1
|
Wang K, He Z, Jin G, Jin S, Du Y, Yuan S, Zhang J. Targeting DNA methyltransferases for cancer therapy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107652. [PMID: 39024804 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) play a crucial role in genomic DNA methylation. In mammals, DNMTs regulate the dynamic patterns of DNA methylation in embryonic and adult cells. Abnormal functions of DNMTs are often indicative of cancers, including overall hypomethylation and partial hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG), which accelerate the malignancy of tumors, worsen the condition of patients, and significantly exacerbate the difficulty of cancer treatment. Currently, nucleoside DNMT inhibitors such as Azacytidine and Decitabine have been approved by the FDA and EMA for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Therefore, targeting DNMTs is a very promising anti-tumor strategy. This review mainly summarizes the therapeutic effects of DNMT inhibitors on cancers. It aims to provide more possibilities for the treatment of cancers by discovering more DNMT inhibitors with high activity, high selectivity, and good drug-like properties in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Wang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhangxu He
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | - Gang Jin
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Sasa Jin
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yuanbing Du
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450018, PR China.
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 450046 Zhengzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mishra J, Chakraborty S, Nandi P, Manna S, Baral T, Niharika, Roy A, Mishra P, Patra SK. Epigenetic regulation of androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2024; 161:223-320. [PMID: 39032951 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies among men worldwide. Besides genetic alterations, epigenetic modulations including DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA mediated alteration of gene expression are the key driving forces for the prostate tumor development and cancer progression. Aberrant expression and/or the activity of the epigenetic modifiers/enzymes, results in aberrant expression of genes involved in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, autophagy, tumor suppression and hormone response and thereby disease progression. Altered epigenome is associated with prostate cancer recurrence, progression, aggressiveness and transition from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent phenotype. These epigenetic modifications are reversible and various compounds/drugs targeting the epigenetic enzymes have been developed that are effective in cancer treatment. This chapter focuses on the epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer initiation and progression, listing different epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease and their potential as therapeutic targets. This chapter also summarizes different epigenetic drugs approved for prostate cancer therapy and the drugs available for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Mishra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Subhajit Chakraborty
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Piyasa Nandi
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Soumen Manna
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Tirthankar Baral
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Niharika
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Ankan Roy
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Prahallad Mishra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nicu AT, Ionel IP, Stoica I, Burlibasa L, Jinga V. Recent Advancements in Research on DNA Methylation and Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Unveiling the Intricate Relationship. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1041. [PMID: 38791003 PMCID: PMC11117643 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common type of testicular cancer, with a particularly high incidence in the 15-45-year age category. Although highly treatable, resistance to therapy sometimes occurs, with devastating consequences for the patients. Additionally, the young age at diagnosis and the treatment itself pose a great threat to patients' fertility. Despite extensive research concerning genetic and environmental risk factors, little is known about TGCT etiology. However, epigenetics has recently come into the spotlight as a major factor in TGCT initiation, progression, and even resistance to treatment. As such, recent studies have been focusing on epigenetic mechanisms, which have revealed their potential in the development of novel, non-invasive biomarkers. As the most studied epigenetic mechanism, DNA methylation was the first revelation in this particular field, and it continues to be a main target of investigations as research into its association with TGCT has contributed to a better understanding of this type of cancer and constantly reveals novel aspects that can be exploited through clinical applications. In addition to biomarker development, DNA methylation holds potential for developing novel treatments based on DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) and may even be of interest for fertility management in cancer survivors. This manuscript is structured as a literature review, which comprehensively explores the pivotal role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis, progression, and treatment resistance of TGCTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Teodora Nicu
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-T.N.); (I.S.)
| | - Ileana Paula Ionel
- Department of Specific Disciplines, Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Stoica
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-T.N.); (I.S.)
| | - Liliana Burlibasa
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-T.N.); (I.S.)
