1
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Schlegel LS, Werbrouck C, Boettcher M, Schlegel P. Universal CAR 2.0 to overcome current limitations in CAR therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383894. [PMID: 38962014 PMCID: PMC11219820 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has effectively complemented the treatment of advanced relapsed and refractory hematological cancers. The remarkable achievements of CD19- and BCMA-CAR T therapies have raised high expectations within the fields of hematology and oncology. These groundbreaking successes are propelling a collective aspiration to extend the reach of CAR therapies beyond B-lineage malignancies. Advanced CAR technologies have created a momentum to surmount the limitations of conventional CAR concepts. Most importantly, innovations that enable combinatorial targeting to address target antigen heterogeneity, using versatile adapter CAR concepts in conjunction with recent transformative next-generation CAR design, offer the promise to overcome both the bottleneck associated with CAR manufacturing and patient-individualized treatment regimens. In this comprehensive review, we delineate the fundamental prerequisites, navigate through pivotal challenges, and elucidate strategic approaches, all aimed at paving the way for the future establishment of multitargeted immunotherapies using universal CAR technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sophie Schlegel
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Coralie Werbrouck
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlegel
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Westmead Children’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Alviano AM, Biondi M, Grassenis E, Biondi A, Serafini M, Tettamanti S. Fully equipped CARs to address tumor heterogeneity, enhance safety, and improve the functionality of cellular immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407992. [PMID: 38887285 PMCID: PMC11180895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has achieved unprecedented response rates in patients with certain hematological malignancies, this therapeutic modality is still far from fulfilling its remarkable potential, especially in the context of solid cancers. Antigen escape variants, off-tumor destruction of healthy tissues expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), poor CAR-T cell persistence, and the occurrence of functional exhaustion represent some of the most prominent hurdles that limit CAR-T cell ability to induce long-lasting remissions with a tolerable adverse effect profile. In this review, we summarize the main approaches that have been developed to face such bottlenecks, including the adapter CAR (AdCAR) system, Boolean-logic gating, epitope editing, the modulation of cell-intrinsic signaling pathways, and the incorporation of safety switches to precisely control CAR-T cell activation. We also discuss the most pressing issues pertaining to the selection of co-stimulatory domains, with a focus on strategies aimed at promoting CAR-T cell persistence and optimal antitumor functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Maria Alviano
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Biondi
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Erica Grassenis
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sarah Tettamanti
- Tettamanti Center and Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy
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3
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Klein C, Brinkmann U, Reichert JM, Kontermann RE. The present and future of bispecific antibodies for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:301-319. [PMID: 38448606 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-024-00896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) enable novel mechanisms of action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. Consequently, development of these molecules has garnered substantial interest in the past decade and, as of the end of 2023, 14 bsAbs have been approved: 11 for the treatment of cancer and 3 for non-oncology indications. bsAbs are available in different formats, address different targets and mediate anticancer function via different molecular mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of bsAbs for cancer therapy. We focus on bsAbs that are approved or in clinical development, including bsAb-mediated dual modulators of signalling pathways, tumour-targeted receptor agonists, bsAb-drug conjugates, bispecific T cell, natural killer cell and innate immune cell engagers, and bispecific checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulators. Finally, we provide an outlook into next-generation bsAbs in earlier stages of development, including trispecifics, bsAb prodrugs, bsAbs that induce degradation of tumour targets and bsAbs acting as cytokine mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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4
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Märkl F, Schultheiß C, Ali M, Chen SS, Zintchenko M, Egli L, Mietz J, Chijioke O, Paschold L, Spajic S, Holtermann A, Dörr J, Stock S, Zingg A, Läubli H, Piseddu I, Anz D, Minden MDV, Zhang T, Nerreter T, Hudecek M, Minguet S, Chiorazzi N, Kobold S, Binder M. Mutation-specific CAR T cells as precision therapy for IGLV3-21 R110 expressing high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:993. [PMID: 38307904 PMCID: PMC10837166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45378-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of precision cell therapy targeting tumor-specific mutations is appealing but requires surface-exposed neoepitopes, which is a rarity in cancer. B cell receptors (BCR) of mature lymphoid malignancies are exceptional in that they harbor tumor-specific-stereotyped sequences in the form of point mutations that drive self-engagement of the BCR and autologous signaling. Here, we use a BCR light chain neoepitope defined by a characteristic point mutation (IGLV3-21R110) for selective targeting of a poor-risk subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. We develop murine and humanized CAR constructs expressed in T cells from healthy donors and CLL patients that eradicate IGLV3-21R110 expressing cell lines and primary CLL cells, but neither cells expressing the non-pathogenic IGLV3-21G110 light chain nor polyclonal healthy B cells. In vivo experiments confirm epitope-selective cytolysis in xenograft models in female mice using engrafted IGLV3-21R110 expressing cell lines or primary CLL cells. We further demonstrate in two humanized mouse models lack of cytotoxicity towards human B cells. These data provide the basis for advanced approaches of resistance-preventive and biomarker-guided cellular targeting of functionally relevant lymphoma driver mutations sparing normal B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Märkl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schultheiß
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Murtaza Ali
- Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | - Lukas Egli
- Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Mietz
- Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Obinna Chijioke
- Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pathology and Medical Genetics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Paschold
- Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sebastijan Spajic
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Holtermann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Janina Dörr
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Stock
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zingg
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Läubli
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ignazio Piseddu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David Anz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tianjiao Zhang
- Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Nerreter
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical Faculty, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Mascha Binder
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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5
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Tang HY, Cao YZ, Zhou YW, Ma YS, Jiang H, Zhang H, Jiang L, Yang QX, Tang XM, Yang C, Liu XY, Liu FX, Liu JB, Fu D, Wang YF, Yu H. The power and the promise of CAR-mediated cell immunotherapy for clinical application in pancreatic cancer. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00027-4. [PMID: 38244773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer, referred to as the "monarch of malignancies," is a neoplastic growth mostly arising from the epithelial cells of the pancreatic duct and acinar cells. This particular neoplasm has a highly unfavorable prognosis due to its marked malignancy, inconspicuous initial manifestation, challenging early detection, rapid advancement, and limited survival duration. Cellular immunotherapy is the ex vivo culture and expansion of immune effector cells, granting them the capacity to selectively target malignant cells using specialized techniques. Subsequently, these modified cells are reintroduced into the patient's organism with the purpose of eradicating tumor cells and providing therapeutic intervention for cancer. PRESENT SITUATION Presently, the primary cellular therapeutic modalities employed in the treatment of pancreatic cancer encompass CAR T-cell therapy, TCR T-cell therapy, NK-cell therapy, and CAR NK-cell therapy. AIM OF REVIEW This review provides a concise overview of the mechanisms and primary targets associated with various cell therapies. Additionally, we will explore the prospective outlook of cell therapy in the context of treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China; Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226631, Jiangsu, China; General Surgery, Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Cao
- General Surgery, Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Wei Zhou
