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Sun HL, Ma QY, Bian HG, Meng XM, Jin J. Novel insight on GRP/GRPR axis in diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114497. [PMID: 36933382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), binds to ligands such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and plays a variety of biological roles. GRP/GRPR signalling is involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and various cancers. In the immune system, the unique function of GRP/GRPR in neutrophil chemotaxis suggests that GRPR can be directly stimulated through GRP-mediated neutrophils to activate selective signalling pathways, such as PI3K, PKC, and MAPK, and participate in the occurrence and development of inflammation-related diseases. In the cardiovascular system, GRP increases intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). GRP activates ERK1/2, MAPK, and AKT, leading to cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction. Central nervous system signal transduction mediated by the GRP/GRPR axis plays a vital role in emotional responses, social interaction, and memory. The GRP/GRPR axis is elevated in various cancers, including lung, cervical, colorectal, renal cell, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. GRP is a mitogen in a variety of tumour cell lines. Its precursor, pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), may play an important role as an emerging tumour marker in early tumour diagnosis. GPCRs serve as therapeutic targets for drug development, but their function in each disease remains unclear, and their involvement in disease progression has not been well explored or summarised. This review lays out the above mentioned pathophysiological processes based on previous research conclusions. The GRP/GRPR axis may be a potential target for treating multiple diseases, and the study of this signalling axis is particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lu Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Qiu-Ying Ma
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, No. 100 Huaihai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - He-Ge Bian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Juan Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.
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An Insight into GPCR and G-Proteins as Cancer Drivers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123288. [PMID: 34943797 PMCID: PMC8699078 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor growth and metastasis. Various molecules such as hormones, lipids, peptides, and neurotransmitters activate GPCRs that enable the coupling of these receptors to highly specialized transducer proteins, called G-proteins, and initiate multiple signaling pathways. Integration of these intricate networks of signaling cascades leads to numerous biochemical responses involved in diverse pathophysiological activities, including cancer development. While several studies indicate the role of GPCRs in controlling various aspects of cancer progression such as tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival, and metastasis through its aberrant overexpression, mutations, or increased release of agonists, the explicit mechanisms of the involvement of GPCRs in cancer progression is still puzzling. This review provides an insight into the various responses mediated by GPCRs in the development of cancers, the molecular mechanisms involved and the novel pharmacological approaches currently preferred for the treatment of cancer. Thus, these findings extend the knowledge of GPCRs in cancer cells and help in the identification of therapeutics for cancer patients.
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Structure–activity relationship studies on Pd176252 derivatives leading to discovery of novel GRP receptor antagonist with potent anticancer activity. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Woods LT, Jasmer KJ, Muñoz Forti K, Shanbhag VC, Camden JM, Erb L, Petris MJ, Weisman GA. P2Y 2 receptors mediate nucleotide-induced EGFR phosphorylation and stimulate proliferation and tumorigenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Oral Oncol 2020; 109:104808. [PMID: 32540611 PMCID: PMC7736485 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess functional expression of the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines and define its role in nucleotide-induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation. The use of anti-EGFR therapeutics to treat HNSCC is hindered by intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Defining novel pathways that modulate EGFR signaling could identify additional targets to treat HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS In human HNSCC cell lines CAL27 and FaDu and the mouse oral cancer cell line MOC2, P2Y2R contributions to extracellular nucleotide-induced changes in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation were determined using the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator fura-2 and immunoblot analysis, respectively. Genetic knockout of P2Y2Rs using CRISPR technology or pharmacological inhibition with P2Y2R-selective antagonist AR-C118925 defined P2Y2R contributions to in vivo tumor growth. RESULTS P2Y2R agonists UTP and ATP increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and ERK1/2 and EGFR phosphorylation in CAL27 and FaDu cells, responses that were inhibited by AR-C118925 or P2Y2R knockout. P2Y2R-mediated EGFR phosphorylation was also attenuated by inhibition of the adamalysin family of metalloproteases or Src family kinases. P2Y2R knockout reduced UTP-induced CAL27 cell proliferation in vitro and significantly reduced CAL27 and FaDu tumor xenograft volume in vivo. In a syngeneic mouse model of oral cancer, AR-C118925 administration reduced MOC2 tumor volume. CONCLUSION P2Y2Rs mediate HNSCC cell responses to extracellular nucleotides and genetic or pharmacological blockade of P2Y2R signaling attenuates tumor cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, suggesting that the P2Y2R represents a novel therapeutic target in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas T Woods
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Kimberly J Jasmer
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Vinit C Shanbhag
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Jean M Camden
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Laurie Erb
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Michael J Petris
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA; Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-7310 USA.
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Li L, Wang XL, Lei Q, Sun CZ, Xi Y, Chen R, He YW. Comprehensive immunogenomic landscape analysis of prognosis-related genes in head and neck cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6395. [PMID: 32286381 PMCID: PMC7156482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common malignancy around the world, and 90% of cases are squamous cell carcinomas. In this study, we performed a systematic investigation of the immunogenomic landscape to identify prognostic biomarkers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We analyzed the expression profiles of immune-related genes (IRGs) and clinical characteristics by interrogating RNA-seq data from 527 HNSCC patients in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) dataset, including 41 HPV+ and 486 HPV- samples. We found that differentially expressed immune genes were closely associated with patient prognosis in HNSCC by comparing the differences in gene expression between cancer and normal samples and performing survival analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to annotate the biological functions of the differentially expressed immunogenomic prognosis-related genes. Two additional cohorts from the Oncomine database were used for validation. 65, 56 differentially expressed IRGs was associated with clinical prognosis in total and HPV- samples, respectively. Furthermore, we extracted 10, 11 prognosis-related IRGs from 65, 56 differentially expressed IRGs, respectively. They were significantly correlated with clinical prognosis and used to construct the prognosis prediction models. The multivariable ROC curves (specifically, the AUC) were used to measure the accuracy of the prognostic models. These genes were mainly enriched in several gene ontology (GO) terms related to immunocyte migration and receptor and ligand activity. KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment of pathways related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, which are primarily involved in biological processes. In addition, we identified 63 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) from 4784 differentially expressed genes, and 16 edges involving 18 nodes were formed in the regulatory network between differentially expressed TFs and the high-risk survival-associated IRGs. B cell and CD4 T cell infiltration levels were significantly negatively correlated with the expression of prognosis-related immune genes regardless of HPV status. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis identified the prognostic IRGs as potential biomarkers, and the model generated in this study may enable an accurate prediction of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Radiation Therapy Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Chuan-Zheng Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Xi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Ran Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section II, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Wen He
- Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China.
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Yu MJ, Yao S, Li TT, Yang R, Yao RS. Dual Anti-cancer and Anti-Itch Activity of PD176252 Analogues: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:992-1001. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190408133141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer patients treated with targeted anti-cancer drug suffer from itch or pruritus. Itch
or pruritus is an unpleasant sensation that brings about a negative impact on quality of life, and serious itch may
lead to dose reduction and even discontinuation. Gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) plays a critical role
in itch, inflammation and cancer, and GRPR antagonist has obvious effect on cancer, inflammation and itch. The
aim of this paper is to develop a new agent with anti-cancer and anti-itch activity.
Methods:
A series of GRPR antagonist PD176252 analogues (3a-3l) were designed and synthesized. Both anticancer
and anti-itch activities were evaluated. Anti-cancer activity was evaluated in three human cancer cell
lines in vitro, the anti-itch activity in evaluated with Kunming mice by intrathecal injection of chloroquine
phosphate as a modeling medium. And the cytotoxicity on normal cells was evaluated.
Results:
Of the tested compounds, compound 3i showed potently anti-cancer activity to all cancer cell lines
tested with IC50 values of 10.5µM (lung), 11.6µM (breast) and 12.8µM (liver) respectively and it also showed
significant inhibition of the scratching behavior. Comparing with PD17625, compound 3i and 3g gave better
inhibition activities against all cancer cell lines, compound 3b, 3c and 3i showed better anti-itch activity. The
compound 3i is safe for normal breast and liver normal cells, but it has high cytotoxicity on normal lung cell.
Conclusion:
The synthesized compounds have dual anti-cancer and anti-itch activity, so the development of
drug with dual anti-tumor and anti-itch property is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Sen Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Yao S, Wei B, Yu M, Meng X, He M, Yao R. Design, synthesis and evaluation of PD176252 analogues for ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:757-763. [PMID: 31191866 PMCID: PMC6533884 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00632f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a clinical chemotherapy drug for cancers; however, its remarkably high kidney toxicity and other toxicities pose a danger to patients. As the small molecule inhibitor of GRPR, PD176252 can inhibit the growth and proliferation of various cancer cells, but the characteristics of high toxicity and poor water solubility has limited its use as a drug. When we studied PD176252 for the reduction of toxicity of cisplatin, we modified its structure to synthesize 16 analogues. Surprisingly, the analogues showed reduced cisplatin-induced renal toxicity, and unlike PD176252, the analogues 5d and 5m were almost non-toxic to the normal HK2 cells. Furthermore, the analogue 5d and PD176252 were subjected to cisplatin-induced inflammatory response in vitro. The results showed that 5d was able to better prevent this condition by effectively inhibiting its inflammatory response. Thus, this study will help in clinically reducing the side effects of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230000 , China .
| | - Biao Wei
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , 230032 , China
| | - Mingjun Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230000 , China .