| | - Viorel Jinga
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- The Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luo Z, Wan Z, Ren P, Zhang B, Huang Y, West RE, Huang H, Chen Y, Nolin TD, Xie W, Wang J, Li S, Sun J. In Situ Formation of Fibronectin-Enriched Protein Corona on Epigenetic Nanocarrier for Enhanced Synthetic Lethal Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307940. [PMID: 38482976 PMCID: PMC11109615 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
PARP inhibitors (PARPi)-based synthetic lethal therapy demonstrates limited efficacy for most cancer types that are homologous recombination (HR) proficient. To potentiate the PARPi application, a nanocarrier based on 5-azacytidine (AZA)-conjugated polymer (PAZA) for the codelivery of AZA and a PARP inhibitor, BMN673 (BMN) is developed. AZA conjugation significantly decreased the nanoparticle (NP) size and increased BMN loading. Molecular dynamics simulation and experimental validations shed mechanistic insights into the self-assembly of effective NPs. The small PAZA NPs demonstrated higher efficiency of tumor targeting and penetration than larger NPs, which is mediated by a new mechanism of active targeting that involves the recruitment of fibronectin from serum proteins following systemic administration of PAZA NPs. Furthermore, it is found that PAZA carrier sensitize the HR-proficient nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to BMN, a combination therapy that is more effective at a lower AZA/BMN dosage. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the tumor immune microenvironment and various gene expressions by RNAseq are explored. Moreover, the BMN/PAZA combination increased the immunogenicity and synergized with PD-1 antibody in improving the overall therapeutic effect in an orthotopic model of lung cancer (LLC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyi Luo
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Zhuoya Wan
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Pengfei Ren
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Raymond E. West
- Department of Pharmacy and TherapeuticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Haozhe Huang
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Yuang Chen
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Thomas D. Nolin
- Department of Pharmacy and TherapeuticsUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening CenterUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for PharmacogeneticsDepartment of Pharmaceutical ScienceUniversity of Pittsburgh School of PharmacyPittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68106USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer CenterUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNE68106USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu X, Zhao H, Wang R, Chen Y, Ouyang X, Li W, Sun Y, Peng A. Cancer epigenetics: from laboratory studies and clinical trials to precision medicine. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:28. [PMID: 38225241 PMCID: PMC10789753 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation is a common feature of a myriad of human diseases, particularly cancer. Defining the epigenetic defects associated with malignant tumors has become a focus of cancer research resulting in the gradual elucidation of cancer cell epigenetic regulation. In fact, most stages of tumor progression, including tumorigenesis, promotion, progression, and recurrence are accompanied by epigenetic alterations, some of which can be reversed by epigenetic drugs. The main objective of epigenetic therapy in the era of personalized precision medicine is to detect cancer biomarkers to improve risk assessment, diagnosis, and targeted treatment interventions. Rapid technological advancements streamlining the characterization of molecular epigenetic changes associated with cancers have propelled epigenetic drug research and development. This review summarizes the main mechanisms of epigenetic dysregulation and discusses past and present examples of epigenetic inhibitors in cancer diagnosis and treatment, with an emphasis on the development of epigenetic enzyme inhibitors or drugs. In the final part, the prospect of precise diagnosis and treatment is considered based on a better understanding of epigenetic abnormalities in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yichang Central People's Hospital Affiliated with China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443000, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China
| | - Yingyin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Xumei Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Wenting Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Yihao Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| | - Anghui Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, (Zhuhai People's Hospital Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghosh A, Himaja A, Biswas S, Kulkarni O, Ghosh B. Advances in the Delivery and Development of Epigenetic Therapeutics for the Treatment of Cancer. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5981-6009. [PMID: 37899551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression at the transcriptional level is altered by epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone methylation, and acetylation, which can upregulate, downregulate, or entirely silence genes. Pathological dysregulation of epigenetic processes can result in the development of cancer, neurological problems, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. It is of promising therapeutic interest to find medications that target these epigenetic alterations. Despite the enormous amount of work that has been done in this area, very few molecules have been approved for clinical purposes. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in epigenetic therapeutics for cancer, with a specific focus on emerging delivery and development strategies. Various delivery systems, including pro-drugs, conjugated molecules, nanoparticles (NPs), and liposomes, as well as remedial strategies such as combination therapies, and epigenetic editing, are being investigated to improve the efficacy and specificity of epigenetic drugs (epi-drugs). Furthermore, the challenges associated with available epi-drugs and the limitations of their translation into clinics have been discussed. Target selection, isoform selectivity, physiochemical properties of synthesized molecules, drug screening, and scalability of epi-drugs from preclinical to clinical fields are the major shortcomings that are addressed. This Review discusses novel strategies for the identification of new biomarkers, exploration of the medicinal chemistry of epigenetic modifiers, optimization of the dosage regimen, and design of proper clinical trials that will lead to better utilization of epigenetic modifiers over conventional therapies. The integration of these approaches holds great potential for improving the efficacy and precision of epigenetic treatments, ultimately benefiting cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science- Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Ambati Himaja
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science- Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Onkar Kulkarni
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science- Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Medchal, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ren L, Yang Y, Li W, Yang H, Zhang Y, Ge B, Zhang S, Du G, Wang J. Recent advances in epigenetic anticancer therapeutics and future perspectives. Front Genet 2023; 13:1085391. [PMID: 36685834 PMCID: PMC9845602 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1085391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor development is frequently accompanied by abnormal expression of multiple genomic genes, which can be broadly viewed as decreased expression of tumor suppressor genes and upregulated expression of oncogenes. In this process, epigenetic regulation plays an essential role in the regulation of gene expression without alteration of DNA or RNA sequence, including DNA methylation, RNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Therefore, drugs developed for the above epigenetic modulation have entered clinical use or preclinical and clinical research stages, contributing to the development of antitumor drugs greatly. Despite the efficacy of epigenetic drugs in hematologic caners, their therapeutic effects in solid tumors have been less favorable. A growing body of research suggests that epigenetic drugs can be applied in combination with other therapies to increase efficacy and overcome tumor resistance. In this review, the progress of epigenetics in tumor progression and oncology drug development is systematically summarized, as well as its synergy with other oncology therapies. The future directions of epigenetic drug development are described in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yihui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Ge
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jinhua Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Z, Wang G, Li Y, Lei D, Xiang J, Ouyang L, Wang Y, Yang J. Recent progress in DNA methyltransferase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1072651. [PMID: 37077808 PMCID: PMC10107375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1072651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation mediated by DNA methyltransferase is an important epigenetic process that regulates gene expression in mammals, which plays a key role in silencing certain genes, such as tumor suppressor genes, in cancer, and it has become a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Similar to other epigenetic targets, DNA methyltransferase can also be modulated by chemical agents. Four agents have already been approved to treat hematological cancers. In order to promote the development of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor as an anti-tumor agent, in the current review, we discuss the relationship between DNA methylation and tumor, the anti-tumor mechanism, the research progress and pharmacological properties of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, and the future research trend of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Lei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Electron Microscopy Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Science and Technology Department, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Science and Technology Department, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanyan Wang, ; Jinliang Yang,
