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Martínez LE, Magpantay LI, Guo Y, Hegde P, Detels R, Hussain SK, Epeldegui M. Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1259007. [PMID: 37809067 PMCID: PMC10556683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures secreted into the extracellular milieu by cells and can carry bioactive molecules. There is emerging evidence suggesting that EVs play a role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of certain cancers. In this study, we investigate the association of EVs bearing PD-L1 and molecules important in B-cell activation and differentiation with AIDS-NHL risk. Methods EVs were isolated from archived serum collected prior to the diagnosis of AIDS-NHL in cases (N = 51) and matched HIV+ controls (N = 52) who were men enrolled in the Los Angeles site of the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). Serum specimens of AIDS-NHL cases were collected at a mean time of 1.25 years (range of 2 to 36 months) prior to an AIDS-NHL diagnosis. The expression of PD-L1 and other molecules on EVs (CD40, CD40L, TNF-RII, IL-6Rα, B7-H3, ICAM-1, and FasL) were quantified by Luminex multiplex assay. Results and discussion We observed significantly higher levels of EVs bearing PD-L1, CD40, TNF-RII and/or IL-6Rα in AIDS-NHL cases compared with controls. Using multivariate conditional logistic regression models adjusted for age and CD4+ T-cell count, we found that EVs bearing PD-L1 (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.10 - 3.38), CD40 (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.09 - 3.58), TNF-RII (OR = 5.06; 95% CI: 1.99 - 12.85) and/or IL-6Rα (OR = 4.67; 95% CI: 1.40 - 15.53) were significantly and positively associated with AIDS-NHL risk. In addition, EVs bearing these molecules were significantly and positively associated with non-CNS lymphoma: PD-L1 (OR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.01 - 3.72); CD40 (OR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.12 - 6.35); TNF-RII (OR = 9.64; 95% CI: 2.52 - 36.86); IL-6Rα (OR = 8.34; 95% CI: 1.73 - 40.15). These findings suggest that EVs bearing PD-L1, CD40, TNF-RII and/or IL-6Rα could serve as biomarkers for the early detection of NHL in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yu Guo
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Priya Hegde
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Roger Detels
- Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shehnaz K Hussain
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Martínez LE, Lensing S, Chang D, Magpantay LI, Mitsuyasu R, Ambinder RF, Sparano JA, Martínez-Maza O, Epeldegui M. Plasma extracellular vesicles bearing PD-L1, CD40, CD40L or TNF-RII are significantly reduced after treatment of AIDS-NHL. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9185. [PMID: 35655072 PMCID: PMC9163074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that tumor cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry bioactive cell surface markers, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which can modulate immune responses and inhibit anti-tumor responses, potentially playing a role in lymphomagenesis and in promoting the growth of these cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of EVs expressing cell surface molecules associated with B cell activation and immune regulation. We measured levels of EVs derived from plasma from 57 subjects with AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL) enrolled in the AIDS Malignancies Consortium (AMC) 034 clinical trial at baseline and post-treatment with rituximab plus concurrent infusional EPOCH chemotherapy. We found that plasma levels of EVs expressing PD-L1, CD40, CD40L or TNF-RII were significantly reduced after cancer treatment. AIDS-NHL patients with the diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) tumor subtype had decreased plasma levels of EVs bearing PD-L1, compared to those with Burkitt's lymphoma. CD40, CD40L and TNF-RII-expressing EVs showed a significant positive correlation with plasma levels of IL-10, CXCL13, sCD25, sTNF-RII and IL-18. Our results suggest that patients with AIDS-NHL have higher levels of EVs expressing PD-L1, CD40, CD40L or TNF-RII in circulation before cancer treatment and that levels of these EVs are associated with levels of biomarkers of microbial translocation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Biomedical Sciences Research Building Room 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shelly Lensing
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Di Chang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Biomedical Sciences Research Building Room 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Mitsuyasu
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Biomedical Sciences Research Building Room 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Biomedical Sciences Research Building Room 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Biomedical Sciences Research Building Room 173, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wang SS, Zhong C, Epeldegui M, Nunes S, Magpantay L, DeHart JC, Hurley S, Goldberg D, Martinez E, Lacey JV, Martinez-Maza O, Reynolds P. Host characteristics associated with serologic inflammatory biomarkers in women. Cytokine 2022; 149:155726. [PMID: 34666235 PMCID: PMC8680201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that exposure to low-grade inflammation may be associated with adverse health outcomes. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study within the California Teachers Study prospective cohort, among female participants who had completed a questionnaire that asked about their health behaviors (e.g., diabetes, physical activity, body mass index, medication use) and who had donated blood within a year of their questionnaire. 