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Lee LD, Pozios I, Liu V, Nachbichler SB, Böhmer D, Kamphues C, Beyer K, Bruns CJ, Kreis ME, Seeliger H. Thymidine phosphorylase induction by ionizing radiation antagonizes 5-fluorouracil resistance in human ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:255-262. [PMID: 35084511 PMCID: PMC9021112 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00962-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) frequently contributes to failure of systemic therapy. While the radiosensitizing properties of 5-fluorouracil (FU) are well known, it is unknown whether ionizing radiation (IR) sensitizes towards FU cytotoxicity. Here, we hypothesize that upregulation of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) by IR reverses FU chemoresistance in PDAC cells. The FU resistant variant of the human PDAC cell line AsPC-1 (FU-R) was used to determine the sensitizing effects of IR. Proliferation rates of FU sensitive parental (FU-S) and FU-R cells were determined by WST-1 assays after low (0.05 Gy) and intermediate dose (2.0 Gy) IR followed by FU treatment. TP protein expression in PDAC cells before and after IR was assessed by Western blot. To analyze the specificity of the FU sensitizing effect, TP was ablated by siRNA. FU-R cells showed a 2.7-fold increase of the half maximal inhibitory concentration, compared to FU-S parental cells. Further, FU-R cells showed a concomitant IR resistance towards both doses applied. When challenging both cell lines with FU after IR, FU-R cells had lower proliferation rates than FU-S cells, suggesting a reversal of chemoresistance by IR. This FU sensitizing effect was abolished when TP was blocked by anti-TP siRNA before IR. An increase of TP protein expression was seen after both IR doses. Our results suggest a TP dependent reversal of FU-chemoresistance in PDAC cells that is triggered by IR. Thus, induction of TP expression by low dose IR may be a therapeutic approach to potentially overcome FU chemoresistance in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Lee
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioannis Pozios
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Liu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Nachbichler
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Klinikum der Universität München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Böhmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Kamphues
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Beyer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane J Bruns
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin E Kreis
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Seeliger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
- IU Health University, 10243, Berlin, Germany.
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Blockage of Cholinergic Signaling via Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor 3 Inhibits Tumor Growth in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133220. [PMID: 34203220 PMCID: PMC8267754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic signaling via the muscarinic M3 acetylcholine receptor (M3R) is involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The present study aimed to analyze the blocking of M3R signaling in CRC using darifenacin, a selective M3R antagonist. Darifenacin effects were studied on HT-29 and SW480 CRC cells using MTT and BrdU assays, Western blotting and real time RT-PCR. In vivo, blocking of M3R was assessed in an orthotopic CRC xenograft BALB/cnu/nu mouse model. M3R expression in clinical tumor specimens was studied by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray of 585 CRC patients. In vitro, darifenacin decreased tumor cell survival and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylcholine-induced p38, ERK1/2 and Akt signaling, and MMP-1 mRNA expression were decreased by darifenacin, as well as matrigel invasion of tumor cells. In mice, darifenacin reduced primary tumor volume and weight (p < 0.05), as well as liver metastases, compared to controls. High expression scores of M3R were found on 89.2% of clinical CRC samples and correlated with infiltrative tumor border and non-mucinous histology (p < 0.05). In conclusion, darifenacin inhibited components of tumor growth and progression in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Its target, M3R, was expressed on the majority of CRC. Thus, repurposing darifenacin may be an attractive addition to systemic tumor therapy in CRC patients expressing M3R.
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Cheng KJ, Mejia Mohammed EH, Khong TL, Mohd Zain S, Thavagnanam S, Ibrahim ZA. IL-1α and colorectal cancer pathogenesis: Enthralling candidate for anti-cancer therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 163:103398. [PMID: 34147647 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been well-established as a hallmark of colorectal cancer (CRC). Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α) is one of the primary inflammatory mediators driving the pathogenesis of inflammation-associated CRC. This systematic review presents the roles of IL-1α in the pathogenesis of the disease. Bibliographic databases PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched for articles that addresses the relationship between IL-1α and colorectal cancer. We highlighted various mechanisms by which IL-1α promotes the pathogenesis of CRC including enhancement of angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to therapy, and inhibition of tumour suppressive genes. We also discussed the potential mechanisms by which IL-1α expression is induced or secreted in various studies. Beyond these, the systematic review also highlights several potential therapeutic strategies which should be further explored in the future; to target IL-1α and/or its associated pathways; paving our way in finding effective treatments for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Tak Loon Khong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Mohd Zain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Surendran Thavagnanam
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Rd, Whitechapel, E1 1FR London, United Kingdom
| | - Zaridatul Aini Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Spyridopoulou K, Aindelis G, Lampri E, Giorgalli M, Lamprianidou E, Kotsianidis I, Tsingotjidou A, Pappa A, Kalogirou O, Chlichlia K. Improving the Subcutaneous Mouse Tumor Model by Effective Manipulation of Magnetic Nanoparticles-Treated Implanted Cancer Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:1975-1987. [PMID: 30076502 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-2107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Murine tumor models have played a fundamental role in the development of novel therapeutic interventions and are currently widely used in translational research. Specifically, strategies that aim at reducing inter-animal variability of tumor size in transplantable mouse tumor models are of particular importance. In our approach, we used magnetic nanoparticles to label and manipulate colon cancer cells for the improvement of the standard syngeneic subcutaneous mouse tumor model. Following subcutaneous injection on the scruff of the neck, magnetically-tagged implanted cancer cells were manipulated by applying an external magnetic field towards localized tumor formation. Our data provide evidence that this approach can facilitate the formation of localized tumors of similar shape, reducing thereby the tumor size's variability. For validating the proof-of-principle, a low-dose of 5-FU was administered in small animal groups as a representative anticancer therapy. Under these experimental conditions, the 5-FU-induced tumor growth inhibition was statistically significant only after the implementation of the proposed method. The presented approach is a promising strategy for studying accurately therapeutic interventions in subcutaneous experimental solid tumor models allowing for the detection of statistically significant differences between smaller experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Spyridopoulou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Aindelis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Evangeli Lampri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Giorgalli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Lamprianidou
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kotsianidis
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Orestis Kalogirou
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Furukawa T, Tabata S, Yamamoto M, Kawahara K, Shinsato Y, Minami K, Shimokawa M, Akiyama SI. Thymidine phosphorylase in cancer aggressiveness and chemoresistance. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:15-20. [PMID: 29604437 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a rate-limiting enzyme in thymidine catabolism. TP has several important roles in biological and pharmacological mechanisms; importantly TP acts as an angiogenic factor and one of metabolic enzymes of fluoro-pyrimidine anticancer agents and modifies inflammation. Improving our understanding of the characteristics and functions of TP has led to the development of novel TP-based anticancer therapies. We recently reported that TP-dependent thymidine catabolism contributes to tumour survival in low nutrient conditions and the pathway from thymidine to the glycolysis cascade is affected in the context of physiological and metabolic conditions. In this review, we describe recent advancement in our understanding of TP, with a focus on cancer cell biology and the pharmacology of pyrimidine analogue anticancer agents. This review provides comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of TP function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Center for the Research of Advanced Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Sho Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masatatsu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Shinsato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Michiko Shimokawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akiyama
- Clinical Research Center, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
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6
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Tabata S, Yamamoto M, Goto H, Hirayama A, Ohishi M, Kuramoto T, Mitsuhashi A, Ikeda R, Haraguchi M, Kawahara K, Shinsato Y, Minami K, Saijo A, Hanibuchi M, Nishioka Y, Sone S, Esumi H, Tomita M, Soga T, Furukawa T, Akiyama SI. Thymidine Catabolism as a Metabolic Strategy for Cancer Survival. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1313-1321. [PMID: 28514652 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), a rate-limiting enzyme in thymidine catabolism, plays a pivotal role in tumor progression; however, the mechanisms underlying this role are not fully understood. Here, we found that TP-mediated thymidine catabolism could supply the carbon source in the glycolytic pathway and thus contribute to cell survival under conditions of nutrient deprivation. In TP-expressing cells, thymidine was converted to metabolites, including glucose 6-phosphate, lactate, 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate, and serine, via the glycolytic pathway both in vitro and in vivo. These thymidine-derived metabolites were required for the survival of cells under low-glucose conditions. Furthermore, activation of thymidine catabolism was observed in human gastric cancer. These findings demonstrate that thymidine can serve as a glycolytic pathway substrate in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan.
| | - Masatatsu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Maki Ohishi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuramoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Misako Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Shinsato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Atsuro Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaki Hanibuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Saburo Sone
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Clinical Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Akiyama
- Clinical Research Center, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan.
