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Wang MM, Zhao Y, Liu J, Fan RR, Tang YQ, Guo ZY, Li T. The role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in viral infections, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-023-01185-5. [PMID: 38822084 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors are an essential part of the immune system, which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and help shape both innate and adaptive immune responses. When dsDNA is present, cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) produces a second messenger called cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which then triggers an adaptor protein called STING, and eventually activates the expression of type I interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway has been receiving a lot of attention lately as a key immune-surveillance mediator. In this review, we summarize the present circumstances of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in viral infections and inflammatory diseases, as well as autoimmune diseases. Modulation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway provides potential strategies for treating viral infections, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Rong-Rong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, 14183, Sweden
| | - Yan-Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, 999078, China.
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2
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Tabar MMM, Fathi M, Kazemi F, Bazregari G, Ghasemian A. STING pathway as a cancer immunotherapy: Progress and challenges in activating anti-tumor immunity. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:487. [PMID: 38578532 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The stimulator of the interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in innate immunity by detecting cytoplasmic DNA and initiating antiviral host defense mechanisms. The STING cascade is triggered when the enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) binds cytosolic DNA and synthesizes the secondary messenger cGAMP. cGAMP activates the endoplasmic reticulum adaptor STING, leading to the activation of kinases TBK1 and IRF3 that induce interferon production. Secreted interferons establish an antiviral state in infected and adjacent cells. Beyond infections, aberrant DNA in cancer cells can also activate the STING pathway. Preclinical studies have shown that pharmacological STING agonists like cyclic dinucleotides elicit antitumor immunity when administered intratumorally by provoking innate and adaptive immunity. Combining STING agonists with immune checkpoint inhibitors may improve outcomes by overcoming tumor immunosuppression. First-generation STING agonists encountered challenges like poor pharmacokinetics, limited tumor specificity, and systemic toxicity. The development of the next-generation STING-targeted drugs to realize the full potential of engaging this pathway for cancer treatment can be a solution to overcome the current challenges, but further studies are required to determine optimal applications and combination regimens for the clinic. Notably, the controlled activation of STING is needed to preclude adverse effects. This review explores the mechanisms and effects of STING activation, its role in cancer immunotherapy, and current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahnaz Fathi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kazemi
- Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ghazal Bazregari
- Department of Hematology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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3
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Ma J, Xin Y, Wang Q, Ding L. Roles of cGAS-STING Pathway in Radiotherapy Combined with Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:447-453. [PMID: 38049087 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Although great strides have been made in the management and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), its prognosis is still poor yielding a high mortality. Immunotherapy is recommended for treating advanced HCC, but its efficiency is hampered because of hepatic immunosuppression. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, serving as a critical cytoplasmic DNA-sensing process, is reported to initiate the antitumor immune response, and link the innate immunity to the adaptive immune system. Radiotherapy has been well acknowledged to induce destruction and release of tumor-derived DNA into the cytoplasm, which then activates the cGAS-STING pathway. On this basis, radiotherapy can be used as a sensitizer for immunotherapy, and its combination with immunotherapy may bring in changes to the suboptimal efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy. In this review, we summarized the roles of cGAS-STING pathway in regulation of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Yuning Xin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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4
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Li C, Clauson R, Bugada LF, Ke F, He B, Yu Z, Chen H, Jacobovitz B, Hu H, Chuikov P, Hill BD, Rizvi SM, Song Y, Sun K, Axenov P, Huynh D, Wang X, Garmire L, Lei YL, Grigorova I, Wen F, Cascalho M, Gao W, Sun D. Antigen-Clustered Nanovaccine Achieves Long-Term Tumor Remission by Promoting B/CD 4 T Cell Crosstalk. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9584-9604. [PMID: 38513119 PMCID: PMC11130742 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Current cancer vaccines using T cell epitopes activate antitumor T cell immunity through dendritic cell/macrophage-mediated antigen presentation, but they lack the ability to promote B/CD4 T cell crosstalk, limiting their anticancer efficacy. We developed antigen-clustered nanovaccine (ACNVax) to achieve long-term tumor remission by promoting B/CD4 T cell crosstalk. The topographic features of ACNVax were achieved using an iron nanoparticle core attached with an optimal number of gold nanoparticles, where the clusters of HER2 B/CD4 T cell epitopes were conjugated on the gold surface with an optimal intercluster distance of 5-10 nm. ACNVax effectively trafficked to lymph nodes and cross-linked with BCR, which are essential for stimulating B cell antigen presentation-mediated B/CD4 T cell crosstalk in vitro and in vivo. ACNVax, combined with anti-PD-1, achieved long-term tumor remission (>200 days) with 80% complete response in mice with HER2+ breast cancer. ACNVax not only remodeled the tumor immune microenvironment but also induced a long-term immune memory, as evidenced by complete rejection of tumor rechallenge and a high level of antigen-specific memory B, CD4, and CD8 cells in mice (>200 days). This study provides a cancer vaccine design strategy, using B/CD4 T cell epitopes in an antigen clustered topography, to achieve long-term durable anticancer efficacy through promoting B/CD4 T cell crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ryan Clauson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Luke F Bugada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fang Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bing He
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhixin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Binyamin Jacobovitz
- Microscopy Core, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hongxiang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Polina Chuikov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brett Dallas Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Syed M Rizvi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yudong Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pasieka Axenov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Daniel Huynh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lana Garmire
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yu Leo Lei
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Biology, and Translational Molecular Pathology, the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Irina Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fei Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Sun C, Zhan J, Li Y, Zhou C, Huang S, Zhu X, Huang K. Non-apoptotic regulated cell death mediates reprogramming of the tumour immune microenvironment by macrophages. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18348. [PMID: 38652105 PMCID: PMC11037416 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an indispensable role in tumour progression, and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant immune cells in TIME. Non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) can avoid the influence of tumour apoptosis resistance on anti-tumour immune response. Specifically, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis mediate the crosstalk between TAMs and tumour cells in TIME, thus reprogram TIME and affect the progress of tumour. In addition, although some achievements have been made in immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), there is still defect that ICIs are only effective for some people because non-apoptotic RCD can bypass the apoptosis resistance of tumour. As a result, ICIs combined with targeting non-apoptotic RCD may be a promising solution. In this paper, the basic molecular mechanism of non-apoptotic RCD, the way in which non-apoptotic RCD mediates crosstalk between TAMs and tumour cells to reprogram TIME, and the latest research progress in targeting non-apoptotic RCD and ICIs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpeng Sun
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- HuanKui Academy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Jianhao Zhan
- HuanKui Academy, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Yao Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Chulin Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Shuo Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular DiseasesNanchangChina
- JXHC Key Laboratory of Neurological MedicineNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular DiseasesNanchangChina
- JXHC Key Laboratory of Neurological MedicineNanchangJiangxiP. R. China
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Jiang J, Wang Y, Sun M, Luo X, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li S, Hu D, Zhang J, Wu Z, Chen X, Zhang B, Xu X, Wang S, Xu S, Huang W, Xia L. SOX on tumors, a comfort or a constraint? Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:67. [PMID: 38331879 PMCID: PMC10853543 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) family, composed of 20 transcription factors, is a conserved family with a highly homologous HMG domain. Due to their crucial role in determining cell fate, the dysregulation of SOX family members is closely associated with tumorigenesis, including tumor invasion, metastasis, proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness and drug resistance. Despite considerable research to investigate the mechanisms and functions of the SOX family, confusion remains regarding aspects such as the role of the SOX family in tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and contradictory impacts the SOX family exerts on tumors. This review summarizes the physiological function of the SOX family and their multiple roles in tumors, with a focus on the relationship between the SOX family and TIME, aiming to propose their potential role in cancer and promising methods for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mengyu Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiangyuan Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zerui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Siwen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiaqian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhangfan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake university school of medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Oncology and Intelligent Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases; Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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Meci A, Goyal N, Slonimsky G. Mechanisms of Resistance and Therapeutic Perspectives in Immunotherapy for Advanced Head and Neck Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:703. [PMID: 38398094 PMCID: PMC10887076 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is emerging as an effective treatment for advanced head and neck cancers and interest in this treatment modality has led to rapid expansion of this research. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab, monoclonal antibodies directed against the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor, are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)- and European Medical Agency (EMA)-approved immunotherapies for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Resistance to immunotherapy is common, with about 60% of patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC not responding to immunotherapy and only 20-30% of patients without disease progression in the long term. Overcoming resistance to immunotherapy is therefore essential for augmenting the effectiveness of immunotherapy in HNSCC. This review details the innate and adaptive mechanisms by which head and neck cancers can become resistant to immunotherapeutic agents, biomarkers that can be used for immunotherapy patient selection, as well as other factors of the tumor microenvironment correlated with therapeutic response and prognosis. Numerous combinations and novel immunotherapies are currently being trialed, based on better understood immune evasion mechanisms. These potential treatments hold the promise of overcoming resistance to immunotherapy in head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Meci
