a major cause of gastric cancer (GC). The typical pathological evolution of H. pylori infection-induced GC involves development from gastric atrophy, via intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia, to intestinal-type GC. During this process, IM is considered to be an "irreversible point" that significantly increases the risk for GC. Therefore, the elucidation of the mechanism underlying IM is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori infection. Caudal type homeoboxes (CDXs) are transcription factors involved in intestinal differentiation establishment and the maintenance of normal intestinal mucosa and IM. H. pylori infection increases the expression of CDXs through epigenetic regulation, the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway and its downstream proinflammatory factors, and the transforming growth factor-beta signaling pathway, leading to the progression from normal gastric mucosa to IM. However, the precise mechanisms of gastric intestinal metaplasia have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we focus on research progress revealing the functions of CDXs in H. pylori infection-induced IM, as well as the regulators modulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China,CONTACT Yin Zhu Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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9
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Matsuda S, Takeuchi H, Kawakubo H, Takemura R, Maeda Y, Hirata Y, Kaburagi T, Egawa T, Nishi T, Ogura M, Miyasho T, Okamura A, Mayanagi S, Fukuda K, Nakamura R, Irino T, Wada N, Kitagawa Y. Validation Study of Fibrinogen and Albumin Score in Esophageal Cancer Patients Who Underwent Esophagectomy: Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:774-784. [PMID: 32737701 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To arrange multidisciplinary treatment for esophageal cancer, a simple and accurate predictive marker for prognosis is required. The current multicenter prospective study aims to validate the prognostic significance of fibrinogen and albumin score (FA score) for esophageal cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients who were planned to undergo surgical resection for esophageal cancer at four participating institutions were enrolled in this study. Patient background, clinicopathological factors, and blood concentration of plasma fibrinogen and albumin were collected. Patients with elevated fibrinogen and decreased albumin levels were allocated a score of 2; those with only one of these abnormalities were allocated a score of 1; and those with neither of these abnormalities were allocated a score of 0. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated as a primary endpoint. RESULTS From four participating institutions, 133 patients were registered for the current analysis. The distribution of FA score of 0/1/2 was 84 (63%)/34 (26%)/15 (11%), respectively. In the analysis of primary endpoint, the preoperative FA score significantly classified RFS (FA score 1/2: HR 2.546, p = 0.013/6.989, p < 0.001) and OS (FA score 1/2: HR 2.756, p = 0.010/6.970, p < 0.001). We further evaluated the prognostic significance of FA score under stratification by pStage. As a result, with increasing FA score, RFS and OS were significantly worse in both pStage 0-I and II-IV groups. CONCLUSIONS The prognostic impact of preoperative FA score was confirmed for esophageal cancer patients in the current multicenter prospective trial. FA score can be considered to predict postoperative survival and rearrange the treatment strategy before esophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Kawakubo
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takemura
- Biostatistics Unit, Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirata
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Tomohisa Egawa
- Department of Surgery, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Tobu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Masaharu Ogura
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Taku Miyasho
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okamura
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Mayanagi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Fukuda
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Irino
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihito Wada
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Polak KL, Chernosky NM, Smigiel JM, Tamagno I, Jackson MW. Balancing STAT Activity as a Therapeutic Strategy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111716. [PMID: 31684144 PMCID: PMC6895889 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by dysregulated IL-6 family member cytokine signaling in the tumor microenvironment (TME), aberrant signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and (STAT5) activation have been identified as key contributors to tumorigenesis. Following transformation, persistent STAT3 activation drives the emergence of mesenchymal/cancer-stem cell (CSC) properties, important determinants of metastatic potential and therapy failure. Moreover, STAT3 signaling within tumor-associated macrophages and neutrophils drives secretion of factors that facilitate metastasis and suppress immune cell function. Persistent STAT5 activation is responsible for cancer cell maintenance through suppression of apoptosis and tumor suppressor signaling. Furthermore, STAT5-mediated CD4+/CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been implicated in suppression of immunosurveillance. We discuss these roles for STAT3 and STAT5, and weigh the attractiveness of different modes of targeting each cancer therapy. Moreover, we discuss how anti-tumorigenic STATs, including STAT1 and STAT2, may be leveraged to suppress the pro-tumorigenic functions of STAT3/STAT5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Polak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Noah M Chernosky
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jacob M Smigiel
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Ilaria Tamagno
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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11
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Sakamoto S, Kagawa S, Kuwada K, Ito A, Kajioka H, Kakiuchi Y, Watanabe M, Kagawa T, Yoshida R, Kikuchi S, Kuroda S, Tazawa H, Fujiwara T. Intraperitoneal cancer-immune microenvironment promotes peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1671760. [PMID: 31741772 PMCID: PMC6844331 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1671760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid tumor consists of cancer and stromal cells, which comprise the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are usually abundant in the TME, contributing to tumor progression. In cases of peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer (GC), the contribution of intraperitoneal TAMs remains unclear. Macrophages from peritoneal washings of GC patients were analyzed, and the link between intraperitoneal TAMs and GC cells was investigated to clarify the interaction between them in peritoneal dissemination. Macrophages were predominant among leukocytes constituting the microenvironment of the peritoneal cavity. The proportion of CD163-positive TAMs was significantly higher in stage IV than in stage I GC. Co-culture with TAMs potentiated migration and invasion of GC. IL-6 was the most increased in the medium of in vitro co-culture of macrophages and GC, and IL-6 elevation was also observed in the peritoneal washes with peritoneal dissemination. An elevated concentration of intraperitoneal IL-6 was correlated with a poor prognosis in clinical cases. In conclusion, intraperitoneal TAMs are involved in promoting peritoneal dissemination of GC via secreted IL-6. TAM-derived IL-6 could be a potential therapeutic target for peritoneal dissemination of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Minimally Invasive Therapy Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuwada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Atene Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kajioka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kakiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Megumi Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Minimally Invasive Therapy Center, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Kuroda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tazawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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12
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Pretreatment Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment-Mechanisms and Outlook. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050687. [PMID: 31100985 PMCID: PMC6562730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive changes are common in patients with active cancer and during its remission. This has largely been blamed on therapy-related toxicities and diagnosis-related stress, with little attention paid to the biological impact of cancer itself. A plethora of clinical studies demonstrates that cancer patients experience cognitive impairment during and after treatment. However, recent studies show that a significant portion of patients with non-central nervous system (CNS) tumors experience cognitive decline prior to treatment, suggesting a role for tumor-derived factors in modulating cognition and behavior. Cancer-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) negatively impacts a patient’s quality of life, reduces occupational and social functioning, and increases morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, patients with cancer cachexia frequently experience a stark neurocognitive decline, suggesting peripheral tumors exert an enduring toll on the brain during this chronic paraneoplastic syndrome. However, the scarcity of research on cognitive impairment in non-CNS cancers makes it difficult to isolate psychosocial, genetic, behavioral, and pathophysiological factors in CRCI. Furthermore, clinical models of CRCI are frequently confounded by complicated drug regimens that inherently affect neurocognitive processes. The severity of CRCI varies considerably amongst patients and highlights its multifactorial nature. Untangling the biological aspects of CRCI from genetic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors is non-trivial, yet vital in understanding the pathogenesis of CRCI and discovering means for therapeutic intervention. Recent evidence demonstrating the ability of peripheral tumors to alter CNS pathways in murine models is compelling, and it allows researchers to isolate the underlying biological mechanisms from the confounding psychosocial stressors found in the clinic. This review summarizes the state of the science of CRCI independent of treatment and focuses on biological mechanisms in which peripheral cancers modulate the CNS.