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Peters GJ. Therapeutic potential of TAS-102 in the treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2015; 7:340-56. [PMID: 26557901 PMCID: PMC4622302 DOI: 10.1177/1758834015603313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoropyrimidines form the mainstay in treatment of gastrointestinal malignancies. For decades 5-fluorouracil (5FU), was the major fluoropyrimidine. Currently it is usually given in a combination with leucovorin and oxaliplatin, i.e. FOLFOX, or irinotecan, i.e. FOLFIRI, or all three, i.e. FOLFIRINOX, but gradually it has been replaced by oral fluoropyrimidine prodrug formulations, such as tegafur-uracil and S-1 (both contain ftorafur), and capecitabine (Xeloda®). Novel drugs such as the antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody, bevacizumab, and the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody, cetuximab, are often combined with one of these treatment options. However, when resistance emerged, no alternatives were available. TAS-102, a combination of trifluorothymidine and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor TPI in a 1:0.5 ratio, is a novel oral formulation, which is active in 5FU-resistant models, both in vitro and in xenograft models. In addition to inhibition of thymidylate synthase, the major mechanism of action of classical fluoropyrimidines, TAS-102's major mechanism of action is incorporation into DNA, thereby causing DNA damage. TAS-102 also follows an alternative activation pathway via thymidine kinase, and is not a substrate for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. All together this explains the efficacy in 5FU-resistant models. In early clinical studies, the twice-daily schedule (5 days on, 2 days rest) for 2 weeks every 4 weeks, led to a significant disease control rate in various malignancies. This schedule showed consistent activity in two randomized trials on fluoropyrimidine refractory colorectal cancer patients, reflected by an increase of 2-3 months in overall survival in the TAS-102 group compared with placebo. Considering the impressive preclinical potential of various combinations TAS-102 has the promise to become an alternative for 5FU-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Yang D, Qu J, Qu X, Cao Y, Xu L, Hou K, Feng W, Liu Y. Gossypol sensitizes the antitumor activity of 5-FU through down-regulation of thymidylate synthase in human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26208739 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2749-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the basic chemotherapeutic agent used to treat colon cancer. However, the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU is limited. Gossypol is a polyphenolic extract of cottonseeds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities and related mechanism of gossypol alone or in combination with 5-FU against human colon carcinoma cells. METHODS The IC50 of gossypol or/and 5-FU in vitro was tested by 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the drug interaction was analyzed using the CalcuSyn method. Cell apoptosis was determined using presidium iodide staining and flow cytometric analysis. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of proteins. Transient transfection method was used to silence protein. RESULTS The IC₅₀ at 48 h of gossypol in colon cancer cells was 26.11 ± 1.04 μmol/L in HT-29 cells, 14.11 ± 1.08 μmol/L in HCT116 cells, and 21.83 ± 1.05 μmol/L in RKO cells. When gossypol was combined with 5-FU, a synergistic cytotoxic effect was observed in HT-29 cells, HCT116 cells, and RKO cells compared with treatment with gossypol or 5-FU alone. The Western blotting results indicated that gossypol down-regulated thymidylate synthase (TS) rather than thymidine phosphorylase protein expression. Furthermore, the mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway was inhibited in gossypol-treated colon cancer cells, and consequently, cyclin D1 expression was decreased, suggesting an additional mechanism of the observed antiproliferative synergistic interactions. All the observation was confirmed by silencing TS and inactivating the mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathway by rapamycin, both of which increased the chemo-sensitizing efficacy of 5-FU. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that gossypol-mediated down-regulation of TS, cyclin D1, and the mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling pathways enhances the anti-tumor effect of 5-FU. Ultimately, our data exposed a new action for gossypol as an enhancer of 5-FU-induced cell growth suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang City, 110122, People's Republic of China
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9
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Phase II study of capecitabine and the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 75:1135-41. [PMID: 25822310 PMCID: PMC4441736 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The combination of an mTOR inhibitor with 5-fluorouracil-based anticancer therapy is attractive because of preclinical evidence of synergy between these drugs. According to our phase I study, the combination of capecitabine and everolimus is safe and feasible, with potential activity in pancreatic cancer patients. Methods Patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were enrolled. Eligible patients had a WHO performance status 0–2 and adequate hepatic and renal functions. The treatment regimen consisted of capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 BID day 1–14 and everolimus 10 mg daily (5 mg BID) in a continuous 21-day schedule. Tumor assessment was performed with CT-scan every three cycles. Primary endpoint was response rate (RR) according to RECIST 1.0. Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival, overall survival and 1-year survival rate. Results In total, 31 patients were enrolled. Median (range) treatment duration with everolimus was 76 days (1–431). Principal grade 3/4 toxicities were hyperglycemia (45 %), hand-foot syndrome (16 %), diarrhea (6 %) and mucositis (3 %). Prominent grade 1/2 toxicities were anemia (81 %), rash (65 %), mucositis (58 %) and fatigue (55 %). RR was 6 %. Ten patients (32 %) had stable disease resulting in a disease control rate of 38 %. Median overall survival was 8.9 months (95 % CI 4.6–13.1). Progression-free survival was 3.6 months (95 % CI 1.9–5.3). Conclusions The oral regimen with the combination of capecitabine and everolimus is a moderately active treatment for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, with an acceptable toxicity profile at the applied dose level.
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10
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Abstract
Tumor treatment and transplantation-associated with unavoidable mandatory immunosuppression-appear to be unreconcilable opposites. The clinical reality shows, however, that transplantation in many early stage primary tumors is the most effective treatment. The essential immunosuppression after transplantation can however promote tumor recurrence. Immunosuppression also leads to a significant increased rate of de novo tumors-in all organ transplant recipients. However, not all immunosuppressant drugs have the same effect on tumors. In experimental and clinical settings, the class of mTOR inhibitors has a clear antitumoral effect and is recommended as the immunosuppression treatment of choice in patients with increased tumor risk. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with the scientific background regarding the clinical problem of tumors and transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/immunology
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/surgery
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/surgery
- Cholangiocarcinoma/chemically induced
- Cholangiocarcinoma/immunology
- Cholangiocarcinoma/surgery
- Colorectal Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/surgery
- Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid/chemically induced
- Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid/immunology
- Hemangioendothelioma, Epithelioid/surgery
- Hepatectomy
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
- Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/secondary
- Liver Neoplasms/surgery
- Liver Transplantation/adverse effects
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/chemically induced
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/surgery
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/chemically induced
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/immunology
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/secondary
- Neuroendocrine Tumors/surgery
- Prognosis
- Transplantation Immunology/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guba
- Klinik für Allgemeine-, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland.
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Elastin-based protein polymer nanoparticles carrying drug at both corona and core suppress tumor growth in vivo. J Control Release 2013; 171:330-8. [PMID: 23714121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous nanocarriers of small molecules depend on either non-specific physical encapsulation or direct covalent linkage. In contrast, this manuscript explores an alternative encapsulation strategy based on high-specificity avidity between a small molecule drug and its cognate protein target fused to the corona of protein polymer nanoparticles. With the new strategy, the drug associates tightly to the carrier and releases slowly, which may decrease toxicity and promote tumor accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. To test this hypothesis, the drug Rapamycin (Rapa) was selected for its potent anti-proliferative properties, which give it immunosuppressant and anti-tumor activity. Despite its potency, Rapa has low solubility, low oral bioavailability, and rapid systemic clearance, which make it an excellent candidate for nanoparticulate drug delivery. To explore this approach, genetically engineered diblock copolymers were constructed from elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) that assemble small (<100nm) nanoparticles. ELPs are protein polymers of the sequence (Val-Pro-Gly-Xaa-Gly)n, where the identity of Xaa and n determine their assembly properties. Initially, a screening assay for model drug encapsulation in ELP nanoparticles was developed, which showed that Rose Bengal and Rapa have high non-specific encapsulation in the core of ELP nanoparticles with a sequence where Xaa=Ile or Phe. While excellent at entrapping these drugs, their release was relatively fast (2.2h half-life) compared to their intended mean residence time in the human body. Having determined that Rapa can be non-specifically entrapped in the core of ELP nanoparticles, FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP), which is the cognate protein target of Rapa, was genetically fused to the surface of these nanoparticles (FSI) to enhance their avidity towards Rapa. The fusion of FKBP to these nanoparticles slowed the terminal half-life of drug release to 57.8h. To determine if this class of drug carriers has potential applications in vivo, FSI/Rapa was administered to mice carrying a human breast cancer model (MDA-MB-468). Compared to free drug, FSI encapsulation significantly decreased gross toxicity and enhanced the anti-cancer activity. In conclusion, protein polymer nanoparticles decorated with the cognate receptor of a high potency, low solubility drug (Rapa) efficiently improved drug loading capacity and its release. This approach has applications to the delivery of Rapa and its analogs; furthermore, this strategy has broader applications in the encapsulation, targeting, and release of other potent small molecules.