- General Surgery, Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Shui Ma
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The 905th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy, Shanghai 200050, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226631, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Qin-Xin Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Tang
- General Surgery, Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xin-Yun Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fu-Xing Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226631, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Da Fu
- Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226631, Jiangsu, China; General Surgery, Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yun-Feng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai 201299, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China; Department of Pathology, Taizhou School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Stock S, Klüver AK, Fertig L, Menkhoff VD, Subklewe M, Endres S, Kobold S. Mechanisms and strategies for safe chimeric antigen receptor T-cell activity control. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1706-1725. [PMID: 37350095 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has rapidly changed the treatment options for terminally ill patients with defined blood-borne cancer types. However, CAR T-cell therapy can lead to severe therapy-associated toxicities including CAR-related hematotoxicity, ON-target OFF-tumor toxicity, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Just as CAR T-cell therapy has evolved regarding receptor design, gene transfer systems and production protocols, the management of side effects has also improved. However, because of measures taken to abrogate adverse events, CAR T-cell viability and persistence might be impaired before complete remission can be achieved. This has fueled efforts for the development of extrinsic and intrinsic strategies for better control of CAR T-cell activity. These approaches can mediate a reversible resting state or irreversible T-cell elimination, depending on the route chosen. Control can be passive or active. By combination of CAR T-cells with T-cell inhibiting compounds, pharmacologic control, mostly independent of the CAR construct design used, can be achieved. Other strategies involve the genetic modification of T-cells or further development of the CAR construct by integration of molecular ON/OFF switches such as suicide genes. Alternatively, CAR T-cell activity can be regulated intracellularly through a self-regulation function or extracellularly through titration of a CAR adaptor or of a priming small molecule. In this work, we review the current strategies and mechanisms to control activity of CAR T-cells reversibly or irreversibly for preventing and for managing therapy-associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Stock
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristina Klüver
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Luisa Fertig
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Vivien D Menkhoff
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, LMU Gene Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
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7
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Wagenbauer KF, Pham N, Gottschlich A, Kick B, Kozina V, Frank C, Trninic D, Stömmer P, Grünmeier R, Carlini E, Tsiverioti CA, Kobold S, Funke JJ, Dietz H. Programmable multispecific DNA-origami-based T-cell engagers. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1319-1326. [PMID: 37591933 PMCID: PMC10656288 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies have emerged as versatile therapeutic agents, and therefore, approaches to optimize and streamline their design and assembly are needed. Here we report on the modular and programmable assembly of IgG antibodies, F(ab) and scFv fragments on DNA origami nanocarriers. We screened 105 distinct quadruplet antibody variants in vitro for the ability to activate T cells in the presence of target cells. T-cell engagers were identified, which in vitro showed the specific and efficient T-cell-mediated lysis of five distinct target cell lines. We used these T-cell engagers to target and lyse tumour cells in vivo in a xenograft mouse tumour model. Our approach enables the rapid generation, screening and testing of bi- and multispecific antibodies to facilitate preclinical pharmaceutical development from in vitro discovery to in vivo proof of concept.
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Grants
- This work was supported by a European Research Council Consolidator Grant to H.D. (grant agreement 724261), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through grants provided within the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Program (to H.D.), the Medical Valley Award, the M4 Award, a GO-Bio initial award (Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) of Germany), and a Funding by the ForTra gGmbH für Forschungstransfer der Else Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung all to KFW, JJF, BK and HD. The work has received support from the Max Planck School Matter to Life (to H.D.) jointly financed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) of Germany and the Max Planck Society
- This study was further supported by the international doctoral program the Förderprogramm für Forschung und Lehre der Medizinischen Fakultät der LMU (A.G, grant number 1139), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (A.G. – grant number: GO 3823/1-1); S.K. - grant number: KO 5055/3-1), ‘i-Target: immunotargeting of cancer’ (funded by the Elite Network of Bavaria; to S.K.), Melanoma Research Alliance (grant number 409510 to S.K.), Marie Sklodowska-Curie Training Network for Optimizing Adoptive T Cell Therapy of Cancer (funded by the Horizon 2020 programme of the European Union; grant 955575 to S.K.), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung (to S.K.), German Cancer Aid (AvantCAR.de to S. Kobold), Ernst Jung Stiftung (to S.K.), the Wilhelm-Sander Stiftung (to S. Kobold), Institutional Strategy LMUexcellent of LMU Munich (within the framework of the German Excellence Initiative; to S.K.), Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (S.K.), European Research Council (Starting Grant 756017 and Proof of Concept Grant 101100460 to S. Kobold), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; KO5055-2-1 and 510821390 to S.K.), by the SFB-TRR 338/1 2021–452881907 (to S.K.), Fritz-Bender Foundation (to S.K.), Deutsche José Carreras Leukämie Stiftung (to S.K.) and Hector Foundation (to S.K.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus F Wagenbauer
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Nhi Pham
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kick
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Viktorija Kozina
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Christopher Frank
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Daniela Trninic
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Pierre Stömmer
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Ruth Grünmeier
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Emanuele Carlini
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Angeliki Tsiverioti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Munich, Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jonas J Funke
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Dietz
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
- Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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8
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Neeser A, Ramasubramanian R, Wang C, Ma L. Engineering enhanced chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy for solid tumors. IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY TECHNOLOGY 2023; 19:100385. [PMID: 37483659 PMCID: PMC10362352 DOI: 10.1016/j.iotech.2023.100385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The early clinical success and subsequent US Food and Drug Administration approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy for leukemia and lymphoma affirm that engineered T cells can be a powerful treatment for hematologic malignancies. Yet this success has not been replicated in solid tumors. Numerous challenges emerged from clinical experience and well-controlled preclinical animal models must be met to enable safe and efficacious CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors. Here, we review recent advances in bioengineering strategies developed to enhance CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors, focusing on targeted single-gene perturbation, genetic circuits design, cytokine engineering, and interactive biomaterials. These bioengineering approaches present a unique set of tools that synergize with CAR-T cells to overcome obstacles in solid tumors and achieve robust and long-lasting therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Neeser
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - R. Ramasubramanian
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - C. Wang
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - L. Ma
- The Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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9