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13
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Vainer N, Dehlendorff C, Johansen JS. Systematic literature review of IL-6 as a biomarker or treatment target in patients with gastric, bile duct, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29820-29841. [PMID: 30038723 PMCID: PMC6049875 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer (GI) is a major health problem. Patients with gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, bile duct and gall bladder cancer often have advanced disease at the time of diagnosis and are generally difficult to cure, resulting in a dismal prognosis for most patients. Inflammation plays an important role in the development and growth of cancer, which has led to a growing interest in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6). The aim of the present review was to evaluate the clinical use of IL-6 as a biomarker or therapeutic target in patients with GI cancer. We did a systematic review of studies (1993-2018), to assess the clinical use of IL-6 as a diagnostic, prognostic or predictive tumor biomarker or as a potential therapeutic target. This review includes 48 studies and 5316 patients. Circulating IL-6 levels appear to be an independent prognostic biomarker in patients with GI cancer, with high IL-6 levels associated with short overall survival (OS). The results for colorectal cancer were too ambiguous to give conclusive results. IL-6 seemed to be a marker for some of the clinical characteristics of GI cancer, and may have a role in the diagnostic workup in general practice. No published studies have examined the use of IL-6 as a therapeutic target in pancreatic, gastric, bile duct or colorectal cancer. In conclusion, high circulating IL-6 was associated with short OS in most studies in GI cancer patients. Whether inhibition of IL-6 would decrease GI cancer symptoms and increase quality of life is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noomi Vainer
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Dehlendorff
- Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julia S Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Chen ZM, Huang L, Li MM, Meng L, Ying SC, Xu AM. Inhibitory effects of isocryptotanshinone on gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9307. [PMID: 29915371 PMCID: PMC6006307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common digestive malignancies globally, and the prognosis of patients with advanced tumors remains poor. Isocryptotanshinone (ICTS), isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, was found to inhibit the proliferation of lung and breast cancer cells. However, whether ICTS has anticancer activities against GC is unknown. In the present study, we reported that the proliferation of GC cells was inhibited by ICTS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After treatment with ICTS, GC cells were arrested in the G1/G0 phase of cell cycle and the apoptotic cells were induced in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, ICTS suppressed the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-associated proteins (e.g., Cyclin D1, phosphorylated Rb, E2F1, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Survivin). ICTS inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 in a dose-dependent manner. Down-regulated STAT3 attenuated the expression of Cyclin D1, p-Rb, and Survivin, which remarkably increased the sensitivity of ICTS in GC cells; overexpression of STAT3 restored the cell growth and proliferation and the protein expression suppressed by ICTS. ICTS also suppressed the xenograft tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice. Together, these data indicate that ICTS inhibits GC proliferation by inducing G1/G0 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Ming Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Song-Cheng Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
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15
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Abbas M, Habib M, Naveed M, Karthik K, Dhama K, Shi M, Dingding C. The relevance of gastric cancer biomarkers in prognosis and pre- and post- chemotherapy in clinical practice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1082-1090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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16
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Silva EM, Mariano VS, Pastrez PRA, Pinto MC, Castro AG, Syrjanen KJ, Longatto-Filho A. High systemic IL-6 is associated with worse prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181125. [PMID: 28715437 PMCID: PMC5513446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Characteristic cytokine patterns have been described in different cancer patients and they are related to their diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of treatment responses and survival. A panel of cytokines was evaluated in the plasma of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and healthy controls to investigate their profile and relationship with clinical characteristics and overall survival. The case-controlled cross-sectional study design recruited 77 patients with confirmed diagnosis of NSCLC (cases) and 91 healthy subjects (controls) aimed to examine peripheral pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF and IFN-γ) by Cytometry Beads Arrays (CBA Flex) in. The cytokine IL-6 showed a statistically significant difference among groups with increased expression in the case group (p < 0.001). The correlation between the cytokines expression with patient’s clinical characteristics variables revealed the cytokine IL-6 was found to be associated with gender, showing higher levels in male (p = 0.036), whereas IL-17A levels were associated with TNM stage, being higher in III–IV stages (p = 0.044). We observed worse overall survival for individuals with high levels of IL-6 when compared to those with low levels of this cytokine in 6, 12 and 24 months. Further studies of IL-6 levels in independent cohort could clarify the real role of IL-6 as an independent marker of prognostic of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Maria Silva
- Teaching and Research Institute, Barretos Cancer Hospital–Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia Sammartino Mariano
- Teaching and Research Institute, Barretos Cancer Hospital–Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Miguel Cordoba Pinto
- Department of Chest, Barretos Cancer Hospital–Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - António Gil Castro
- Research Institute of Life and Health Sciences (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS / 3B's—Associated Laboratory to the Government of Portugal, Braga / Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- Teaching and Research Institute, Barretos Cancer Hospital–Pio XII Foundation, Barretos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Research Institute of Life and Health Sciences (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS / 3B's—Associated Laboratory to the Government of Portugal, Braga / Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM) 14, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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17
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Bagheri V, Memar B, Momtazi AA, Sahebkar A, Gholamin M, Abbaszadegan MR. Cytokine networks and their association with Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2791-2803. [PMID: 28121015 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine networks as dynamic networks are pivotal aspects of tumor immunology, especially in gastric cancer (GC), in which infection, inflammation, and antitumor immunity are key elements of disease progression. In this review, we describe functional roles of well-known GC-modulatory cytokines, highlight the functions of cytokines with more recently described roles in GC, and emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting the complex cytokine milieu. We also focus on the role of Helicobacter pylori (HP)-induced inflammation in GC and discuss how HP-induced chronic inflammation can lead to the induction of stem cell hyperplasia, morphological changes in gastric mucosa and GC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Bagheri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Human Genetic Division, Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahram Memar
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Student Research Committee, Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Gholamin
- Human Genetic Division, Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan
- Human Genetic Division, Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Li T, Guo H, Zhao X, Jin J, Zhang L, Li H, Lu Y, Nie Y, Wu K, Shi Y, Fan D. Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation and Survival Is Enabled by a Cyclophilin B/STAT3/miR-520d-5p Signaling Feedback Loop. Cancer Res 2016; 77:1227-1240. [PMID: 28011625 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular links between inflammation and cancer remain obscure despite their great pathogenic significance. The JAK2/STAT3 pathway activated by IL6 and other proinflammatory cytokines has garnered attention as a pivotal link in cancer pathogenesis, but the basis for its activation in cancer cells is not understood. Here we report that an IL6-triggered feedback loop involving STAT3-mediated suppression of miR-520d-5p and upregulation of its downstream target cyclophilin B (CypB) regulate the growth and survival of gastric cancer cells. In clinical specimens of gastric cancer, we documented increased expression of CypB and activation of STAT3. Mechanistic investigations identified miR-520d-5p as a regulator of CypB mRNA levels. This signaling axis regulated gastric cancer growth by modulating phosphorylation of STAT3. Furthermore, miR-520d-5p was identified as a direct STAT3 target and IL6-mediated inhibition of miR-520d-5p relied upon STAT3 activity. Our findings define a positive feedback loop that drives gastric carcinogenesis as influenced by H. pylori infections that involve proinflammatory IL6 stimulation. Cancer Res; 77(5); 1227-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The 264 Hospital of PLA, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hanqing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Central Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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19