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Neerav Goyal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Guy Slonimsky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Dr, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
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8
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Luo X, Qiu Y, Fitzsimonds ZR, Wang Q, Chen Q, Lei YL. Immune escape of head and neck cancer mediated by the impaired MHC-I antigen presentation pathway. Oncogene 2024; 43:388-394. [PMID: 38177410 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Tumor immune evasion is a hallmark of Head and Neck Cancers. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the first-line setting has transformed the management of these tumors. Unfortunately, the response rate of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas (HNSCC) to ICIs is below 15%, regardless of the human papillomavirus (HPV) status, which might be partially related with impaired antigen presentation machinery (APM). Mechanistically, HNSCC cells are usually defective in the expression of MHC-I associated APM, while this transcriptional pathway is critical for the activation of tumor-killing effector T-cells. To specifically illuminate the phenomenon and seek for therapeutic strategies, this review summarizes the most recently identified role of genetic and functional dysregulation of the MHC-I pathway, specifically through changes at the genetic, epigenetic, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels, which substantially contributes to HNSCC immune escape and ICI resistance. Several treatment modalities can be potentially exploited to restore APM signaling in tumors, which improves anti-tumor immunity through the activation of interferons, vaccines or rimantadine against HPV and the inhibition of EGFR, SHP-2, PI3K and MEK. Additionally, the combinatorial use of radiotherapy or cytotoxic agents with ICIs can synergize to potentiate APM signaling. Future directions would include further dissection of MHC-I related APM signaling in HNSCC and whether reversing this inhibition in combination with ICIs would elicit a more robust immune response leading to improved response rates in HNSCC. Therapeutic approaches to restore the MHC-I antigen presentation machinery in Head and Neck Cancer. (Red color texts represent the according strategies and the outcomes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zackary R Fitzsimonds
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Qiuhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yu Leo Lei
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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9
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Elemam NM, Mekky RY, Rashid G, Braoudaki M, Youness RA. Pharmacogenomic and epigenomic approaches to untangle the enigma of IL-10 blockade in oncology. Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e1. [PMID: 38186186 PMCID: PMC10941350 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The host immune system status remains an unresolved mystery among several malignancies. An immune-compromised state or smart immune-surveillance tactics orchestrated by cancer cells are the primary cause of cancer invasion and metastasis. Taking a closer look at the tumour-immune microenvironment, a complex network and crosstalk between infiltrating immune cells and cancer cells mediated by cytokines, chemokines, exosomal mediators and shed ligands are present. Cytokines such as interleukins can influence all components of the tumour microenvironment (TME), consequently promoting or suppressing tumour invasion based on their secreting source. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an interlocked cytokine that has been associated with several types of malignancies and proved to have paradoxical effects. IL-10 has multiple functions on cellular and non-cellular components within the TME. In this review, the authors shed the light on the regulatory role of IL-10 in the TME of several malignant contexts. Moreover, detailed epigenomic and pharmacogenomic approaches for the regulation of IL-10 were presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M. Elemam
- Research Instiute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Radwa Y. Mekky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA University), Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Gowhar Rashid
- Amity Medical School, Amity University, Gurugram (Manesar) 122413, Haryana, India
| | - Maria Braoudaki
- Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, German International University, Cairo 11835, Egypt
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10
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Chen X, Xu Z, Li T, Thakur A, Wen Y, Zhang K, Liu Y, Liang Q, Liu W, Qin JJ, Yan Y. Nanomaterial-encapsulated STING agonists for immune modulation in cancer therapy. Biomark Res 2024; 12:2. [PMID: 38185685 PMCID: PMC10773049 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling pathway has emerged as a critical mediator of innate immune responses, playing a crucial role in improving antitumor immunity through immune effector responses. Targeting the cGAS-STING pathway holds promise for overcoming immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments (TME) and promoting effective tumor elimination. However, systemic administration of current STING agonists faces challenges related to low bioavailability and potential adverse effects, thus limiting their clinical applicability. Recently, nanotechnology-based strategies have been developed to modulate TMEs for robust immunotherapeutic responses. The encapsulation and delivery of STING agonists within nanoparticles (STING-NPs) present an attractive avenue for antitumor immunotherapy. This review explores a range of nanoparticles designed to encapsulate STING agonists, highlighting their benefits, including favorable biocompatibility, improved tumor penetration, and efficient intracellular delivery of STING agonists. The review also summarizes the immunomodulatory impacts of STING-NPs on the TME, including enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, dendritic cell activation, cytotoxic T cell priming, macrophage re-education, and vasculature normalization. Furthermore, the review offers insights into co-delivered nanoplatforms involving STING agonists alongside antitumor agents such as chemotherapeutic compounds, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antigen peptides, and other immune adjuvants. These platforms demonstrate remarkable versatility in inducing immunogenic responses within the TME, ultimately amplifying the potential for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tongfei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yu Wen
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Furong Laboratory, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wangrui Liu
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410008, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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11
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Yang S, Zou R, Dai Y, Hu Y, Li F, Hu H. Tumor immune microenvironment and the current immunotherapy of cholangiocarcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:137. [PMID: 37888583 PMCID: PMC10631767 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy originating from the epithelial system of the bile ducts, and its incidence in recent years is steadily increasing. The immune microenvironment of CCA is characterized by diversity and complexity, with a substantial presence of cancer‑associated fibroblasts and immune cell infiltration, which plays a key role in regulating the distinctive biological behavior of cholangiocarcinoma, including tumor growth, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Despite the notable success of immunotherapy in the treatment of solid tumors in recent years, patients with CCA have responded poorly to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. The interaction of tumor cells with cellular components of the immune microenvironment can regulate the activity and function of immune cells and form an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which may cause ineffective immunotherapy. Therefore, the components of the tumor immune microenvironment appear to be novel targets for immune therapies. Combination therapy focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors is a promising and valuable first‑line or translational treatment approach for intractable biliary tract malignancies. The present review discusses the compositional characteristics and regulatory factors of the CCA immune microenvironment and the possible immune escape mechanisms. In addition, a summary of the advances in immunotherapy for CCA is also provided. It is hoped that the present review may function as a valuable reference for the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yang
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqi Zou
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yushi Dai
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Hu
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fuyu Li
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Haijie Hu
- Division of Biliary Tract Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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12
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Kong J, Xu S, Zhang P, Zhao Y. CXCL1 promotes immune escape in colorectal cancer by autophagy-mediated MHC-I degradation. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:110716. [PMID: 37802708 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy is now seen as a potential remedy for colorectal cancer (CRC). Chemokines play a crucial role in tumors, including CRC, which contains CXCL1. We attempted to study how CXCL1 impacts immune escape in CRC. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis was used to examine CXCL1 level in CRC. qRT-PCR was used to assess CXCL1 and MHC-I (HLA-A, B, C) levels. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to measure cell viability. Cytotoxicity assay kit was utilized to assay CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity against CRC. Flow cytometry tested proliferation and apoptosis of CD8+ T cells. Chemotaxis assay evaluated chemotaxis of CD8+ T cells towards CRC. Immunofluorescence examined expression of autophagy marker LC3 and localization of NBR1/MHC-I. Western blot analysis measured protein levels of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10, autophagy-related proteins LC3-I and LC3-II, and MHC-I (HLA-A, B, C). RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR presented that CXCL1 was upregulated in CRC. Cell experiments demonstrated that CXCL1 overexpression promoted immune escape in CRC. Rescue experiments revealed that the autophagy inducer Rapa could attenuate the inhibitory effect of CXCL1 low expression on immune escape in CRC. Further studies showed that CXCL1 promoted immune escape in CRC by autophagy-mediated MHC-I degradation. CONCLUSION CXCL1 promoted immune escape in CRC by autophagy-mediated MHC-I degradation, suggesting that CXCL1 may be a possible immunotherapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, China
| | - Song Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang City, China.