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Märkl F, Benmebarek MR, Keyl J, Cadilha BL, Geiger M, Karches C, Obeck H, Schwerdtfeger M, Michaelides S, Briukhovetska D, Stock S, Jobst J, Müller PJ, Majed L, Seifert M, Klüver AK, Lorenzini T, Grünmeier R, Thomas M, Gottschlich A, Klaus R, Marr C, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Rothenfusser S, Levesque MP, Heppt MV, Endres S, Klein C, Kobold S. Bispecific antibodies redirect synthetic agonistic receptor modified T cells against melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006436. [PMID: 37208128 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is an immune sensitive disease, as demonstrated by the activity of immune check point blockade (ICB), but many patients will either not respond or relapse. More recently, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy has shown promising efficacy in melanoma treatment after ICB failure, indicating the potential of cellular therapies. However, TIL treatment comes with manufacturing limitations, product heterogeneity, as well as toxicity problems, due to the transfer of a large number of phenotypically diverse T cells. To overcome said limitations, we propose a controlled adoptive cell therapy approach, where T cells are armed with synthetic agonistic receptors (SAR) that are selectively activated by bispecific antibodies (BiAb) targeting SAR and melanoma-associated antigens. METHODS Human as well as murine SAR constructs were generated and transduced into primary T cells. The approach was validated in murine, human and patient-derived cancer models expressing the melanoma-associated target antigens tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) and melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP) (CSPG4). SAR T cells were functionally characterized by assessing their specific stimulation and proliferation, as well as their tumor-directed cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS MCSP and TYRP1 expression was conserved in samples of patients with treated as well as untreated melanoma, supporting their use as melanoma-target antigens. The presence of target cells and anti-TYRP1 × anti-SAR or anti-MCSP × anti-SAR BiAb induced conditional antigen-dependent activation, proliferation of SAR T cells and targeted tumor cell lysis in all tested models. In vivo, antitumoral activity and long-term survival was mediated by the co-administration of SAR T cells and BiAb in a syngeneic tumor model and was further validated in several xenograft models, including a patient-derived xenograft model. CONCLUSION The SAR T cell-BiAb approach delivers specific and conditional T cell activation as well as targeted tumor cell lysis in melanoma models. Modularity is a key feature for targeting melanoma and is fundamental towards personalized immunotherapies encompassing cancer heterogeneity. Because antigen expression may vary in primary melanoma tissues, we propose that a dual approach targeting two tumor-associated antigens, either simultaneously or sequentially, could avoid issues of antigen heterogeneity and deliver therapeutic benefit to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Märkl
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julius Keyl
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno L Cadilha
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Geiger
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Clara Karches
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Obeck
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanos Michaelides
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daria Briukhovetska
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Stock
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Jobst
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Jie Müller
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina Majed
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Kristina Klüver
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Theo Lorenzini
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Grünmeier
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Thomas
- Institute of AI for Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard Klaus
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Haunersches Kinderspital, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Marr
- Institute of AI for Health, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfusser
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Markus Vincent Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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10
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Celichowski P, Turi M, Charvátová S, Radhakrishnan D, Feizi N, Chyra Z, Šimíček M, Jelínek T, Bago JR, Hájek R, Hrdinka M. Tuning CARs: recent advances in modulating chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell activity for improved safety, efficacy, and flexibility. J Transl Med 2023; 21:197. [PMID: 36922828 PMCID: PMC10015723 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies utilizing genetically engineered T cells have emerged as powerful personalized therapeutic agents showing dramatic preclinical and clinical results, particularly in hematological malignancies. Ectopically expressed chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) reprogram immune cells to target and eliminate cancer. However, CAR T cell therapy's success depends on the balance between effective anti-tumor activity and minimizing harmful side effects. To improve CAR T cell therapy outcomes and mitigate associated toxicities, scientists from different fields are cooperating in developing next-generation products using the latest molecular cell biology and synthetic biology tools and technologies. The immunotherapy field is rapidly evolving, with new approaches and strategies being reported at a fast pace. This comprehensive literature review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the latest developments in controlling CAR T cell activity for improved safety, efficacy, and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Celichowski
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marcello Turi
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Charvátová
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dhwani Radhakrishnan
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Neda Feizi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Zuzana Chyra
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šimíček
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Jelínek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Juli Rodriguez Bago
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Matouš Hrdinka
- Department of Haematooncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- Department of Haematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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11
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Köseer AS, Di Gaetano S, Arndt C, Bachmann M, Dubrovska A. Immunotargeting of Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1608. [PMID: 36900399 PMCID: PMC10001158 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The generally accepted view is that CSCs hijack the signaling pathways attributed to normal stem cells that regulate the self-renewal and differentiation processes. Therefore, the development of selective targeting strategies for CSC, although clinically meaningful, is associated with significant challenges because CSC and normal stem cells share many important signaling mechanisms for their maintenance and survival. Furthermore, the efficacy of this therapy is opposed by tumor heterogeneity and CSC plasticity. While there have been considerable efforts to target CSC populations by the chemical inhibition of the developmental pathways such as Notch, Hedgehog (Hh), and Wnt/β-catenin, noticeably fewer attempts were focused on the stimulation of the immune response by CSC-specific antigens, including cell-surface targets. Cancer immunotherapies are based on triggering the anti-tumor immune response by specific activation and targeted redirecting of immune cells toward tumor cells. This review is focused on CSC-directed immunotherapeutic approaches such as bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug candidates, CSC-targeted cellular immunotherapies, and immune-based vaccines. We discuss the strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of the different immunotherapeutic approaches and describe the current state of their clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sedef Köseer
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Simona Di Gaetano
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01309 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01307 Dresden, Germany
- OncoRay–National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01309 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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12
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Pelosi E, Castelli G, Testa U. CD123 a Therapeutic Target for Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Blastic Plasmocytoid Dendritic Neoplasm. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032718. [PMID: 36769040 PMCID: PMC9917129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of consistent progress at the level of basic research and of clinical treatment, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) still represents an unmet clinical need for adult and pediatric patients. To improve the outcomes of these patients, it is necessary to identify new therapeutic targets. IL3RA (CD123, alpha subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor) is a cell membrane protein overexpressed in several hematologic malignancies, including AML blastic plasmocytoid dendritic cell neoplasms (BPDCN). Given the higher expression of CD123 on leukemic cells compared to normal hematopoietic cells and its low/absent expression on normal hematopoietic stem cells, it appears as a suitable and attractive target for therapy. Various drugs targeting CD123 have been developed and evaluated at clinical level: interleukin-3 conjugated with diphtheria toxin; naked neutralizing anti-CD123 antibodies; drug-antibody conjugates; bispecific antibodies targeting both CD123 and CD3; and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to target CD123. Some of these agents have shown promising results at the clinical level, including tagraxofusp (CD123 conjugated with diphtheria toxin) for the treatment of BPDCN and IMGN632 (anti-CD123 drug-conjugate), and flotetuzumab (bispecific anti-CD123 and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody) for the treatment of AML. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CD123-targeting treatments is still unsatisfactory and must be improved through new therapeutic strategies and combined treatments with other antileukemic drugs.