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He S, Wang Y, Chen H, Yang L, Liang S, Lu L, Chen Y. C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio (CAR) as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Non-Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. J Cancer 2016; 7:2360-2366. [PMID: 27994675 PMCID: PMC5166548 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The C-reactive protein/albumin (CRP/ALB) ratio has recently been associated with clinical outcomes in patients suffering various types of cancer. In this retrospective study, we investigated the prognostic value of the pre-treatment CRP/ALB ratio (CAR) in non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Methods: The cohort included 2685 patients with non-metastatic NPC. Univariate and multivariate COX proportional hazards analyses were applied to evaluate the associations of CAR with overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS) in patients with NPC. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses was used to compare groups classified by CAR. Results: Patients were categorised by the CAR using a cut-off value of 0.064. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis verified that high CAR level was a significant predictor for inferior OS (P = 0.003), DMFS (P = 0.035), and LRRFS (P = 0.024), but not for DFS (P = 0.093). CAR was also an independent prognostic factor for OS when stratified by Epstein-Barr virus DNA level ( ≥ 2560 or < 2560 copies ml-1). Conclusions: High CAR provides prognostication regarding OS, DMFS, DFS, and LRRFS in patients with NPC. CAR is a valuable coadjutant for Epstein-Barr virus DNA levels for identifying survival differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShaSha He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - HaiYang Chen
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - LiXia Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No.651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, China.; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Guangzhou, China.; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Huang YH, Yang HY, Huang SW, Ou G, Hsu YF, Hsu MJ. Interleukin-6 Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Expression via Src-FAK-STAT3 Signaling in Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158839. [PMID: 27383632 PMCID: PMC4934912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels correlates with tumor grade and poor prognosis in cancer patients. IL-6 has been shown to promote tumor lymphangiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) induction in tumor cells. We recently showed that IL-6 also induced VEGF-C expression in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). However, the signaling mechanisms involved in IL-6-induces VEGF-C induction in LECs remain incompletely understood. In this study, we explored the causal role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in inducing VEGF-C expression in IL-6-stimulated murine LECs (SV-LECs). FAK signaling blockade by NSC 667249 (a FAK inhibitor) attenuated IL-6-induced VEGF-C expression and VEGF-C promoter-luciferase activities. IL-6’s enhancing effects of increasing FAK, ERK1/2, p38MAPK, C/EBPβ, p65 and STAT3 phosphorylation as well as C/EBPβ-, κB- and STAT3-luciferase activities were reduced in the presence of NSC 667249. STAT3 knockdown by STAT3 siRNA abrogated IL-6’s actions in elevating VEGF-C mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, Src-FAK signaling blockade reduced IL-6’s enhancing effects of increasing STAT3 binding to the VEGF-C promoter region, cell migration and endothelial tube formation of SV-LECs. Together these results suggest that IL-6 increases VEGF-C induction and lymphangiogenesis may involve, at least in part, Src-FAK-STAT3 cascade in LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - George Ou
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ya-Fen Hsu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YFH); (MJH)
| | - Ming-Jen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YFH); (MJH)
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21
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Proteomic-Based Approaches for the Study of Cytokines in Lung Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:2138627. [PMID: 27445423 PMCID: PMC4944034 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2138627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomic techniques are currently used to understand the biology of different human diseases, including studies of the cell signaling pathways implicated in cancer progression, which is important in knowing the roles of different proteins in tumor development. Due to its poor prognosis, proteomic approaches are focused on the identification of new biomarkers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted treatment of lung cancer. Cytokines are proteins involved in inflammatory processes and have been proposed as lung cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets because it has been reported that some cytokines play important roles in tumor development, invasion, and metastasis. In this review, we aim to summarize the different proteomic techniques used to discover new lung cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Several cytokines have been identified as important players in lung cancer using these techniques. We underline the most important cytokines that are useful as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also summarize some of the therapeutic strategies targeted for these cytokines in lung cancer.
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22
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Baranyai Z, Jósa V, Tóth A, Szilasi Z, Tihanyi B, Zaránd A, Harsanyi L, Szállási Z. Paraneoplastic thrombocytosis in gastrointestinal cancer. Platelets 2016; 27:269-75. [PMID: 27136385 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2016.1170112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated recently in several solid tumors that thrombocytosis at diagnosis may correlate with tumor invasion, metastatic progression and worse outcome. Several details of the pathomechanism of the relationship of thrombocytosis and cancer have been elucidated; however, the complete process is not clearly understood. Several hypotheses have been proposed. Recently, it was suggested that in ovarian cancer elevated IL-6 production by the tumor may induce increased megakaryopoiesis via hepatic thrombopoietin production leading to thrombocytosis. The importance of the prognostic power of elevated platelet count is still debated in gastrointestinal cancer. The aims of this review were to evaluate the prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in gastrointestinal tumors, to see whether clinical practice confirmed the hypotheses and to reveal the causes of the inconsistent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Baranyai
- a Department of Surgery , Semmelweis University Budapest , Hungary
| | - Valéria Jósa
- b Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Flór Ferenc Hospital , Kistarcsa , Hungary
| | - Ambrus Tóth
- c Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Szilasi
- d Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery , HDF Medical Centre , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Balazs Tihanyi
- a Department of Surgery , Semmelweis University Budapest , Hungary
| | - Attila Zaránd
- a Department of Surgery , Semmelweis University Budapest , Hungary
| | - Laszlo Harsanyi
- a Department of Surgery , Semmelweis University Budapest , Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szállási
- e Informatics Program, Children's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,f Department of Systems Biology , Technical University of Denmark , Kgs Lyngby , Denmark
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23
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Eichten A, Su J, Adler AP, Zhang L, Ioffe E, Parveen AA, Yancopoulos GD, Rudge J, Lowy I, Lin HC, MacDonald D, Daly C, Duan X, Thurston G. Resistance to Anti-VEGF Therapy Mediated by Autocrine IL6/STAT3 Signaling and Overcome by IL6 Blockade. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2327-39. [PMID: 26921327 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anti-VEGF therapies benefit several cancer types, but drug resistance that limits therapeutic response can emerge. We generated cell lines from anti-VEGF-resistant tumor xenografts to investigate the mechanisms by which resistance develops. Of all tumor cells tested, only A431 (A431-V) epidermoid carcinoma cells developed partial resistance to the VEGF inhibitor aflibercept. Compared with the parental tumors, A431-V tumors secreted greater amounts of IL6 and exhibited higher levels of phospho-STAT3. Notably, combined blockade of IL6 receptor (IL6R) and VEGF resulted in enhanced activity against A431-V tumors. Similarly, inhibition of IL6R enhanced the antitumor effects of aflibercept in DU145 prostate tumor cells that displays high endogenous IL6R activity. In addition, post hoc stratification of data obtained from a clinical trial investigating aflibercept efficacy in ovarian cancer showed poorer survival in patients with high levels of circulating IL6. These results suggest that the activation of the IL6/STAT3 pathway in tumor cells may provide a survival advantage during anti-VEGF treatment, suggesting its utility as a source of response biomarkers and as a therapeutic target to heighten efficacious results. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2327-39. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia Su
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York
| | - Ella Ioffe
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York
| | | | | | - John Rudge
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York
| | - Israel Lowy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York
| | | | | | | | - Xunbao Duan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York
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24