822 women with stored serum were evaluated for 16 immune biomarkers. In addition, four immune pathways were constructed: Th1, pro-inflammatory/macrophage activation, B-cell activation, and T-cell activation. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between host characteristics and immune biomarkers were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULT Compared to women of a normal BMI, obese women (>30 kg/m2) were positively associated with sTNFR2, CD27, IL6, CXCL13, sIL-2Rα, and IL6Ra levels above the median, with odds ratios ranging from 1.5 to 6.0. The pro-inflammatory/macrophage activation pathway was positively associated with diabetes (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.14-3.95), fueled by individual associations between diabetes and sTNF-R2, TNFα and sCD27. Physical activity was inversely associated with sTNF-R2, TNFα, CXCL13, IL6, IL10, and IFN-γ levels, particularly for the highest category of activity (5.88+ hours/week) (ORs = 0.32-0.69). In pathway-based analyses, the Th1 pathway which includes decreased levels of IL4 and IL10 was positively associated with elevated physical activity (OR = 1.5). In contrast, the pro-inflammatory, B- and T-cell activation pathways were positively associated with higher BMI (OR ranging from 1.6 to 3) and inversely associated with increasing levels of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Several host characteristics were associated with circulating levels of immune biomarkers, including markers of inflammation. Further understanding of associations between immune marker profiles with human disease are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia S Wang
- Division of Health Analytics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Charlie Zhong
- Eugene and Ruth Roberts Academy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | | | - Sarah Nunes
- Eugene and Ruth Roberts Academy, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA; Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Susan Hurley
- University of California San Francisco, CA, USA; Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, CA, USA
| | | | | | - James V Lacey
- Division of Health Analytics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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Lievin R, Hendel-Chavez H, Baldé A, Lancar R, Algarte-Génin M, Krzysiek R, Costagliola D, Assoumou L, Taoufik Y, Besson C. Increased Production of B-Cell Activating Cytokines and Altered Peripheral B-Cell Subset Distribution during HIV-Related Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010128. [PMID: 35008292 PMCID: PMC8750095 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Patients with HIV are at high risk of developing Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This is potentially due to alterations in blood circulating B-lymphocytes and their activating cytokines. We analyzed the distribution of circulating B-lymphocytes and the level of the activating cytokines IL6, IL10 and BAFF in 38 patients with HIV-related Hodgkin’s lymphoma during a 2-year follow-up. We also compared their characteristics at diagnosis with (1) pre-diagnosis serum samples and (2) samples from control HIV-infected subjects without lymphoma. We found an increase in activating cytokines in cases compared to controls. The level of activating cytokines increased in advanced lymphoma. It decreased over time during follow-up. B-lymphocytic count was similar between patients and controls, but their subset distribution differed. There was an overrepresentation of naive B-lymphocytes over memory B-lymphocytes in HIV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma patients, more pronounced in those with advanced lymphoma. Follow-up showed an increase in B-lymphocytic count with an even greater proportion of naive B-cells. Together this suggests that in HIV-infected patients, Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with an altered blood distribution of B-lymphocytic subsets and an increased production of activating cytokines. This environment may contribute to the process of tumorigenesis. Abstract Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma incidence increases in HIV-1-infected patients (HIV-cHL). HIV infection is associated with higher B-cell activation. Here, in 38 HIV-cHL patients from the French cohort ANRS-CO16 Lymphovir, we examined longitudinally over 24 months the serum levels of the B-cell activating cytokines IL10, IL6, and BAFF, and blood distribution of B-cell subsets. Fourteen HIV-cHL patients were also compared to matched HIV-infected controls without cHL. IL10, IL6, and BAFF levels were higher in HIV-cHL patients than in controls (p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, and p < 0.0001, respectively). Cytokine levels increased in patients with advanced-stage lymphoma compared to those with limited-stage (p = 0.002, p = 0.03, and p = 0.01, respectively). Cytokine levels significantly decreased following HIV-cHL diagnosis and treatment. Blood counts of whole B-cells were similar in HIV-cHL patients and controls, but the distribution of B-cell subsets was different with higher ratios of naive B-cells over memory B-cells in HIV-cHL patients. Blood accumulation of naive B-cells was more marked in patients with advanced cHL stages (p = 0.06). During the follow-up, total B-cell counts increased (p < 0.0001), and the proportion of naive B-cells increased further (p = 0.04). Together the results suggest that in HIV-infected patients, cHL is associated with a particular B-cell-related environment that includes increased production of B-cell-activating cytokines and altered peripheral distribution of B-cell subsets. This B-cell-related environment may fuel the process of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Lievin
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France;
| | - Houria Hendel-Chavez
- Service d’Hématologie et Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.H.-C.); (R.K.); (Y.T.)