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13
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Zhao J, Qin L, He G, Xie T, Hu G, Wang F, Zhong H, Zhu J, Xu Y. Administration of a glypican-3 peptide increases the infiltration and cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells against testicular yolk sac tumor, associated with enhancing the intratumoral cGAS/STING signaling. Cancer Med 2023; 12:21293-21307. [PMID: 37986544 PMCID: PMC10726841 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 (GPC3) is highly expressed in testicular yolk sac tumor (TYST). GPC3 has been evaluated as a cancer vaccine for some types of tumors, but little is known on the effects of GPC3 peptide-based therapy on TYST. Here, we evaluated the antitumor effect of GPC3144-152 on TYST and its potential mechanisms. METHODS GPC3144-152 -specific CD8+ T cells were induced by vaccine immunization and examined by ELISPOT. The CD8+ T cells were purified for testing their cytotoxicity in vitro against TYST cells by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays and in vivo against tumor growth. The influence of GPC3144-152 loading and/or cGAS silencing on the tumor growth, apoptosis and cGAS/STING signaling was tested by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and Western blot. RESULTS Vaccination with GPC3144-152 induced tumor-specific CD8+ T cells that secreted high levels of IFN-γ and granzyme B, and had potent cytotoxicity against TYST in a dose-dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells and treatment with GPC3144-152 significantly inhibited the growth of TYST tumors, but less effective for cGAS-silenced TYST tumors in vivo. Treatment with GPC3144-152 enhanced the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the tumor environment and their cytotoxicity against TYST tumors in vivo by up-regulating granzyme B and IFN-β expression, but down-regulating GPC3 expression in the tumors. Co-culture of CD8+ T cells with TYST in the presence of exogenous GPC3144-152 enhanced peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity in vitro, accompanied by enhancing cGAS, γH2AX, TBK1, and IRF3 phosphorylation in TYST cells, but less effective in cGAS-silenced TYST cells. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that GPC3 peptide-specific CD8+ T cells had potent antitumor activity against TYST tumor, particularly for combined treatment with the peptide, which was partially dependent on the intratumoral cGAS/STNG signaling. GPC3 peptide vaccine may be valuable for the combination treatment of TYST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of Medicine in Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Pediatrics SurgeryNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Le Qin
- Department of Pediatrics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Guorong He
- Department of Pediatrics SurgeryThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Tiancheng Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of Medicine in Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Department of Urology, Renji HospitalSchool of Medicine in Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Furan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics SurgeryNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Hongji Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics SurgeryNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Jianming Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics SurgeryNingbo Women and Children's HospitalNingboChina
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of Medicine in Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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14
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Meliante PG, Petrella C, Fiore M, Minni A, Barbato C. Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Vaccine: Current Landscape and Perspectives. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9215-9233. [PMID: 37998754 PMCID: PMC10670496 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its mechanism of action aims to counteract the blockade of tumor immune escape. This result can also be obtained by stimulating the immune system with vaccines. This review scope is to comprehensively gather existing evidence and summarize ongoing clinical trials focused on therapeutic vaccines for HNSCC treatment. The current landscape reveals numerous promising drugs in the early stages of experimentation, along with a multitude of trials that have been suspended or abandoned for years. Nonetheless, there are encouraging results and ongoing experiments that instill hope for potential paradigm shifts in HNSCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Giuseppe Meliante
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Petrella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Minni
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ospedale San Camillo de Lellis, ASL Rieti-Sapienza University, Viale Kennedy 1, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - Christian Barbato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
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15
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Zhang X, Shang C, Qiao X, Guo Y. Role and clinical significance of immunogenic cell death biomarkers in chemoresistance and immunoregulation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115509. [PMID: 37722193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the whole world, with little improvement in the 5-year survival rate due to the occurrence of chemoresistance. With the increasing interests in tumor immune microenvironment, immunogenic cell death (ICD)-induced chemotherapy has shown promising results in enhancing sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and improving the efficiency of tumor immunotherapy. This review summarizes the role of key ICD biomarkers and their underlying molecular mechanisms in HNSCC chemoresistance. The results showed that ICD initiation could significantly improve the survival and prognosis of patients. ICD and its biomarker could also serve as molecular markers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, key components of DAMPs including CALR, HGMB1, and ATP are involved in the regulation of HNSCC chemo-sensitivity, confirming that the key biomarkers of ICD can also be developed into new targets for regulating HNSCC chemoresistance. This review clearly illustrates the theoretical basis for the hypothesis that ICD biomarkers are therapeutic targets involved in HNSCC progression, chemoresistance, and even immune microenvironment regulation. The compilation and investigation may provide new insights into the molecular therapy of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Zhang
- Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Department of Neurobiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Central Laboratory, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China; Department of Central Laboratory, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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16
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Xie G, Shan L, Yang C, Liu Y, Pang X, Teng S, Wu TC, Gu X. Recombinant immunotoxin induces tumor intrinsic STING signaling against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18476. [PMID: 37898690 PMCID: PMC10613212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is known to activate type I interferons (IFN-I) and participate in generating antitumor immunity. We previously produced hDT806, a recombinant diphtheria immunotoxin, and demonstrated its efficacy against head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, it's unknown whether the tumor-intrinsic STING plays a role in the anti-HNSCC effects of hDT806. In this study, we investigated the innate immune modulation of hDT806 on HNSCC. hDT806 significantly upregulated the level of STING and the ratio of p-TBK1/TBK1 in the HNSCC cells. Moreover, intratumoral hDT806 treatment increased the expression of STING-IFN-I signaling proteins including IFNA1, IFNB, CXCL10 and MX1, a marker of IFN-I receptor activity, in the HNSCC xenografts. Overexpression of STING mimicked the hDT806-induced upregulation of the STING-IFN-I signaling and induced apoptosis in the HNSCC cells. In the mouse xenograft models of HNSCC with STING overexpression, we observed a significant suppression of tumor growth and reduced tumor weight with increased apoptosis compared to their control xenograft counterparts without STING overexpression. Collectively, our data revealed that hDT806 may act as a stimulator of tumor-intrinsic STING-IFN-I signaling to inhibit tumor growth in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Xie
- Department of Oral Pathology, Howard University, 600 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
- Cancer Center, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
| | - Liang Shan
- Cancer Center, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Cuicui Yang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Howard University, 600 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
- Cancer Center, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Yuanyi Liu
- Angimmune LLC, Rockville, MD, 20855, USA
| | - Xiaowu Pang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Howard University, 600 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Shaolei Teng
- Department of Biology, Howard University, 415 College St. NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Tzyy-Choou Wu
- Pathology, Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Xinbin Gu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Howard University, 600 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
- Cancer Center, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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17
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Zou Y, Zhang M, Zhou J. Recent trends in STING modulators: Structures, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103694. [PMID: 37393985 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase stimulator (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon gene (STING) signaling pathway has an integral role in the host immune response through DNA sensing followed by inducing a robust innate immune defense program. STING has become a promising therapeutic target associated with multiple diseases, including various inflammatory diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases, among others. Thus, modulators of STING are regarded as emerging therapeutic agents. Recent progress has been made in STING research, including recently identified STING-mediated regulatory pathways, the development of a new STING modulator, and the new association of STING with disease. In this review, we focus on recent trends in the development of STING modulators, including structures, mechanisms, and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China; Drug Development and Innovation Center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China.
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18
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Hao Y, Ji Z, Zhou H, Wu D, Gu Z, Wang D, ten Dijke P. Lipid-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e339. [PMID: 37560754 PMCID: PMC10407046 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable success in cancer treatment. However, in cancer patients without sufficient antitumor immunity, numerous data indicate that blocking the negative signals elicited by immune checkpoints is ineffective. Drugs that stimulate immune activation-related pathways are emerging as another route for improving immunotherapy. In addition, the development of nanotechnology presents a promising platform for tissue and cell type-specific delivery and improved uptake of immunomodulatory agents, ultimately leading to enhanced cancer immunotherapy and reduced side effects. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest developments in nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer immuno-oncology therapy with a focus on lipid-based NPs (lipid-NPs), including the characteristics and advantages of various types. Using the agonists targeting stimulation of the interferon genes (STING) transmembrane protein as an exemplar, we review the potential of various lipid-NPs to augment STING agonist therapy. Furthermore, we present recent findings and underlying mechanisms on how STING pathway activation fosters antitumor immunity and regulates the tumor microenvironment and provide a summary of the distinct STING agonists in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Ultimately, we conduct a critical assessment of the obstacles and future directions in the utilization of lipid-NPs to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hao
- Department of Laboratory AnimalsCollege of Animal SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Basic MedicineChangzhi Medical CollegeChangzhiChina
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Zhonghao Ji
- Department of Laboratory AnimalsCollege of Animal SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Basic MedicineChangzhi Medical CollegeChangzhiChina
| | - Hengzong Zhou
- Department of Laboratory AnimalsCollege of Animal SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Dongrun Wu
- Departure of Philosophy, Faculty of HumanitiesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Zili Gu
- Department of RadiologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Department of Laboratory AnimalsCollege of Animal SciencesJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology and Oncode InstituteLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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19