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- School of Pharmacy , Anhui Medical University , Hefei , 230032 , China
| | - Meng He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230000 , China .
| | - Risheng Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230000 , China .
- Engineering Research Center of Bioprocess , Ministry of Education , PRC , Hefei University of Technology , Hefei 230009 , China
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Wei GG, Gao L, Tang ZY, Lin P, Liang LB, Zeng JJ, Chen G, Zhang LC. Drug repositioning in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: An integrated pathway analysis based on connectivity map and differential gene expression. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152378. [PMID: 30871913 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe damage to health and social burden caused by head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) generated an urgent need to develop novel anti-cancer therapy. Currently, drug repositioning has risen in responses to the proper time as an efficient approach to invention of new anti-cancer therapies. In the present study, we aimed to screen candidate drugs for HNSCC by integrating HNSCC-related pathways from differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and drug-affected pathways from connectivity map (CMAP). We also endeavored to unveil the molecular mechanism of HNSCC through creating drug-target network and protein-to-protein (PPI) network of component DEGs in key overlapping pathways. As a result, a total of 401 DEGs were obtained from TCGA and GTEx mRNA-seq data. Taking the intersection part of 27 HNSCC-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and 33 drug-affected pathways, we retained 22 candidate drugs corresponding to two key pathways (cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways) of the five overlapping pathways. Two of the hub genes (PCNA and CCND1) identified from the PPI network of component DEGs in cell cycle and p53 signaling pathways were defined as the critical targets of candidate drugs with increased protein expression in HNSCC tissues, which was reported by the human protein atlas (HPA) database and cBioPortal. Finally, we validated via molecular docking analysis that two drugs with unknown effects in HNSCC: MG-262 and bepridil might perturb the development of HNSCC through targeting PCNA. These candidate drugs possessed broad application prospect as medication for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan-Guan Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, NO.303 Hospital of PLA, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, NO.303 Hospital of PLA, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li-Bin Liang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zeng
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Long-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, NO.303 Hospital of PLA, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Zhang L, Li Z, Liu Y, Xu S, Tandon M, Appelboom B, LaValle CR, Chiosea SI, Wang L, Sen M, Lui VWY, Grandis JR, Wang QJ. Analysis of oncogenic activities of protein kinase D1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1107. [PMID: 30419840 PMCID: PMC6233608 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the US. The protein kinase D (PKD) family has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy with PKD1 being most intensively studied; however, its role in HNSCC has not been investigated. METHODS The expression of PKD was evaluated in human HNSCC by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation, wound healing, and matrigel invasion assays were performed upon siRNA-mediated knockdown of PKD1 in HNSCC cells, and subcutaneous xenograft mouse model was established by implantation of the stable doxycycline (Dox)-inducible PKD1 expression cell lines for analysis of tumorigenic activity in vivo. RESULTS PKD1 was frequently downregulated in HNSCC cell lines at both transcript and protein levels. In human HNSCC tissues, PKD1 was significantly down-regulated in localized tumors and metastases, and in patient-paired tumor tissues as compared to their normal counterparts, which was in part due to epigenetic modification of the PRKD1 gene. The function of PKD1 in HNSCC was analyzed using stable doxycycline-inducible cell lines that express native or constitutive-active PKD1. Upon induction, the rate of proliferation, survival, migration and invasion of HNSCC cells did not differ significantly between the control and PKD1 overexpressing cells in the basal state, and depletion of endogenous PKD1 did not impact the proliferation of HNSCC cells. However, the median growth rate of the subcutaneous HNSCC tumor xenografts over time was elevated with PKD1 induction, and the final tumor weight was significantly increased in Dox-induced vs. the non-induced tumors. Moreover, induced expression of PKD1 promoted bombesin-induced cell proliferation of HNSCC and resulted in sustained ERK1/2 activation in response to gastrin-releasing peptide or bombesin stimulation, suggesting that PKD1 potentiates GRP/bombesin-induced mitogenic response through the activation of ERK1/2 in HSNCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study has identified PKD1 as a frequently downregulated gene in HNSCC, and functionally, under certain cellular context, may play a role in GRP/bombesin-induced oncogenesis in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province People’s Republic of China 443002
| | - Yehai Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province People’s Republic of China 230022
| | - Shuping Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Manuj Tandon
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Brittany Appelboom
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Courtney R. LaValle
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Simion I. Chiosea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Malabika Sen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Vivian W. Y. Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jennifer R. Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Present address: Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Q. Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1354 BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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Zhang Y, Cong L, He J, Wang Y, Zou Y, Yang Z, Hu Y, Zhang S, He X. Photothermal treatment with EGFRmAb-AuNPs induces apoptosis in hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and DNA damage response pathways. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:567-578. [PMID: 29718150 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma (HC) is one of the most malignant tumors in the upper aerodigestive tract. Currently, there are no effective treatments for HC. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a promising tool that can be used for plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT), which refers to the use of electromagnetic radiation, most often in near infrared (NIR) region, for the treatment of various medical conditions including cancer. AuNPs have been proved to be a promising tool for NIR spectroscopy-mediated photothermal therapies. In this study, we chemically conjugated AuNPs with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a cell-surface receptor that is overexpressed in many cancers. We then assessed the effect of NIR photothermal treatment with the EGFRmAb-AuNPs in FaDu HC cells. Our data showed that nanoparticle conjugation with the EGFRmAb improved the specific targeting towards FaDu cells and reduced cytotoxicity towards normal (293 T) cells which do not overexpress the EGFR. A significant amount of our EGFRmAb-conjugated AuNPs could enter the nucleus. Moreover, the expression levels of double strand DNA break repair proteins, including p-ATR, p-CHK1, and p-CHK2 were increased following AuNPs treatment, indicating the presence of DNA damage. These findings suggest that the AuNPs can potentially disrupt genome integrity and induce apoptosis. In addition, EGFRmAb-AuNPs+NIR could induce FaDu cell apoptosis, accompanied by the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and stimulation of DNA damage response. Based on these data, PPTT using the EGFRmAb-AuNPs could be a new promising treatment for HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Linhai Cong
- Department of ENT, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jiayan He
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Yingying Zou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuexin Hu
- Experiment Center for Medical Science Research, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Third affiliated hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiaoguang He
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
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Moreno P, Mantey SA, Lee SH, Ramos-Álvarez I, Moody TW, Jensen RT. A possible new target in lung-cancer cells: The orphan receptor, bombesin receptor subtype-3. Peptides 2018; 101:213-226. [PMID: 29410320 PMCID: PMC6159918 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human bombesin receptors, GRPR and NMBR, are two of the most frequently overexpressed G-protein-coupled-receptors by lung-cancers. Recently, GRPR/NMBR are receiving considerable attention because they act as growth factor receptors often in an autocrine manner in different lung-cancers, affect tumor angiogenesis, their inhibition increases the cytotoxic potency of tyrosine-kinase inhibitors reducing lung-cancer cellular resistance/survival and their overexpression can be used for sensitive tumor localization as well as to target cytotoxic agents to the cancer. The orphan BRS-3-receptor, because of homology is classified as a bombesin receptor but has received little attention, despite the fact that it is also reported in a number of studies in lung-cancer cells and has growth effects in these cells. To address its potential importance, in this study, we examined the frequency/relative quantitative expression of human BRS-3 compared to GRPR/NMBR and the effects of its activation on cell-signaling/growth in 13 different human lung-cancer cell-lines. Our results showed that BRS-3 receptor is expressed in 92% of the cell-lines and that it is functional in these cells, because its activation stimulates phospholipase-C with breakdown of phosphoinositides and changes in cytosolic calcium, stimulates ERK/MAPK and stimulates cell growth by EGFR transactivation in some, but not all, the lung-cancer cell-lines. These results suggest that human BRS-3, similar to GRPR/NMBR, is frequently ectopically-expressed by lung-cancer cells in which, it is functional, affecting cell signaling/growth. These results suggest that similar to GRPR/NMBR, BRS-3 should receive increased attention as possible approach for the development of novel treatments and/or diagnosis in lung-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Moreno
- Department of Health and Human Services, Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, United States
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Department of Health and Human Services, Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, United States
| | - Suk H Lee
- Department of Health and Human Services, Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, United States
| | - Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Department of Health and Human Services, Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, United States
| | - Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Department of Health and Human Services, Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, United States.