- INSERM 1186, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aliou Baldé
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1136, 75646 Paris, France; (A.B.); (R.L.); (M.A.-G.); (D.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Rémi Lancar
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1136, 75646 Paris, France; (A.B.); (R.L.); (M.A.-G.); (D.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Michèle Algarte-Génin
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1136, 75646 Paris, France; (A.B.); (R.L.); (M.A.-G.); (D.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Roman Krzysiek
- Service d’Hématologie et Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.H.-C.); (R.K.); (Y.T.)
- INSERM 1186, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Dominique Costagliola
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1136, 75646 Paris, France; (A.B.); (R.L.); (M.A.-G.); (D.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Lambert Assoumou
- Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, IPLESP, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1136, 75646 Paris, France; (A.B.); (R.L.); (M.A.-G.); (D.C.); (L.A.)
| | - Yassine Taoufik
- Service d’Hématologie et Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (H.H.-C.); (R.K.); (Y.T.)
- INSERM 1186, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Caroline Besson
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital of Versailles, 78150 Le Chesnay, France;
- Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM Unit 1018, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Correspondence:
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Martínez LE, Lensing S, Chang D, Magpantay LI, Mitsuyasu R, Ambinder RF, Sparano JA, Martínez-Maza O, Epeldegui M. Immune Activation and Microbial Translocation as Prognostic Biomarkers for AIDS-Related Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in the AMC-034 Study. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4642-4651. [PMID: 34131000 PMCID: PMC8364886 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ARL) is the most common cancer in HIV-infected individuals in the United States and other countries in which HIV-positive persons have access to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Our prior work showed that pretreatment/postdiagnosis plasma levels of some cytokines, such as IL6, IL10, and CXCL13, have the potential to serve as indicators of clinical response to treatment and survival in ARL. The aims of this study were to identify novel prognostic biomarkers for response to treatment and/or survival in persons with ARL, including biomarkers of microbial translocation and inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We quantified plasma levels of several biomarkers (sCD14, LBP, FABP2, EndoCab IgM, IL18, CCL2/MCP-1, sCD163, IP-10/CXCL10, TARC/CCL17, TNFα, BAFF/BLyS, sTNFRII, sCD44, and sIL2Rα/sCD25) by multiplexed immunometric assays (Luminex) or ELISA in plasma specimens obtained from ARL patients enrolled in the AMC-034 trial, which compared infusional combination chemotherapy (EPOCH: etoposide, vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone) with concurrent or sequential rituximab. Plasma was collected prior to the initiation of therapy (n = 57) and after treatment initiation (n = 55). RESULTS We found that several biomarkers decreased significantly after treatment, including TNFα, sCD25, LBP, and TARC (CCL17). Moreover, pretreatment plasma levels of BAFF, sCD14, sTNFRII, and CCL2/MCP-1 were univariately associated with overall survival, and pretreatment levels of BAFF, sTNFRII, and CCL2/MCP-1 were also associated with progression-free survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that patients with ARL who responded to therapy had lower pretreatment levels of inflammation and microbial translocation as compared with those who did not respond optimally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shelly Lensing
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Di Chang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ronald Mitsuyasu
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Richard F Ambinder
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph A Sparano
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Bekele Feyissa Y, Chiodi F, Sui Y, Berzofsky JA. The Role of CXCL13 in Antibody Responses to HIV-1 Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638872. [PMID: 33732259 PMCID: PMC7959754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL13 signals through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR5 to drive development of secondary lymphoid tissue as well as B cell and Tfh cell trafficking to germinal centers (GC), which leads to the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells and memory B cells. CXCL13 has been proposed as a general plasma biomarker for GC activities. In HIV-1 infected individuals, plasma CXCL13 levels have been associated with the rate of disease progression to AIDS. Moreover, CXCL13 production has been reported to be increased in HIV-1-infected lymph nodes, which may drive increased downregulation of CXCR5. In this review, we address the role of CXCL13 in HIV-1 infected individuals with regard to GC formation, generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies after infection and vaccination, and AIDS-related B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Bekele Feyissa