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Vara DS, Campanella M, Canobbio I, Dunn WB, Pizzorno G, Hirano M, Pula G. Autocrine amplification of integrin αIIbβ3 activation and platelet adhesive responses by deoxyribose-1-phosphate. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109:1108-19. [PMID: 23494007 DOI: 10.1160/th12-10-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Using direct injection mass spectrometry (DIMS) we discovered that deoxyribose-1-phosphate (dRP) is released by platelets upon activation. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous dRP to human platelets significantly increased platelet aggregation and integrin αIIbβ3 activation in response to thrombin. In parallel, genetically modified platelets with double genetic deletion of thymidine phosphorylase and uridine phosphorylase were characterised by reduced release of dRP, impaired aggregation and decreased integrin αIIbβ3 activation in response to thrombin. In vitro platelet adhesion onto fibrinogen and collagen under physiological flow conditions was potentiated by treatment of human platelets with exogenous dRP and impaired in transgenic platelets with reduced dRP release. Human and mouse platelets responded to dRP treatment with a sizeable increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the pre-treament with the antioxidant apocynin abolished the effect of dRP on aggregation and integrin activation. Experiments directly assessing the activation of the small G protein Rap1b and protein kinase C suggested that dRP increases the basal levels of activity of these two pivotal platelet-activating pathways in a redox-dependent manner. Taken together, we present evidence that dRP is a novel autocrine amplifier of platelet activity, which acts on platelet redox levels and modulates integrin αIIbβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Vara
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Campus, BA2 7AY, Bath, UK.
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Inhibition of substance P-mediated responses in NG108-15 cells by netupitant and palonosetron exhibit synergistic effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 689:25-30. [PMID: 22683863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Netupitant is a potent and selective NK(1) receptor antagonist under development in combination with a fixed dose of palonosetron for the prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. Palonosetron is a 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist approved for both the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting after moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that substance P (SP), a ligand acting largely on tachykinin (NK(1)) receptors, is the dominant mediator of delayed emesis. Interestingly, palonosetron does not bind to the NK(1) receptor so that the mechanism behind palonosetron's unique efficacy against delayed emesis is not clear. Palonosetron exhibits a distinct ability among 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists to inhibit crosstalk between NK(1) and 5-HT(3) receptor signaling pathways. The objective of the current work was to determine if palonosetron's ability to inhibit receptor signaling crosstalk would influence netupitant's inhibition of the SP-mediated response when the two drugs are dosed together. We first studied the inhibition of SP-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in NG108-15 cells by palonosetron, ondansetron and granisetron. Unexpectedly, in the absence of serotonin, palonosetron inhibited the SP-mediated dose response 15-fold; ondansetron and granisetron had no effect. Netupitant also dose-dependently inhibited the SP response as expected from an NK1 receptor antagonist. Importantly, when both palonosetron and netupitant were present, they exhibited an enhanced inhibition of the SP response compared to either of the two antagonists alone. The results further confirm palonosetron's unique pharmacology among 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists and suggest that it can enhance the prevention of delayed emesis provided by NK(1) receptor antagonists.
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Bijnsdorp IV, Peters GJ. Deoxyribose protects against rapamycin-induced cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells in vitro. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 30:1197-202. [PMID: 22132975 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.602657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TPase) is also known as the platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and plays a role in angiogenesis. Deoxyribose (dR; a downstream TPase-product) addition to endothelial cells may stimulate FAK and p70/S6k signaling, which can be inhibited by rapamycin. Rapamycin is a specific mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, a kinase that lies directly upstream of p70/S6k. This suggests a role for TPase in the mTOR/p70/S6k pathway. In order to study this in more detail, we exposed cells with and without TPase expression to dR and rapamycin and determined the effect on cell growth. We observed protection in cytotoxicity in Colo320 cells, but not Colo320 TP1 cells. This was in part mediated by activation of p70/S6k and inhibition of autophagy. Further studies are recommended to elucidate the mechanism behind the protective effect of dR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Deenen MJ, Klümpen HJ, Richel DJ, Sparidans RW, Weterman MJ, Beijnen JH, Schellens JHM, Wilmink JW. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of capecitabine and the oral mTOR inhibitor everolimus in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Invest New Drugs 2011; 30:1557-65. [PMID: 21809026 PMCID: PMC3388253 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-011-9723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Everolimus is an oral mTOR-inhibitor. Preclinical data show synergistic effects of mTOR inhibition in combination with 5-fluorouracil-based anticancer therapy. The combination of everolimus with capecitabine seems therefore an attractive new, orally available, treatment regimen. Patients and methods Safety, preliminary efficacy and pharmacokinetics of everolimus in combination with capecitabine were investigated in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Patients were treated with fixed dose everolimus 10 mg/day continuously, plus capecitabine bid for 14 days in three-weekly cycles. Dose escalation of capecitabine proceeded according to the standard 3 × 3 phase I design in four predefined dose levels (500–1,000 mg/m2 bid). Results In total, 18 patients were enrolled. Median (range) treatment duration with everolimus was 70 days (21–414). Capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2 bid combined with 10 mg/day everolimus was declared the maximum tolerated dose, at which level one patient developed dose-limiting toxicity (stomatitis grade 3). Drug-related adverse events were mostly grade ≤2 and included mainly fatigue (56%), stomatitis (50%), and hand-foot syndrome (33%). Partial response was documented in three patients, and four had stable disease. There was no pharmacokinetic interaction between everolimus and capecitabine. Conclusion Everolimus 10 mg/day continuously combined with capecitabine 1,000 mg/m2 bid for 14 days every 3 weeks is a patient-convenient, safe and tolerable oral treatment regimen. This is the first study to demonstrate feasibility of this combination at doses with proven single agent efficacy in a number of tumors. Prolonged clinical benefit was observed in an encouraging 39% of patients with advanced solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J Deenen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Damien Dorman HJ, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Hiltunen R. Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Evaluation of a Potentilla alba L. Rhizome Extract. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1344-56. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Li S, Zhang B, Zhang N. Network target for screening synergistic drug combinations with application to traditional Chinese medicine. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5 Suppl 1:S10. [PMID: 21689469 PMCID: PMC3121110 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-s1-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multicomponent therapeutics offer bright prospects for the control of complex diseases in a synergistic manner. However, finding ways to screen the synergistic combinations from numerous pharmacological agents is still an ongoing challenge. RESULTS In this work, we proposed for the first time a "network target"-based paradigm instead of the traditional "single target"-based paradigm for virtual screening and established an algorithm termed NIMS (Network target-based Identification of Multicomponent Synergy) to prioritize synergistic agent combinations in a high throughput way. NIMS treats a disease-specific biological network as a therapeutic target and assumes that the relationship among agents can be transferred to network interactions among the molecular level entities (targets or responsive gene products) of agents. Then, two parameters in NIMS, Topology Score and Agent Score, are created to evaluate the synergistic relationship between each given agent combinations. Taking the empirical multicomponent system traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as an illustrative case, we applied NIMS to prioritize synergistic agent pairs from 63 agents on a pathological process instanced by angiogenesis. The NIMS outputs can not only recover five known synergistic agent pairs, but also obtain experimental verification for synergistic candidates combined with, for example, a herbal ingredient Sinomenine, which outperforms the meet/min method. The robustness of NIMS was also showed regarding the background networks, agent genes and topological parameters, respectively. Finally, we characterized the potential mechanisms of multicomponent synergy from a network target perspective. CONCLUSIONS NIMS is a first-step computational approach towards identification of synergistic drug combinations at the molecular level. The network target-based approaches may adjust current virtual screen mode and provide a systematic paradigm for facilitating the development of multicomponent therapeutics as well as the modernization of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST / Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST / Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ningbo Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST / Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Sun M, Si L, Zhai X, Fan Z, Ma Y, Zhang R, Yang X. The influence of co-solvents on the stability and bioavailability of rapamycin formulated in self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:986-94. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.553618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Thymidine phosphorylase in cancer cells stimulates human endothelial cell migration and invasion by the secretion of angiogenic factors. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1185-92. [PMID: 21386840 PMCID: PMC3068508 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is often overexpressed in tumours and has a role in tumour aggressiveness and angiogenesis. Here, we determined whether TP increased tumour invasion and whether TP-expressing cancer cells stimulated angiogenesis. Methods: Angiogenesis was studied by exposing endothelial cells (HUVECs) to conditioned medium (CM) derived from cancer cells with high (Colo320TP1=CT-CM, RT112/TP=RT-CM) and no TP expression after which migration (wound-healing-assay) and invasion (transwell-assay) were determined. The involvement of several angiogenic factors were examined by RT–PCR, ELISA and blocking antibodies. Results: Tumour invasion was not dependent on intrinsic TP expression. The CT-CM and RT-CM stimulated HUVEC-migration and invasion by about 15 and 40%, respectively. Inhibition by 10 μM TPI and 100 μM L-dR, blocked migration and reduced the invasion by 50–70%. Thymidine phosphorylase activity in HUVECs was increased by CT-CM. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed a higher mRNA expression of bFGF (Colo320TP1), IL-8 (RT112/TP) and TNF-α, but not VEGF. Blocking antibodies targeting these factors decreased the migration and invasion that was induced by the CT-CM and RT-CM, except for IL-8 in CT-CM and bFGF in RT-CM. Conclusion: In our cell line panels, TP did not increase the tumour invasion, but stimulated the migration and invasion of HUVECs by two different mechanisms. Hence, TP targeting seems to provide a potential additional strategy in the field of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Perotti A, Locatelli A, Sessa C, Hess D, Viganò L, Capri G, Maur M, Cerny T, Cresta S, Rojo F, Albanell J, Marsoni S, Corradino I, Berk L, Rivera VM, Haluska F, Gianni L. Phase IB study of the mTOR inhibitor ridaforolimus with capecitabine. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4554-61. [PMID: 20855840 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.5867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Synergistic/additive cytotoxicity in tumor models and widespread applicability of fluoropyrimidines in solid tumors prompted the study of the combination of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, non-prodrug rapamycin analog ridaforolimus, with capecitabine. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-two adult patients were treated. Intravenous ridaforolimus was given once weekly for 3 weeks and capecitabine was given from days 1 to 14 every 4 weeks. Ridaforolimus was given at 25, 37.5, 50, or 75 mg with capecitabine at 1,650 mg/m(2) or 1,800 mg/m(2) divided into two daily doses. Pharmacokinetics of both drugs were determined during cycles 1 and 2. Pharmacodynamic studies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and wound tissue of the skin characterized pathways associated with the metabolism or disposition of fluoropyrimidines and mTOR and ERK signaling. RESULTS Two recommended doses (RDs) were defined: 75 mg ridaforolimus/1,650 mg/m(2) capecitabine and 50 mg ridaforolimus/1,800 mg/m(2) capecitabine. Dose-limiting toxicities were stomatitis and skin rash. One patient achieved a partial response lasting 10 months and 10 of 29 evaluable patients had stable disease for ≥ 6 months. The only pharmacokinetic interaction was a ridaforolimus-induced increase in plasma exposure to fluorouracil. PBMC data suggested that prolonged exposure to capecitabine reduced the ridaforolimus inhibition of mTOR. Ridaforolimus influenced the metabolism of fluoropyrimidines and inhibited dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, behavior similar to that of rapamycin. Inhibition of the target thymidylate synthase by capecitabine was unaffected. mTOR and ERK signaling was inhibited in proliferating endothelial cells and was more pronounced at the RD with the larger amount of ridaforolimus. CONCLUSION Good tolerability, feasibility of prolonged treatment, antitumor activity, and favorable pharmacologic profile support further investigation of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Perotti
- Montabone Unit for New Drug Development, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto dei Tumori di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Bijnsdorp IV, Vrijland K, Vroling L, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. Increased migration by stimulation of thymidine phosphorylase in endothelial cells of different origin. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2010; 29:482-7. [PMID: 20544542 DOI: 10.1080/15257771003730201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) catalyzes the phosphorylytic cleavage of thymidine to thymine and deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The latter may be involved in the angiogenic stimulation of TP. In the present study, we investigated whether thymidine and deoxyribose (dR) could stimulate angiogenesis in vitro of two types of endothelial cells (isolated from umbilical veins (HUVEC) and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFC)), and whether the stereoisomer L-deoxyribose (L-dR) and the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI) could reduce this. Both cell types had a low TP activity. Thymidine increased the migration of both HUVECs and ECFCs, but dR only that of the ECFCs. The invasion was not changed by any of the agents tested. In conclusion, TP may play a role in the migration of HUVECs and ECFCs, but not the invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Bijnsdorp IV, Azijli K, Jansen EE, Wamelink MM, Jakobs C, Struys EA, Fukushima M, Kruyt FAE, Peters GJ. Accumulation of thymidine-derived sugars in thymidine phosphorylase overexpressing cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:786-92. [PMID: 20488166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is often overexpressed in cancer and potentially plays a role in the stimulation of angiogenesis. The exact mechanism of angiogenesis induction is unclear, but is postulated to be related to thymidine-derived sugars. TP catalyzes the conversion of thymidine (TdR) to thymine and deoxyribose-1-phosphate (dR-1-P), which can be converted to dR-5-P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) or deoxyribose (dR). However, it is unclear which sugar accumulates in this reaction. Therefore, in the TP overexpressing Colo320 TP1 and RT112/TP cells we determined by LC-MS/MS which sugars accumulated, their subcellular localization (using (3)H-TdR) and whether dR was secreted from the cells. In both TP-overexpressing cell lines, dR-1-P and dR-5-P accumulated intracellularly at high levels and dR was secreted extensively by the cells. A specific inhibitor of TP completely blocked TdR conversion, and thus no sugars were formed. To examine whether these sugars may be used for the production of angiogenic factors or other products, we determined with (3)H-TdR in which subcellular location these sugars accumulated. TdR-derived sugars accumulated in the cytoskeleton and to some extent in the cell membrane, while incorporation into the DNA was responsible for trapping in the nucleus. In conclusion, various metabolic routes were entered, of which the TdR-derived sugars accumulated in the cytoskeleton and membrane. Future studies should focus on which exact metabolic pathway is involved in the induction of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Bijnsdorp
- VU University Medical Center, Department Medical Oncology, De Boelelaan 1117 CCA 1.42, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Shigematsu H, Yoshida K, Sanada Y, Osada S, Takahashi T, Wada Y, Konishi K, Okada M, Fukushima M. Rapamycin enhances chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting the expressions of TS and ERK in gastric cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2716-25. [PMID: 19856312 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the synergistic cytotoxic effects of Docetaxel (TXT) and S-1 in gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo, and the combination regimen is now under phase III clinical trail. In this study, to elucidate whether the rapamycin, the inhibitor of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamaycin), can enhance the potentiation of TXT and 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) in gastric carcinoma cells. Rapamycin inhibited the growth of TMK-1, MKN-28, MKN-45 and MKN-74 cell lines by MTT assay, and it demonstrated the cytostatic effects as G1 arrest shown by flowcytometry. However, the cytotoxic effects of 5-Fu, TXT and cisplatin were enhanced by 2 to 4 times with the concomitant administration of rapamycin. To clarify the mechanism of the potentiation, the expression changes of the enzymes relating DNA metabolism and cell growth signal transduction pathways were examined by western blot analysis. Interestingly, the expression of thymidilate synthase was markedly decreased by the administration of rapamycin in TMK-1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, rapamycin decreased the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and enhanced the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and the activation of caspase of apoptotic pathways in combination with TXT. These results strongly indicate that the mTOR inhibitor can enhance the potentiation of TXT and 5-Fu or S-1 and can serve as a new therapeutic tool for advanced and recurrent gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Shigematsu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hirsoshima University, Japan
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Sessa C, Tosi D, Viganò L, Albanell J, Hess D, Maur M, Cresta S, Locatelli A, Angst R, Rojo F, Coceani N, Rivera VM, Berk L, Haluska F, Gianni L. Phase Ib study of weekly mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor ridaforolimus (AP23573; MK-8669) with weekly paclitaxel. Ann Oncol 2009; 21:1315-1322. [PMID: 19901013 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The additive cytotoxicity in vitro prompted a clinical study evaluating the non-prodrug rapamycin analogue ridaforolimus (AP23573; MK-8669; formerly deforolimus) administered i.v. combined with paclitaxel (PTX; Taxol). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with taxane-sensitive solid tumors were eligible. The main dose escalation foresaw 50% ridaforolimus increments from 25 mg with a fixed PTX dose of 80 mg/m(2), both given weekly 3 weeks in a 4-week cycle. Collateral levels with a lower dose of either drug were planned upon achievement of the maximum tolerated dose in the main escalation. Pharmacodynamic studies in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and skin biopsies and pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction studies at cycles 1 and 2 were carried out. RESULTS Two recommended doses were determined: 37.5 mg ridaforolimus/60 mg/m(2) PTX and 12.5 mg/80 mg/m(2). Most frequent toxic effects were mouth sores (79%), anemia (79%), fatigue (59%), neutropenia (55%) and dermatitis (48%). Two partial responses were observed in pharyngeal squamous cell and pancreatic carcinoma. Eight patients achieved stable disease > or =4 months. No drug interaction emerged from PK studies. Decrease of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein1 (4E-BP1) phosphorylation was shown in PBMCs. Similar inhibition of phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase was present in reparative epidermis and vascular tissues, respectively. CONCLUSION Potential antiangiogenic effects and encouraging antitumor activity justify further development of the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sessa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology I, 'Montabone' Unit for New Drug Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori di Milano, Italy
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Medical Oncology I, 'Montabone' Unit for New Drug Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori di Milano, Italy
| | - L Viganò
- Department of Medical Oncology I, 'Montabone' Unit for New Drug Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori di Milano, Italy
| | - J Albanell
- Department of Medical Oncology, IMAS-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Hess
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Saint Gallen, Switzerland
| | - M Maur
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - S Cresta
- Department of Medical Oncology I, 'Montabone' Unit for New Drug Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori di Milano, Italy
| | - A Locatelli
- Department of Medical Oncology I, 'Montabone' Unit for New Drug Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori di Milano, Italy
| | - R Angst
- Department of Oncology-Hematology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Saint Gallen, Switzerland
| | - F Rojo
- Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Coceani
- Study Management Unit, Southern Europe New Drugs Organization, Milano, Italy
| | - V M Rivera
- Preclinical and Translational Research Unit
| | - L Berk
- Preclinical and Translational Research Unit
| | - F Haluska
- Clinical Research Unit, ARIAD Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - L Gianni
- Department of Medical Oncology I, 'Montabone' Unit for New Drug Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto dei Tumori di Milano, Italy.