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Ren H, Jia W, Xie Y, Yu M, Chen Y. Adjuvant physiochemistry and advanced nanotechnology for vaccine development. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5172-5254. [PMID: 37462107 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00848c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 worldwide, offering new strategies to effectively combat diseases threatening human health. Adjuvants are vital ingredients in vaccines, which can augment the degree, extensiveness, and longevity of antigen specific immune response. The advances in the modulation of physicochemical properties of nanoplatforms elevate the capability of adjuvants in initiating the innate immune system and adaptive immunity, offering immense potential for developing vaccines against hard-to-target infectious diseases and cancer. In this review, we provide an essential introduction of the basic principles of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, key roles of adjuvants in augmenting and shaping immunity to achieve desired outcomes and effectiveness, and the physiochemical properties and action mechanisms of clinically approved adjuvants for humans. We particularly focus on the preclinical and clinical progress of highly immunogenic emerging nanotechnology adjuvants formulated in vaccines for cancer treatment or infectious disease prevention. We deliberate on how the immune system can sense and respond to the physicochemical cues (e.g., chirality, deformability, solubility, topology, and chemical structures) of nanotechnology adjuvants incorporated in the vaccines. Finally, we propose possible strategies to accelerate the clinical implementation of nanotechnology adjuvanted vaccines, such as in-depth elucidation of nano-immuno interactions, antigen identification and optimization by the deployment of high-dimensional multiomics analysis approaches, encouraging close collaborations among scientists from different scientific disciplines and aggressive exploration of novel nanotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Xie
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Meihua Yu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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20
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He Y, Yang Y, Huang W, Yang S, Xue X, Zhu K, Tan H, Sun T, Yang W. Manganese facilitated cGAS-STING-IFNI pathway activation induced by ionizing radiation in glioma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1890-1907. [PMID: 37406172 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2232011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE After irradiation, double-stranded DNA leaked into the cytoplasm activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, leading to the production of type I interferon (IFNI). In this study, we sought to probe the effect of ionizing radiation on activity of cGAS-STING-IFNI pathway in normoxic or hypoxic glioma cells and explore a more effective method to activate the signaling pathway, thereby activating the anti-tumor immune response and improving the therapeutic effect of radiotherapy for glioma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human glioma cells U251 and T98G cultured in normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2) were irradiated with different doses of X-ray. The relative expressions of cGAS, IFN-I stimulated genes (ISGs), and three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) were detected by qPCR. The expression levels of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and p-IRF3 proteins were detected by Western blot. The production of cGAMP and IFN-β in the supernatant was detected by ELISA assay. U251 and T98G cell lines with stable knockdown of TREX1 were established after transfection with lentivirus vectors. EdU cell proliferation assay was used to screen suitable metal ions concentrations. The phagocytosis of DCs was observed by immunofluorescence microscope. The phenotype of DCs was detected by flow cytometry. The migration ability of DCs was detected by a transwell experiment. RESULTS We found that cytosolic dsDNA, 2'3'-cGAMP, cGAS and ISGs expression, and IFN-β in cell supernatant were all increased with the doses of X-ray in the range of 0-16 Gy in normoxic glioma cells. Nevertheless, hypoxia significantly inhibited the radiation-induced dose-dependent activation of cGAS-STING-IFNI pathway. Furthermore, manganese (II) ion (Mn2+) significantly improved cGAS-STING-IFNI pathway activation induced by X-ray in both normoxic and hypoxic glioma cells, thereby promoting the maturation and migration of DCs. CONCLUSIONS The responses of cGAS-STING-IFNI pathway to ionizing radiation were mainly investigated under normoxic condition, but the experiments described here indicated that hypoxia could hinder the pathway activation. However, Mn2+ showed radiosensitizing effects on the pathway under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions demonstrating its potential as a radiosensitizer for glioma through activating an anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenpeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiling Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Sun
- Neurosurgery and Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Zhu M, Tang X, Zhu Z, Gong Z, Tang W, Hu Y, Cheng C, Wang H, Sarwar A, Chen Y, Liu F, Huo J, Wang X, Zhang Y. STING activation in macrophages by vanillic acid exhibits antineoplastic potential. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115618. [PMID: 37211172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The host stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway is a major innate immune sensing pathway, and the stimulation of this pathway within antigen-presenting cells shows promise in targeting immune-suppressed tumors. Macrophages resident in tumors exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and enhance tumor growth and development. Polarizing such macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype is an effective strategy for tumor suppression. In the present study, we observed that the STING pathway was inactivated in breast and lung carcinomas, and a positive correlation existed between STING and macrophage markers in these tumors. We found that vanillic acid (VA) could stimulate the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway. VA mediated the production of type I IFN and promoted macrophage polarization into the M1 phenotype; this activity was dependent on STING activation. A direct-contact co-culture model and a transwell co-culture model revealed that macrophages with VA-induced STING activation exhibited anti-proliferative effects on SKBR3 and H1299 cells, although a STING antagonist and M2 macrophage-related cytokines alleviated this anti-proliferative effect. Further investigation indicated that phagocytosis and apoptosis-inducing effects were the major mediators of the anti-tumor effect of VA-treated macrophages. Mechanistically, VA promoted the polarization of macrophages to a M1 phenotype via IL-6R/JAK signaling, resulting in enhanced phagocytosis and apoptosis-induction effects. Additionally, STING activation-induced IFNβ production also participated in the apoptosis mediated by VA-treated macrophage in SKBR3 and H1299 cells. Mouse models with 4 T1 tumors confirmed the anti-tumor properties of VA in vivo and revealed the infiltration of VA-induced cytotoxic T cells into the tumors. These data suggest that VA is an effective agonist of STING and provides a new perspective for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zeren Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Zhengyan Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenjuan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ammar Sarwar
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yanbin Chen
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang 712046, China; Shaanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shaanxi Institute of International Trade & Commerce, Xianyang 712046, China; Shaanxi Buchang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Jian Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76, Yanta Weststreet, #54, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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22
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Liu X, Hogg GD, Zuo C, Borcherding NC, Baer JM, Lander VE, Kang LI, Knolhoff BL, Ahmad F, Osterhout RE, Galkin AV, Bruey JM, Carter LL, Mpoy C, Vij KR, Fields RC, Schwarz JK, Park H, Gupta V, DeNardo DG. Context-dependent activation of STING-interferon signaling by CD11b agonists enhances anti-tumor immunity. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:1073-1090.e12. [PMID: 37236195 PMCID: PMC10281762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic activation of inflammatory pathways and suppressed interferon are hallmarks of immunosuppressive tumors. Previous studies have shown that CD11b integrin agonists could enhance anti-tumor immunity through myeloid reprograming, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein we find that CD11b agonists alter tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phenotypes by repressing NF-κB signaling and activating interferon gene expression simultaneously. Repression of NF-κB signaling involves degradation of p65 protein and is context independent. In contrast, CD11b agonism induces STING/STAT1 pathway-mediated interferon gene expression through FAK-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction, with the magnitude of induction dependent on the tumor microenvironment and amplified by cytotoxic therapies. Using tissues from phase I clinical studies, we demonstrate that GB1275 treatment activates STING and STAT1 signaling in TAMs in human tumors. These findings suggest potential mechanism-based therapeutic strategies for CD11b agonists and identify patient populations more likely to benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Liu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Graham D Hogg
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chong Zuo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nicholas C Borcherding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John M Baer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Varintra E Lander
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Liang-I Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brett L Knolhoff
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cedric Mpoy
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kiran R Vij
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan C Fields
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie K Schwarz
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Haeseong Park
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Drug Discovery Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David G DeNardo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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23
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Härkönen J, Pölönen P, Deen AJ, Selvarajan I, Teppo HR, Dimova EY, Kietzmann T, Ahtiainen M, Väyrynen JP, Väyrynen SA, Elomaa H, Tynkkynen N, Eklund T, Kuopio T, Talvitie EM, Taimen P, Kallajoki M, Kaikkonen MU, Heinäniemi M, Levonen AL. A pan-cancer analysis shows immunoevasive characteristics in NRF2 hyperactive squamous malignancies. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102644. [PMID: 36867945 PMCID: PMC10011429 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The NRF2 pathway is frequently activated in various cancer types, yet a comprehensive analysis of its effects across different malignancies is currently lacking. We developed a NRF2 activity metric and utilized it to conduct a pan-cancer analysis of oncogenic NRF2 signaling. We identified an immunoevasive phenotype where high NRF2 activity is associated with low interferon-gamma (IFNγ), HLA-I expression and T cell and macrophage infiltration in squamous malignancies of the lung, head and neck area, cervix and esophagus. Squamous NRF2 overactive tumors comprise a molecular phenotype with SOX2/TP63 amplification, TP53 mutation and CDKN2A loss. These immune cold NRF2 hyperactive diseases are associated with upregulation of immunomodulatory NAMPT, WNT5A, SPP1, SLC7A11, SLC2A1 and PD-L1. Based on our functional genomics analyses, these genes represent candidate NRF2 targets, suggesting direct modulation of the tumor immune milieu. Single-cell mRNA data shows that cancer cells of this subtype exhibit decreased expression of IFNγ responsive ligands, and increased expression of immunosuppressive ligands NAMPT, SPP1 and WNT5A that mediate signaling in intercellular crosstalk. In addition, we discovered that the negative relationship of NRF2 and immune cells are explained by stromal populations of lung squamous cell carcinoma, and this effect spans multiple squamous malignancies based on our molecular subtyping and deconvolution data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jouni Härkönen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland; Department of Pathology, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland
| | - Petri Pölönen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland; Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Ashik Jawahar Deen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Ilakya Selvarajan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Hanna-Riikka Teppo
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Elitsa Y Dimova
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland
| | - Maarit Ahtiainen
- Department of Education and Research, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland
| | - Juha P Väyrynen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, 90220, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, 90570, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Sara A Väyrynen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Hanna Elomaa
- Department of Education and Research, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40100, Finland
| | - Niko Tynkkynen
- Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Tiia Eklund
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40100, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, 40620, Finland; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, 40100, Finland
| | - Eva-Maria Talvitie
- Department of Genomics, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland; Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Markku Kallajoki
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland.