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Horspool AM, Kieffer T, Russ BP, DeJong MA, Wolf MA, Karakiozis JM, Hickey BJ, Fagone P, Tacker DH, Bevere JR, Martinez I, Barbier M, Perrotta PL, Damron FH. Interplay of Antibody and Cytokine Production Reveals CXCL13 as a Potential Novel Biomarker of Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection. mSphere 2021; 6:e01324-20. [PMID: 33472985 PMCID: PMC7845617 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01324-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is impacting the global population. This study was designed to assess the interplay of antibodies with the cytokine response in SARS-CoV-2 patients. We demonstrate that significant levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody to receptor binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid, and spike S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 develop over the first 10 to 20 days of infection. The majority of patients produced antibodies against all three antigens (219/255 SARS-CoV-2+ patient specimens, 86%), suggesting a broad response to viral proteins. Antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 antigens were different based on patient mortality, sex, blood type, and age. Analyses of these findings may help explain variation in immunity between these populations. To better understand the systemic immune response, we analyzed the levels of 20 cytokines by SARS-CoV-2 patients throughout infection. Cytokine analysis of SARS-CoV-2+ patients exhibited increases in proinflammatory markers (interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-8, IL-18, and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) and chemotactic markers (IP-10 and eotaxin) relative to healthy individuals. Patients who succumbed to infection produced decreased IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), GRO-α, and MIP-1α relative to patients who survived infection. We also observed that the chemokine CXCL13 was particularly elevated in patients who succumbed to infection. CXCL13 is involved in B cell activation, germinal center development, and antibody maturation, and we observed that CXCL13 levels in blood trended with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. Furthermore, patients who succumbed to infection produced high CXCL13 and had a higher ratio of nucleocapsid to RBD antibodies. This study provides insights into SARS-CoV-2 immunity implicating the magnitude and specificity of response in relation to patient outcomes.IMPORTANCE The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is continuing to impact the global population, and knowledge of the immune response to COVID-19 is still developing. This study assesses the interplay of different parts of the immune system during COVID-19 disease. We demonstrate that COVID-19 patients produce antibodies to three proteins of the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) and identify many other immunological proteins that are involved during infection. The data suggest that one of these proteins (CXCL13) may be a novel biomarker for severe COVID-19 that can be readily measured in blood. This information combined with our broad-scale analysis of immune activity during COVID-19 provides new information on the immunological response throughout the course of disease and identifies a novel potential marker for assessing disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Horspool
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Theodore Kieffer
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brynnan P Russ
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Megan A DeJong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M Allison Wolf
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Karakiozis
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brice J Hickey
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Danyel H Tacker
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Justin R Bevere
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ivan Martinez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Peter L Perrotta
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - F Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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8
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Seltzer J, Moorad R, Schifano JM, Landis JT, Dittmer DP. Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase (IRAK) Signaling in Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Induced Primary Effusion Lymphoma. J Virol 2020; 94:e02123-19. [PMID: 32161170 PMCID: PMC7199399 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02123-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is necessary but not sufficient for primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) development. Alterations in cellular signaling pathways are also a characteristic of PEL. Other B cell lymphomas have acquired an oncogenic mutation in the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88) gene. The MYD88 L265P mutant results in the activation of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK). To probe IRAK/MYD88 signaling in PEL, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate stable deletion clones in BCBL-1Cas9 and BC-1Cas9 cells. To look for off-target effects, we determined the complete exome of the BCBL-1Cas9 and BC-1Cas9 cells. Deletion of either MYD88, IRAK4, or IRAK1 abolished interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) signaling; however, we were able to grow stable subclones from each population. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of IRAK4 knockout cell lines (IRAK4 KOs) showed that the IRAK pathway induced cellular signals constitutively, independent of IL-1β stimulation, which was abrogated by deletion of IRAK4. Transient complementation with IRAK1 increased NF-κB activity in MYD88 KO, IRAK1 KO, and IRAK4 KO cells even in the absence of IL-1β. IL-10, a hallmark of PEL, was dependent on the IRAK pathway, as IRAK4 KOs showed reduced IL-10 levels. We surmise that, unlike B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, MYD88/IRAK signaling is constitutively active in PEL, but that under cell culture conditions, PEL rapidly became independent of this pathway.IMPORTANCE One hundred percent of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cases are associated with Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). PEL cell lines, such as BCBL-1, are the workhorse for understanding this human oncovirus and the host pathways that KSHV dysregulates. Understanding their function is important for developing new therapies as well as identifying high-risk patient groups. The myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88)/interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) pathway, which has progrowth functions in other B cell lymphomas, has not been fully explored in PEL. By performing CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) studies targeting the IRAK pathway in PEL, we were able to determine that established PEL cell lines can circumvent the loss of IRAK1, IRAK4, and MYD88; however, the deletion clones are deficient in interleukin-10 (IL-10) production. Since IL-10 suppresses T cell function, this suggests that the IRAK pathway may serve a function in vivo and during early-stage development of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedediah Seltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Razia Moorad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason M Schifano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin T Landis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Epeldegui M, Conti DV, Guo Y, Cozen W, Penichet ML, Martínez-Maza O. Elevated numbers of PD-L1 expressing B cells are associated with the development of AIDS-NHL. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9371. [PMID: 31253857 PMCID: PMC6599055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is markedly increased in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and remains elevated in those on anti-retroviral therapy (cART). Both the loss of immunoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected cells, as well as chronic B-cell activation, are believed to contribute to the genesis of AIDS-related NHL (AIDS-NHL). However, the mechanisms that lead to AIDS-NHL have not been completely defined. A subset of B cells that is characterized by the secretion of IL10, as well as the expression of the programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1/CD274), was recently described. These PD-L1+ B cells can exert regulatory function, including the dampening of T-cell activation, by interacting with the program cell death protein (PD1) on target cells. The role of PD-L1+ B cells in the development of AIDS-NHL has not been explored. We assessed B cell PD-L1 expression on B cells preceding AIDS-NHL diagnosis in a nested case-control study of HIV+ subjects who went on to develop AIDS-NHL, as well as HIV+ subjects who did not, using multi-color flow cytometry. Archival frozen viable PBMC were obtained from the UCLA Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). It was seen that the number of CD19+CD24++CD38++and CD19+PD-L1+cells was significantly elevated in cases 1-4 years prior to AIDS-NHL diagnosis, compared to controls, raising the possibility that these cells may play a role in the etiology of AIDS-NHL. Interestingly, most PD-L1+ expression on CD19+ cells was seen on CD19+CD24++CD38++ cells. In addition, we showed that HIV can directly induce PD-L1 expression on B cells through interaction of virion-associated CD40L with CD40 on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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10
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Zafeiris D, Vadakekolathu J, Wagner S, Pockley AG, Ball GR, Rutella S. Discovery and application of immune biomarkers for hematological malignancies. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:983-1000. [PMID: 28927305 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1381560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hematological malignancies originate and progress in primary and secondary lymphoid organs, where they establish a uniquely immune-suppressive tumour microenvironment. Although high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic approaches are being employed to interrogate immune surveillance and escape mechanisms in patients with solid tumours, and to identify actionable targets for immunotherapy, our knowledge of the immunological landscape of hematological malignancies, as well as our understanding of the molecular circuits that underpin the establishment of immune tolerance, is not comprehensive. Areas covered: This article will discuss how multiplexed immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry/mass cytometry, proteomic and genomic techniques can be used to dynamically capture the complexity of tumour-immune interactions. Moreover, the analysis of multi-dimensional, clinically annotated data sets obtained from public repositories such as Array Express, TCGA and GEO is crucial to identify immune biomarkers, to inform the rational design of immune therapies and to predict clinical benefit in individual patients. We will also highlight how artificial neural network models and alternative methodologies integrating other algorithms can support the identification of key molecular drivers of immune dysfunction. Expert commentary: High-dimensional technologies have the potential to enhance our understanding of immune-cancer interactions and will support clinical decision making and the prediction of therapeutic benefit from immune-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Zafeiris