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12
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Siddappa G, Kulsum S, Ravindra DR, Kumar VV, Raju N, Raghavan N, Sudheendra HV, Sharma A, Sunny SP, Jacob T, Kuruvilla BT, Benny M, Antony B, Seshadri M, Lakshminarayan P, Hicks W, Suresh A, Kuriakose MA. Curcumin and metformin-mediated chemoprevention of oral cancer is associated with inhibition of cancer stem cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2446-2460. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gangotri Siddappa
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, DSRG-5; Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Safeena Kulsum
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, DSRG-5; Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
- School of Biosciences and Technology; VIT University; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Doddathimmasandra Ramanjanappa Ravindra
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, DSRG-5; Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Vinay V. Kumar
- Department of Oral Surgery; Dr. BR Ambedkar Medical College; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Nalini Raju
- Department of Histopathology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Nisheena Raghavan
- Department of Histopathology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Holalugunda Vittalamurthy Sudheendra
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, DSRG-5; Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Anupam Sharma
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory; GROW Laboratory; Narayana Nethralaya; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Sumsum P. Sunny
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, DSRG-5; Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Tina Jacob
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology; Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | | | - Merina Benny
- Arjuna Natural Extracts Ltd.; Alwaye, Kochi Kerala India
| | - Benny Antony
- Arjuna Natural Extracts Ltd.; Alwaye, Kochi Kerala India
| | - Mukund Seshadri
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo New York
- Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre-Roswell Park Collaboration Program; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo New York
| | - Padma Lakshminarayan
- Department of Pharmacology; Dr. BR Ambedkar Medical College; Bangalore Karnataka India
| | - Wesley Hicks
- Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre-Roswell Park Collaboration Program; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo New York
- Department of Head and Neck/Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo New York
| | - Amritha Suresh
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, DSRG-5; Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
- Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre-Roswell Park Collaboration Program; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo New York
| | - Moni A. Kuriakose
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, DSRG-5; Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
- Head and Neck Oncology; Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre; Narayana Health; Bangalore Karnataka India
- Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre-Roswell Park Collaboration Program; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo New York
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13
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Somarriva C, Fernández A, Candia J, Campos J, Albers D, Briceño J. Dysregulation and detection methods of EGFR in oral cancer. A narrative review. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2016.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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14
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Lynch JR, Wang JY. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in Stem Cells and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050707. [PMID: 27187360 PMCID: PMC4881529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large superfamily of cell-surface signaling proteins that bind extracellular ligands and transduce signals into cells via heterotrimeric G proteins. GPCRs are highly tractable drug targets. Aberrant expression of GPCRs and G proteins has been observed in various cancers and their importance in cancer stem cells has begun to be appreciated. We have recently reported essential roles for G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) and G protein subunit Gαq in the maintenance of cancer stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia. This review will discuss how GPCRs and G proteins regulate stem cells with a focus on cancer stem cells, as well as their implications for the development of novel targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Lynch
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jenny Yingzi Wang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Group, Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
- Centre for Childhood Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Moreno P, Ramos-Álvarez I, Moody TW, Jensen RT. Bombesin related peptides/receptors and their promising therapeutic roles in cancer imaging, targeting and treatment. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1055-73. [PMID: 26981612 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1164694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite remarkable advances in tumor treatment, many patients still die from common tumors (breast, prostate, lung, CNS, colon, and pancreas), and thus, new approaches are needed. Many of these tumors synthesize bombesin (Bn)-related peptides and over-express their receptors (BnRs), hence functioning as autocrine-growth-factors. Recent studies support the conclusion that Bn-peptides/BnRs are well-positioned for numerous novel antitumor treatments, including interrupting autocrine-growth and the use of over-expressed receptors for imaging and targeting cytotoxic-compounds, either by direct-coupling or combined with nanoparticle-technology. AREAS COVERED The unique ability of common neoplasms to synthesize, secrete, and show a growth/proliferative/differentiating response due to BnR over-expression, is reviewed, both in general and with regard to the most frequently investigated neoplasms (breast, prostate, lung, and CNS). Particular attention is paid to advances in the recent years. Also considered are the possible therapeutic approaches to the growth/differentiation effect of Bn-peptides, as well as the therapeutic implication of the frequent BnR over-expression for tumor-imaging and/or targeted-delivery. EXPERT OPINION Given that Bn-related-peptides/BnRs are so frequently ectopically-expressed by common tumors, which are often malignant and become refractory to conventional treatments, therapeutic interventions using novel approaches to Bn-peptides and receptors are being explored. Of particular interest is the potential of reproducing with BnRs in common tumors the recent success of utilizing overexpression of somatostatin-receptors by neuroendocrine-tumors to provide the most sensitive imaging methods and targeted delivery of cytotoxic-compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Moreno
- a Digestive Diseases Branch, Cell Biology Section, NIDDK , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- a Digestive Diseases Branch, Cell Biology Section, NIDDK , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Terry W Moody
- b Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director , NCI, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- a Digestive Diseases Branch, Cell Biology Section, NIDDK , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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Liu Y, An S, Ward R, Yang Y, Guo XX, Li W, Xu TR. G protein-coupled receptors as promising cancer targets. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:226-39. [PMID: 27000991 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate an array of fundamental biological processes, such as growth, metabolism and homeostasis. Specifically, GPCRs are involved in cancer initiation and progression. However, compared with the involvement of the epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer, that of GPCRs have been largely ignored. Recent findings have implicated many GPCRs in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, invasion and metastasis. Moreover, GPCRs contribute to the establishment and maintenance of a microenvironment which is permissive for tumor formation and growth, including effects upon surrounding blood vessels, signaling molecules and the extracellular matrix. Thus, GPCRs are considered to be among the most useful drug targets against many solid cancers. Development of selective ligands targeting GPCRs may provide novel and effective treatment strategies against cancer and some anticancer compounds are now in clinical trials. Here, we focus on tumor related GPCRs, such as G protein-coupled receptor 30, the lysophosphatidic acid receptor, angiotensin receptors 1 and 2, the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors and gastrin releasing peptide receptor. We also summarize their tissue distributions, activation and roles in tumorigenesis and discuss the potential use of GPCR agonists and antagonists in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Su An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Richard Ward
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Guo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wei Li
- Kidney Cancer Research, Diagnosis and Translational Technology Center of Yunnan Province, Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
| | - Tian-Rui Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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17
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Nishizuka SS, Mills GB. New era of integrated cancer biomarker discovery using reverse-phase protein arrays. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Hedberg ML, Goh G, Chiosea SI, Bauman JE, Freilino ML, Zeng Y, Wang L, Diergaarde BB, Gooding WE, Lui VWY, Herbst RS, Lifton RP, Grandis JR. Genetic landscape of metastatic and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2015; 126:169-80. [PMID: 26619122 DOI: 10.1172/jci82066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrence and/or metastasis occurs in more than half of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and these events pose the greatest threats to long-term survival. We set out to identify genetic alterations that underlie recurrent/metastatic HNSCC. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on genomic DNA extracted from fresh-frozen whole blood and patient-matched tumor pairs from 13 HNSCC patients with synchronous lymph node metastases and 10 patients with metachronous recurrent tumors. Mutational concordance within and between tumor pairs was used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of HNSCC in individual patients and to identify potential therapeutic targets for functional evaluation. RESULTS Approximately 86% and 60% of single somatic nucleotide variants (SSNVs) identified in synchronous nodal metastases and metachronous recurrent tumors, respectively, were transmitted from the primary index tumor. Genes that were mutated in more than one metastatic or recurrent tumor, but not in the respective primary tumors, include C17orf104, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 3 (ITPR3), and discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2). Select DDR2 mutations have been shown to confer enhanced sensitivity to SRC-family kinase (SFK) inhibitors in other malignancies. Similarly, HNSCC cell lines harboring endogenous and engineered DDR2 mutations were more sensitive to the SFK inhibitor dasatinib than those with WT DDR2. CONCLUSION In this WES study of patient-matched tumor pairs in HNSCC, we found synchronous lymph node metastases to be genetically more similar to their paired index primary tumors than metachronous recurrent tumors. This study outlines a compendium of somatic mutations in primary, metastatic, and/or recurrent HNSCC cancers, with potential implications for precision medicine approaches. FUNDING National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore, and Gilead Sciences Inc.