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Zhao G, Zhu G, Huang Y, Zheng W, Hua J, Yang S, Zhuang J, Ye J. IL-6 mediates the signal pathway of JAK-STAT3-VEGF-C promoting growth, invasion and lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:1787-95. [PMID: 26750536 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer shows the highest invasive and metastasis features, especially lymph metastasis, which is closely associated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer. Although there is evidence that interleukin-6 (IL-6) can promote gastric cancer progression, the underlying specific mechanisms and the mechanisms of gastric cancer lymphangiogenesis are largely unknown. In the present study, we explore whether IL-6 could promote the proliferation and invasion activity of gastric cancer cells, and whether IL-6 mediating VEGF-C production affected the lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer cells. Our results revealed that IL-6 and its receptors (IL-6 and gp130) are broadly expressed in various gastric cancer cell lines including SGC-7901, MGC, MKN-28 and AGS. Exogenous IL-6 increased the ability of gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion, which could be weakened by AG490. in addition, exogenous IL-6 promoted the VEGF-C production of gastric cancer cells and the lymphangiogenesis of HDLECs. As we expected, AG490 was able to reduce these effects. Western blot analysis showed that IL-6 increased JKA, STAT3, p-STAT3 and VEGF-C protein levels in the gastric cancer cells. However, the JKA, STAT3, p-STAT3 and VEGF-C protein expression levels were inhibited by AG490. Our data suggested that IL-6 mediates the singnal pathway of JAK-STAT3-VEGF-C promoting the growth, invasion and lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer. Thus, IL-6 and its related signal pathways may be a promising target for treatment of gastric cancer growth and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Zhao
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jin Hua
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Shugang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jinfu Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
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25
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Zergoun AA, Zebboudj A, Sellam SL, Kariche N, Djennaoui D, Ouraghi S, Kerboua E, Amir-Tidadini ZC, Chilla D, Asselah F, Touil-Boukoffa C, Merghoub T, Bourouba M. IL-6/NOS2 inflammatory signals regulate MMP-9 and MMP-2 activity and disease outcome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3505-14. [PMID: 26453114 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO)(·) in the development of the metastatic properties of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is not fully understood. Previous studies proposed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) would act as regulator of matrix metalloprotease activation in NPC. Recently, we showed that (NO)(·) was a critical mediator of tumor growth in patients. The aim of this study was to determine the implication of IL-6 in the progression of NPC pathology via metalloprotease (MMP) activation and their possible correlation with (NO)(·) production. We observed a significant increase in IL-6 and nitrite (NO2 (-)) synthesis in patients (n = 17) as well as a strong expression of IL-6 and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) in the analyzed tumors (n = 8). In patients' plasma, a negative correlation associated IL-6 with circulating nitrites (r = -0.33). A negative correlation associated the H-scores of these signals in the tumors (r = -0.47). In patients' plasma, nitrite synthesis was positively associated with MMP-9 activation (r = 0.45), pro-MMP-2 expression (r = 0.37), and negatively correlated with MMP-2 activation (r = -0.51). High nitrite levels was associated with better recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.02). Overall, our results suggest that the IL-6/NOS2 inflammatory signals are involved in the regulation of MMP-9- and MMP-2-dependent metastatic activity and that high circulating nitrite levels in NPC patients may constitute a prognostic predictor for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed-Amine Zergoun
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Team Cytokines and Nitric oxide synthases. Faculty of Biology, University Houari Boumediene USTHB, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abderezak Zebboudj
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Team Cytokines and Nitric oxide synthases. Faculty of Biology, University Houari Boumediene USTHB, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Sarah Leila Sellam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Team Cytokines and Nitric oxide synthases. Faculty of Biology, University Houari Boumediene USTHB, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nora Kariche
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Team Cytokines and Nitric oxide synthases. Faculty of Biology, University Houari Boumediene USTHB, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djamel Djennaoui
- Oto-rhyno-laryngology Department, Mustapha Pacha Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Samir Ouraghi
- Oto-rhyno-laryngology Department, Mustapha Pacha Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Esma Kerboua
- Oncology Department, Centre Pierre et Marie Curie, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Dalia Chilla
- Central Laboratory for Anatomopathology, Mustapha Pacha Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatima Asselah
- Central Laboratory for Anatomopathology, Mustapha Pacha Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Team Cytokines and Nitric oxide synthases. Faculty of Biology, University Houari Boumediene USTHB, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mehdi Bourouba
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Team Cytokines and Nitric oxide synthases. Faculty of Biology, University Houari Boumediene USTHB, Bab-Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria.
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26
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Asukai K, Kawamoto K, Eguchi H, Konno M, Nishida N, Koseki J, Noguchi K, Hasegawa S, Ogawa H, Yamada D, Tomimaru Y, Tomokuni A, Asaoka T, Noda T, Wada H, Gotoh K, Marubashi S, Nagano H, Doki Y, Mori M, Ishii H. Prognostic Impact of Peritumoral IL-17-Positive Cells and IL-17 Axis in Patients with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S1524-31. [PMID: 26228109 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of cancer has been linked to inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17. In this study, we assessed the expression of these cytokines in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and determined their correlation to the survival probability. METHODS A total of 72 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection of ICC at Osaka University Hospital from March 1998 to November 2014 were enrolled. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for IL-17 and its receptor A (IL-17RA), as well as IL-6. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed for preoperative plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in 32 patients with ICC. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the IL-6(high) (n = 34) and IL-17RA(high) (n = 29) groups had significantly worse disease-free survival (DFS) than IL-6(low) (n = 38) and IL-17RA(low) (n = 43) groups, respectively. Although IL-17(+) cells were abundant in the intratumoral area, patients with high peritumoral, but not intratumoral, IL-17(+) cells (n = 28) corresponded with a significantly lower overall survival (OS) and DFS (OS, p = 0.023; DFS, p = 0.026) than those with low group. Moreover, multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that IL-6, peritumoral IL-17(+), and IL-17RA are independent prognostic factors for DFS (p = 0.023, p = 0.0088, p = 0.039, respectively). In addition, high preoperative plasma levels of IL-6 in patients with ICC corresponded with significantly lower DFS (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that IL-6, peritumoral IL-17(+) cells, and IL-17RA expression are postoperative useful markers for predicting recurrence in patients with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Asukai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kozo Noguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisataka Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Tomokuni
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunihito Gotoh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Marubashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube City, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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27
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Sampaio AM, Balseiro SC, Silva MR, Alarcão A, d'Aguiar MJ, Ferreira T, Carvalho L. Association Between IL-4 and IL-6 Expression Variants and Gastric Cancer Among Portuguese Population. GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2015; 22:143-152. [PMID: 28868397 PMCID: PMC5580160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpge.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Multiple studies have reported strong associations between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) inflammation and gastric cancer (GC) development. Altered expressions of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines have a crucial role in Hp and GC proliferation. Although there are many studies related to cytokines polymorphisms involvement in GC risk, the role of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in gastric inflammation process is not yet clarified. Aim This study aimed to investigate the impact of common IL-4 and IL-6 polymorphisms in GC development risk among Portuguese population. Methods A total of 100 GC biopsies (50 with intestinal type, IGC, 50 with diffuse type, DGC) and 50 chronic gastritis cases, used as control group, were included in this case-control study. IL-4 and IL-6 common polymorphisms were genotyped by PCR-SSP, using commercially available kits. Results IL-4 low producer genotypes, IL-4-590TT (OR = 6.7; 95% CI 1.4–32.4) and IL-4-1098GG (OR = 4.4; 95% CI 1.7–16.9) were found associated with IGC and DGC, respectively. We also verified that IL-4 TTT haplotype was linked with both IGC (OR = 5.8; 95% CI 2.3–14.4) and DGC (OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.0–5.5) groups. Concerning IL-6 results, IL-6-174CG genotype showed a higher prevalence among IGC cases (OR = 7.3; 95% CI 2.7–20.3), and IL-6-174CC (OR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.7–8.7) showed upper prevalence within DGC subjects. Finally, IL-6-174/nt565CG haplotype showed a significant association with both IGC (OR = 7.3; 95% CI 2.7–20.3) and DGC (OR = 7.9; 95% CI 4.2–14.9). Conclusion IL-6 and IL-4 expression variants seem to have an important role in GC risk mechanisms. This study provides preliminary evidence that IL-4 and IL-6 polymorphisms, although not directly linked to the disease, may be useful tools in the study of this multifactorial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Sampaio
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIMAGO - Research Center for Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Caramujo Balseiro