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanyan Wang, ; Jinliang Yang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muylaert C, Van Hemelrijck LA, Maes A, De Veirman K, Menu E, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. Aberrant DNA methylation in multiple myeloma: A major obstacle or an opportunity? Front Oncol 2022; 12:979569. [PMID: 36059621 PMCID: PMC9434119 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.979569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance (DR) of cancer cells leading to relapse is a huge problem nowadays to achieve long-lasting cures for cancer patients. This also holds true for the incurable hematological malignancy multiple myeloma (MM), which is characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). Although new treatment approaches combining immunomodulatory drugs, corticosteroids, proteasome inhibitors, alkylating agents, and monoclonal antibodies have significantly improved median life expectancy, MM remains incurable due to the development of DR, with the underlying mechanisms remaining largely ill-defined. It is well-known that MM is a heterogeneous disease, encompassing both genetic and epigenetic aberrations. In normal circumstances, epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and posttranslational histone modifications, play an important role in proper chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation. However, in MM, numerous epigenetic defects or so-called ‘epimutations’ have been observed and this especially at the level of DNA methylation. These include genome-wide DNA hypomethylation, locus specific hypermethylation and somatic mutations, copy number variations and/or deregulated expression patterns in DNA methylation modifiers and regulators. The aberrant DNA methylation patterns lead to reduced gene expression of tumor suppressor genes, genomic instability, DR, disease progression, and high-risk disease. In addition, the frequency of somatic mutations in the DNA methylation modifiers seems increased in relapsed patients, again suggesting a role in DR and relapse. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in understanding the involvement of aberrant DNA methylation patterns and/or DNA methylation modifiers in MM development, progression, and relapse. In addition, we discuss their involvement in MM cell plasticity, driving myeloma cells to a cancer stem cell state characterized by a more immature and drug-resistant phenotype. Finally, we briefly touch upon the potential of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors to prevent relapse after treatment with the current standard of care agents and/or new, promising (immuno) therapies.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sandoval JE, Ramabadran R, Stillson N, Sarah L, Fujimori DG, Goodell MA, Reich N. First-in-Class Allosteric Inhibitors of DNMT3A Disrupt Protein-Protein Interactions and Induce Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Differentiation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10554-10566. [PMID: 35866897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified two structurally related pyrazolone (compound 1) and pyridazine (compound 2) allosteric inhibitors of DNMT3A through screening of a small chemical library. Here, we show that these compounds bind and disrupt protein-protein interactions (PPIs) at the DNMT3A tetramer interface. This disruption is observed with distinct partner proteins and occurs even when the complexes are acting on DNA, which better reflects the cellular context. Compound 2 induces differentiation of distinct myeloid leukemia cell lines including cells with mutated DNMT3A R882. To date, small molecules targeting DNMT3A are limited to competitive inhibitors of AdoMet or DNA and display extreme toxicity. Our work is the first to identify small molecules with a mechanism of inhibition involving the disruption of PPIs with DNMT3A. Ongoing optimization of compounds 1 and 2 provides a promising basis to induce myeloid differentiation and treatment of diseases that display aberrant PPIs with DNMT3A, such as acute myeloid leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Raghav Ramabadran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Interdepartmental Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Nathaniel Stillson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Letitia Sarah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Danica Galonić Fujimori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Margaret A Goodell
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Norbert Reich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
DNA Methylation Malleability and Dysregulation in Cancer Progression: Understanding the Role of PARP1. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030417. [PMID: 35327610 PMCID: PMC8946700 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian genomic DNA methylation represents a key epigenetic modification and its dynamic regulation that fine-tunes the gene expression of multiple pathways during development. It maintains the gene expression of one generation of cells; particularly, the mitotic inheritance of gene-expression patterns makes it the key governing mechanism of epigenetic change to the next generation of cells. Convincing evidence from recent discoveries suggests that the dynamic regulation of DNA methylation is accomplished by the enzymatic action of TET dioxygenase, which oxidizes the methyl group of cytosine and activates transcription. As a result of aberrant DNA modifications, genes are improperly activated or inhibited in the inappropriate cellular context, contributing to a plethora of inheritable diseases, including cancer. We outline recent advancements in understanding how DNA modifications contribute to tumor suppressor gene silencing or oncogenic-gene stimulation, as well as dysregulation of DNA methylation in cancer progression. In addition, we emphasize the function of PARP1 enzymatic activity or inhibition in the maintenance of DNA methylation dysregulation. In the context of cancer remediation, the impact of DNA methylation and PARP1 pharmacological inhibitors, and their relevance as a combination therapy are highlighted.