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Moody TW, Moreno P, Jensen RT. Neuropeptides as lung cancer growth factors. Peptides 2015; 72:106-11. [PMID: 25836991 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is written in honor of the Festschrift for Abba Kastin. I met Abba at a Society for Neuroscience meeting and learned that he was Editor-in-Chief of the Journal Peptides. I submitted manuscripts to the journal on "Neuropeptides as Growth Factors in Cancer" and subsequently was named to the Editorial Advisory Board. Over the past 30 years I have published dozens of manuscripts in Peptides and reviewed hundreds of submitted manuscripts. It was always rewarding to interact with Abba, a consummate professional. When I attended meetings in New Orleans I would sometimes go out to dinner with him at the restaurant "Commanders Palace". When I chaired the Summer Neuropeptide Conference we were honored to have him receive the Fleur Strand Award one year in Israel. I think that his biggest editorial contribution has been the "Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides." I served as a Section Editor on "Cancer/Anticancer Peptides" and again found that it was a pleasure working with him. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which bombesin-like peptides, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal peptide regulate the growth of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Paola Moreno
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ramos-Álvarez I, Moreno P, Mantey SA, Nakamura T, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moody TW, Coy DH, Jensen RT. Insights into bombesin receptors and ligands: Highlighting recent advances. Peptides 2015; 72:128-44. [PMID: 25976083 PMCID: PMC4641779 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This following article is written for Prof. Abba Kastin's Festschrift, to add to the tribute to his important role in the advancement of the role of peptides in physiological, as well as pathophysiological processes. There have been many advances during the 35 years of his prominent role in the Peptide field, not only as editor of the journal Peptides, but also as a scientific investigator and editor of two volumes of the Handbook of Biological Active Peptides [146,147]. Similar to the advances with many different peptides, during this 35 year period, there have been much progress made in the understanding of the pharmacology, cell biology and the role of (bombesin) Bn receptors and their ligands in various disease states, since the original isolation of bombesin from skin of the European frog Bombina bombina in 1970 [76]. This paper will briefly review some of these advances over the time period of Prof. Kastin 35 years in the peptide field concentrating on the advances since 2007 when many of the results from earlier studies were summarized [128,129]. It is appropriate to do this because there have been 280 articles published in Peptides during this time on bombesin-related peptides and it accounts for almost 5% of all publications. Furthermore, 22 Bn publications we have been involved in have been published in either Peptides [14,39,55,58,81,92,93,119,152,216,225,226,231,280,302,309,355,361,362] or in Prof. Kastin's Handbook of Biological Active Peptides [137,138,331].
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Taichi Nakamura
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - David H Coy
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, United States
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States.
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Liu S, Meng X, Chen H, Liu W, Miller T, Murph M, Lu Y, Zhang F, Gagea M, Arteaga CL, Mills GB, Meric-Bernstam F, González-Angulo AM. Targeting tyrosine-kinases and estrogen receptor abrogates resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9049-64. [PMID: 24979294 PMCID: PMC4253418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous therapies that effectively inhibit estrogen signaling in breast cancer, a significant proportion of patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive malignancy will succumb to their disease. Herein we demonstrate that long-term estrogen deprivation (LTED) therapy among ER-positive breast cancer cells results in the adaptive increase in ER expression and subsequent activation of multiple tyrosine kinases. Combination therapy with the ER down-regulator fulvestrant and dasatinib, a broad kinase inhibitor, exhibits synergistic activity against LTED cells, by reduction of cell proliferation, cell survival, cell invasion and mammary acinar formation. Screening kinase phosphorylation using protein arrays and functional proteomic analysis demonstrates that the combination of fulvestrant and dasatinib inhibits multiple tyrosine kinases and cancer-related pathways that are constitutively activated in LTED cells. Because LTED cells display increased insulin receptor (InsR)/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling, we added an ant-IGF-1 antibody to the combination with fulvestrant and dasatinib in an effort to further increase the inhibition. However, adding MK0646 only modestly increased the inhibition of cell growth in monolayer culture, but neither suppressed acinar formation nor inhibited cell migration in vitro and invasion in vivo. Therefore, combinations of fulvestrant and dasatinib, but not MK0646, may benefit patients with tyrosine-kinase-activated, endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Liu
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xiaolong Meng
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Todd Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH. Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Mandi Murph
- University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Fan Zhang
- Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ana M González-Angulo
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX. Systems Biology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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González N, Moreno P, Jensen RT. Bombesin receptor subtype 3 as a potential target for obesity and diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1153-70. [PMID: 26066663 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1056154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus and obesity are important health issues; increasing in prevalence, both in the USA and globally. There are only limited pharmacological treatments, and although bariatric surgery is effective, new effective pharmacologic treatments would be of great value. This review covers one area of increasing interest that could yield new novel treatments of obesity/diabetes mellitus. It involves recognition of the central role the G-protein-coupled receptor, bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) plays in energy/glucose metabolism. AREAS COVERED Since the initial observation that BRS-3 knockout mice develop obesity, hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism and hyperphagia, there have been numerous studies of the mechanisms involved and the development of selective BRS-3 agonists/antagonists, which have marked effects on body weight, feeding and glucose/insulin homeostasis. In this review, each of these areas is briefly reviewed. EXPERT OPINION BRS-3 plays an important role in glucose/energy homeostasis. The development of potent, selective BRS-3 agonists demonstrates promise as a novel approach to treat obesity/diabetic states. One important question that needs to be addressed is whether BRS-3 agonists need to be centrally acting. This is particularly important in light of recent animal and human studies that report transient cardiovascular side effects with centrally acting oral BRS agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves González
- The Autonomous University of Madrid, IIS-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, Spanish Biomedical Research Network in Diabetes and, Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) , Madrid , Spain
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Moody TW, Mantey SA, Moreno P, Nakamura T, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Jensen RT. ML-18 is a non-peptide bombesin receptor subtype-3 antagonist which inhibits lung cancer growth. Peptides 2015; 64:55-61. [PMID: 25554218 PMCID: PMC4397132 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bombesin receptor subtype (BRS)-3 is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) for the bombesin (BB)-family of peptides. BRS-3 is an orphan GPCR and little is known of its physiological role due to the lack of specific agonists and antagonists. PD168368 is a nonpeptide antagonist for the neuromedin B (NMB) receptor (R) whereas PD176252 is a nonpeptide antagonist for the gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) R and NMBR but not BRS-3. Here nonpeptide analogs of PD176252 e.g. the S-enantiomer ML-18, and the R-enantiomer, EMY-98, were investigated as BRS-3 antagonists using lung cancer cells. ML-18 and EMY-98 inhibited specific (125)I-BA1 (DTyr-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-βAla-His-Phe-Nle-NH2)BB(6-14) binding to NCI-H1299 lung cancer cells stably transfected with BRS-3 with IC50 values of 4.8 and >100μM, respectively. In contrast, ML-18 bound with lower affinity to the GRPR and NMBR with IC50 values of 16 and >100μM, respectively. ML-18 (16μM), but not its enantiomer EMY-98, inhibited the ability of 10nM BA1 to elevate cytosolic Ca(2+) in a reversible manner using lung cancer cells loaded with FURA2-AM. ML-18 (16μM), but not EMY-98, inhibited the ability of 100nM BA1 to cause tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR and ERK in lung cancer cells. ML-18 but not EMY-98 inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cells. The results indicate that ML-18 is a nonpeptide BRS-3 antagonist that should serve as a template to improve potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paola Moreno
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Taichi Nakamura
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Robert T Jensen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Dayekh K, Johnson-Obaseki S, Corsten M, Villeneuve PJ, Sekhon HS, Weberpals JI, Dimitroulakos J. Monensin inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor trafficking and activation: synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with EGFR inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2559-71. [PMID: 25189541 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the EGFR, with inhibitors such as erlotinib, represents a promising therapeutic option in advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However, they lack significant efficacy as single agents. Recently, we identified the ability of statins to induce synergistic cytotoxicity in HNSCC cells through targeting the activation and trafficking of the EGFR. However, in a phase I trial of rosuvastatin and erlotinib, statin-induced muscle pathology limited the usefulness of this approach. To overcome these toxicity limitations, we sought to uncover other potential combinations using a 1,200 compound screen of FDA-approved drugs. We identified monensin, a coccidial antibiotic, as synergistically enhancing the cytotoxicity of erlotinib in two cell line models of HNSCC, SCC9 and SCC25. Monensin treatment mimicked the inhibitory effects of statins on EGFR activation and downstream signaling. RNA-seq analysis of monensin-treated SCC25 cells demonstrated a wide array of cholesterol and lipid synthesis genes upregulated by this treatment similar to statin treatment. However, this pattern was not recapitulated in SCC9 cells as monensin specifically induced the expression of activation of transcription factor (ATF) 3, a key regulator of statin-induced apoptosis. This differential response was also demonstrated in monensin-treated ex vivo surgical tissues in which HMG-CoA reductase expression and ATF3 were either not induced, induced singly, or both induced together in a cohort of 10 patient samples, including four HNSCC. These results suggest the potential clinical utility of combining monensin with erlotinib in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Dayekh
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Faculty of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Martin Corsten
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick J Villeneuve
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harmanjatinder S Sekhon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johanne I Weberpals
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim Dimitroulakos
- Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Faculty of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Mattei J, Achcar RD, Cano CH, Macedo BR, Meurer L, Batlle BS, Groshong SD, Kulczynski JM, Roesler R, Dal Lago L, Brunetto AT, Schwartsmann G. Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Expression in Lung Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:98-104. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0679-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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León K, Gallay N, Poupon A, Reiter E, Dalbies-Tran R, Crepieux P. Integrating microRNAs into the complexity of gonadotropin signaling networks. Front Cell Dev Biol 2013; 1:3. [PMID: 25364708 PMCID: PMC4206998 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2013.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a master endocrine regulator of mammalian reproductive functions. Hence, it is used to stimulate folliculogenesis in assisted reproductive technologies (ART), both in women and in breeding animals. However, the side effects that hormone administration induces in some instances jeopardize the success of ART. Similarly, the luteinizing hormone (LH) is also of paramount importance in the reproductive function because it regulates steroidogenesis and the LH surge is a pre-requisite to ovulation. Gaining knowledge as extensive as possible on gonadotropin-induced biological responses could certainly lead to precise selection of their effects in vivo by the use of selective agonists at the hormone receptors. Hence, over the years, numerous groups have contributed to decipher the cellular events induced by FSH and LH in their gonadal target cells. Although little is known on the effect of gonadotropins on microRNA expression so far, recent data have highlighted that a microRNA regulatory network is likely to superimpose on the signaling protein network. No doubt that this will dramatically alter our current understanding of the gonadotropin-induced signaling networks. This is the topic of this review to present this additional level of complexity within the gonadotropin signaling network, in the context of recent findings on the microRNA machinery in the gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly León
- BIOS Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Gallay
- BIOS Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais Tours, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- BIOS Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais Tours, France
| | - Eric Reiter
- BIOS Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais Tours, France
| | - Rozenn Dalbies-Tran
- BINGO Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais Tours, France
| | - Pascale Crepieux
- BIOS Group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France; CNRS, UMR7247, Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais Tours, France
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Caruso ME, Clément P, Parent S, Dupriez V, Bossé R, Rouleau N. Integrated Cell-Based Platform to Study EGFR Activation and Transactivation. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2013; 11:423-34. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2013.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roger Bossé
- PerkinElmer BioSignal, Inc., Montreal, Canada
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28
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Self-reinforcing loop of amphiregulin and Y-box binding protein-1 contributes to poor outcomes in ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2013; 33:2846-56. [PMID: 23851501 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) transcription factor is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain to be fully elucidated. We demonstrate that YB-1 phosphorylation, indicative of YB-1 activation, is a powerful marker of outcomes for ovarian cancer patients. In ovarian cancer, YB-1 phosphorylation is induced by activation of the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor (LPAR) via SRC-dependent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that is coupled to MAPK/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK), but not phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. Activation of the LPAR/SRC/EGFR/MAPK/p90RSK/YB-1 axis leads to production of the EGFR ligand amphiregulin (AREG). AREG induces ongoing YB-1 phosphorylation as well as YB-1-dependent AREG expression, thus constituting an AREG/YB-1 self-reinforcing loop. Disruption of transactivation of the EGFR and the downstream self-reinforcing loop decreases invasiveness of ovarian cancer cells in vitro and limits ovarian cancer growth in xenograft models. These findings established the regulation and significance of YB-1 phosphorylation, therefore further exploration of this signaling axis as a therapeutic avenue in ovarian cancer is warranted.
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29
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Lui VWY, Hedberg ML, Li H, Vangara BS, Pendleton K, Zeng Y, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Du Y, Gilbert BR, Freilino M, Sauerwein S, Peyser ND, Xiao D, Diergaarde B, Wang L, Chiosea S, Seethala R, Johnson JT, Kim S, Duvvuri U, Ferris RL, Romkes M, Nukui T, Kwok-Shing Ng P, Garraway LA, Hammerman PS, Mills GB, Grandis JR. Frequent mutation of the PI3K pathway in head and neck cancer defines predictive biomarkers. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:761-9. [PMID: 23619167 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genomic findings underscore the heterogeneity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Identification of mutations that predict therapeutic response would be a major advance. We determined the mutationally altered, targetable mitogenic pathways in a large HNSCC cohort. Analysis of whole-exome sequencing data from 151 tumors revealed the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway to be the most frequently mutated oncogenic pathway (30.5%). PI3K pathway-mutated HNSCC tumors harbored a significantly higher rate of mutations in known cancer genes. In a subset of human papillomavirus-positive tumors, PIK3CA or PIK3R1 was the only mutated cancer gene. Strikingly, all tumors with concurrent mutation of multiple PI3K pathway genes were advanced (stage IV), implicating concerted PI3K pathway aberrations in HNSCC progression. Patient-derived tumorgrafts with canonical and noncanonical PIK3CA mutations were sensitive to an mTOR/PI3K inhibitor (BEZ-235), in contrast to PIK3CA-wild-type tumorgrafts. These results suggest that PI3K pathway mutations may serve as predictive biomarkers for treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W Y Lui
- Departments of 1Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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30
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Di Florio A, Sancho V, Moreno P, Fave GD, Jensen RT. Gastrointestinal hormones stimulate growth of Foregut Neuroendocrine Tumors by transactivating the EGF receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1833:573-82. [PMID: 23220008 PMCID: PMC3556220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foregut neuroendocrine tumors [NETs] usually pursuit a benign course, but some show aggressive behavior. The treatment of patients with advanced NETs is marginally effective and new approaches are needed. In other tumors, transactivation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) by growth factors, gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and lipids can stimulate growth, which has led to new treatments. Recent studies show a direct correlation between NET malignancy and EGFR expression, EGFR inhibition decreases basal NET growth and an autocrine growth effect exerted by GI hormones, for some NETs. To determine if GI hormones can stimulate NET growth by inducing transactivation of EGFR, we examined the ability of EGF, TGFα and various GI hormones to stimulate growth of the human foregut carcinoid,BON, the somatostatinoma QGP-1 and the rat islet tumor,Rin-14B-cell lines. The EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, AG1478 strongly inhibited EGF and the GI hormones stimulated cell growth, both in BON and QGP-1 cells. In all the three neuroendocrine cell lines studied, we found EGF, TGFα and the other growth-stimulating GI hormones increased Tyr(1068) EGFR phosphorylation. In BON cells, both the GI hormones neurotensin and a bombesin analogue caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in EGFR phosphorylation, which was strongly inhibited by AG1478. Moreover, we found this stimulated phosphorylation was dependent on Src kinases, PKCs, matrix metalloproteinase activation and the generation of reactive oxygen species. These results raise the possibility that disruption of this signaling cascade by either EGFR inhibition alone or combined with receptor antagonists may be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of foregut NETs/PETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Di Florio
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Veronica Sancho
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Gianfranco Delle Fave
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, II Medical School, University La Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
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Bhola NE, Freilino ML, Joyce SC, Sen M, Thomas SM, Sahu A, Cassell A, Chen CS, Grandis JR. Antitumor mechanisms of targeting the PDK1 pathway in head and neck cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1236-46. [PMID: 22491800 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mediate EGFR-independent signaling pathways to promote the growth of a variety of cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Identification of the common signaling mechanisms involved in GPCR-induced EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent processes will facilitate the development of more therapeutic strategies. In this study, we hypothesized that phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) contributes to GPCR-EGFR cross-talk and signaling in the absence of EGFR and suggests that inhibition of the PDK1 pathway may be effective in the treatment of HNSCC. The contribution of PDK1 to the EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent signaling in HNSCC was determined using RNA interference, a kinase-dead mutant, and pharmacologic inhibition. In vivo xenografts studies were also carried out to determine the efficacy of targeting PDK1 alone or in combination with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved EGFR inhibitor cetuximab. PDK1 contributed to both GPCR-induced EGFR activation and cell growth. PDK1 also mediated activation of p70S6K in the absence of EGFR. Blockade of PDK1 with a small molecule inhibitor (AR-12) abrogated HNSCC growth, induced apoptosis, and enhanced the antiproliferative effects of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vitro. HNSCC xenografts expressing kinase-dead PDK1 showed increased sensitivity to cetuximab compared with vector-transfected controls. Administration of AR-12 substantially decreased HNSCC tumor growth in vivo. These cumulative results show that PDK1 is a common signaling intermediate in GPCR-EGFR cross-talk and EGFR-independent signaling, and in which targeting the PDK1 pathway may represent a rational therapeutic strategy to enhance clinical responses to EGFR inhibitors in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Bhola
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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32
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Yanamala N, Gardner E, Riciutti A, Klein-Seetharaman J. The cytoplasmic rhodopsin-protein interface: potential for drug discovery. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:3-14. [PMID: 21777183 PMCID: PMC3275648 DOI: 10.2174/138945012798868461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian dim-light photoreceptor rhodopsin is a prototypic G protein coupled receptor (GPCR), interacting with the G protein, transducin, rhodopsin kinase, and arrestin. All of these proteins interact with rhodopsin at its cytoplasmic surface. Structural and modeling studies have provided in-depth descriptions of the respective interfaces. Overlap and thus competition for binding surfaces is a major regulatory mechanism for signal processing. Recently, it was found that the same surface is also targeted by small molecules. These ligands can directly interfere with the binding and activation of the proteins of the signal transduction cascade, but they can also allosterically modulate the retinal ligand binding pocket. Because the pocket that is targeted contains residues that are highly conserved across Class A GPCRs, these findings imply that it may be possible to target multiple GPCRs with the same ligand(s). This is desirable for example in complex diseases such as cancer where multiple GPCRs participate in the disease networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveena Yanamala