- CIMAGO - Research Center for Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Superior Health School Dr. Lopes Dias, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Maria Reis Silva
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Superior Health School Dr. Lopes Dias, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Ana Alarcão
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIMAGO - Research Center for Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João d'Aguiar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lina Carvalho
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIMAGO - Research Center for Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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28
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Liu JQ, Bai X, Duan DEC, Dou AX. Role of five small nucleotide polymorphisms in the VEGF gene on the susceptibility to osteosarcoma and overall survival of patients. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1481-1486. [PMID: 26622695 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between five common small nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the VEGF gene and the risk of osteosarcoma. An additional aim was to investigate the role of these five SNPs on the prognosis of osteosarcoma. A total of 186 patients with osteosarcoma and 186 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled into the present study. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was conducted to determine the incidence of the VEGF-2578 C/A, -1156 G/A, +1612 G/A, +936 C/T and -634 G/C polymorphisms. Conditional logistic regression analyses revealed that individuals carrying the -634 GG genotype possessed a significantly increased risk of osteosarcoma, with an adjusted odds ratio [(95% confidence interval (CI)] of 2.00 (1.07-3.75). In the Cox proportional hazards model, subsequent to adjusting for potential confounding factors, patients with osteosarcoma carrying the -634 GG genotype were found to demonstrate a shorter overall survival time (hazard ratio, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.17-8.38). The VEGF-634 G/C polymorphism may therefore be used as a genetic marker for the prediction of the risk and clinical outcome of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinan No. 4 Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xia Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinan No. 4 Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - DE-Chen Duan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jinan No. 4 Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Xia Dou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Blaylock RL. Cancer microenvironment, inflammation and cancer stem cells: A hypothesis for a paradigm change and new targets in cancer control. Surg Neurol Int 2015; 6:92. [PMID: 26097771 PMCID: PMC4455122 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.157890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since President Nixon officially declared a war on cancer with the National Cancer Act, billions of dollars have been spent on research in hopes of finding a cure for cancer. Recent reviews have pointed out that over the ensuing 42 years, cancer death rates have barely changed for the major cancers. Recently, several researchers have questioned the prevailing cancer paradigm based on recent discoveries concerning the mechanism of carcinogenesis and the origins of cancer. Over the past decade we have learned a great deal concerning both of these central issues. Cell signaling has taken center stage, particularly as regards the links between chronic inflammation and cancer development. It is now evident that the common factor among a great number of carcinogenic agents is activation of genes controlling inflammation cell-signaling pathways and that these signals control all aspects of the cancer process. Of these pathways, the most important and common to all cancers is the NFκB and STAT3 pathways. The second discovery of critical importance is that mutated stem cells appear to be in charge of the cancer process. Most chemotherapy agents and radiotherapy kill daughter cells of the cancer stem cell, many of which are not tumorigenic themselves. Most cancer stem cells are completely resistant to conventional treatments, which explain dormancy and the poor cure rate with metastatic tumors. A growing number of studies are finding that several polyphenol extracts can kill cancer stem cells as well as daughter cells and can enhance the effectiveness and safety of conventional treatments. These new discoveries provide the clinician with a whole new set of targets for cancer control and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell L. Blaylock
- Theoretical Neuroscience Research, LLC, Assistant Editor-in-Chief, Surgical Neurology International, 315 Rolling Meadows Rd, Ridgeland, MS 39157, USA
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Jin Z, Jiang W, Wang L. Biomarkers for gastric cancer: Progression in early diagnosis and prognosis (Review). Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1502-1508. [PMID: 25788990 PMCID: PMC4356326 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide and is a notable disease due to its heterogeneity. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the molecular basis of gastric cancer, involving the alteration of pathogenesis, and invasion and metastasis. With the development of modern technologies, various novel biomarkers had been identified that appear to possess diagnostic and prognostic value; therefore, the present review describes our current knowledge of biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Classic biomarkers for gastric cancer diagnosis include carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 19-9, while microRNA and DNA hypomethylation are proposed as novel biomarkers. Excluding classical biomarkers, biomarkers for determining the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer focus on targeting microRNAs, epigenetic alterations and genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Jin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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31
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Cheng T, Dai X, Zhou DL, Lv Y, Miao LY. Correlation of apolipoprotein A-I kinetics with survival and response to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 32:407. [PMID: 25465061 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) kinetics predict the overall survival in patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) during platinum-based first-line therapy. A total of 125 NSCLC patients from January 2008 to September 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Serum ApoA-I level was measured at baseline and thereafter at the start of each palliative chemotherapy cycle for all patients. Patients were divided into four groups according to ApoA-I kinetics. Patients whose ApoA-I ≥ 1.01 g/L and never decreased during treatment, patients whose ApoA-I ≥ 1.01 g/L and decreased (ApoA-I < 1.01 g/L) at least one time during treatment, patients whose ApoA-I < 1.01 g/L and normalized (ApoA-I ≥ 1.01) at least one time during treatment, and patients whose ApoA-I < 1.01 g/L and never normalized during treatment were assigned to non-decreased, decreased, normalized, and non-normalized ApoA-I groups, respectively. Overall survival rates were significantly different between the four groups, with 2-year survival rates of 88.6 and 17.5 % for the non-decreased and the decreased ApoA-I groups, respectively, and none survived 2 years later in the normalized and the non-normalized ApoA-I groups. When compared with the non-decreased group, the hazard ratios of death were 0.05, 0.44, and 1.73 in the normalized, decreased, and non-normalized groups, respectively (P < 0.001). Normalization of ApoA-I was associated with a low risk of progression, whereas patients with a decreased level of ApoA-I showed a progression of disease in most cases. ApoA-I can be a novel, widely available biomarker for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Cheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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32
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Visconti L, Nelissen K, Deckx L, van den Akker M, Adriaensen W, Daniels L, Matheï C, Linsen L, Hellings N, Stinissen P, Buntinx F. Prognostic value of circulating cytokines on overall survival and disease-free survival in cancer patients. Biomark Med 2014; 8:297-306. [PMID: 24521026 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Through their tumor-promoting and/or tumor-suppressive properties, cytokines can influence progression of cancer. We systematically reviewed the current literature on the prognostic value of the circulating cytokines IL-1α/β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ to predict overall and disease-free survival in any type of cancer patients. PubMed was systematically searched and based on eligibility assessment using our five criteria of the Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK) checklist, six unique studies were reviewed. Elevated IL-6 and IL-10 levels seem independently associated with worse prognosis in terms of overall and disease-free survival. The prognostic value of IL-1α/β, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β and IFN-γ could not be demonstrated. The small number of selected studies underlines the need for large well-designed prospective studies, using the REMARK checklist as a guideline, to determine which cytokines have prognostic value on survival in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Visconti
- Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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Yoon JH, Choi WS, Kim O, Park WS. The role of gastrokine 1 in gastric cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2014; 14:147-55. [PMID: 25328759 PMCID: PMC4199881 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic imbalance between cell proliferation and death in gastric mucosal epithelia may lead to gastritis and gastric cancer. Despite abundant gastrokine 1 (GKN1) expression in the normal stomach, the loss of GKN1 expression is frequently detected in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori, as well as in intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer tissues, suggesting that GKN1 plays an important role in gastric mucosal defense, and the gene functions as a gastric tumor suppressor. In the stomach, GKN1 is involved in gastric mucosal inflammation by regulating cytokine production, the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. GKN1 also inhibits the carcinogenic potential of H. pylori protein CagA by binding to it, and up-regulates antioxidant enzymes. In addition, GKN1 reduces cell viability, proliferation, and colony formation by inhibiting cell cycle progression and epigenetic modification by down-regulating the expression levels of DNMT1 and EZH2, and DNMT1 activity, and inducing apoptosis through the death receptor-dependent pathway. Furthermore, GKN1 also inhibits gastric cancer cell invasion and metastasis via coordinated regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition-related protein expression, reactive oxygen species production, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation. Although the modes of action of GKN1 have not been clearly described, recent limited evidence suggests that GKN1 acts as a gastric-specific tumor suppressor. This review aims to discuss, comment, and summarize the recent progress in the understanding of the role of GKN1 in gastric cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Yan HQ, Huang XB, Ke SZ, Jiang YN, Zhang YH, Wang YN, Li J, Gao FG. Interleukin 6 augments lung cancer chemotherapeutic resistance via ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/NF-kappaB pathway activation. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1220-7. [PMID: 24988892 PMCID: PMC4462389 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) contribute to multiple drug resistance (MDR) in tumor chemotherapy, the exact role of ATM activation in MDR resulting from increased IL-6 expression is still unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that the activation of the ATM-NF-kappaB pathway, resulting from increased IL-6 expression, plays a central role in augmented chemoresistance in lung cancer cell lines. This result was supported by the increased expressions of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bcl-xl, and the upregulation of MDR-associated protein ABCG2. The higher level of IL-6 reveals not only higher ATM/NF-kappaB activity but also increased expressions of ABCG2, Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and Bcl-xl. Most importantly, lung cancer cells themselves upregulated IL-6 secretion by activating the p38/NF-kappaB pathway through treatment with cisplatin and camptothecin. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that chemotherapeutic agents increase IL-6 expression, hence activating the ATM/NF-kappaB pathway, augmenting anti-apoptotic protein expression and contributing to MDR. This indicates that both IL-6 and ATM are potential targets for the treatment of chemotherapeutic resistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiong Yan
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Xiao Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Shi Zhong Ke
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Yi Na Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Yue Hua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Yi Nan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
| | - Feng Guang Gao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Science, Medical College, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shang Hai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
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35
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Qu YL, Yu H, Chen YZ, Zhao YX, Chen GJ, Bai L, Liu D, Su HX, Wang HT. Relationships between genetic polymorphisms in inflammation-related factor gene and the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9411-8. [PMID: 24952889 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aims to discuss the association between inflammation-related factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with susceptibility and recurrence in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We used Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to characterize the genetic variation of five SNPs in 194 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and 231 healthy subjects. All statistical analysis is performed with statistical product and service solutions v13.0; odds ratio (OR) value and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated. There is no relationship between TGFβ1 -869 T/C, IL-6 -634C/G, TGFβ1 -509C/T, IL1 -511C/T and nasopharyngeal carcinoma susceptibility. Both single factor and multiple factors analysis showed that IL1a -889 T/T genotype is significantly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma in decreasing the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A highly significant association was found between IL1a -889 T/T genotype and protective genotype as defined by various pathological types. This is more obvious in the protective genotype of the non-keratin-type squamous carcinoma undifferentiated type. We also discovered that genotype G/G and C/G + G/G of IL6 -634 gene are associated with reduced recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. IL1a -889 gene polymorphism and susceptibility is related to nasopharyngeal carcinoma and can potentially decrease the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the Han Chinese population in north China. IL1-889 TT genotype is protective genotype for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We have provided evidence that the GG genotype of the IL6 -634 gene is associated with recurrent risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The G allele is the protective gene of nasopharyngeal carcinoma recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Chongshan Earth Street Number 4, Huanggu District, Shenyang, 110032, China
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36
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Ruzzo A, Catalano V, Canestrari E, Giacomini E, Santini D, Tonini G, Vincenzi B, Fiorentini G, Magnani M, Graziano F. Genetic modulation of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) system in patients with advanced gastric cancer: a background for an alternative target therapy. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:357. [PMID: 24886605 PMCID: PMC4046495 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-6 triggers oncogenic/angiogenic signals and the cytokine-dependent pro-cachexia cascade. The prognostic role of the functional IL-6 (promoter) rs1800795 and the IL-6R (receptor) rs8192284 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) was studied in patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with palliative chemotherapy. METHODS One-hundred-sixty-one patients were genotyped for rs1800795 and rs8192284 SNPs using polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis assay. These results were studied for association with overall survival (OS). RESULTS In 161 assessable patients, frequencies of rs1800795 G/G, G/C and C/C genotypes were 46%, 42% and 12%, respectively. Frequencies of rs8192284 A/A, A/C and C/C genotypes were 36%, 45% and 19%, respectively. Carriers of the rs1800795 G/G and rs8192284 C/C genotypes showed the worst OS. In the multivariate model, rs1800795 G/G (1.69 hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval 1.18-2.42), and rs8192284 C/C (1.78 hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval 1.12-2.83) confirmed an adverse prognostic impact. CONCLUSIONS In this population, genetic variants that up-regulate the IL-6 system showed impact on OS. This findings sustain the hypothesis that anti-IL-6 compounds deserve clinical studies as novel therapeutics in the palliative treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Ruzzo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy.
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37
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Yang AM, Wen LL, Yang CS, Wang SC, Chen CS, Bair MJ. Interleukin 10 promoter haplotype is associated with alcoholic liver cirrhosis in Taiwanese patients. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2014; 30:291-8. [PMID: 24835349 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver cirrhosis is a severe form of alcohol-related liver damage. More than 95% of heavy drinkers develop a fatty liver, but only 35% of them develop cirrhosis. We postulate that genetic factors may play a role in this difference. Genetic polymorphisms of the cytokine genes may influence Kupffer cells cytokine genes expression. In this study, we evaluated the promoter polymorphisms of interleukin (IL) 1β, IL 6, IL 10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and aimed to clarify the association between the polymorphisms and the disease. Forty alcoholic patients with liver cirrhosis and 64 healthy volunteers were included in our investigation. Genotyping on IL 1β -511 T>C, IL 6 -572 G>C, IL 10 -819 C>T, IL 10 -1082 G>A, and TNFα -308 G>A was done. Another 36 patients with recurrent alcoholic pancreatitis were included as an additional control group. Genotyping on IL 10 -819 C>T and IL 10 -1082 G>A was done. The polymorphisms on IL 1 and IL 6 showed no significant association. The p value for TNFα -308 G>A was 0.028 in comparison with healthy volunteers. Although the p value was less than 0.05, it did not reach significance after Bonferroni correction. The p values for IL 10 -819 C>T and IL 10 -1082 G>A were respectively 0.031 and 0.026 in healthy volunteers and 0.028 and 0.023 in the alcoholic pancreatitis group. The results also did not reach significance after Bonferroni correction. Among the participants with the GCC haplotype, healthy volunteers had p = 0.027 (p < 0.05) and an odds ratio (OR) of 0.124 [confidence interval (95%) CI, 0.015-0.997], whereas the alcoholic pancreatitis group had p = 0.023 (p < 0.05) and an OR of 0.106 (95% CI, 0.012-0.912). The odds ratio of people having one ATA haplotype was 6.233 (95% CI, 0.739-52.547) in healthy volunteers and 6.588 (95% CI, 0.727-59.679) in the alcoholic pancreatitis group; the corresponding rate was 10.521 (95% CI, 1.252-88.440) and 12.833 (95% CI 1.408-117.008) for people with two ATA haplotypes. The p values in these groups were 0.031 (p < 0.05) and 0.028 (p < 0.05), respectively. The presence of a GCC haplotype could have protective effect against alcoholic liver disease, whereas the presence of an ATA haplotype could predispose carriers to the disease. The IL 10 promoter haplotype is associated with alcoholic liver cirrhosis in Taiwanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ming Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Li Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shyue Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sun-Chong Wang
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jong Bair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taitung Branch, Taitung, Taiwan.