Collapse
|
12
|
The Effect of Fatty Acids on Ciprofloxacin Cytotoxic Activity in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Does Lipid Component Enhance Anticancer Ciprofloxacin Potential? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020409. [PMID: 35053570 PMCID: PMC8773529 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Most prostate cancers are initially hormone-dependent but later gain a hormone-independent phenotype associated with changes in lipid metabolism, including enhanced absorption of extracellular fatty acids. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of ciprofloxacin conjugates with fatty acids on different type of prostate cancer (LNCaP and DU-145) and normal (RWPE-1) cells, as well as their influence on cell lipid metabolism by proteomic analysis. All tested conjugates exhibited cytotoxic potential, the most powerful for oleic, elaidic and docosahexaenoic acids. The hormone-independent DU145 line was more sensitive to derivatives than the hormone-dependent LNCaP line. These results are consistent with previously observed pronounced cytotoxic effect of conjugates on a hormone-insensitive PC3 line. Tested derivatives decreased intensity of proteins involved in prostate cancer lipid metabolism. Our findings confirm the involvement of lipid metabolism in prostate carcinogenesis indicating a target for fatty acids as drug carriers. Abstract Purpose: To assess cytotoxic effect of ciprofloxacin conjugates with fatty acids on prostate cancer cells (LNCaP and DU-145) with different hormone sensitivity, based on previous promising results from the PC3 cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity were estimated using MTT and LDH tests, whereas its mechanisms were estimated by apoptosis and IL-6 assays. The intensity of proteins involved in lipid metabolism was determined using ML-CS assay. Results: The hormone insensitive DU-145 cells were more vulnerable than the hormone sensitive LNCaP cells. The IC50 values for oleic (4), elaidic (5) and docosahexaenoic acid (8) conjugates were 20.2 µM, 17.8 µM and 16.5 µM, respectively, in DU-145 cells, whereas in LNCaP cells IC50 exceeded 20 µM. The strong conjugate cytotoxicity was confirmed in the LDH test, the highest (70.8%) for compound (5) and 64.2% for compound (8) in DU-145 cells. This effect was weaker for LNCaP cells (around 60%). The cytotoxic effect of unconjugated ciprofloxacin and fatty acids was weaker. The early apoptosis was predominant in LNCaP while in DU-145 cells both early and late apoptosis was induced. The tested conjugates decreased IL-6 release in both cancer cell lines by almost 50%. Proteomic analysis indicated influence of the ciprofloxacin conjugates on lipid metabolic proteins in prostatic cancer. Conclusion: Our findings suggested the cytotoxic potential of ciprofloxacin conjugates with reduction in proteins involved in prostate cancer progress.
Collapse
|
13
|
Inhibitors of DNA Methylation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1389:471-513. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11454-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Baroud M, Lepeltier E, El-Makhour Y, Lautram N, Bejaud J, Thepot S, Duval O. Azacitidine Omega-3 Self-Assemblies: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potent Applications for Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1317. [PMID: 34959720 PMCID: PMC8706301 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Azacitidine, a cytidine analogue used as a hypomethylating agent, is one of the main drugs for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the elderly. However, after administration, it exhibits several limitations, including restricted diffusion and cellular internalization due to its hydrophilicity, and a rapid enzymatic degradation by adenosine deaminase. The aim of this study was to improve the drug cell diffusion and protect it from metabolic degradation via the synthesis of amphiphilic prodrugs and their potential self-assembly. Azacitidine was conjugated to two different omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The carboxylic acid group of the omega-3 fatty acids was effectively conjugated to the amine group of the azacitidine base, yielding two amphiphilic prodrugs. Nanoprecipitation of the obtained prodrugs was performed and self-assemblies were successfully obtained for both prodrugs, with a mean diameter of 190 nm, a polydispersity index below 0.2 and a positive zeta potential. The formation of self-assemblies was confirmed using pyrene as a fluorescent dye, and the critical aggregation concentrations were determined: 400 µM for AzaEPA and 688 µM for AzaDHA. Additionally, the stability of the obtained self-assemblies was studied and after 5 days their final stable arrangement was reached. Additionally, cryo-TEM revealed that the self-assemblies attain a multilamellar vesicle supramolecular structure. Moreover, the obtained self-assemblies presented promising cytotoxicity on a leukemia human cell line, having a low IC50 value, comparable to that of free azacitidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Baroud
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.); (N.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.); (N.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Yolla El-Makhour
- Environmental Health Research Lab, Faculty of Science, Lebanese University, Nabatieh 1700, Lebanon;
| | - Nolwenn Lautram
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.); (N.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Jerome Bejaud
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.); (N.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Sylvain Thepot
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France;
- Federation Hospital of Universitaire Grand Ouest Acute Leukemia (FHU GOAL), 49933 Angers, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers (CRCINA), INSERM, University of Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Olivier Duval
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.); (N.L.); (J.B.)