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24
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Ursino C, Mouric C, Gros L, Bonnefoy N, Faget J. Intrinsic features of the cancer cell as drivers of immune checkpoint blockade response and refractoriness. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170321. [PMID: 37180110 PMCID: PMC10169604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade represents the latest revolution in cancer treatment by substantially increasing patients' lifetime and quality of life in multiple neoplastic pathologies. However, this new avenue of cancer management appeared extremely beneficial in a minority of cancer types and the sub-population of patients that would benefit from such therapies remain difficult to predict. In this review of the literature, we have summarized important knowledge linking cancer cell characteristics with the response to immunotherapy. Mostly focused on lung cancer, our objective was to illustrate how cancer cell diversity inside a well-defined pathology might explain sensitivity and refractoriness to immunotherapies. We first discuss how genomic instability, epigenetics and innate immune signaling could explain differences in the response to immune checkpoint blockers. Then, in a second part we detailed important notions suggesting that altered cancer cell metabolism, specific oncogenic signaling, tumor suppressor loss as well as tight control of the cGAS/STING pathway in the cancer cells can be associated with resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. At the end, we discussed recent evidences that could suggest that immune checkpoint blockade as first line therapy might shape the cancer cell clones diversity and give rise to the appearance of novel resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julien Faget
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), Inserm U1194, Univ Montpellier, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
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25
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Heath BR, Gong W, Taner HF, Broses L, Okuyama K, Cheng W, Jin M, Fitzsimonds ZR, Manousidaki A, Wu Y, Zhang S, Wen H, Chinn SB, Bartee E, Xie Y, Moon JJ, Lei YL. Saturated fatty acids dampen the immunogenicity of cancer by suppressing STING. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112303. [PMID: 36952341 PMCID: PMC10514241 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes destabilize STING in epithelial cell-derived cancer cells, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), to promote immune escape. Despite the abundance of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, HNSCC presents notable resistance to STING stimulation. Here, we show how saturated fatty acids in the microenvironment dampen tumor response to STING stimulation. Using single-cell analysis, we found that obesity creates an IFN-I-deprived tumor microenvironment with a massive expansion of suppressive myeloid cell clusters and contraction of effector T cells. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, potently inhibit the STING-IFN-I pathway in HNSCC cells. Myeloid cells from obese mice show dampened responses to STING stimulation and are more suppressive of T cell activation. In agreement, obese hosts exhibited increased tumor burden and lower responsiveness to STING agonist. As a mechanism, saturated fatty acids induce the expression of NLRC3, depletion of which results in a T cell inflamed tumor microenvironment and IFN-I-dependent tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Heath
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wang Gong
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hülya F Taner
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Program in Oral Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luke Broses
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kohei Okuyama
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wanqing Cheng
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Max Jin
- Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Zackary R Fitzsimonds
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andriana Manousidaki
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Department of Statistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yuesong Wu
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Department of Statistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shaoping Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven B Chinn
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Bartee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Yuying Xie
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Department of Statistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu Leo Lei
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Program in Oral Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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26
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Vasiyani H, Wadhwa B, Singh R. Regulation of cGAS-STING signalling in cancer: Approach for combination therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188896. [PMID: 37088059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays an important role not only during infection but also homeostatic role during stress conditions. Activation of the immune system including innate immune response plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. The innate immune sensor recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activates cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) (cGAS-STING) and induces type-1 immune response during viral and bacterial infection. cGAS-STING is regulated differently in conditions like cellular senescence and DNA damage in normal and tumor cells and is implicated in the progression of tumors from different origins. cGAS binds to cytoplasmic dsDNA and synthesize cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'-cGAMP), which selectively activates STING and downstream IFN and NF-κB activation. We here reviewed the cGAS-STING signalling pathway and its cross-talk with other pathways to modulate tumorigenesis. Further, the review also focused on emerging studies that targeted the cGAS-STING pathway for developing targeted therapeutics and combinatorial regimens for cancer of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Vasiyani
- Department of Biochemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumika Wadhwa
- Department of Biochemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
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Kosumi K, Baba Y, Yamamura K, Nomoto D, Okadome K, Yagi T, Toihata T, Kiyozumi Y, Harada K, Eto K, Sawayama H, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Baba H. Intratumour Fusobacterium nucleatum and immune response to oesophageal cancer. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:1155-1165. [PMID: 36599917 PMCID: PMC10006219 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidence suggests a role of intratumour Fusobacterium nucleatum in the aggressive behaviour of gastrointestinal cancer through downregulating anti-tumour immunity. We investigated the relationship between intratumour F. nucleatum and immune response to oesophageal cancer. METHODS Utilising an unbiased database of 300 resected oesophageal cancers, we measured F. nucleatum DNA in tumour tissue using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay, and evaluated the relationship between the abundance of F. nucleatum and the densities of T cells (CD8 + , FOXP3 + and PDCD1 + ), as well as lymphocytic reaction patterns (follicle lymphocytic reaction, peritumoural lymphocytic reaction, stromal lymphocytic reaction and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes) in oesophageal carcinoma tissue. RESULTS F. nucleatum was significantly and inversely associated only with the peritumoural lymphocytic reaction (P = 0.0002). Compared with the F. nucleatum-absent group, the F. nucleatum-high group showed a much lower level of the peritumoural lymphocytic reaction (univariable odds ratio, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.65; P = 0.0004). A multivariable model yielded a similar finding (multivariable odds ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval 0.16-0.69; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Intratumour F. nucleatum is associated with a diminished peritumoural lymphocytic reaction, providing a platform for further investigations on the potential interactive roles between intratumour F. nucleatum and host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Amakusa Medical Center, 854-1 Jikiba, Kameba-machi, Amakusa, 863-0046, Japan
- Department of Next-Generation Surgical Therapy Development, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Department of Next-Generation Surgical Therapy Development, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kensuke Yamamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Daichi Nomoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okadome
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave., EBRC Room 404A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Taisuke Yagi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tasuku Toihata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Kiyozumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kojiro Eto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sawayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shiro Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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Zhang X, Yi C, Zhang L, Zhu X, He Y, Lu H, Li Y, Tang Y, Zhao W, Chen G, Wang C, Huang S, Ouyang G, Yu D. Size-optimized nuclear-targeting phototherapy enhances the type I interferon response for "cold" tumor immunotherapy. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:338-352. [PMID: 36669551 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the effect of innate immune silencing in "cold" tumors, which always fail in the immune checkpoint blockade monotherapy using PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (aPD-L1). Combination of aPD-L1 with photodynamic therapy, i.e., photoimmunotherapy, is a promising strategy to improve the mono immunotherapy. Nuclear-targeting nanoparticles could elicit a type I interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune response and reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment for long-term immunotherapy of "cold" tumors. Photosensitizers such as zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) have limited ability to target the nucleus and activate innate sensing pathways to minimize tumor recurrence. Additionally, the relationship between nanoparticle size and nuclear entry capacity remains unclear. Herein, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were employed as aPD-L1 and ZnPc carriers. Three particle sizes (200 nm, 32 nm and 5 nm) of aPD-L1/ZnPc/GQD-PEG (PZGE) were synthesized and tested. The 5 nm nanoparticles achieved the best nuclear enrichment capacity contributing to their ultrasmall size. Notably, 5 nm PZGE-based photodynamic therapy enabled an amplification of the type I IFN-mediated innate immune response and could convert "immune-cold" tumors into "immune-hot" ones. Utilizing their size advantage to target the nucleus, 5 nm nanoparticles induced DNA damage and activated the type I IFN-mediated innate immune response, subsequently promoting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte infiltration and reversing negative PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, the nanoplatform we designed is promising for the effective suppression of distant oral squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, for the first time, this study presents a size design strategy for nuclear-targeted photo-controlled immune adjuvants and the nuclear-targeted phototherapy-mediated immunomodulatory functions of type I IFN innate immune signalling for "immune-cold" tumors. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The potential of commonly used photosensitizers to activate innate sensing pathways for producing type I IFNs is limited due to the lack of nuclear targeting. Facilitating the nuclear-targeting of photosensitizers to enhance innate immune response and execute long-term tumor killing effect would be a promising strategy for "cold" tumor photoimmunotherapy. Herein, we report an optimal size of PZGE nanoparticles that enable the nuclear-targeting of ZnPc, which reinforces the type I IFN-mediated innate immune response, synergistically reversing "cold tumors" to "hot tumors" for effective primary and distant tumor photoimmunotherapy. This work highlights the marked efficacy of ultrasmall nuclear-located nanocarriers and offers new insight into "immune-cold tumors" via prominent innate immune activation mediated by nuclear-targeting photoimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiliu Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Chen Yi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Lejia Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Yi He
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Huanzi Lu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Yuquan Tang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
| | - Siming Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
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Therapeutic Vaccination in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma—A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030634. [PMID: 36992219 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination is one of the most effective immunotherapeutic approaches, second only to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have already been approved for clinical use. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are heterogenous epithelial tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, and a significant proportion of these tumors tend to exhibit unfavorable therapeutic responses to the existing treatment options. Comprehending the immunopathology of these tumors and choosing an appropriate immunotherapeutic maneuver seems to be a promising avenue for solving this problem. The current review provides a detailed overview of the strategies, targets, and candidates for therapeutic vaccination in HNSCC. The classical principle of inducing a potent, antigen-specific, cell-mediated cytotoxicity targeting a specific tumor antigen seems to be the most effective mechanism of therapeutic vaccination, particularly against the human papilloma virus positive subset of HNSCC. However, approaches such as countering the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of HNSCC and immune co-stimulatory mechanisms have also been explored recently, with encouraging results.