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Eric Gardner
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Alec Riciutti
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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33
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Galan-Moya EM, de la Cruz-Morcillo MA, Valero ML, Callejas-Valera JL, Melgar-Rojas P, Losa JH, Salcedo M, Fernández-Aramburo A, Cajal SRY, Sánchez-Prieto R. Balance between MKK6 and MKK3 mediates p38 MAPK associated resistance to cisplatin in NSCLC. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28406. [PMID: 22164285 PMCID: PMC3229586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 MAPK signaling pathway has been proposed as a critical mediator of the therapeutic effect of several antitumor agents, including cisplatin. Here, we found that sensitivity to cisplatin, in a system of 7 non-small cell lung carcinoma derived cell lines, correlated with high levels of MKK6 and marked activation of p38 MAPK. However, knockdown of MKK6 modified neither the response to cisplatin nor the activation of p38 MAPK. Deeper studies showed that resistant cell lines also displayed higher basal levels of MKK3. Interestingly, MKK3 knockdown significantly decreased p38 phosphorylation upon cisplatin exposure and consequently reduced the response to the drug. Indeed, cisplatin poorly activated MKK3 in resistant cells, while in sensitive cell lines MKK3 showed the opposite pattern in response to the drug. Our data also demonstrate that the low levels of MKK6 expressed in resistant cell lines are the consequence of high basal activity of p38 MAPK mediated by the elevated levels of MKK3. This finding supports the existence of a regulatory mechanism between both MAPK kinases through their MAPK. Furthermore, our results were also mirrored in head and neck carcinoma derived cell lines, suggesting our observations boast a potential universal characteristic in cancer resistance of cisplatin. Altogether, our work provides evidence that MKK3 is the major determinant of p38 MAPK activation in response to cisplatin and, hence, the resistance associated with this MAPK. Therefore, these data suggest that the balance between both MKK3 and MKK6 could be a novel mechanism which explains the cellular response to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Galan-Moya
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Maria Llanos Valero
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan L. Callejas-Valera
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Melgar-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Hernadez Losa
- Pathology Department, Fundació Institut de Recerca Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mayte Salcedo
- Pathology Department, Fundació Institut de Recerca Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Aramburo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
- Servicio de Oncología CHUA, Albacete, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, PCYTA/ UCLM, Albacete, Spain
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Crépieux P, Poupon A, Maurel MC, Reiter E. Novel pathways in gonadotropin receptor signaling and biased agonism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2011; 12:259-74. [PMID: 21526415 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-011-9176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropins play a central role in the control of male and female reproduction. Selective agonists and antagonists of gonadotropin receptors would be of great interest for the treatment of infertility or as non steroidal contraceptive. However, to date, only native hormones are being used in assisted reproduction technologies as there is no pharmacological agent available to manipulate gonadotropin receptors. Over the last decade, there has been a growing perception of the complexity associated with gonadotropin receptors' cellular signaling. It is now clear that the Gs/cAMP/PKA pathway is not the sole mechanism that must be taken into account in order to understand these hormones' biological actions. In parallel, consistent with the emerging paradigm of biased agonism, several examples of ligand-mediated selective signaling pathway activation by gonadotropin receptors have been reported. Small molecule ligands, modulating antibodies interacting with the hormones and glycosylation variants of the native glycoproteins have all demonstrated their potential to trigger such selective signaling. Altogether, the available data and emerging concepts give rise to intriguing opportunities towards a more efficient control of reproductive function and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- BIOS group, INRA, UMR85, Unité Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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In vivo invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells does not require macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2857-65. [PMID: 21641405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of tumor cells into the local stroma is an important component in cancer progression. Here we report studies of the in vivo invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in response to applied gradients of a growth factor [epidermal growth factor (EGF)] and a chemokine (CXCL12), using orthotopic floor-of-mouth models. Analysis of the invading cells indicated that >75% of them were tumor cells, about 15% macrophages, and <10% were unidentified. Surprisingly, although macrophages invaded together with tumor cells, macrophage contributions were not required for HNSCC invasion. CXCL12-induced in vivo invasion of HNSCC cells was also observed and found to occur via a unidirectional transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through CXCR4. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme using TNF-α protease inhibitor-2 selectively inhibited CXCL12-induced invasion but not EGF-induced invasion, consistent with CXCL12 activation of EGFR via release of EGFR ligands.
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36
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Moody TW, Sancho V, di Florio A, Nuche-Berenguer B, Mantey S, Jensen RT. Bombesin receptor subtype-3 agonists stimulate the growth of lung cancer cells and increase EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. Peptides 2011; 32:1677-84. [PMID: 21712056 PMCID: PMC3152616 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3) agonists were investigated on lung cancer cells. The BRS-3 agonist (DTyr(6), (Ala(11), Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA1), but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or neuromedin B (NMB) increased significantly the clonal growth of NCI-H1299 cells stably transfected with BRS-3 (NCI-H1299-BRS-3). Also, BA1 addition to NCI-H727 or NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells caused Tyr(1068) phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Similarly, (DTyr(6), R-Apa(11), Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA2) and (DTyr(6), R-Apa(11), 4-Cl,Phe(13), Nle(14)) bombesin(6-14) (BA3) but not gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) or neuromedin B (NMB) caused EGFR transactivation in NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells. BA1-induced EGFR or ERK tyrosine phosphorylation was not inhibited by addition of BW2258U89 (BB(2)R antagonist) or PD168368 (BB(1)R antagonist) but was blocked by (DNal-Cys-Tyr-DTrp-Lys-Val-Cys-Nal)NH(2) (BRS-3 ant.). The BRS-3 ant. reduced clonal growth of NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells. BA1, BA2, BA3 and BRS-3 ant. inhibit specific (125)I-BA1 binding to NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells with an IC(50) values of 1.1, 21, 15 and 750nM, respectively. The ability of BRS-3 to regulate EGFR transactivation in NCI-H1299-BRS-3 cells was reduced by AG1478 or gefitinib (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors), GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), N-acetylcysteine (anti-oxidant), Tiron (superoxide scavenger) and DPI (NADPH oxidase inhibitor). These results demonstrate that BRS-3 agonists may stimulate lung cancer growth as a result of EGFR transactivation and that the transactivation is regulated by BRS-3 in a Src-, reactive oxygen and matrix metalloprotease-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of Director, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bhola NE, Thomas SM, Freilino M, Joyce S, Sahu A, Maxwell J, Argiris A, Seethala R, Grandis JR. Targeting GPCR-mediated p70S6K activity may improve head and neck cancer response to cetuximab. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4996-5004. [PMID: 21653688 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is correlated with decreased survival in head and neck cancer (HNC) where the addition of EGFR inhibition to standard chemoradiation approaches has improved treatment responses. However, the basis for the limited efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in HNC is incompletely understood. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) have been shown to be overexpressed in HNC where GPCR activation induces HNC growth via both EGFR-dependent and -independent pathways. We hypothesized that targeting GPCR-induced EGFR-independent signaling would improve the efficacy of EGFR inhibition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using a high-throughput phosphoproteome array, we identified proteins that were phosphorylated in HNC cells where EGFR expression was downmodulated by RNA interference (RNAi) in the presence or absence of a GPCR ligand. We confirmed the findings from the array by Western blotting followed by in vitro and in vivo phenotypic assays. RESULTS p70S6K phosphorylation was elevated approximately sixfold in EGFR siRNA-transfected cells treated with a GPCR ligand. In addition to RNAi-mediated EGFR downmodulation, GPCR-mediated phosphorylation of p70S6K was modestly increased by EGFR inhibitor cetuximab approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Biopsies from cetuximab-treated patients also displayed increased phospho-p70S6K staining compared with pretreatment biopsies. HNC cells were growth inhibited by both genetic and pharmacologic p70S6K targeting strategies. Furthermore, p70S6K targeting in combination with cetuximab resulted in enhanced antitumor effects in both in vitro and in vivo HNC models. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that increased phosphorylation of p70S6K in cetuximab-treated patients may be due to increased GPCR signaling. Therefore, the addition of p70S6K targeting strategies may improve treatment responses to EGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Bhola
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Otolaryngology, Medicine, and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Brunetto de Farias C, Rosemberg DB, Heinen TE, Koehler-Santos P, Abujamra AL, Kapczinski F, Brunetto AL, Ashton-Prolla P, Meurer L, Reis Bogo M, Damin DC, Schwartsmann G, Roesler R. BDNF/TrkB content and interaction with gastrin-releasing peptide receptor blockade in colorectal cancer. Oncology 2011; 79:430-9. [PMID: 21474968 DOI: 10.1159/000326564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurotrophin and neuropeptide pathways are emerging targets in cancer. Here we show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, TrkB, are present in colorectal cancer and that BDNF levels are increased in tumors compared to nontumor tissue. In addition, we investigate the role of BDNF in influencing the response of colorectal cancer cells to inhibition of gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPR). METHODS Fresh-frozen sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma specimens and adjacent nonneoplastic tissue from 30 patients, as well as paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer samples from 21 patients, were used in this study. Cell proliferation and mRNA and protein levels were examined in HT-29 or SW620 cells treated with a GRPR antagonist, human recombinant BDNF (hrBDNF), a Trk antagonist K252a, or cetuximab. RESULTS Expression of BDNF and TrkB was detected in tumor samples and cell lines. BDNF levels were higher in tumor samples compared to nonneoplastic tissue. BDNF expression and secretion were increased by GRPR blockade in HT-29 cells through a mechanism dependent on epidermal growth factor receptors. Treatment with hrBDNF prevented the effect of GRPR blockade on cell proliferation, whereas a Trk inhibitor reduced proliferation. CONCLUSIONS BDNF and TrkB are present in colorectal cancer and might contribute to resistance to GRPR antagonists.