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Taniguchi K, Karin M. IL-6 and related cytokines as the critical lynchpins between inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:54-74. [PMID: 24552665 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play pivotal roles in cancer development, including tumor initiation, promotion, progression, and metastasis. Cytokines are now recognized as important mediators linking inflammation and cancer, and are therefore potential therapeutic and preventive targets as well as prognostic factors. The interleukin (IL)-6 family of cytokines, especially IL-6 and IL-11, is highly up-regulated in many cancers and considered as one of the most important cytokine families during tumorigenesis and metastasis. This review discusses molecular mechanisms linking the IL-6 cytokine family to solid malignancies and their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; UC San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Yang L, Sun MJ, Liu JW, Xu Q, Yuan Y. IL-6-6331 (T/C, rs10499563) is Associated with Decreased Risk of Gastric Cancer in Northern Chinese. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:7467-72. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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Yoon JH, Cho ML, Choi YJ, Back JY, Park MK, Lee SW, Choi BJ, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 regulates NF-κB signaling pathway and cytokine expression in gastric cancers. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1800-9. [PMID: 23444260 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) plays an important role in the gastric mucosal defense mechanism and also acts as a functional gastric tumor suppressor. In this study, we examined the effect of GKN1 on the expression of inflammatory mediators, including NF-κB, COX-2, and cytokines in GKN1-transfected AGS cells and shGKN1-transfected HFE-145 cells. Lymphocyte migration and cell viability were also analyzed after treatment with GKN1 and inflammatory cytokines in AGS cells by transwell chemotaxis and an MTT assay, respectively. In GKN1-transfected AGS cells, we observed inactivation and reduced expression of NF-κB and COX-2, whereas shGKN1-transfected HFE-145 cells showed activation and increased expression of NF-κB and COX-2. GKN1 expression induced production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-8 and -17A, but decreased expression of IL-6 and -10. We also found IL-17A expression in 9 (13.6%) out of 166 gastric cancer tissues and its expression was closely associated with GKN1 expression. GKN1 also acted as a chemoattractant for the migration of Jurkat T cells and peripheral B lymphocytes in the transwell assay. In addition, GKN1 significantly reduced cell viability in both AGS and HFE-145 cells. These data suggest that the GKN1 gene may inhibit progression of gastric epithelial cells to cancer cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Middleton K, Jones J, Lwin Z, Coward JIG. Interleukin-6: an angiogenic target in solid tumours. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:129-39. [PMID: 24029605 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, incorporating anti-angiogenic agents into the therapeutic management of a myriad of malignancies has in certain cases made a significant impact on survival. However, the development of resistance to these drugs is inevitable and swift disease progression on their cessation often ensues. Hence, there is a drive to devise strategies that aim to enhance response to anti-angiogenic therapies by combining them with other targeted agents that facilitate evasion from resistance. The pleiotropic cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), exerts pro-angiogenic effects in the tumour microenvironment of several solid malignancies and there is emerging evidence that reveals significant relationships between IL-6 signalling and treatment failure with antibodies directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This review summarises the role of IL-6 in pivotal angiogenic processes and preclinical/clinical research to support the future introduction of anti-IL-6 therapies to be utilised either in combination with other anti-angiogenic drugs or as a salvage therapy for patients with diseases that become refractory to these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Middleton
- Mater Adult Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Joanna Jones
- Mater Adult Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Zarnie Lwin
- Mater Adult Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Jermaine I G Coward
- Mater Adult Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Raymond Terrace, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia; Inflammation & Cancer Therapeutics Group, Mater Research, Level 4, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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42
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Song ZB, Lin BC, Li B, He CX, Zhang BB, Shao L, Zhang YP. Preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein as an indicator of poor prognosis for early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 29:662-6. [PMID: 24296054 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preoperative elevation of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is reportedly associated with poor prognosis in several types of cancer. This study investigated the role of serum CRP as a prognostic factor in early-stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The preoperative serum CRP levels were measured in 156 newly diagnosed pT1-2N0M0 patients using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlations between serum CRP levels and other clinical parameters were analyzed. Multivariate analyses were performed to find prognostic markers using Cox's proportional hazards model. CRP concentrations were within the normal range in 117 (75%) individuals, but were elevated in 39 (25%) patients. Serum CRP levels were significantly correlated with the tumor length (p = 0.032), depth (T classification, p = 0.0157), or histologic grade (p = 0.034). The overall 5-year survival rates were 76.3% and 50.2% in the low- and high-CRP groups, respectively (p = 0.005). By multivariate analyses, the elevated serum CRP level was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poor survival (hazard ratio = 2.131; p = 0.007), regardless of tumor classification or other prognostic factors. In conclusion, preoperative, high serum CRP is an independent determinant of poor prognosis in early-stage ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Bo Song
- Department of Chemotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Kinoshita H, Hirata Y, Nakagawa H, Sakamoto K, Hayakawa Y, Takahashi R, Nakata W, Sakitani K, Serizawa T, Hikiba Y, Akanuma M, Shibata W, Maeda S, Koike K. Interleukin-6 mediates epithelial-stromal interactions and promotes gastric tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60914. [PMID: 23593346 PMCID: PMC3625204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that affects various functions, including tumor development. Although the importance of IL-6 in gastric cancer has been documented in experimental and clinical studies, the mechanism by which IL-6 promotes gastric cancer remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-6 in the epithelial–stromal interaction in gastric tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical analysis of human gastritis, gastric adenoma, and gastric cancer tissues revealed that IL-6 was frequently detected in the stroma. IL-6–positive cells in the stroma showed positive staining for the fibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin, suggesting that stromal fibroblasts produce IL-6. We compared IL-6 knockout (IL-6−/−) mice with wild-type (WT) mice in a model of gastric tumorigenesis induced by the chemical carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. The stromal fibroblasts expressed IL-6 in tumors from WT mice. Gastric tumorigenesis was attenuated in IL-6−/− mice, compared with WT mice. Impaired tumor development in IL-6−/− mice was correlated with the decreased activation of STAT3, a factor associated with gastric cancer cell proliferation. In vitro, when gastric cancer cell line was co-cultured with primary human gastric fibroblast, STAT3–related genes including COX-2 and iNOS were induced in gastric cancer cells and this response was attenuated with neutralizing anti-IL-6 receptor antibody. IL-6 production from fibroblasts was increased when fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of gastric cancer cell–conditioned media. IL-6 production from fibroblasts was suppressed by an interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist and siRNA inhibition of IL-1α in the fibroblasts. IL-1α mRNA and protein were increased in fibroblast lysate, suggesting that cell-associated IL-1α in fibroblasts may be involved. Our results suggest the importance of IL-6 mediated stromal-epithelial cell interaction in gastric tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wachiko Nakata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sakitani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Serizawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohko Hikiba