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Chi H, Yang J, Peng G, Zhang J, Song G, Xie X, Xia Z, Liu J, Tian G. Circadian rhythm-related genes index: A predictor for HNSCC prognosis, immunotherapy efficacy, and chemosensitivity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091218. [PMID: 36969232 PMCID: PMC10036372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common head and neck cancer and is highly aggressive and heterogeneous, leading to variable prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes. Circadian rhythm alterations in tumourigenesis are of equal importance to genetic factors and several biologic clock genes are considered to be prognostic biomarkers for various cancers. The aim of this study was to establish reliable markers based on biologic clock genes, thus providing a new perspective for assessing immunotherapy response and prognosis in patients with HNSCC.MethodsWe used 502 HNSCC samples and 44 normal samples from the TCGA-HNSCC dataset as the training set. 97 samples from GSE41613 were used as an external validation set. Prognostic characteristics of circadian rhythm-related genes (CRRGs) were established by Lasso, random forest and stepwise multifactorial Cox. Multivariate analysis revealed that CRRGs characteristics were independent predictors of HNSCC, with patients in the high-risk group having a worse prognosis than those in the low-risk group. The relevance of CRRGs to the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy was assessed by an integrated algorithm.Results6-CRRGs were considered to be strongly associated with HNSCC prognosis and a good predictor of HNSCC. The riskscore established by the 6-CRRG was found to be an independent prognostic factor for HNSCC in multifactorial analysis, with patients in the low-risk group having a higher overall survival (OS) than the high-risk group. Nomogram prediction maps constructed from clinical characteristics and riskscore had good prognostic power. Patients in the low-risk group had higher levels of immune infiltration and immune checkpoint expression and were more likely to benefit from immunotherapy.Conclusion6-CRRGs play a key predictive role for the prognosis of HNSCC patients and can guide physicians in selecting potential responders to prioritise immunotherapy, which could facilitate further research in precision immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Yang
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Gaoge Peng
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinhao Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guobin Song
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xixi Xie
- School of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Jinhui Liu, ; Gang Tian,
| | - Jinhui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Jinhui Liu, ; Gang Tian,
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Jinhui Liu, ; Gang Tian,
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Starska-Kowarska K. The Role of Different Immunocompetent Cell Populations in the Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancer-Regulatory Mechanisms of Pro- and Anti-Cancer Activity and Their Impact on Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1642. [PMID: 36980527 PMCID: PMC10046400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous groups of human neoplasms. HNSCC is characterized by high morbidity, accounting for 3% of all cancers, and high mortality with ~1.5% of all cancer deaths. It was the most common cancer worldwide in 2020, according to the latest GLOBOCAN data, representing the seventh most prevalent human malignancy. Despite great advances in surgical techniques and the application of modern combinations and cytotoxic therapies, HNSCC remains a leading cause of death worldwide with a low overall survival rate not exceeding 40-60% of the patient population. The most common causes of death in patients are its frequent nodal metastases and local neoplastic recurrences, as well as the relatively low response to treatment and severe drug resistance. Much evidence suggests that the tumour microenvironment (TME), tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and circulating various subpopulations of immunocompetent cells, such regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs), cytotoxic CD3+CD8+ T cells (CTLs) and CD3+CD4+ T helper type 1/2/9/17 (Th1/Th2/Th9/Th17) lymphocytes, T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and CD56dim/CD16bright activated natural killer cells (NK), carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumour-associated neutrophils (N1/N2 TANs), as well as tumour-associated macrophages (M1/M2 phenotype TAMs) can affect initiation, progression and spread of HNSCC and determine the response to immunotherapy. Rapid advances in the field of immuno-oncology and the constantly growing knowledge of the immunosuppressive mechanisms and effects of tumour cancer have allowed for the use of effective and personalized immunotherapy as a first-line therapeutic procedure or an essential component of a combination therapy for primary, relapsed and metastatic HNSCC. This review presents the latest reports and molecular studies regarding the anti-tumour role of selected subpopulations of immunocompetent cells in the pathogenesis of HNSCC, including HPV+ve (HPV+) and HPV-ve (HPV-) tumours. The article focuses on the crucial regulatory mechanisms of pro- and anti-tumour activity, key genetic or epigenetic changes that favour tumour immune escape, and the strategies that the tumour employs to avoid recognition by immunocompetent cells, as well as resistance mechanisms to T and NK cell-based immunotherapy in HNSCC. The present review also provides an overview of the pre- and clinical early trials (I/II phase) and phase-III clinical trials published in this arena, which highlight the unprecedented effectiveness and limitations of immunotherapy in HNSCC, and the emerging issues facing the field of HNSCC immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starska-Kowarska
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; ; Tel.: +48-604-541-412
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EnelMed Center Expert, Drewnowska 58, 91-001 Lodz, Poland
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Chen R, Liu M, Jiang Q, Meng X, Wei J. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate synthase-stimulator of interferon genes pathway as a potential target for tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121603. [PMID: 37153627 PMCID: PMC10160662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) detects infections or tissue damage by binding to microbial or self-DNA in the cytoplasm. Upon binding DNA, cGAS produces cGAMP that binds to and activates the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which then activates the kinases IKK and TBK1 to induce the secretion of interferons and other cytokines. Recently, a series of studies demonstrated that the cGAS-STING pathway, a vital component of host innate immunity, might play an important role in anticancer immunity, though its mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this review, we highlight the latest understanding of the cGAS-STING pathway in tumor development and the advances in combination therapy of STING agonists and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanhong Jiang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangbo Meng
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Meili Lake Translational Research Park, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Junmin Wei, ; Xiangbo Meng,
| | - Junmin Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Junmin Wei, ; Xiangbo Meng,
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Lu Q, Chen Y, Li J, Zhu F, Zheng Z. Crosstalk between cGAS-STING pathway and autophagy in cancer immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139595. [PMID: 36936940 PMCID: PMC10014609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is critical in cancer immunity. Autophagy is a highly conserved process that is responsible for the degradation of cytoplasmic material and is involved in both innate and adaptive immunity. Recently, cGAS-STING and autophagy have been shown to be interconnected, which may influence the progression of cancer. Although cGAS-STING and autophagy have been shown to be interrelated in innate immunity, little has been reported about cancer immunity. As cancer immunity is key to treating tumors, it is essential to summarize the relationship and interactions between the two. Based on this, we systematically sorted out the recent findings of cGAS-STING and autophagy in cancer immunity and explored the interactions between cGAS-STING and autophagy, although these interactions have not been extensively studied. Lastly, we provide an outlook on how cGAS-STING and autophagy can be combined, with the hope that our research can help people better understand their potential roles in cancer immunity and bring light to the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Lu
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwen Li
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhan Zheng,
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Zeng PH, Yin WJ. The cGAS/STING signaling pathway: a cross-talk of infection, senescence and tumors. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:38-56. [PMID: 35946607 PMCID: PMC9769453 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2109899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS/STING signaling pathway is an important part of the cytoplasmic DNA sensor, which can trigger a type I interferon response to microbial infection when pathogenic DNA is detected. However, continuous inhibition of cGAS/STING signaling by viral infection may be an important cause of tumorigenesis. At the same time, recent studies have shown that although the cGAS/STING signaling pathway also plays a core role in anti-tumor immunity and cell senescence, the inflammatory response induced by cGAS/STING signaling will also promote tumorigenesis in different backgrounds. Here, we discuss the role of cGAS/STING in the context of infection, senescence, and tumors, especially with respect to progression, to facilitate a better understanding of the mechanism of the cGAS/STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wen-Jun Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Zheng H, Wu L, Xiao Q, Meng X, Hafiz A, Yan Q, Lu R, Cao J. Epigenetically suppressed tumor cell intrinsic STING promotes tumor immune escape. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114033. [PMID: 36436495 PMCID: PMC9826630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway plays an important role in cancer immunosurveillance. Pharmaceutical activation of STING in the tumor environment is considered an attractive approach to induce anti-tumor immunity, but had limited efficacy in the clinic. Several studies have found that STING is epigenetically silenced in many tumors, including colon cancer. This suggests that STING silencing in tumor cells contributes to immune escape and may limit the application of STING agonists. We previously found that inhibition of the KDM5 family histone demethylases restored STING expression in human breast cancer cells and activated the cGAS-STING pathway. In this study, we used MC38 and CT26 syngeneic mouse colorectal cancer models to show that loss of STING in tumor cells accelerates tumor growth. KDM5 inhibitors activate STING expression in mouse colorectal cancer cells and suppress colon cancer growth in immune competent mice in a STING-dependent manner. This study highlights KDM5 inhibitors as novel immune modulators in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Lizhen Wu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Qian Xiao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Alex Hafiz
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Immuno-Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Renquan Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jian Cao
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Jiang M, Qin B, Li X, Liu Y, Guan G, You J. New advances in pharmaceutical strategies for sensitizing anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and clinical research. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1837. [PMID: 35929522 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Attempts have been made continuously to use nano-drug delivery system (NDDS) to improve the effect of antitumor therapy. In recent years, especially in the application of immunotherapy represented by antiprogrammed death receptor 1 (anti-PD-1), it has been vigorously developed. Nanodelivery systems are significantly superior in a number of aspects including increasing the solubility of insoluble drugs, enhancing their targeting ability, prolonging their half-life, and reducing side effects. It can not only directly improve the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, but also indirectly enhance the antineoplastic efficacy of immunotherapy by boosting the effectiveness of therapeutic modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal, and photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT). Here, we summarize the studies published in recent years on the use of nanotechnology in pharmaceutics to improve the efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies, analyze their characteristics and shortcomings, and combine with the current clinical research on anti-PD-1 antibodies to provide a reference for the design of future nanocarriers, so as to further expand the clinical application prospects of NDDSs. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guannan Guan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Xu Q, Chen Y, Jin Y, Wang Z, Dong H, Kaufmann AM, Albers AE, Qian X. Advanced Nanomedicine for High-Risk HPV-Driven Head and Neck Cancer. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122824. [PMID: 36560828 PMCID: PMC9788019 DOI: 10.3390/v14122824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV)-driven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is on the rise globally. HR-HPV-driven HNSCC displays molecular and clinical characteristics distinct from HPV-uninvolved cases. Therapeutic strategies for HR-HPV-driven HNSCC are under investigation. HR-HPVs encode the oncogenes E6 and E7, which are essential in tumorigenesis. Meanwhile, involvement of E6 and E7 provides attractive targets for developing new therapeutic regimen. Here we will review some of the recent advancements observed in preclinical studies and clinical trials on HR-HPV-driven HNSCC, focusing on nanotechnology related methods. Materials science innovation leads to great improvement for cancer therapeutics including HNSCC. This article discusses HPV-E6 or -E7- based vaccines, based on plasmid, messenger RNA or peptide, at their current stage of development and testing as well as how nanoparticles can be designed to target and access cancer cells and activate certain immunology pathways besides serving as a delivery vehicle. Nanotechnology was also used for chemotherapy and photothermal treatment. Short interference RNA targeting E6/E7 showed some potential in animal models. Gene editing by CRISPR-CAS9 combined with other treatments has also been assessed. These advancements have the potential to improve the outcome in HR-HPV-driven HNSCC, however breakthroughs are still to be awaited with nanomedicine playing an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Haoru Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Andreas M. Kaufmann