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13
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Xu T, Karschnia P, Cadilha BL, Dede S, Lorenz M, Seewaldt N, Nikolaishvili E, Müller K, Blobner J, Teske N, Herold JJ, Rejeski K, Langer S, Obeck H, Lorenzini T, Mulazzani M, Zhang W, Ishikawa-Ankerhold H, Buchholz VR, Subklewe M, Thon N, Straube A, Tonn JC, Kobold S, von Baumgarten L. In vivo dynamics and anti-tumor effects of EpCAM-directed CAR T-cells against brain metastases from lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2163781. [PMID: 36687005 PMCID: PMC9851202 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2163781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer patients are at risk for brain metastases and often succumb to their intracranial disease. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells emerged as a powerful cell-based immunotherapy for hematological malignancies; however, it remains unclear whether CAR T-cells represent a viable therapy for brain metastases. Here, we established a syngeneic orthotopic cerebral metastasis model in mice by combining a chronic cranial window with repetitive intracerebral two-photon laser scanning-microscopy. This approach enabled in vivo-characterization of fluorescent CAR T-cells and tumor cells on a single-cell level over weeks. Intraparenchymal injection of Lewis lung carcinoma cells (expressing the tumor cell-antigen EpCAM) was performed, and EpCAM-directed CAR T-cells were injected either intravenously or into the adjacent brain parenchyma. In mice receiving EpCAM-directed CAR T-cells intravenously, we neither observed substantial CAR T-cell accumulation within the tumor nor relevant anti-tumor effects. Local CAR T-cell injection, however, resulted in intratumoral CAR T-cell accumulation compared to controls treated with T-cells lacking a CAR. This finding was accompanied by reduced tumorous growth as determined per in vivo-microscopy and immunofluorescence of excised brains and also translated into prolonged survival. However, the intratumoral number of EpCAM-directed CAR T-cells decreased during the observation period, pointing toward insufficient persistence. No CNS-specific or systemic toxicities of EpCAM-directed CAR T-cells were observed in our fully immunocompetent model. Collectively, our findings indicate that locally (but not intravenously) injected CAR T-cells may safely induce relevant anti-tumor effects in brain metastases from lung cancer. Strategies improving the intratumoral CAR T-cell persistence may further boost the therapeutic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Karschnia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany,CONTACT Philipp Karschnia
| | - Bruno Loureiro Cadilha
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sertac Dede
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lorenz
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas Seewaldt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elene Nikolaishvili
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Müller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Blobner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nico Teske
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julika J. Herold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Rejeski
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sigrid Langer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Obeck
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Theo Lorenzini
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Mulazzani
- Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hellen Ishikawa-Ankerhold
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R. Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universitaet Muenchen (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas Thon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joerg-Christian Tonn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Louisa von Baumgarten
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany,Louisa von Baumgarten Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15/81377, Munich, Germany
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14
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Impact of the selective A2 AR and A2 BR dual antagonist AB928/etrumadenant on CAR T cell function. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:2175-2185. [PMID: 36266575 PMCID: PMC9726885 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been successfully translated to clinical practice for the treatment of B cell malignancies. The suppressive microenvironment of many malignancies is a bottleneck preventing treatment success of CAR T cells in a broader range of tumours. Among others, the immunosuppressive metabolite adenosine is present in high concentrations within many tumours and dampens anti-tumour function of immune cells and consequently therapeutic response. METHODS Here, we present the impact of the selective adenosine A2A and A2B receptor antagonist AB928/etrumadenant on CAR T cell cytokine secretion, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. Using phosphorylation-specific flow cytometry, we evaluated the capability of AB928 to shield CAR T cells from adenosine-mediated signalling. The effect of orally administered AB928 on CAR T cells was assessed in a syngeneic mouse model of colon carcinoma. RESULTS We found that immunosuppressive signalling in CAR T cells in response to adenosine was fully blocked by the small molecule inhibitor. AB928 treatment enhanced CAR T cell cytokine secretion and proliferation, granted efficient cytolysis of tumour cells in vitro and augmented CAR T cell activation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Together our results suggest that combination therapy with AB928 represents a promising approach to improve adoptive cell therapy.