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Proteomic profiling identifies pathways dysregulated in non-small cell lung cancer and an inverse association of AMPK and adhesion pathways with recurrence. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 5:1894-904. [PMID: 21124077 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181f2a266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of key pathways dysregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an important step toward understanding lung pathogenesis and developing new therapeutic approaches. METHODS Toward this goal, reverse-phase protein lysate arrays (RPPA) were used to compare signaling pathways between NSCLC tumors and paired normal lung tissue from 46 patients and assess their association with clinical outcome. RESULTS After RPPA quantification of 63 proteins and phosphoproteins, tissue pairs were randomized to a training set (n = 25 pairs) and test set (n = 21 pairs). In the training set, 15 protein markers were differentially expressed between tumors and normal lung (p ≤ 0.01), including markers in the PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK signaling pathways (e.g., p70S6K, S6, p38, and phospho-p38), as well as caveolin-1 and β-catenin. A four-protein signature (p70S6K, cyclin B1, pSrc(Y527), and caveolin-1) independent of histology classified specimens as tumor versus normal with a predicted accuracy of 83%, sensitivity of 67%, and specificity of 100%. The signature was validated in the test set, correctly classifying all normal tissues and 14 of 21 tumor tissues. RPPA results were confirmed by immunohistochemistry for caveolin-1 and p70S6K. In tumors from patients with resected NSCLC, expression of proteins in the energy-sensing AMPK pathway (pLKB1, AMPK, p-Acetyl-CoA, pTSC2), adhesion, EGFR, and Rb signaling pathways was inversely associated with NSCLC recurrence. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence for dysregulation of several pathways including those involving energy sensing and adhesion that are potentially associated with NSCLC pathogenesis and disease recurrence.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will highlight recent advances in the understanding of mammalian bombesin receptor-related pathophysiological roles in disease states and new insights into bombesin receptor pharmacology. RECENT FINDINGS Studies regarding bombesin-like peptides and mammalian bombesin receptor functions have demonstrated significant biological impact on a broad array of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Pharmacological experiments in vitro and in vivo as well as utilization of genetic rodent models of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R/BB2) and neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R/BB1) further delineated roles in memory and fear behavior, inhibition of tumor cell growth, mediating signals for pruritus and male reproductive behavior. All three mammalian bombesin receptors were shown to possess some role in the regulation of energy balance. Novel synthesis of selective high affinity agonists and antagonists of the orphan bombesin receptor subtype-3 (BRS-3/BB3) has been accomplished and will facilitate further studies using animal model systems. SUMMARY Mammalian bombesin receptors participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis and may represent an attractive target for pharmacological treatment of obesity and certain eating disorders. Novel pharmacological insights of bombesin-like peptides and the interaction with their respective receptors have been elucidated to aid future treatment and imaging of epithelial cell-derived tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita D Majumdar
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Liebmann C. EGF receptor activation by GPCRs: an universal pathway reveals different versions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 331:222-31. [PMID: 20398727 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
About one decade ago has been demonstrated that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are able to utilize the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) as signalling intermediate. Thereby GPCRs are enabled to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and migration. A molecular mechanism for this process has been proposed that involves the activation of a distinct set of metalloproteases and the subsequent generation and release of particular members of the EGF peptide family which in turn activate the EGFR in an autocrine/paracrine manner. This model that allows GPCRs direct access to the signalling network of the EGFR family has emerged as a valid concept in a variety of cell types including cancer cells. The present review briefly summarizes the current knowledge but will be focussed on the ligand-dependency of EGFR transactivation. Several alternative mechanisms and novel aspects will be introduced. Using the example of head and neck squamous carcinoma, the potency of EGFR transactivation as a therapeutical target will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Liebmann
- Center of Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Mueller C, Liotta LA, Espina V. Reverse phase protein microarrays advance to use in clinical trials. Mol Oncol 2010; 4:461-81. [PMID: 20974554 PMCID: PMC2981612 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individualizing cancer therapy for molecular targeted inhibitors requires a new class of molecular profiling technology that can map the functional state of the cancer cell signal pathways containing the drug targets. Reverse phase protein microarrays (RPMA) are a technology platform designed for quantitative, multiplexed analysis of specific phosphorylated, cleaved, or total (phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated) forms of cellular proteins from a limited amount of sample. This class of microarray can be used to interrogate tissue samples, cells, serum, or body fluids. RPMA were previously a research tool; now this technology has graduated to use in research clinical trials with clinical grade sensitivity and precision. In this review we describe the application of RPMA for multiplexed signal pathway analysis in therapeutic monitoring, biomarker discovery, and evaluation of pharmaceutical targets, and conclude with a summary of the technical aspects of RPMA construction and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Mueller
- George Mason University, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
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Yang W, Cai Q, Lui VWY, Everley PA, Kim J, Bhola N, Quesnelle KM, Zetter BR, Steen H, Freeman MR, Grandis JR. Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals molecular networks regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor level in head and neck cancer. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3073-82. [PMID: 20426488 DOI: 10.1021/pr901211j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in up to 90% of head and neck cancer (HNC), where increased expression levels of EGFR correlate with poor prognosis. To date, EGFR expression levels have not predicted the clinical response to the EGFR-targeting therapies. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-EGFR-induced antitumor effects may shed some light on the mechanisms of HNC resistance to EGFR-targeting therapeutics and provide novel targets for improving the treatment of HNC. Here, we conducted a quantitative proteomics analysis to determine the molecular networks regulated by EGFR levels in HNC by specifically knocking-down EGFR and employing stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). Following data normalization to minimize systematic errors and Western blotting validation, 12 proteins (e.g., p21, stratifin, and maspin) and 24 proteins (e.g., cdc2 and MTA2) were found to be significantly upregulated or downregulated by EGFR knockdown, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these proteins were mainly involved in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis and beta-oxidation, cholesterol biosynthesis, cell proliferation, DNA replication, and apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis confirmed that G(2)/M phase progression was significantly inhibited by EGFR knockdown, a hypothesis generated from network modeling. Further investigation of these molecular networks may not only enhance our understanding of the antitumor mechanisms of EGFR targeting but also improve patient selection and provide novel targets for better therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Paul P, Gillory LA, Kang J, Qiao J, Chung DH. Targeting gastrin-releasing peptide as a new approach to treat aggressive refractory neuroblastomas. Surgery 2010; 149:425-32. [PMID: 21035156 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall survival for neuroblastoma remains dismal, in part due to the emergence of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. We have demonstrated that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a gut peptide secreted by neuroblastoma, acts as an autocrine growth factor. We hypothesized that knockdown of GRP will induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells and potentiate the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS The human neuroblastoma cell lines (JF, SK-N-SH) were transfected with small interfering (si) RNA targeted at GRP. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation assay. Immunoblotting was used to confirm molecular markers of apoptosis, and flow cytometry was performed to determine cell cycle arrest after GRP knockdown. RESULTS siGRP resulted in an increase in apoptosis in the absence of chemotherapeutic interventions. A combination of GRP silencing and chemotherapeutic drugs resulted in enhanced apoptosis when compared to either of the treatments alone. GRP silencing led to increased expression of proapoptotic proteins, p53 and p21. CONCLUSION Silencing of GRP induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells; it acts synergistically with chemotherapeutic effects of etoposide and vincristine. GRP knockdown-mediated apoptosis appears to be associated with upregulation of p53 in neuroblastoma cells. Targeting GRP may be postulated as a potential novel agent for combinational treatment to treat aggressive neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Paul
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Yanamala N, Klein-Seetharaman J. Allosteric Modulation of G Protein Coupled Receptors by Cytoplasmic, Transmembrane and Extracellular Ligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:3324-3342. [PMID: 24009470 PMCID: PMC3760430 DOI: 10.3390/ph3103324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) bind diverse classes of ligands, and depending on the receptor, these may bind in their transmembrane or the extracellular domains, demonstrating the principal ability of GPCRs to bind ligand in either domains. Most recently, it was also observed that small molecule ligands can bind in the cytoplasmic domain, and modulate binding and response to extracellular or transmembrane ligands. Thus, all three domains in GPCRs are potential sites for allosteric ligands, and whether a ligand is allosteric or orthosteric depends on the receptor. Here, we will review the evidence supporting the presence of putative binding pockets in all three domains of GPCRs and discuss possible pathways of communication between these pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1 412 383 7325; Fax: +1 412 648 8998