- Clinic for Gynecology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas E. Albers
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Medical School Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310022, China
- Correspondence:
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Mezi S, Pomati G, Zizzari IG, Di Filippo A, Cerbelli B, Cirillo A, Fiscon G, Amirhassankhani S, Valentini V, De Vincentiis M, Corsi A, Di Gioia C, Tombolini V, Della Rocca C, Polimeni A, Nuti M, Marchetti P, Botticelli A. Genomic and Immune Approach in Platinum Refractory HPV-Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated with Immunotherapy: A Novel Combined Profile. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112732. [PMID: 36359251 PMCID: PMC9687656 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Only a minority of patients with platinum refractory head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (PR/HNSCC) gain some lasting benefit from immunotherapy. Methods: The combined role of the comprehensive genomic (through the FoundationOne Cdx test) and immune profiles of 10 PR/HNSCC patients treated with the anti-PD-1 nivolumab was evaluated. The immune profiles were studied both at baseline and at the second cycle of immunotherapy, weighing 20 circulating cytokines/chemokines, adhesion molecules, and 14 soluble immune checkpoints dosed through a multiplex assay. A connectivity map was obtained by calculating the Spearman correlation between the expression profiles of circulating molecules. Results: Early progression occurred in five patients, each of them showing TP53 alteration and three of them showing a mutation/loss/amplification of genes involved in the cyclin-dependent kinase pathway. In addition, ERB2 amplification (1 patient), BRCA1 mutation (1 patient), and NOTCH1 genes alteration (3 patients) occurred. Five patients achieved either stable disease or partial response. Four of them carried mutations in PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathways. In the only two patients, with a long response to immunotherapy, the tumor mutational burden (TMB) was high. Moreover, a distinct signature, in terms of network connectivity of the circulating soluble molecules, characterizing responder and non-responder patients, was evidenced. Moreover, a strong negative and statistically significant (p-value ≤ 0.05) correlation with alive status was evidenced for sE-selectin at T1. Conclusions: Our results highlighted the complexity and heterogeneity of HNSCCs, even though it was in a small cohort. Molecular and immune approaches, combined in a single profile, could represent a promising strategy, in the context of precision immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mezi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Giulia Pomati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Ilaria Grazia Zizzari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Filippo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruna Cerbelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Cirillo
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiscon
- Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering “Antonio Ruberti”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sasan Amirhassankhani
- Department of Urology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital University of Bologna, Via Palagi 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentino Valentini
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Vincentiis
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cira Di Gioia
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tombolini
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Della Rocca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Polo Pontino, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- IDI-IRCCS Istituto Dermopatico Dell’Immacolata, 00167 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Damasio MPS, Nascimento CS, Andrade LM, de Oliveira VL, Calzavara-Silva CE. The role of T-cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: From immunity to immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1021609. [PMID: 36338731 PMCID: PMC9632296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1021609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompass a group of complex entities of tumours affecting the aerodigestive upper tract. The main risk factors are strongly related to tobacco and alcohol consumption, but also HPV infection is often associated. Surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are the standard treatments, though the 5-year overall survival is less than 50%. The advances in genomics, molecular medicine, immunology, and nanotechnology have shed a light on tumour biology which helps clinical researchers to obtain more efficacious and less toxic therapies. Head and neck tumours possess different immune escape mechanisms including diminishing the immune response through modulating immune checkpoints, in addition to the recruitment and differentiation of suppressive immune cells. The insights into the HNSCC biology and its strong interaction with the tumour microenvironment highlights the role of immunomodulating agents. Recently, the knowledge of the immunological features of these tumours has paved the way for the discovery of effective biomarkers that allow a better selection of patients with odds of improving overall survival through immunotherapy. Specially biomarkers regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors antibodies, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 in combination with standard therapy or as monotherapy. New immunotherapies to treat head and neck cancer carcinomas, such as CAR T cells and nanoparticles have been the center of attention and in this review, we discuss the necessity of finding targets for the T cell in the cancer cells to generate CAR T cells, but also the relevance of evaluating specificity and safety of those therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paulo S. Damasio
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Camila Sales Nascimento
- Grupo de pesquisa em Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Rene Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lidia M. Andrade
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Física, Nanobiomedical Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vivian L. de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, LIM19, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Calzavara-Silva
- Grupo de pesquisa em Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Rene Rachou, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Biesaga B, Smolarczyk R, Mucha-Małecka A, Czapla J, Ryś J, Małecki K. Prognostic Significance of STING Immunoexpression in Relation to HPV16 Infection in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinomas of Oral Cavity and Oropharynx. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102538. [PMID: 36289800 PMCID: PMC9599825 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with HPV16 in cancers of the oral cavity (OCSCC) and oropharynx (OPSCC) is, today, an important etiological and prognostic factor. Patients with HPV-positive OPSCC have a better prognosis than uninfected patients. However, in over 40% of these patients, cancer progression is noticed. Their identification is particularly important due to the ongoing clinical trials regarding the possibility of de-escalation of anticancer treatment in patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. Some studies suggest that there is possibility to differentiate prognosis of HPV16-positive patients by STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) immunoexpression. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of STING immunoexpression on overall (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with HPV16-positive and -negative OCSCC and OPSCC. The study was performed in a group of 87 patients with OCSCC and OPSCC for which in our earlier study active HPV16 infection was assessed by P16 expression followed by HPV DNA detection. To analyze STING immunoexpression in tumor area (THS) and in adjacent stromal tissues (SHS) H score (HS) was applied. In the subgroup with HPV16, active infection patients with tumors with THS had significantly better DFS (p = 0.047) than those without THS. In this subgroup, TSH did not significantly influence OS, and SHS did not significantly correlate with OS and DFS. In the subgroup of patients without active HPV16 infection, THS and SHS also did not significantly influence patients' survival. Presented results indicated prognostic potential of tumor STING immunoexpression in patients with active HPV16 infection in cancers of oral cavity and oropharynx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Biesaga
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-63-48-498
| | - Ryszard Smolarczyk
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Mucha-Małecka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Cracow, Poland
| | - Justyna Czapla
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Janusz Ryś
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Cracow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Małecki
- Department of Radiotherapy for Children and Adults, University Children’s Hospital of Krakow, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Cracow, Poland
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Kono M, Saito S, Egloff AM, Allen CT, Uppaluri R. The mouse oral carcinoma (MOC) model: A 10-year retrospective on model development and head and neck cancer investigations. Oral Oncol 2022; 132:106012. [PMID: 35820346 PMCID: PMC9364442 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of cancer have long been paramount to understanding tumor development and advancing the treatment of cancer. Creating preclinical models that mimic the complexity and heterogeneity of human tumors is a key challenge in the advancement of cancer therapy. About ten years ago, we created the mouse oral carcinoma (MOC) cell line models that were derived from 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced mouse oral squamous cell cancers. This model has been used in numerous investigations, including studies on tumor biology and therapeutics. We have seen remarkable progress in cancer immunology in recent years, and these cell lines, which are syngeneic to C57BL/6 background, have also been used to study the anti-tumor immune response. Herein, we aim to review the MOC model from its development and characterization to its use in non-immunological and immunological preclinical head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) studies. Integrating and refining these MOC model studies and extending findings to other systems will provide crucial insights for translational approaches aimed at improving head and neck cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Kono
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Shin Saito
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ann Marie Egloff
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States.
| | - Clint T Allen
- Section on Translational Tumor Immunology, National Institutes on Deafness and Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Ravindra Uppaluri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Surgery/Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, United States.
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Rostami E, Bakhshandeh M, Ghaffari-Nazari H, Alinezhad M, Alimohammadi M, Alimohammadi R, Mahmoodi Chalbatani G, Hejazi E, Webster TJ, Tavakkol-Afshari J, Jalali SA. Combining ablative radiotherapy and anti CD47 monoclonal antibody improves infiltration of immune cells in tumor microenvironments. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273547. [PMID: 36018888 PMCID: PMC9417014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy as an anti-tumor treatment can stimulate the immune system. However, irradiated tumor cells express CD47 to escape the anti-tumor immune response. Anti- CD47 Immunotherapy is a possible way to tackle this problem. This study evaluated the effect of single high dose radiotherapy combined with an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody (αCD47 mAb) in CT26 tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice. We assessed the tumors volume and survival in mice 60 days after tumor implantation. Also, immune cell changes were analyzed by flow cytometry in tumors, lymph nodes, and spleen. Combination therapy enhanced the anti-tumor response in treated mice by increasing CD8+ T cells and M1 macrophages and decreasing M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Also, our results showed that combination therapy increased survival time in mice compared to other groups. Furthermore, tumor volumes remarkably decreased in mice that received a single high dose RT plus αCD47 mAb. In conclusion, we showed that combining RT and αCD47 mAb improved the immune cell population in TME, regressed tumor growth, and increased survival in tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rostami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bakhshandeh
- Department of Radiology Technology, Allied Medical Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Ghaffari-Nazari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maedeh Alinezhad
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Alimohammadi
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Reza Alimohammadi
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani
- Department of Oncology, Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Ehsan Hejazi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas J. Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jalil Tavakkol-Afshari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- * E-mail: , (SAJ); (JTA)
| | - Seyed Amir Jalali
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: , (SAJ); (JTA)
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Farooq H, Bien H, Chang V, Becker D, Park YH, Bates S. Loss of function STK11 alterations and poor outcomes in non-small-cell lung cancer: Literature and case series of US Veterans. Semin Oncol 2022; 49:S0093-7754(22)00048-3. [PMID: 35831213 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that STK11 alterations, frequently found in non-small-cell lung cancers, may be prognostic and/or predictive of response to therapy, particularly immunotherapy. STK11 affects multiple important cellular pathways, and mutations lead to tumor growth by creating an immunosuppressive and altered metabolic environment through changes in AMPK, STING, and vascular endothelial growth factor pathways. We illustrate the questions surrounding STK11 genomic alteration in NSCLC with a case series comprising six United States Veterans from a single institution. We discuss the history of STK11, review studies on its clinical impact, and describe putative mechanisms of how loss of STK11 might engender resistance to immunotherapy or other therapies. While the exact impact of STK11 alteration in non-small-cell lung cancer remain to be fully elucidated, future research and ongoing clinical trials will help us better understand its role in cancer development and devise more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Farooq
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, VA Northport Medical Center, Northport, NY; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY.