- a John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, College of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Jayakumar Vadakekolathu
- a John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, College of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wagner
- a John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, College of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- a John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, College of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Graham Roy Ball
- a John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, College of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Rutella
- a John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, College of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , United Kingdom
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11
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Späth F, Wibom C, Krop EJM, Johansson AS, Bergdahl IA, Vermeulen R, Melin B. Biomarker Dynamics in B-cell Lymphoma: A Longitudinal Prospective Study of Plasma Samples Up to 25 Years before Diagnosis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1408-1415. [PMID: 28108506 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B-cell activation markers CXCL13, sCD23, sCD27, and sCD30 are associated with future lymphoma risk. However, a lack of information about the individual dynamics of marker-disease association hampers interpretation. In this study, we identified 170 individuals who had donated two prediagnostic blood samples before B-cell lymphoma diagnosis, along with 170 matched cancer-free controls from the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. Lymphoma risk associations were investigated by subtype and marker levels measured at baseline, at the time of the repeated sample, and with the rate of change in the marker level. Notably, we observed strong associations between CXCL13, sCD23, sCD27, and sCD30 and lymphoma risk in blood samples collected 15 to 25 years before diagnosis. B-cell activation marker levels increased among future lymphoma cases over time, while remaining stable among controls. Associations between slope and risk were strongest for indolent lymphoma subtypes. We noted a marked association of sCD23 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ORSlope = 28, Ptrend = 7.279 × 10-10). Among aggressive lymphomas, the association between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma risk and slope was restricted to CXCL13. B-cell activation seemed to play a role in B-cell lymphoma development at early stages across different subtypes. Furthermore, B-cell activation presented differential trajectories in future lymphoma patients, mainly driven by indolent subtypes. Our results suggest a utility of these markers in predicting the presence of early occult disease and/or the screening and monitoring of indolent lymphoma in individual patients. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1408-15. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Späth
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Carl Wibom
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Esmeralda J M Krop
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Beatrice Melin
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Epeldegui M, Martínez-Maza O. Immune Activation: Contribution to AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:79-90. [PMID: 28702272 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016014177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with a greatly elevated risk for the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which while diminished, remains elevated in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. Chronic B cell activation, driven by contact with HIV virions, B cell-stimulatory cytokines, viruses (EBV, HPV, HCV), and by high levels of antigenic stimulation occurs in HIV infected persons, and it is seen at even higher levels in those who go on to develop AIDS-NHL. Evidence from multiple studies indicates that elevated serum levels of several B cell-stimulatory cytokines and biomarkers are seen preceding AIDS-NHL, as well as in immunocompetent persons that develop NHL. Phenotypic changes in circulating B cells also are seen preceding AIDS-NHL, including the expression of AICDA, and of cell-surface molecules and miRNA that are associated with activated B cells. HAART only partially normalizes the immune system of treated HIV+ persons as they still show clear evidence for ongoing inflammation and immune activation in, even those who show complete suppression of HIV viremia. Together, this provides ample evidence to support the notion that chronic activation of B cells contributes to the genesis of B cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Los Angeles, CA.,UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA
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