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Balagopal S, Sasaki K, Kaur P, Nikolaidi M, Ishihara J. Emerging approaches for preventing cytokine release syndrome in CAR-T cell therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7491-7511. [PMID: 35912720 PMCID: PMC9518648 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated remarkable anti-tumor efficacy against hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma. However, patients treated with CAR-T cells frequently experience cytokine release syndrome (CRS), one of the most life-threatening adverse events of the therapy induced by systemic concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines throughout the body. Immunosuppressants such as tocilizumab are currently administered to treat the onset and progression of CRS symptoms. In order to reduce the risk of CRS, newly designed next-generation CAR-T treatments are being developed for both hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors. In this review, we discuss six classes of interesting approaches that control cytokine production of CAR-T cell therapy: adaptor-based strategies, orthogonal cytokine-receptor pairs, regulation of macrophage cytokine activity, autonomous neutralization of key cytokines, kill switches and methods of reversible suppression of CARs. With these strategies, future CAR-T cell therapies will be designed to preemptively inhibit CRS, minimize the patients' suffering, and maximize the number of benefiting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Balagopal
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Koichi Sasaki
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Pooja Kaur
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Maria Nikolaidi
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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16
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McCue AC, Yao Z, Kuhlman B. Advances in modular control of CAR-T therapy with adapter-mediated CARs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114358. [PMID: 35618140 PMCID: PMC9939278 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Protein engineering has contributed to successes in the field of T cell-based immunotherapy, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. CAR T cell therapy has become a pillar of cancer immunotherapy, demonstrating clinical effectiveness against B cell malignancies by targeting the B cell antigen CD19. Current gene editing techniques have limited safety controls over CAR T cell activity, which presents a hurdle for control of CAR T cells in patients. Alternatively, CAR T cell activity can be controlled by engineering CARs to bind soluble adapter molecules that direct the interaction between the CAR T cell and target cell. The flexibility in this adapter-mediated approach overcomes the rigid specificity of traditional CAR T cells to allow targeting of multiple cell types. Here we describe adapter CAR T technologies and how these methods emphasize the growing role of protein engineering in the design of programmable tools for T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia C McCue
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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17
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Stock S, Benmebarek MR, Kluever AK, Darowski D, Jost C, Stubenrauch KG, Benz J, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Moessner E, Umana P, Subklewe M, Endres S, Klein C, Kobold S. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells engineered to recognize the P329G-mutated Fc part of effector-silenced tumor antigen-targeting human IgG1 antibodies enable modular targeting of solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005054. [PMID: 35902133 PMCID: PMC9341194 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has proven its clinical utility in hematological malignancies. Optimization is still required for its application in solid tumors. Here, the lack of cancer-specific structures along with tumor heterogeneity represent a critical barrier to safety and efficacy. Modular CAR T cells indirectly binding the tumor antigen through CAR-adaptor molecules have the potential to reduce adverse events and to overcome antigen heterogeneity. We hypothesized that a platform utilizing unique traits of clinical grade antibodies for selective CAR targeting would come with significant advantages. Thus, we developed a P329G-directed CAR targeting the P329G mutation in the Fc part of tumor-targeting human antibodies containing P329G L234A/L235A (LALA) mutations for Fc silencing. METHODS A single chain variable fragment-based second generation P329G-targeting CAR was retrovirally transduced into primary human T cells. These CAR T cells were combined with IgG1 antibodies carrying P329G LALA mutations in their Fc part targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mesothelin (MSLN) or HER2/neu. Mesothelioma, pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines expressing the respective antigens were used as target cell lines. Efficacy was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in xenograft mouse models. RESULTS Unlike CD16-CAR T cells, which bind human IgG in a non-selective manner, P329G-targeting CAR T cells revealed specific effector functions only when combined with antibodies carrying P329G LALA mutations in their Fc part. P329G-targeting CAR T cells cannot be activated by an excess of human IgG. P329G-directed CAR T cells combined with a MSLN-targeting P329G-mutated antibody mediated pronounced in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy in mesothelioma and pancreatic cancer models. Combined with a HER2-targeting antibody, P329G-targeting CAR T cells showed substantial in vitro activation, proliferation, cytokine production and cytotoxicity against HER2-expressing breast cancer cell lines and induced complete tumor eradication in a breast cancer xenograft mouse model. The ability of the platform to target multiple antigens sequentially was shown in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS P329G-targeting CAR T cells combined with antigen-binding human IgG1 antibodies containing the P329G Fc mutation mediate pronounced in vitro and in vivo effector functions in different solid tumor models, warranting further clinical translation of this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Stock
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany .,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna-Kristina Kluever
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Diana Darowski
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Innovent Biologics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Christian Jost
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Athebio AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Joerg Benz
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Ekkehard Moessner
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Department of Medicine IV, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Bashiri Dezfouli A, Yazdi M, Benmebarek MR, Schwab M, Michaelides S, Miccichè A, Geerts D, Stangl S, Klapproth S, Wagner E, Kobold S, Multhoff G. CAR T Cells Targeting Membrane-Bound Hsp70 on Tumor Cells Mimic Hsp70-Primed NK Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883694. [PMID: 35720311 PMCID: PMC9198541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to boost anti-tumor immunity are urgently needed to treat therapy-resistant late-stage cancers, including colorectal cancers (CRCs). Cytokine stimulation and genetic modifications with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) represent promising strategies to more specifically redirect anti-tumor activities of effector cells like natural killer (NK) and T cells. However, these approaches are critically dependent on tumor-specific antigens while circumventing the suppressive power of the solid tumor microenvironment and avoiding off-tumor toxicities. Previously, we have shown that the stress-inducible heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is frequently and specifically expressed on the cell surface of many different, highly aggressive tumors but not normal tissues. We could take advantage of tumors expressing Hsp70 on their membrane (‘mHsp70’) to attract and engage NK cells after in vitro stimulation with the 14-mer Hsp70 peptide TKDNNLLGRFELSG (TKD) plus low dose interleukin (IL)-2. However, a potential limitation of activated primary NK cells after adoptive transfer is their comparably short life span. T cells are typically long-lived but do not recognize mHsp70 on tumor cells, even after stimulation with TKD/IL-2. To combine the advantages of mHsp70-specificity with longevity, we constructed a CAR having specificity for mHsp70 and retrovirally transduced it into primary T cells. Co-culture of anti-Hsp70 CAR-transduced T cells with mHsp70-positive tumor cells stimulates their functional responsiveness. Herein, we demonstrated that human CRCs with a high mHsp70 expression similarly attract TKD/IL-2 stimulated NK cells and anti-Hsp70 CAR T cells, triggering the release of their lytic effector protein granzyme B (GrB) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ, after 4 and 24 hours, respectively. In sum, stimulated NK cells and anti-Hsp70 CAR T cells demonstrated comparable anti-tumor effects, albeit with somewhat differing kinetics. These findings, together with the fact that mHsp70 is expressed on a large variety of different cancer entities, highlight the potential of TKD/IL-2 pre-stimulated NK, as well as anti-Hsp70 CAR T cells to provide a promising direction in the field of targeted, cell-based immunotherapies which can address significant unmet clinical needs in a wide range of cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Mina Yazdi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa Schwab