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Dumortier J. Effet antitumoral des inhibiteurs du signal de prolifération. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33 Suppl 4:S263-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(09)73164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Bronckaers A, Gago F, Balzarini J, Liekens S. The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy. Med Res Rev 2009; 29:903-53. [PMID: 19434693 PMCID: PMC7168469 DOI: 10.1002/med.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), also known as "platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor" (PD-ECGF), is an enzyme, which is upregulated in a wide variety of solid tumors including breast and colorectal cancers. TP promotes tumor growth and metastasis by preventing apoptosis and inducing angiogenesis. Elevated levels of TP are associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Therefore, TP inhibitors are synthesized in an attempt to prevent tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. TP is also indispensable for the activation of the extensively used 5-fluorouracil prodrug capecitabine, which is clinically used for the treatment of colon and breast cancer. Clinical trials that combine capecitabine with TP-inducing therapies (such as taxanes or radiotherapy) suggest that increasing TP expression is an adequate strategy to enhance the antitumoral efficacy of capecitabine. Thus, TP plays a dual role in cancer development and therapy: on the one hand, TP inhibitors can abrogate the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of TP; on the other, TP activity is necessary for the activation of several chemotherapeutic drugs. This duality illustrates the complexity of the role of TP in tumor progression and in the clinical response to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Gago
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Wagner M, Roh V, Strehlen M, Laemmle A, Stroka D, Egger B, Trochsler M, Hunt KK, Candinas D, Vorburger SA. Effective treatment of advanced colorectal cancer by rapamycin and 5-FU/oxaliplatin monitored by TIMP-1. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:1781-90. [PMID: 19565301 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-009-0948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The mTOR-inhibitor rapamycin has shown antitumor activity in various tumors. Bedside observations have suggested that rapamycin may be effective as a treatment for colorectal carcinomatosis. METHODS We established an orthotopic syngenic model by transplanting CT26 peritoneal tumors in Balb/C mice and an orthotopic xenograft model by transplanting SW620 peritoneal tumors in nu/nu mice. Expression levels of tissue inhibitor of matrix-metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) in the tumor and serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Rapamycin significantly suppressed growth of syngenic and xenografted peritoneal tumors. The effect was similar with intraperitoneal or oral rapamycin administration. Tumor suppression was further enhanced when rapamycin was combined with 5-fluorouracil and/or oxaliplatin. The combination treatment showed no acute toxicity. TIMP-1 serum levels correlated well (CC = 0.75; P < 0.01) with rapamycin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Rapamycin suppressed advanced stage colorectal cancer, even with oral administration. Combining rapamycin with current chemotherapy regimens significantly increased antitumor efficacy without apparent toxicity. The treatment efficacy correlated with serum TIMP-1 levels, suggesting its potential as a surrogate marker in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wagner
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery and Department of Clinical Research, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Meier F, Guenova E, Clasen S, Eigentler T, Forschner A, Leiter U, Zielinski C, Knaudt B, Garbe C, Berneburg M. Significant response after treatment with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in metastatic melanoma patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60:863-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Albertsson P, Lennernäs B, Norrby K. Low-dose continuous 5-fluorouracil infusion stimulates VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:418-25. [PMID: 18932044 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802409512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent. Animal studies have demonstrated that frequent administration of chemotherapeutics may have marked antiangiogenic effects and improved antitumor effects, with less severe toxic side-effects than intermittent maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy. Currently, research focused on low-dose antiangiogenic chemotherapy is increasing. We have recently reported that certain chemotherapeutics, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), may in fact stimulate angiogenesis in the tumor-free rat mesenteric window assay. The aim of the present study was to extend the investigation of the angiogenesis-modulating effects of 5-FU by prolonging the continuous infusion treatment time. METHOD Angiogenesis was induced in the mesenteric test tissue in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by i.p. injection of VEGF-A, which is a key angiogenic factor in most tumors. During the subsequent angiogenesis, 5-FU was delivered continuously for 14 days by an osmotic pump implanted subcutaneously. The angiogenic response was analyzed by morphometry in the mesenteric windows. RESULTS The 14-days continuous infusion of 5-FU significantly stimulated angiogenesis. Thus the possibility that the previously reported surprising proangiogenic effect of 5-FU reflected an insufficiently long treatment period can be ruled out. CONCLUSION The finding that continuously infused 5-FU is able to stimulate angiogenesis in the present rat model of angiogenesis warrants investigation of the mechanisms behind this unexpected finding. It may further have implications for the choice of antiangiogenic chemotherapeutic schedule used for cancer patients.