| | - Harold Bien
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, VA Northport Medical Center, Northport, NY; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Victor Chang
- Section of Hematology Oncology, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Daniel Becker
- Section of Hematology Oncology, New York Harbor Health Care System, New York, NY; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yeun-Hee Park
- Section of Hematology Oncology, James J Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Susan Bates
- Section of Hematology Oncology, James J Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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Gao Y, Zhang N, Zeng Z, Wu Q, Jiang X, Li S, Sun W, Zhang J, Li Y, Li J, He F, Huang Z, Zhang J, Gong Y, Xie C. LncRNA PCAT1 activates SOX2 and suppresses radioimmune responses via regulating cGAS/STING signalling in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e792. [PMID: 35415876 PMCID: PMC9005924 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) prostate cancer‐associated ncRNA transcripts 1 (PCAT1) is increased in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It stimulates tumour growth and metastasis, but its role in the radioimmune responses remain unknown. We aimed to explore the impacts of PCAT1 on tumorigenesis and radioimmune responses and the underlying molecular mechanisms in NSCLC. Methods Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify immunosuppressive lncRNAs involved with tumour invasion in NSCLC. The expression levels of PCAT1 were analysed by in situ hybridisation in 55 paired NSCLC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Both loss‐ and gain‐of‐function assays were performed to examine the effects of PCAT1 and SOX2 on NSCLC cell behaviours in vivo and in vitro. Bioinformatic analyses, chromatin isolation by RNA purification (ChIRP) and dual‐luciferase reporter assays were applied to validate the regulatory effects of PCAT1 on SOX2 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase and rescue assays were utilised to identify the relationship between SOX2 and the cGAS/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling. Results PCAT1 was immunosuppressive and related with NSCLC invasion. Increased PCAT1 was negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration in NSCLC. PCAT1 knockdown restrained proliferation, increased apoptosis, and repressed cell metastasis in vivo and in vitro. PCAT1 activated SOX2 that accelerated tumorigenesis and immunosuppression. SOX2 promoted tumour growth through inhibiting cytotoxic T‐cell immunity. Moreover, SOX2 restrained cGAS transcription and hampered downstream type I interferon (IFN)‐induced immune responses. Inhibition of PCAT1/SOX2 in collaboration with radiation further inhibited tumour growth, and initiated the cGAS/STING signalling pathway, which enhanced the immune responses of radiotherapy in NSCLC. Conclusions PCAT1/SOX2 axis promoted tumorigenesis and immunosuppression through inhibition of cGAS/STING signalling‐mediated T‐cell activation. Inhibition of PCAT1 and SOX2 synergised with radiotherapy to activate the immune response and could serve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Gao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihang Zeng
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueping Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangyi Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fajian He
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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45
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Advance of SOX Transcription Factors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Role, Tumor Immune Relevance to Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051165. [PMID: 35267473 PMCID: PMC8909699 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest human health burdens worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism of HCC development is still not fully understood. Sex determining region Y-related high-mobility group box (SOX) transcription factors not only play pivotal roles in cell fate decisions during development but also participate in the initiation and progression of cancer. Given the significance of SOX factors in cancer and their ‘undruggable’ properties, we summarize the role and molecular mechanism of SOX family members in HCC and the regulatory effect of SOX factors in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of various cancers. For the first time, we analyze the association between the levels of SOX factors and that of immune components in HCC, providing clues to the pivotal role of SOX factors in the TIME of HCC. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges of targeting SOX factors for cancer. Abstract Sex determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) factors belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that play essential roles in cell fate decisions involving numerous developmental processes. In recent years, the significance of SOX factors in the initiation and progression of cancers has been gradually revealed, and they act as potential therapeutic targets for cancer. However, the research involving SOX factors is still preliminary, given that their effects in some leading-edge fields such as tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) remain obscure. More importantly, as a class of ‘undruggable’ molecules, targeting SOX factors still face considerable challenges in achieving clinical translation. Here, we mainly focus on the roles and regulatory mechanisms of SOX family members in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the fatal human health burdens worldwide. We then detail the role of SOX members in remodeling TIME and analyze the association between SOX members and immune components in HCC for the first time. In addition, we emphasize several alternative strategies involved in the translational advances of SOX members in cancer. Finally, we discuss the alternative strategies of targeting SOX family for cancer and propose the opportunities and challenges they face based on the current accumulated studies and our understanding.
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46
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Cattolico C, Bailey P, Barry ST. Modulation of Type I Interferon Responses to Influence Tumor-Immune Cross Talk in PDAC. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:816517. [PMID: 35273962 PMCID: PMC8902310 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.816517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of many cancer types. However, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) exhibit poor responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors with immunotherapy-based trials not generating convincing clinical activity. PDAC tumors often have low infiltration of tumor CD8+ T cells and a highly immunosuppressive microenvironment. These features classify PDAC as immunologically "cold." However, the presence of tumor T cells is a favorable prognostic feature in PDAC. Intrinsic tumor cell properties govern interactions with the immune system. Alterations in tumor DNA such as genomic instability, high tumor mutation burden, and/or defects in DNA damage repair are associated with responses to both immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Cytotoxic or metabolic stress produced by radiation and/or chemotherapy can act as potent immune triggers and prime immune responses. Damage- or stress-mediated activation of nucleic acid-sensing pathways triggers type I interferon (IFN-I) responses that activate innate immune cells and natural killer cells, promote maturation of dendritic cells, and stimulate adaptive immunity. While PDAC exhibits intrinsic features that have the potential to engage immune cells, particularly following chemotherapy, these immune-sensing mechanisms are ineffective. Understanding where defects in innate immune triggers render the PDAC tumor-immune interface less effective, or how T-cell function is suppressed will help develop more effective treatments and harness the immune system for durable outcomes. This review will focus on the pivotal role played by IFN-I in promoting tumor cell-immune cell cross talk in PDAC. We will discuss how PDAC tumor cells bypass IFN-I signaling pathways and explore how these pathways can be co-opted or re-engaged to enhance the therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Cattolico
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bailey
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon T. Barry
- Bioscience, Early Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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47
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Oh SJ, Lee HJ, Song KH, Kim S, Cho E, Lee J, Bosenberg MW, Kim TW. Targeting NANOG/HDAC1 axis reverses resistance to PD-1 blockade by reinvigorating anti-tumor immunity cycle. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:147908. [PMID: 35104240 PMCID: PMC8920337 DOI: 10.1172/jci147908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has shifted the paradigm for cancer treatment. However, the majority of patients lack effective responses because of the emergence of immune-refractory tumors that disrupt the amplification of antitumor immunity. Therefore, the identification of clinically available targets that restrict antitumor immunity is required to develop potential combination therapies. Here, using transcriptomic data on patients with cancer treated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy and newly established mouse preclinical anti–PD-1 therapy–refractory models, we identified NANOG as a factor restricting the amplification of the antitumor immunity cycle, thereby contributing to the immune-refractory feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Mechanistically, NANOG induced insufficient T cell infiltration and resistance to CTL-mediated killing via the histone deacetylase 1–dependent (HDAC1-dependent) regulation of CXCL10 and MCL1, respectively. Importantly, HDAC1 inhibition using an actionable agent sensitized NANOGhi immune-refractory tumors to PD-1 blockade by reinvigorating the antitumor immunity cycle. Thus, our findings implicate the NANOG/HDAC1 axis as a central molecular target for controlling immune-refractory tumors and provide a rationale for combining HDAC inhibitors to reverse the refractoriness of tumors to ICB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Kwon-Ho Song
- Department of Cell Biology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea, Republic of
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Eunho Cho
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
| | - Jaeyoon Lee
- College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Northeastern University, Boston, United States of America
| | - Marcus W Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States of America
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of
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48
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Zhou J, Ventura CJ, Fang RH, Zhang L. Nanodelivery of STING agonists against cancer and infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 83:101007. [PMID: 34353637 PMCID: PMC8792206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a modality that has been widely explored for the treatment of various diseases. To increase the potency of vaccine formulations, immunostimulatory adjuvants have been regularly exploited, and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has recently emerged as a remarkable therapeutic target. STING is an endogenous protein on the endoplasmic reticulum that is a downstream sensor to cytosolic DNA. Upon activation, STING initiates a series of intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately generate potent type I interferon-mediated immune responses. Both natural and synthetic agonists have been used to stimulate the STING pathway, but they are usually administered locally due to low bioavailability, instability, and difficulty in bypassing the plasma membrane. With excellent pharmacokinetic profiles and versatility, nanocarriers can address many of these challenges and broaden the application of STING vaccines. Along these lines, STING-inducing nanovaccines are being developed to address a wide range of diseases. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in STING nanovaccines for anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christian J Ventura
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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49
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Li K, Zhang Z, Mei Y, Li M, Yang Q, WU Q, Yang H, HE LIANGCAN, Liu S. Targeting innate immune system by nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1709-1733. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various cancer therapies have advanced remarkably over the past decade. Unlike the direct therapeutic targeting of tumor cells, cancer immunotherapy is a new strategy that boosts the host's immune system...
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50
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Zong C, Zhu T, He J, Huang R, Jia R, Shen J. PARP mediated DNA damage response, genomic stability and immune responses. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:1745-1759. [PMID: 34952967 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, especially PARP1, play important roles in the DNA damage response and in the maintenance of genome stability, which makes PARPis a classic synthetic lethal therapy for BRCA-deficient tumors. Conventional mechanisms suggest that PARPis exert their effects via catalytic inhibition and PARP-DNA trapping. Recently, PARP1 has been found to play a role in the immune modulation of tumors. The blockade of PARP1 is able to induce innate immunity through a series of molecular mechanisms, thus allowing the prediction of the feasibility of PARPis combined with immune agents in the treatment of tumors. PARPis combined with immunomodulators may have a stronger tumor suppressive effect on inhibiting tumor growth and blocking immune escape. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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