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanos Michaelides
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Stangl
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Klapproth
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Translational Cancer Research Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
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19
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Mohammadi M, Akhoundi M, Malih S, Mohammadi A, Sheykhhasan M. Therapeutic roles of CAR T cells in infectious diseases: Clinical lessons learnt from cancer. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2325. [PMID: 35037732 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made improvements due to the advances in chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell development, offering a promising treatment option for patients who have failed to respond to traditional treatments. In light of the successful use of adoptive CAR T cell therapy for cancer, researchers have been inspired to develop CARs for the treatment of other diseases beyond cancers such as viral infectious diseases. Nonetheless, various obstacles limit the efficacy of CAR T cell therapies and prevent their widespread usage. Severe toxicities, poor in vivo persistence, antigen escape, and heterogeneity, as well as off-target effect, are key challenges that must all be addressed to broaden the application of CAR T cells to a wider spectrum of diseases. The key advances in CAR T cell treatment for cancer and viral infections are reviewed in this article. We will also discuss revolutionary CAR T cell products developed to improve and enhance the therapeutic advantages of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mohammadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhoundi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Malih
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sheykhhasan
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.,Department of Mesenchymal Stem Cells, The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran
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20
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Lesch S, Blumenberg V, Stoiber S, Gottschlich A, Ogonek J, Cadilha BL, Dantes Z, Rataj F, Dorman K, Lutz J, Karches CH, Heise C, Kurzay M, Larimer BM, Grassmann S, Rapp M, Nottebrock A, Kruger S, Tokarew N, Metzger P, Hoerth C, Benmebarek MR, Dhoqina D, Grünmeier R, Seifert M, Oener A, Umut Ö, Joaquina S, Vimeux L, Tran T, Hank T, Baba T, Huynh D, Megens RTA, Janssen KP, Jastroch M, Lamp D, Ruehland S, Di Pilato M, Pruessmann JN, Thomas M, Marr C, Ormanns S, Reischer A, Hristov M, Tartour E, Donnadieu E, Rothenfusser S, Duewell P, König LM, Schnurr M, Subklewe M, Liss AS, Halama N, Reichert M, Mempel TR, Endres S, Kobold S. T cells armed with C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 enhance adoptive cell therapy for pancreatic tumours. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:1246-1260. [PMID: 34083764 PMCID: PMC7611996 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of adoptive cell therapy for solid tumours is hampered by the poor accumulation of the transferred T cells in tumour tissue. Here, we show that forced expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (whose ligand is highly expressed by human and murine pancreatic cancer cells and tumour-infiltrating immune cells) in antigen-specific T cells enhanced the recognition and lysis of pancreatic cancer cells and the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy for pancreatic cancer. In mice with subcutaneous pancreatic tumours treated with T cells with either a transgenic T-cell receptor or a murine chimeric antigen receptor targeting the tumour-associated antigen epithelial cell adhesion molecule, and in mice with orthotopic pancreatic tumours or patient-derived xenografts treated with T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor targeting mesothelin, the T cells exhibited enhanced intratumoral accumulation, exerted sustained anti-tumoral activity and prolonged animal survival only when co-expressing C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6. Arming tumour-specific T cells with tumour-specific chemokine receptors may represent a promising strategy for the realization of adoptive cell therapy for solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lesch
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktoria Blumenberg
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stoiber
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Justyna Ogonek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno L Cadilha
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zahra Dantes
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felicitas Rataj
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klara Dorman
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Lutz
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Clara H Karches
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Heise
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Kurzay
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Larimer
- Center for Precision Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Rapp
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alessia Nottebrock
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Kruger
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas Tokarew
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Metzger
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Hoerth
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Dhoqina
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Grünmeier
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Arman Oener
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Öykü Umut
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandy Joaquina
- Université de Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Lene Vimeux
- Université de Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Thi Tran
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Hank
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taisuke Baba
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duc Huynh
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of BioMedical Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center and German Diabetes Center (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lamp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center and German Diabetes Center (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Svenja Ruehland
- LMU Biocenter, Department Biology II, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jasper N Pruessmann
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moritz Thomas
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Carsten Marr
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Ormanns
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Reischer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hristov
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eric Tartour
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, Paris, France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université de Paris, Institute Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Rothenfusser
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Duewell
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars M König
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Max Schnurr
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew S Liss
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Translational Immunotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Munich, Germany.
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21
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Arboretto P, Cillo M, Leonardi A. New Insights into Cancer Targeted Therapy: Nodal and Cripto-1 as Attractive Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157838. [PMID: 34360603 PMCID: PMC8345935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is fundamental for correct embryonic development. However, alterations of this pathway have been correlated with oncogenesis, tumor progression and sustaining of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Cripto-1 (CR-1) and Nodal are two embryonic proteins involved in TGF-β signaling. Their expression is almost undetectable in terminally differentiated cells, but they are often re-expressed in tumor cells, especially in CSCs. Moreover, cancer cells that show high levels of CR-1 and/or Nodal display more aggressive phenotypes in vitro, while in vivo their expression correlates with a worse prognosis in several human cancers. The ability to target CSCs still represents an unmet medical need for the complete eradication of certain types of tumors. Given the prognostic role and the selective expression of CR-1 and Nodal on cancer cells, they represent archetypes for targeted therapy. The aim of this review is to clarify the role of CR-1 and Nodal in cancer stem populations and to summarize the current therapeutic strategy to target CSCs using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or other molecular tools to interfere with these two proteins.