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Perboni S, Bowers C, Kojima S, Asakawa A, Inui A. Growth hormone releasing peptide 2 reverses anorexia associated with chemotherapy with 5-fluoruracil in colon cancer cell-bearing mice. World J Gastroenterol 2009. [PMID: 19009643 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.6303.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer-associated anorexia-cachexia syndrome is observed in 80% of patients with advanced-stage cancer, and is one of the major obstacles in chemotherapy. Ghrelin is a orexigenic hormone that has been proposed to prevent anorexia. Aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone releasing peptide 2 (GHRP-2) to cytotoxic therapy with 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) prevents the anorexia associated with chemotherapy in cancer cachectic mice. Thirty-three BALB/c female tumour-bearing mice were randomized to receive a solution containing: (a) placebo; (b) GHRP-2; (c) 5-FU; or (d) 5-FU+GHRP-2. Ten BALB/c no tumour-bearing mice received placebo solution. Food intake and survival were checked. Six hours after the drug injection the cumulative food intake was significantly increased in mice treated with the combination of 5-FU+GHRP-2 versus the 5-FU alone (P=0.0096). On day 3, the cumulative food intake of mice treated with GHRP-2, 5-FU and 5-FU+GHRP-2 significantly increased compared with naive and vehicle groups (P=0.0007, P=0.0038 and P=0.0166, respectively). The median survival time was longer in 5-FU+GHRP-2 treated mice than in those with 5-FU, although it was not significant (18 d versus 15.5 d, P=0.7). For the first time, we demonstrated that the addition of GHRP-2 to cytotoxic therapy with 5-FU improved appetite in tumour-bearing mice with anorexia/cachexia syndrome in early stage. These data suggest that GHRP-2 may improve the efficacy of therapy and the quality of life of cancer patients thank to the amelioration of their nutritional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Perboni
- Unità Operativa Day Hospital Area Medicia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Desenzano sul Garda, Ospedale di Manerbio, Brescia, Italy
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Cantini LP, Meier F, Sondak VK, Smalley KS. The future of targeted therapy approaches in melanoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:445-56. [PMID: 23485043 DOI: 10.1517/17460440902828298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past 30 years have seen little improvement in the survival of patients with stage IV melanoma. Following the discovery of activating BRAF mutations in most melanomas, a wealth of preclinical experimentation has validated the BRAF/MAPK pathway as an excellent therapeutic target in melanoma. Despite these encouraging results, early clinical trials on BRAF/MAPK inhibition have been disappointing. OBJECTIVE In the current review, we discuss how differences between the preclinical and clinical settings may influence the response of melanoma cells to BRAF/MEK inhibition. As the BRAF/MEK signaling pathway is not solely responsible for the growth and survival of melanoma cells, we further discuss the therapeutic utility of inhibiting the PI3K/AKT and mTOR pathways both alone and in combination with BRAF/MEK. CONCLUSION In looking ahead to the future, it is likely that new advances in melanoma biology, such as the identification of melanoma stem cells and a greater understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity, may play a role in the design of any future melanoma targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana P Cantini
- The Molecular Oncology Program and Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center, The Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Perboni S, Bowers C, Kojima S, Asakawa A, Inui A. Growth hormone releasing peptide 2 reverses anorexia associated with chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil in colon cancer cell-bearing mice. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:6303-5. [PMID: 19009643 PMCID: PMC2766109 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.6303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer-associated anorexia-cachexia syndrome is observed in 80% of patients with advanced-stage cancer, and is one of the major obstacles in chemotherapy. Ghrelin is a orexigenic hormone that has been proposed to prevent anorexia. Aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone releasing peptide 2 (GHRP-2) to cytotoxic therapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) prevents the anorexia associated with chemotherapy in cancer cachectic mice. Thirty-three BALB/c female tumour-bearing mice were randomized to receive a solution containing: (a) placebo; (b) GHRP-2; (c) 5-FU; or (d) 5-FU + GHRP-2. Ten BALB/c no tumour-bearing mice received placebo solution. Food intake and survival were checked. Six hours after the drug injection the cumulative food intake was significantly increased in mice treated with the combination of 5-FU + GHRP-2 versus the 5-FU alone (P = 0.0096). On day 3, the cumulative food intake of mice treated with GHRP-2, 5-FU and 5-FU + GHRP-2 significantly increased compared with naive and vehicle groups (P = 0.0007, P = 0.0038 and P = 0.0166, respectively). The median survival time was longer in 5-FU + GHRP-2 treated mice than in those with 5-FU, although it was not significant (18 d versus 15.5 d, P = 0.7). For the first time, we demonstrated that the addition of GHRP-2 to cytotoxic therapy with 5-FU improved appetite in tumour-bearing mice with anorexia/cachexia syndrome in early stage. These data suggest that GHRP-2 may improve the efficacy of therapy and the quality of life of cancer patients thank to the amelioration of their nutritional state.
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Yu EJ, Lee Y, Rha SY, Kim TS, Chung HC, Oh BK, Yang WI, Noh SH, Jeung HC. Angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase increases cancer cell invasion activity in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:1554-66. [PMID: 18922971 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the biological role of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an angiogenic factor, in gastric cancer cell migration and invasion and explored a therapeutic approach for high TP-expressing tumors using TP enzymatic inhibitor (TPI) and rapamycin. We established TP cDNA overexpressing gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-45/TP and YCC-3/TP) and did invasion and adhesion assays with Matrigel-coated transwell membranes. The related signal pathway using recombinant human TP (rhTP), deoxy-d-ribose (D-dRib), and signal pathway inhibitors (wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin) was investigated. First, AGS and MKN-1 gastric cancer cell lines showed dose-dependent up-regulation of invasiveness through Matrigel following treatment with rhTP or D-dRib. TP-overexpressing cancer cell lines displayed increased migration and invasion activity, which doubled with rhTP and D-dRib treatment. This activity depended on the enzymatic activity of TP, and TP stimulated the adhesion of cancer cells onto Matrigel and induced actin filament remodeling. Finally, we showed that this activity is related to increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in TP-overexpressing cells and that combination treatment with rapamycin and TP enzymatic inhibitor produces an additive effect to abrogate TP-induced invasion. Taken together, TP increases the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, especially in TP-expressing cells. Therapies targeting TP might diminish the propensity for invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Yu
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bijnsdorp IV, de Bruin M, Laan AC, Fukushima M, Peters GJ. The role of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine phosphorylase in tumor behavior. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:681-91. [PMID: 18600526 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802143988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived endothelial cell growth-factor (PD-ECGF) is similar to the pyrimidine enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (TP). A high TP expression at tumor sites is correlated with tumor growth, induction of angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therefore, high TP is most likely associated with a poor prognosis. TP is not only expressed in tumor cells but also in tumor surrounding tissues, such as tumor infiltrating macrophages. TP catalyzes the conversion of thymidine to thymine and doxyribose-1-phosphate (dR-1-P). The latter in its parent form or in its sugar form, deoxyribose (dR) may play a role in the induction of angiogenesis. It may modulate cellular energy metabolism or be a substrate in a chemical reaction generating reactive oxygen species. L-deoxyribose (L-dR) and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor (TPI) can reverse these effects. The mechanism of TP induction is not yet completely clear, but TNF, IL10 and other cytokines have been clearly shown to induce its expression. The various complex interactions of TP give it an essential role in cellular functioning and, hence, it is an ideal target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Piercarlo Saletti
- Division of Medical Oncology and Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Seeliger H, Guba M, Kleespies A, Jauch KW, Bruns CJ. Role of mTOR in solid tumor systems: a therapeutical target against primary tumor growth, metastases, and angiogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 26:611-21. [PMID: 17713840 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a controller of cell growth with multiple effects on cancer development and progression. Being closely linked to key oncogenic pathways that regulate tumor cell growth and cell cycle progression, mTOR integrates the cellular response to mitogenic and growth stimuli. Rapamycin and its analogs temsirolimus and everolimus are specific inhibitors of mTOR that exert suppressive effects on proliferation, invasion, and metastasis and induce apoptosis of tumor cells. Apart from the direct effects of mTOR inhibitors on tumor cells, rapamycin and its analogs have potent antiangiogenic properties related to the suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor signal transduction. While the use of mTOR inhibitors as a monotherapy seems to be insufficient to effectively control tumor progression in most tumor entities, combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or cytotoxic agents might potentiate the antitumoral effects of mTOR inhibition. In a clinical setting, mTOR inhibitors show an acceptable safety profile over a wide dose range. Currently, mTOR inhibitors are tested in multiple trials in combination with other agents in various cancer entities in intermittent schedules to avoid immunosuppression. However, lacking adequate surrogate and response parameters, the most effective biological dosing schedules remain to be defined. Considering these apparent limitations, the full clinical potential of this promising class of drugs is at risk to be missed by applying them inadequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Seeliger
- Department of Surgery, Munich University - Grosshadern Campus, Marchioninistr. 15, Munich, 81377, Germany.