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Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Khlebnikov AI, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. Gastrin-releasing peptide/neuromedin B receptor antagonists PD176252, PD168368, and related analogs are potent agonists of human formyl-peptide receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 79:77-90. [PMID: 20943772 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.068288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in host defense and sensing cellular dysfunction. Thus, FPRs represent important therapeutic targets. In the present studies, we screened 32 ligands (agonists and antagonists) of unrelated GPCRs for their ability to induce intracellular Ca²+ mobilization in human neutrophils and HL-60 cells transfected with human FPR1, FPR2, or FPR3. Screening of these compounds demonstrated that antagonists of gastrin-releasing peptide/neuromedin B receptors (BB₁/BB₂) PD168368 [(S)-a-methyl-a-[[[(4-nitrophenyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]-N-[[1-(2-pyridinyl) cyclohexyl]methyl]-1H-indole-3-propanamide] and PD176252 [(S)-N-[[1-(5-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)cyclohexyl]methyl]-a-methyl-a-[[-(4-nitrophenyl)amino]carbonyl]amino-1H-indole-3-propanamide] were potent mixed FPR1/FPR2 agonists, with nanomolar EC₅₀ values. Cholecystokinin-1 receptor agonist A-71623 [Boc-Trp-Lys(ε-N-2-methylphenylaminocarbonyl)-Asp-(N-methyl)-Phe-NH₂] was also a mixed FPR1/FPR2 agonist, but with a micromolar EC₅₀. Screening of 56 Trp- and Phe-based PD176252/PD168368 analogs and 41 related nonpeptide/nonpeptoid analogs revealed 22 additional FPR agonists. Most were potent mixed FPR1/FPR2/FPR3 agonists with nanomolar EC₅₀ values for FPR2, making them among the most potent nonpeptide FPR2 agonists reported to date. In addition, these agonists were also potent chemoattractants for murine and human neutrophils and activated reactive oxygen species production in human neutrophils. Molecular modeling of the selected agonists using field point methods allowed us to modify our previously reported pharmacophore model for the FPR2 ligand binding site. This model suggests the existence of three hydrophobic/aromatic subpockets and several binding poses of FPR2 agonists in the transmembrane region of this receptor. These studies demonstrate that FPR agonists could include ligands of unrelated GPCR and that analysis of such compounds can enhance our understanding of pharmacological effects of these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Ferris RL, Jaffee EM, Ferrone S. Tumor antigen-targeted, monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy: clinical response, cellular immunity, and immunoescape. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:4390-9. [PMID: 20697078 PMCID: PMC2954137 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.6360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor antigen (TA) -targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb), rituximab, trastuzumab, and cetuximab, are clinically effective for some advanced malignancies, especially in conjunction with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. However, these results are only seen in a subset (20% to 30%) of patients. We discuss the immunologic mechanism(s) underlying these clinical findings and their potential role in the variability in patients' clinical response. METHODS We reviewed the evidence indicating that the effects of TA-targeted mAb-based immunotherapy are mediated not only by inhibition of signaling pathways, but also by cell-mediated cytotoxicity triggered by the infused TA-targeted mAb. We analyzed the immunologic variables that can influence the outcome of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro and in animal model systems. We also analyzed the correlation reported between these variables and the clinical response to mAb-based immunotherapy. RESULTS Of the variables that influence ADCC mediated by TA-targeted mAb, only polymorphisms of Fcγ receptors (FcγR) expressed by patients' lymphocytes were correlated with clinical efficacy. However, this correlation is not absolute and is not observed in all malignancies. Thus other variables may be responsible for the antitumor effects seen in mAb-treated patients. We discuss the evidence that triggering of TA-specific cellular immunity by TA-targeted mAb, in conjunction with immune escape mechanisms used by tumor cells, may contribute to the differential clinical responses to mAb-based immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Identification of the mechanism(s) underlying the clinical response of patients with cancer treated with TA-targeted mAb is crucial to optimizing their application in the clinic and to selecting the patients most likely to benefit from their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Ferris
- The Hillman Cancer Center Research Pavilion, 5117 Centre Ave, Room 2.26b, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Cai D, Shames DS, Raso MG, Xie Y, Kim YH, Pollack JR, Girard L, Sullivan JP, Gao B, Peyton M, Nanjundan M, Heymach J, Mills G, Gazdar AF, Wistuba I, Kodadek TJ, Minna JD, Minna JD. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 expression in lung cancer and its role in the regulation of cancer cell survival and proliferation. Cancer Res 2010; 70:6477-85. [PMID: 20663904 PMCID: PMC2922434 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) is a histone acetyltransferase and nuclear hormone receptor coactivator, located on 20q12, which is amplified in several epithelial cancers and well studied in breast cancer. However, its possible role in lung cancer pathogenesis is unknown. We found SRC-3 to be overexpressed in 27% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (n = 311) by immunohistochemistry, which correlated with poor disease-free (P = 0.0015) and overall (P = 0.0008) survival. Twenty-seven percent of NSCLCs exhibited SRC-3 gene amplification, and we found that lung cancer cell lines expressed higher levels of SRC-3 than did immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC), which in turn expressed higher levels of SRC-3 than did cultured primary human HBECs. Small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of SRC-3 in high-expressing, but not in low-expressing, lung cancer cells significantly inhibited tumor cell growth and induced apoptosis. Finally, we found that SRC-3 expression is inversely correlated with gefitinib sensitivity and that SRC-3 knockdown results in epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant lung cancers becoming more sensitive to gefitinib. Taken together, these data suggest that SRC-3 may be an important oncogene and therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Cai
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Division of Translational Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - David S. Shames
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Yang Xie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Young H Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - James P. Sullivan
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Michael Peyton
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Meera Nanjundan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - John Heymach
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon Mills
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Adi F. Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ignacio Wistuba
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Thomas J. Kodadek
- Division of Translational Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,To whom correspondence may be addressed. J.D.M.: . T.K.:
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,The Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX,To whom correspondence may be addressed. J.D.M.: . T.K.:
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Cassell A, Grandis JR. Investigational EGFR-targeted therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:709-22. [PMID: 20415598 DOI: 10.1517/13543781003769844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD EGFR is an established therapeutic target in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The EGFR-targeting monoclonal antibody cetuximab (Erbitux, Imclone Systems, Inc., Branchburg, USA) was FDA-approved for use in HNSCC in 2006. The molecular basis for the efficacy of an antibody approach compared with inhibition of EGFR tyrosine kinase function using small-molecule inhibitors, or downregulation of protein expression via antisense strategies, remains incompletely understood. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A literature search was performed to identify studies elucidating mechanisms of action of several approaches to targeting EGFR in HNSCC (monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antisense approaches, and ligand-toxin conjugates). WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Monoclonal antibodies decrease tumor growth via receptor endocytosis and recruitment of host immune defenses. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors bind to the ATP binding pocket of the tyrosine kinase domain, inhibiting signaling. Antisense approaches decrease EGFR expression with high specificity, though drug delivery remains problematic. Ligand-toxin conjugates facilitate the entry of toxin and the ADP-ribosylation of the ribosome, thereby inhibiting translation. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Elucidation mechanisms by which these different strategies inhibit EGFR function may enhance the development of more effective treatments for HNSCC and enable prospective identification of individuals who will benefit from EGFR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Cassell
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Moody TW, Berna MJ, Mantey S, Sancho V, Ridnour L, Wink DA, Chan D, Giaccone G, Jensen RT. Neuromedin B receptors regulate EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in lung cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 637:38-45. [PMID: 20388507 PMCID: PMC3921891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromedin B (NMB), a member of the bombesin family of peptides, is an autocrine growth factor for many lung cancer cells. The present study investigated the ability of NMB to cause transactivation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in lung cancer cells. By Western blot, addition of NMB or related peptides to NCI-H1299 human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, caused phosphorylation of Tyr(1068) of the EGF receptor. The signal was amplified using NCI-H1299 cells stably transected with NMB receptors. The transactivation of the EGF receptor or the tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK caused by NMB-like peptides was inhibited by AG1478 or gefitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) and NMB receptor antagonist PD168368 but not the GRP receptor antagonist, BW2258U89. The transactivation of the EGF receptor caused by NMB-like peptides was inhibited by GM6001 (matrix metalloprotease inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor), or transforming growth factor (TGF)alpha antibody. The transactivation of the EGF receptor and the increase in reactive oxygen species caused by NMB-like peptides was inhibited by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or Tiron. Gefitinib inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells and its sensitivity was increased by the addition of PD168368. The results indicate that the NMB receptor regulates EGF receptor transactivation by a mechanism dependent on Src as well as metalloprotease activation and generation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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