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22
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Cadilha BL, Benmebarek MR, Dorman K, Oner A, Lorenzini T, Obeck H, Vänttinen M, Di Pilato M, Pruessmann JN, Stoiber S, Huynh D, Märkl F, Seifert M, Manske K, Suarez-Gosalvez J, Zeng Y, Lesch S, Karches CH, Heise C, Gottschlich A, Thomas M, Marr C, Zhang J, Pandey D, Feuchtinger T, Subklewe M, Mempel TR, Endres S, Kobold S. Combined tumor-directed recruitment and protection from immune suppression enable CAR T cell efficacy in solid tumors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi5781. [PMID: 34108220 PMCID: PMC8189699 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
CAR T cell therapy remains ineffective in solid tumors, due largely to poor infiltration and T cell suppression at the tumor site. T regulatory (Treg) cells suppress the immune response via inhibitory factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Treg cells expressing the C-C chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) have been associated with poor prognosis in solid tumors. We postulated that CCR8 could be exploited to redirect effector T cells to the tumor site while a dominant-negative TGF-β receptor 2 (DNR) can simultaneously shield them from TGF-β. We identified that CCL1 from activated T cells potentiates a feedback loop for CCR8+ T cell recruitment to the tumor site. This sustained and improved infiltration of engineered T cells synergized with TGF-β shielding for improved therapeutic efficacy. Our results demonstrate that addition of CCR8 and DNR into CAR T cells can render them effective in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L Cadilha
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klara Dorman
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arman Oner
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Theo Lorenzini
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Obeck
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mira Vänttinen
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jasper N Pruessmann
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venerology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Stoiber
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Duc Huynh
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Märkl
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Manske
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Javier Suarez-Gosalvez
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lesch
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Clara H Karches
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Heise
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Moritz Thomas
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Carsten Marr
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dharmendra Pandey
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Dr. von Hauner University Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
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23
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Schwerdtfeger M, Benmebarek MR, Endres S, Subklewe M, Desiderio V, Kobold S. Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Modified T Cells and T Cell-Engaging Bispecific Antibodies: Different Tools for the Same Job. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2021; 16:218-233. [PMID: 33939108 PMCID: PMC8154758 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-021-00628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and T cell-engaging antibodies (BiAb) have been approved for the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, despite targeting the same antigen, they represent very different classes of therapeutics, each with its distinct advantages and drawbacks. In this review, we compare BiAb and CAR T cells with regard to their mechanism of action, manufacturing, and clinical application. In addition, we present novel strategies to overcome limitations of either approach and to combine the best of both worlds. RECENT FINDINGS By now there are multiple approaches combining the advantages of BiAb and CAR T cells. A major area of research is the application of both formats for solid tumor entities. This includes improving the infiltration of T cells into the tumor, counteracting immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, targeting antigen heterogeneity, and limiting off-tumor on-target effects. BiAb come with the major advantage of being an off-the-shelf product and are more controllable because of their half-life. They have also been reported to induce less frequent and less severe adverse events. CAR T cells in turn demonstrate superior response rates, have the potential for long-term persistence, and can be additionally genetically modified to overcome some of their limitations, e.g., to make them more controllable.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bispecific/genetics
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schwerdtfeger
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
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24
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Benmebarek MR, Cadilha BL, Herrmann M, Lesch S, Schmitt S, Stoiber S, Darwich A, Augsberger C, Brauchle B, Rohrbacher L, Oner A, Seifert M, Schwerdtfeger M, Gottschlich A, Rataj F, Fenn NC, Klein C, Subklewe M, Endres S, Hopfner KP, Kobold S. A modular and controllable T cell therapy platform for acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2021; 35:2243-2257. [PMID: 33414484 PMCID: PMC7789085 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Targeted T cell therapy is highly effective in disease settings where tumor antigens are uniformly expressed on malignant cells and where off-tumor on-target-associated toxicity is manageable. Although acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has in principle been shown to be a T cell-sensitive disease by the graft-versus-leukemia activity of allogeneic stem cell transplantation, T cell therapy has so far failed in this setting. This is largely due to the lack of target structures both sufficiently selective and uniformly expressed on AML, causing unacceptable myeloid cell toxicity. To address this, we developed a modular and controllable MHC-unrestricted adoptive T cell therapy platform tailored to AML. This platform combines synthetic agonistic receptor (SAR) -transduced T cells with AML-targeting tandem single chain variable fragment (scFv) constructs. Construct exchange allows SAR T cells to be redirected toward alternative targets, a process enabled by the short half-life and controllability of these antibody fragments. Combining SAR-transduced T cells with the scFv constructs resulted in selective killing of CD33+ and CD123+ AML cell lines, as well as of patient-derived AML blasts. Durable responses and persistence of SAR-transduced T cells could also be demonstrated in AML xenograft models. Together these results warrant further translation of this novel platform for AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Reda Benmebarek
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno L. Cadilha
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Herrmann
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lesch
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Saskia Schmitt
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Stoiber
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Abbass Darwich
- grid.417728.f0000 0004 1756 8807Mucosal Immunology and Microbiota Lab, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Augsberger
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Brauchle
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLaboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Rohrbacher
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLaboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Arman Oner
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Seifert
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwerdtfeger
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Gottschlich
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Felicitas Rataj
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja C. Fenn
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- grid.417570.00000 0004 0374 1269Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Marion Subklewe
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLaboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ,German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany ,German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Kobold
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XCenter of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany ,German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.4567.00000 0004 0483 2525Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
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25
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Surowka M, Schaefer W, Klein C. Ten years in the making: application of CrossMab technology for the development of therapeutic bispecific antibodies and antibody fusion proteins. MAbs 2021; 13:1967714. [PMID: 34491877 PMCID: PMC8425689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1967714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently attracted intense interest. CrossMab technology was described in 2011 as novel approach enabling correct antibody light-chain association with their respective heavy chain in bispecific antibodies, together with methods enabling correct heavy-chain association using existing pairs of antibodies. Since the original description, CrossMab technology has evolved in the past decade into one of the most mature, versatile, and broadly applied technologies in the field, and nearly 20 bispecific antibodies based on CrossMab technology developed by Roche and others have entered clinical trials. The most advanced of these are the Ang-2/VEGF bispecific antibody faricimab, currently undergoing regulatory review, and the CD20/CD3 T cell bispecific antibody glofitamab, currently in pivotal Phase 3 trials. In this review, we introduce the principles of CrossMab technology, including its application for the generation of bi-/multispecific antibodies with different geometries and mechanisms of action, and provide an overview of CrossMab-based therapeutics in clinical trials.