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Kobayashi S, Kishimoto T, Kamata S, Otsuka M, Miyazaki M, Ishikura H. Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin, suppresses lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:726-33. [PMID: 17425689 PMCID: PMC11158643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor lymphangiogenesis is now known to play a causal role in lymph node metastasis, and thus its inhibition would have great significance for the prevention of lymph node metastasis in cancer therapy. VEGF-C has recently been identified as a key molecule that involved in tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. However, the expressional regulation of VEGF-C is not fully understood. We investigated the role of mTOR, which is a downstream kinase of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, and the MAPK family (MEK1/2, p38, and JNK) in the regulation of VEGF-C and VEGF-A expression in B13LM cells, a lymphatic metastasis-prone pancreatic tumor cell line. We also investigated the antilymphangiogenic effect of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR in vivo using male BALB/c nu/nu mice. VEGF-C expression was inhibited by the inhibitors for mTOR, p38, and JNK, but not by the inhibitor for MEK1/2, whereas VEGF-A expression was inhibited by all four of these inhibitors. The serum starvation-induced expression of VEGF-C was inhibited by rapamycin, whereas that of VEGF-A was incompletely inhibited. The metastatic experiment in vivo demonstrated that the number and the area of lymphatic vessels in the primary tumors were significantly decreased by rapamycin. Finally, the lymph node metastasis was significantly suppressed in rapamycin-treated mice. Our results suggest that mTOR, p38, and JNK play important roles in VEGF-C expression, and that rapamycin has an antilymphangiogentic effect and exerts the expected inhibition of lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Kobayashi
- Departments of Molecular Pathology, and General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Yáñez JA, Forrest ML, Ohgami Y, Kwon GS, Davies NM. Pharmacometrics and delivery of novel nanoformulated PEG-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) micelles of rapamycin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:133-44. [PMID: 17393166 PMCID: PMC2259393 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the pharmacokinetics, tissue, and blood distribution of rapamycin PEG-block-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) micelle formulations with and without the addition of alpha-tocopherol compared to control rapamycin in Tween 80/PEG 400/N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) (7:64:29). METHODS Rapamycin was incorporated at 10% w/w into PEG-b-PCL micelles (5:10 kDa) using a solvent extraction technique. The co-incorporation of 2:1 alpha-tocopherol:PEG-b-PCL was also studied. Rapamycin was quantified utilizing LC/MS in a Waters XTerra MS C18 column with 32-desmethoxyrapamycin as the internal standard. Male Sprague Dawley rats (N = 4 per group; approximately 200 g) were cannulated via the left jugular and dosed intravenously (IV) with the rapamycin control and micelle formulations (10 mg/kg, 1:9 ratio for rapamycin to PEG-b-PCL). For tissue distribution 24 h after IV dosing, whole blood, plasma, red blood cells, and all the representative tissues were collected. The tissues were rapidly frozen under liquid nitrogen and ground to a fine powder. The rapamycin concentrations in plasma and red blood cells were utilized to determine the blood distribution (partition coefficient between plasma and red blood cells). For the determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters, blood, plasma, and urine samples were collected over 48 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using WinNonlin(R) (Version 5.1) software. RESULTS Rapamycin concentrations were considerably less in brain after administration of both micelle formulations compared to a rapamycin in the Tween 80/PEG 400/DMA control group. There was a 2-fold and 1.6-fold increase in the plasma fraction for rapamycin micelles with and without alpha-tocopherol. There was a decrease in volume of distribution for both formulations, an increase in AUC, a decrease in clearance, and increase in half life respectively for rapamycin in PEG-b-PCL + alpha-tocopherol micelles and in PEG-b-PCL micelles. There was no mortality with the micelle formulations compared to 60% mortality with rapamycin in Tween 80/PEG 400/DMA. CONCLUSIONS The decreased distribution into the brain of rapamycin in PEG-b-PCL micelles may ameliorate rapamycin neurotoxicity. Both micelle formulations increase rapamycin distribution in plasma, which could facilitate access into solid tumors. The micellar delivery systems of rapamycin impart in vivo controlled release, resulting in altered disposition, and dramatically reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A. Yáñez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - M. Laird Forrest
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Yusuke Ohgami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Glen S. Kwon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA, e-mail:
| | - Neal M. Davies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA, e-mail:
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Farkas S, Hornung M, Sattler C, Guba M, Steinbauer M, Anthuber M, Herfarth H, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK. Rapamycin decreases leukocyte migration in vivo and effectively reduces experimentally induced chronic colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2006; 21:747-53. [PMID: 16228179 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-005-0793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive calcineurin inhibitors, like cyclosporine (CsA), can be used for the clinical management of severe ulcerative colitis. However, patients treated with CsA are at a risk for developing kidney failure and may be more susceptible to colon cancer. Furthermore, severe neurotoxicity and hypertension are common problems. To avoid the side effects of CsA, new immunosuppressive drugs to treat colitis are needed. The aim of the present study was to test the immunosuppressive mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin in an experimental model of chronic colitis and to compare its effectiveness with CsA. METHODS Chronic colitis was established in Balb/c mice after four feeding cycles of dextran sodium sulfate. Because leukocyte recruitment to sites of intestinal inflammation is crucial for the development of chronic colitis, intravital microscopy was used to study the effect of rapamycin and CsA on leukocyte-endothelium interactions and leukocyte extravasation. To assess the degree of colitis, histological sections were evaluated. RESULTS Both rapamycin and cyclosporine effectively reduced leukocyte sticking (>60%) in submucosal venules, as compared to controls. Furthermore, rapamycin, but not CsA, reduced (>35%) leukocyte extravasation in the mucosa. Both rapamycin and CsA treatments significantly improved the histologic inflammation score. CONCLUSION Our in vivo results demonstrate that rapamycin reduces leukocyte sticking and extravasation during chronic colitis induction and proves to be as effective as CsA at reducing experimental chronic colitis. These results support the use of rapamycin in clinical trials to avoid serious side effects of CsA therapy in chronic colitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Farkas
- Department of Surgery, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Nakajima Y, Haraguchi M, Furukawa T, Yamamoto M, Nakanishi H, Tatematsu M, Akiyama SI. 2-Deoxy-L-ribose inhibits the invasion of thymidine phosphorylase-overexpressing tumors by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-9. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1710-6. [PMID: 16646076 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an enzyme involved in pyrimidine metabolism, is identical with an angiogenic factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor. 2-Deoxy-D-ribose (D-dRib), the degradation product of thymidine generated by TP activity, has been suggested to be a downstream mediator of TP function. 2-Deoxy-L-ribose (L-dRib), a stereoisomer of D-dRib, inhibited the promotion of angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis by TP. In our study, we have shown that nude mice inoculated with TP-overexpressing KB/TP cells had shorter survival times than those injected with control KB/CV cells. KB/TP tumors were also more highly invasive than KB/CV tumors in mice. The expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in KB/TP tumors were significantly higher than those in KB/CV tumors. L-dRib and a TP inhibitior, TPI, extended the survival period of KB/TP tumor-bearing mice. L-dRib also reduced MMP-9 mRNA levels in KB/TP tumors. Furthermore, L-dRib suppressed the mRNA level of MMP-9 in cultured KB/TP cells, and the invasive activity of the cells. L-dRib may be useful for the suppression of invasion of TP-expressing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Field of Oncology, Course of Advanced Therapeutics,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
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Hartmann B, Schmid G, Graeb C, Bruns CJ, Fischereder M, Jauch KW, Heeschen C, Guba M. Biochemical monitoring of mTOR inhibitor-based immunosuppression following kidney transplantation: a novel approach for tailored immunosuppressive therapy. Kidney Int 2006; 68:2593-8. [PMID: 16316335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive therapy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors requires a fine balance between allograft maintenance and drug-related side effects. METHODS In this study we examined the feasibility of monitoring TOR inhibitor-based immunosuppression by assessment of the phosphorylation status at the Thr(389) site of the p70S6 kinase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). At total of 36 patients with renal transplants and 8 healthy controls were enrolled. RESULTS We found that sirolimus treatment was associated with a pronounced inhibition of p70S6 kinase phosphorylation, as compared to healthy donors or otherwise immunosuppressed patients. In sirolimus-treated patients, phosphorylation of the p70S6 kinase was significantly inhibited when sirolimus trough levels were > 6 ng/mL. In contrast, for trough levels <6 ng/mL, the degree of inhibition of p70S6 kinase phosphorylation showed a high degree of interindividual variability. We recorded a total of five clinical relevant rejection episodes in this patient category. Intriguingly, rejecters uniformly maintained a high degree of phosphorylation independent of the sirolimus trough level whereas non-rejecters showed a significant inhibition of phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Therefore, the phosphorylation status of the p70S6 kinase appears to provide more relevant information on the desired effect of sirolimus in target cells as compared to trough level measurements. Moreover, this assay provides an opportunity to safely titer down sirolimus levels to avoid overimmunosuppression and, on the other hand, to identify patients with insufficient TOR inhibitor therapy that are at risk for rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Hartmann
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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43
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Kinuya S, Yokoyama K, Fukuoka M, Mori H, Shiba K, Watanabe N, Shuke N, Michigishi T, Tonami N. Anti-angiogenic therapy and chemotherapy affect 99mTc sestamibi and 99mTc-HL91 accumulation differently in tumour xenografts. Nucl Med Commun 2005; 26:1067-73. [PMID: 16264352 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200512000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Favourable effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy for tumours are characterized by the reduced accumulation of radiotracers such as 99mTc sestamibi (MIBI). Anti-angiogenic therapy is primarily cytostatic; consequently, its influence on tracer accumulation may differ from that of cytotoxic treatments. METHODS Anti-angiogenic therapy employing 2-methoxyestradiol was administered in mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of LS180 colon cancer cells. The effects of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil were examined as a cytotoxic counterpart. Treatments were conducted for 4 days from day 8. Distribution of 99mTc-MIBI and Tc-HL91, a hypoxic marker, was observed on days 8 and 12. Oxygen tension (PO2) in tumours was measured by a microelectrode. Cellular uptake of tracers was examined in vitro in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. RESULTS 99mTc-MIBI accumulation decreased with increasing tumour weight when no treatment was conducted. Tumour growth was suppressed by anti-angiogenic therapy and chemotherapy. 99mTc-MIBI accumulation in tumours decreased after chemotherapy as compared to pre-therapeutic values, whereas accumulation of 99mTc-HL91 increased. In contrast, accumulation of tracers did not significantly change after anti-angiogenic therapy as compared to that observed pre-therapeutically. Tumour PO2 decreased with increasing tumour volume when no treatment was conducted. Chemotherapy reduced PO2 in tumours. PO2 in tumours treated with anti-angiogenic therapy was as high as that observed before treatment. 2-Methoxyestradiol or 5-fluorouracil did not significantly affect tracer accumulation in cells under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that scintigraphic assessment of therapeutic efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy should be performed from a perspective distinct from that of cytotoxic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Kinuya
- Department of Biotracer Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Forrest ML, Won CY, Malick AW, Kwon GS. In vitro release of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin from poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) micelles. J Control Release 2005; 110:370-377. [PMID: 16298448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An injectable formulation of rapamycin was prepared using amphiphilic block co-polymer micelles of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL). Drug-loaded PEG-PCL micelles were prepared by a co-solvent extraction technique. Resulting PEG-PCL micelles were less than 100 nm in diameter and contained rapamycin at 7% to 10% weight and >1 mg/mL. PEG-PCL micelles released rapamycin over several days, t50% 31 h, with no burst release; however, physiological concentrations of serum albumin increased the release rate 3-fold. Alpha-tocopherol, vitamin E, was co-incorporated into PEG-PCL micelles and increased the efficiency of rapamycin encapsulation. The addition of alpha-tocopherol also slowed the release of rapamycin from PEG-PCL micelles in the presence of serum albumin, t50% 39 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laird Forrest
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA
| | | | | | - Glen S Kwon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA.