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Akanuma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate school of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Chang CH, Hsiao CF, Yeh YM, Chang GC, Tsai YH, Chen YM, Huang MS, Chen HL, Li YJ, Yang PC, Chen CJ, Hsiung CA, Su WC. Circulating interleukin-6 level is a prognostic marker for survival in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1977-85. [PMID: 23034889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide as well as in Taiwan. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine and has been implicated in tumor progression. This study recruited 245 patients with advanced (Stage 3B/4) nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that had received chemotherapy, to evaluate associations between IL-6 and lung cancer-specific survival. Among these subjects, 112 gave blood samples before and 133 after the start of chemotherapy. Plasma IL-6 was measured using an enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay. The 33rd and 66th percentiles of IL-6 concentrations were 2.01 and 25.16 for the 245 patients and were defined as the cutoff points for dividing the patients into low, intermediate and high groups. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional-hazard models were used to evaluate the relationship between the IL-6 level and survival time. Results after adjusting for age, sex, smoking history, histologic type and stage of lung cancer revealed a significant relationship. For all patients, the hazard ratio with high IL-6 levels for lung cancer-specific survival was 2.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.49 - 2.96] compared with low IL-6 levels. The hazard ratio for patients who were recruited before and after the start of chemotherapy was1.25 (95% CI = 0.73 - 2.13) and 3.66 (95% CI = 2.18 - 6.15), respectively. Patients with high circulating IL-6 also responded poorly to chemotherapy. Therefore, a high level of circulating IL-6 was associated with an inferior response and survival outcome in NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hao Chang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Yin Y, Si X, Gao Y, Gao L, Wang J. The nuclear factor-κB correlates with increased expression of interleukin-6 and promotes progression of gastric carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:34-8. [PMID: 23117246 PMCID: PMC3583490 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway is one of the mechanisms that link inflammation and angiogenesis with malignancy. Since nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a potential sign for inflammation, NF-κB has been associated with the progression of disease in various types of cancer. In the present study, we investigated the effect of NF-κB on the IL-6 pathway in gastric carcinoma and their correlation with disease status and prognosis. The mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB, IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected by western blotting and reverse transcription (RT) quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Using immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of these proteins in normal and human gastric cancer tissue samples. The concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in collected blood samples were measured according to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-6 and TNF-α were found to be expressed at high levels in human gastric cancer samples. A positive correlation was found between the expression of IL-6 and NF-κB by immunohistochemical and further correlation analysis. IL-6, NF-κB and VEGF protein and mRNA levels increased significantly in gastric cancer tissue compared with those in adjacent normal mucosa tissue samples. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that NF-κB, IL-6 and VEGF mRNA and protein levels increase significantly in gastric cancer tissues. In addition, the expression of NF-κB was positively correlated with the expression of IL-6 according to immunohistochemical and further correlation analysis, which suggests that the suppression of NF-κB or IL-6 may be a potential target for clinical therapy of gastric cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefeng Yin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101199, PR China
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Zhang Y, Zhang B, Zhang A, Li X, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Gao J, Fang D, Rao Z. IL-6 upregulation contributes to the reduction of miR-26a expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 46:32-8. [PMID: 23011405 PMCID: PMC3854351 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A recent study showed that miR-26a is downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues and that this downregulation is an independent predictor of survival. Interestingly, the same study also reported that miR-26a downregulation causes a concomitant elevation of IL-6 expression. Because miR-26a expression was found to be transcriptionally downregulated by oncogene c-Myc in various cancers, and the expression of c-Myc was increased by IL-6 stimulation, we hypothesized that IL-6 contributes to reduction of miR-26a in hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum IL-6 was measured by ELISA and miR-26a was detected by qRT-PCR. The data of 30 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who had undergone surgical tumor resection revealed that serum IL-6 could be considered to be a predictor of survival up to 5 years for hepatocellular carcinoma patients (log-rank test, P < 0.05). We observed that the serum IL-6 concentration was inversely correlated with miR-26a expression in cancerous tissues (Pearson correlation test, r = -0.651, P < 0.01). Furthermore, by in vitro experiments with HepG2 cells, we showed that IL-6 stimulation can lead to miR-26a suppression via c-Myc activation, whereas in normal hepatocyte LO2 cells incubation with IL-6 had no significant effect on miR-26a expression. Taken together, these results indicate that miR-26a reduction in hepatocellular carcinoma might be due to IL-6 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, People’s Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
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47
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Junli W, Wenjun H, Jinxin L, Legen N, Yesheng W, Fenglian Y. Association of IL-6 polymorphisms with gastric cancer risk: Evidences from a meta-analysis. Cytokine 2012; 59:176-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Shishido SN, Varahan S, Yuan K, Li X, Fleming SD. Humoral innate immune response and disease. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:142-58. [PMID: 22771788 PMCID: PMC3576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The humoral innate immune response consists of multiple components, including the naturally occurring antibodies (NAb), pentraxins and the complement and contact cascades. As soluble, plasma components, these innate proteins provide key elements in the prevention and control of disease. However, pathogens and cells with altered self proteins utilize multiple humoral components to evade destruction and promote pathogy. Many studies have examined the relationship between humoral immunity and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the interactions between the humoral components and their role in promoting the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections and chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Understanding the beneficial and detrimental aspects of the individual components and the interactions between proteins which regulate the innate and adaptive response will provide therapeutic targets for subsequent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Shishido
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Altman DG, McShane LM, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE. Reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (REMARK): explanation and elaboration. BMC Med 2012; 10:51. [PMID: 22642691 PMCID: PMC3362748 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK) checklist consists of 20 items to report for published tumor marker prognostic studies. It was developed to address widespread deficiencies in the reporting of such studies. In this paper we expand on the REMARK checklist to enhance its use and effectiveness through better understanding of the intent of each item and why the information is important to report. METHODS REMARK recommends including a transparent and full description of research goals and hypotheses, subject selection, specimen and assay considerations, marker measurement methods, statistical design and analysis, and study results. Each checklist item is explained and accompanied by published examples of good reporting, and relevant empirical evidence of the quality of reporting. We give prominence to discussion of the 'REMARK profile', a suggested tabular format for summarizing key study details. SUMMARY The paper provides a comprehensive overview to educate on good reporting and provide a valuable reference for the many issues to consider when designing, conducting, and analyzing tumor marker studies and prognostic studies in medicine in general. To encourage dissemination of the Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK): Explanation and Elaboration, this article has also been published in PLoS Medicine.
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Oishi Y, Watanabe Y, Shinoda S, Naka M, Ozawa Y, Matsuyama T, Morozumi K, Fuke Y. The IL6 gene polymorphism -634C>G and IL17F gene polymorphism 7488T>C influence bone mineral density in young and elderly Japanese women. Gene 2012; 504:75-83. [PMID: 22579472 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an important public health problem because of the significant morbidity and mortality associated with its complications, particularly fractures. An important clinical risk factor in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is the presence of genetic polymorphisms in susceptibility genes. However, few studies have investigated the relevance of these polymorphisms in premenopausal women. Recent studies have demonstrated interactions between bone and immune cells, and that cytokines produced by immune cells regulate bone turnover. In this study, we examined the associations between bone mineral density (BMD) and polymorphisms in genes encoding interleukin (IL)-6 (-634C>G; rs1800796), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (-308G>A; rs1800629), IL-17F (7488T>C; rs763780), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (869T>C; rs1800470), osteoprotegerin (OPG; 163A>G; rs3102735) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; 677C>T; rs1801133) in young and elderly Japanese women. Whole-body, lumbar spine (L(1) or L(2)-L(4)), and femoral neck BMD were measured in 100 young subjects (18-23 years), and 100 elderly subjects (60-83 years). Whole-body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck BMD were 1.13±0.06, 1.14±0.12, and 1.00±0.11 g/cm(2), respectively, in young subjects, and 0.92±0.09, 0.86±0.15, and 0.63±0.10 g/cm(2), respectively, in elderly subjects. The frequencies of the IL-6 CC, CG, and GG genotypes were 48%, 49%, and 3%, respectively. The frequencies of the IL17F TT, TC, and CC genotypes were 79%, 15%, and 6%, respectively, in young subjects. Polymorphisms of the IL-6 and IL17F genes were significantly associated with BMD. To our knowledge, this is the first report to examine these associations in a cohort of 200 Japanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Oishi
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
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