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26
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Andrea AE, Chiron A, Bessoles S, Hacein-Bey-Abina S. Engineering Next-Generation CAR-T Cells for Better Toxicity Management. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8620. [PMID: 33207607 PMCID: PMC7696189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoadoptive therapy with genetically modified T lymphocytes expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with hematologic cancers. Although clinical outcomes in B-cell malignancies are impressive, researchers are seeking to enhance the activity, persistence, and also safety of CAR-T cell therapy-notably with a view to mitigating potentially serious or even life-threatening adverse events like on-target/off-tumor toxicity and (in particular) cytokine release syndrome. A variety of safety strategies have been developed by replacing or adding various components (such as OFF- and ON-switch CARs) or by combining multi-antigen-targeting OR-, AND- and NOT-gate CAR-T cells. This research has laid the foundations for a whole new generation of therapeutic CAR-T cells. Here, we review the most promising CAR-T cell safety strategies and the corresponding preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain E. Andrea
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Thérapies Moléculaires, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut 1100, Lebanon;
| | - Andrada Chiron
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (S.B.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Stéphanie Bessoles
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Salima Hacein-Bey-Abina
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INSERM, UTCBS, Unité des Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.C.); (S.B.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Hôpital Kremlin-Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94275 Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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27
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Feldmann A, Hoffmann A, Bergmann R, Koristka S, Berndt N, Arndt C, Rodrigues Loureiro L, Kittel-Boselli E, Mitwasi N, Kegler A, Lamprecht C, González Soto KE, Bachmann M. Versatile chimeric antigen receptor platform for controllable and combinatorial T cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1785608. [PMID: 32923149 PMCID: PMC7458653 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1785608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells show remarkable therapeutic effects in some hematological malignancies. However, CAR T cells can also cause life-threatening side effects. In order to minimize off-target and on-target/off-tumor reactions, improve safety, enable controllability, provide high flexibility, and increase tumor specificity, we established a novel humanized artificial receptor platform termed RevCARs. RevCAR genes encode for small surface receptors lacking any antigen-binding moiety. Steering of RevCAR T cells occurs via bispecific targeting molecules (TMs). The small size of RevCAR-encoding genes allows the construction of polycistronic vectors. Here, we demonstrate that RevCAR T cells efficiently kill tumor cells, can be steered by TMs, flexibly redirected against multiple targets, and used for combinatorial targeting following the "OR" and "AND" gate logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Feldmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Hoffmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Berndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Liliana Rodrigues Loureiro
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Enrico Kittel-Boselli
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicola Mitwasi
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kegler
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Chris Lamprecht
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karla Elizabeth González Soto
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Dresden, Germany
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28
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Arndt C, Fasslrinner F, Loureiro LR, Koristka S, Feldmann A, Bachmann M. Adaptor CAR Platforms-Next Generation of T Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051302. [PMID: 32455621 PMCID: PMC7281723 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of conventional chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy in the treatment of refractory hematologic malignancies has triggered the development of novel exciting experimental CAR technologies. Among them, adaptor CAR platforms have received much attention. They combine the flexibility and controllability of recombinant antibodies with the power of CARs. Due to their modular design, adaptor CAR systems propose answers to the central problems of conventional CAR therapy, such as safety and antigen escape. This review provides an overview on the different adaptor CAR platforms available, discusses the possibilities and challenges of adaptor CAR therapy, and summarizes the first clinical experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arndt
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frederick Fasslrinner
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Liliana R. Loureiro
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Koristka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (C.A.); (L.R.L.); (S.K.); (A.F.)
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-260-3170
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Schönberger S, Kraft D, Nettersheim D, Schorle H, Casati A, Craveiro RB, Mohseni MM, Calaminus G, Dilloo D. Targeting EpCAM by a Bispecific Trifunctional Antibody Exerts Profound Cytotoxic Efficacy in Germ Cell Tumor Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051279. [PMID: 32438548 PMCID: PMC7281168 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Outcome in high-risk patients with refractory or relapsed germ cell tumours (GCT) remains poor. Novel strategies enhancing therapeutic efficacy whilst limiting therapeutic burden are warranted, yet immunotherapy approaches geared towards activating endogenous antitumor responses have not been successful thus far. Redirection of cytotoxic effector cells by bispecific antibodies represents a promising approach in this setting. We demonstrate that the Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) is broadly expressed in GCT cell lines of different histologic origin including seminoma, choriocarcinoma (CHC), and embryonal carcinoma (EC). In these GCT lines of variable EpCAM surface expression, targeting T cells by the prototypic bispecific EpCAM/CD3-antibody (bAb) Catumaxomab together with natural killer (NK) cell engagement via the Fc domain promotes profound cytotoxicity across a broad range of antibody dilutions. In contrast, tumor cell lysis mediated by either immune cell subset alone is influenced by surface density of the target antigen. In the CHC line JAR, NK cell-dependent cytotoxicity dominates, which may be attributed to differential surface expression of immunomodulatory proteins such as MHC-I, CD24, and Fas receptors on CHC and EC. In view of redirecting T cell therapy mediated by bispecific antibodies, such differences in GCT immunophenotype potentially favoring immune escape are worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schönberger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.C.); (M.M.M.); (G.C.); (D.D.)
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Essen, University of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-723-85190
| | - Daniela Kraft
- Clinipace, Clinical Research Organisation, European Headquarters Eschborn, 65760 Eschborn, Germany;
| | - Daniel Nettersheim
- Department of Urology, Urological Research Lab, Translational UroOncology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Developmental Pathology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Anna Casati
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.C.); (M.M.M.); (G.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Rogerio B. Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, University of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Mahsa Mir Mohseni
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.C.); (M.M.M.); (G.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Gabriele Calaminus
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.C.); (M.M.M.); (G.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Dagmar Dilloo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.C.); (M.M.M.); (G.C.); (D.D.)
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30
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Rader C. Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 65:9-16. [PMID: 31841859 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among antibody-based cancer therapies, bispecific antibodies (biAbs) have gained momentum in preclinical and clinical investigations following the regulatory approvals of the trailblazing T-cell engaging biAb (T-biAb) blinatumomab. Discussed herein are recent strategies that aim at boosting the potency and mitigating the toxicity of T-biAbs, broadening their therapeutic utility from hematologic to solid malignancies, and generating T-biAbs in situ. In cancer immunotherapy, T-biAbs are facing fierce competition with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts), a battle for clinical and commercial viability that will be closely watched. However, innovative combinations of T-biAbs and CAR-Ts have also transpired. NK-cell engaging biAbs (NK-biAbs) are reemerging as an alternative that addresses liabilities of T-biAbs. Beyond NK-biAbs, other biAbs designed to recruit cellular and molecular components of the innate immune system will be covered in this reflection on new tools, technologies, and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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