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Guba M, Yezhelyev M, Eichhorn ME, Schmid G, Ischenko I, Papyan A, Graeb C, Seeliger H, Geissler EK, Jauch KW, Bruns CJ. Rapamycin induces tumor-specific thrombosis via tissue factor in the presence of VEGF. Blood 2005; 105:4463-9. [PMID: 15671443 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-09-3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that target and disrupt the already-formed vessel networks of growing tumors are actively pursued. The goal of these approaches is to induce a rapid shutdown of the vascular function of the tumor so that blood flow is arrested and tumor cell death occurs. Here we show that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin, when administered to tumor-bearing mice, selectively induced extensive local microthrombosis of the tumor microvasculature. Importantly, rapamycin administration had no detectable effect on the peritumoral or normal tissue. Intravital microscopy analysis of tumors implanted into skinfold chambers revealed that rapamycin led to a specific shutdown of initially patent tumor vessels. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–induced tissue factor expression was strongly enhanced by rapamycin. We further show by Western blot analysis that rapamycin interferes with a negative feedback mechanism controlling this pathologic VEGF-mediated tissue factor expression. This thrombogenic alteration of the endothelial cells was confirmed in a one-step coagulation assay. The circumstance that VEGF is up-regulated in most tumors may explain the remarkable selectivity of tumor vessel thrombosis under rapamycin therapy. Taken together, these data suggest that rapamycin, besides its known antiangiogenic properties, has a strong tumor-specific, antivascular effect in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Guba
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. markus.guba@.med.uni-muenchen.de
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Thymidine phosphorylase (platelet-derived endothelial-cell growth factor) in cancer biology and treatment. Lancet Oncol 2005; 6:158-66. [PMID: 15737832 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(05)01766-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is often induced in the tumour microenvironment by physiological and chemical stress. Its induction protects cells from apoptosis and helps cell survival by stimulating nucleoside metabolism and angiogenesis. Chemotherapy often upregulates TP, which acts in cell rescue; this result indicates that TP is a crucial therapeutic target. Clinical trials for metastatic diseases have shown that TP-targeting chemotherapy with fluorouracil derivatives greatly improves the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy for not only response but also prognosis. This new idea, the improvement of TP-inducible therapy with TP-targeting therapy, should be further investigated for early disease states, and inhibitors of TP warrant extensive investigation.
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Koehl GE, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK. Rapamycin and tumor growth: mechanisms behind its anticancer activity. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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49
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Akiyama SI, Furukawa T, Sumizawa T, Takebayashi Y, Nakajima Y, Shimaoka S, Haraguchi M. The role of thymidine phosphorylase, an angiogenic enzyme, in tumor progression. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:851-7. [PMID: 15546501 PMCID: PMC11159696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb02193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an enzyme involved in pyrimidine metabolism, is identical with an angiogenic factor, platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). TP is overexpressed in various tumors and plays an important role in angiogenesis, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. The enzymatic activity of TP is required for the angiogenic effect of TP. A novel, specific TP inhibitor, TPI, inhibits angiogenesis induced by overexpression of TP in KB/TP cells (human KB epidermoid carcinoma cells transfected with TP cDNA), as well as the growth and metastasis of KB/TP cells in vivo. 2-deoxy-D-ribose, the degradation product of thymidine generated by TP activity, has both angiogenic and chemotactic activity. Both 2-deoxy-D-ribose and TP inhibit a hypoxia-induced apoptotic pathway. These findings suggest that 2-deoxy-D-ribose is a downstream mediator of TP function. 2-deoxy-L-ribose, a stereoisomer of 2-deoxy-D-ribose, inhibits the promotion of angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis by TP. Although the mechanism of the action of 2-deoxy-D-ribose is still unknown, 2-deoxy-L-ribose may inhibit the physiological activities of 2-deoxy-D-ribose, and consequently those of TP. Inhibition of TP activity and function appears to be a promising approach for the chemotherapy of various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Akiyama
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Course of Advanced Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544.
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Koehl GE, Andrassy J, Guba M, Richter S, Kroemer A, Scherer MN, Steinbauer M, Graeb C, Schlitt HJ, Jauch KW, Geissler EK. Rapamycin protects allografts from rejection while simultaneously attacking tumors in immunosuppressed mice. Transplantation 2004; 77:1319-26. [PMID: 15167584 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200405150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is an increasingly recognized problem associated with immunosuppression. Recent reports, however, suggest that the immunosuppressive agent rapamycin has anti-cancer properties that could address this problem. Thus far, rapamycin's effects on immunity and cancer have been studied separately. Here we tested the effects of rapamycin, versus cyclosporine A (CsA), on established tumors in mice simultaneously bearing a heart allograft. In one tumor-transplant model, BALB/c mice received subcutaneous syngenic CT26 colon adenocarcinoma cells 7 days before C3H ear-heart transplantation. Rapamycin or CsA treatment was initiated with transplantation. In a second model system, a B16 melanoma was established in C57BL/6 mice that received a primary vascularized C3H heart allograft. In vitro angiogenic effects of rapamycin and CsA were tested in an aortic ring assay. Results show that CT26 tumors grew for 2 weeks before tumor complications occurred. However, rapamycin protected allografts, inhibited tumor growth, and permitted animal survival. In contrast, CsA-treated mice succumbed to advancing tumors, albeit with a functioning allograft. Rapamycin's antitumor effect also functioned in severe combined immunodeficient BALB/c mice. Similar effects of the drugs occurred with B16 melanomas and primary vascularized C3H allografts in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, in this model, rapamycin inhibited the tumor growth-enhancing effects of CsA. Moreover, in vitro experiments showed that CsA promotes angiogenesis by a transforming growth factor-beta-related mechanism, and that this effect is abrogated by rapamycin. This study demonstrates that rapamycin simultaneously protects allografts from rejection and attacks tumors in a complex transplant-tumor situation. Notably, CsA protects allografts from rejection, but cancer progression is promoted in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun E Koehl
- Department of Surgery, The University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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