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Angers, 49933 Angers, France;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yadav P, Bandyopadhayaya S, Ford BM, Mandal C. Interplay between DNA Methyltransferase 1 and microRNAs During Tumorigenesis. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:1129-1148. [PMID: 33494674 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210120141546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease resulting from genomic changes; however, epigenetic alterations act synergistically with these changes during tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Epigenetic variations are gaining more attention as an important regulator in tumor progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. Aberrant DNA methylation at CpG islands is a central event in epigeneticmediated gene silencing of various tumor suppressor genes. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) predominately methylates at CpG islands on hemimethylated DNA substrates in proliferation of cells. DNMT1 has been shown to be overexpressed in various cancer types and exhibits tumor-promoting potential. The major drawbacks to DNMT1-targeted cancer therapy are the adverse effects arising from nucleoside and non-nucleoside based DNMT1 inhibitors. This paper focuses on the regulation of DNMT1 by various microRNAs (miRNAs), which may be assigned as future DNMT1 modulators, and highlights how DNMT1 regulates various miRNAs involved in tumor suppression. Importantly, the role of reciprocal inhibition between DNMT1 and certain miRNAs in tumorigenic potential is approached in this review. Hence, this review seeks to project an efficient and strategic approach using certain miRNAs in conjunction with conventional DNMT1 inhibitors as a novel cancer therapy. It has also been pinpointed to select miRNA candidates associated with DNMT1 regulation that may not only serve as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, but may also predict the existence of aberrant methylation activity in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh- 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shreetama Bandyopadhayaya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh- 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bridget M Ford
- Department of Biology, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX 78209, United States
| | - Chandi Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh- 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saliba AN, John AJ, Kaufmann SH. Resistance to venetoclax and hypomethylating agents in acute myeloid leukemia. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:125-142. [PMID: 33796823 PMCID: PMC8011583 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of the combination of venetoclax with the hypomethylating agents (HMA) decitabine or azacitidine in inducing remission in older, previously untreated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), resistance - primary or secondary - still constitutes a significant roadblock in the quest to prolong the duration of response. Here we review the proposed and proven mechanisms of resistance to venetoclax monotherapy, HMA monotherapy, and the doublet of venetoclax and HMA for the treatment of AML. We approach the mechanisms of resistance to HMAs and venetoclax in the light of the agents' mechanisms of action. We briefly describe potential therapeutic strategies to circumvent resistance to this promising combination, including alternative scheduling or the addition of other agents to the HMA and venetoclax backbone. Understanding the mechanisms of action and evolving resistance in AML remains a priority in order to maximize the benefit from novel drugs and combinations, identify new therapeutic targets, define potential prognostic markers, and avoid treatment failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine N Saliba
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - August J John
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hegde M, Joshi MB. Comprehensive analysis of regulation of DNA methyltransferase isoforms in human breast tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:937-971. [PMID: 33604794 PMCID: PMC7954751 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significant reprogramming of epigenome is widely described during pathogenesis of breast cancer. Transformation of normal cell to hyperplastic cell and to neoplastic phenotype is associated with aberrant DNA (de)methylation, which, through promoter and enhancer methylation changes, activates oncogenes and silence tumor suppressor genes in variety of tumors including breast. DNA methylation, one of the major epigenetic mechanisms is catalyzed by evolutionarily conserved isoforms namely, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B in humans. Over the years, studies have demonstrated intricate and complex regulation of DNMT isoforms at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The recent findings of allosteric regulation of DNMT isoforms and regulation by other interacting chromatin modifying proteins emphasizes functional integrity and their contribution for the development of breast cancer and progression. DNMT isoforms are regulated by several intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. In the present review, we have extensively performed bioinformatics analysis of expression of DNMT isoforms along with their transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators such as transcription factors, interacting proteins, hormones, cytokines and dietary elements along with their significance during pathogenesis of breast tumors. Our review manuscript provides a comprehensive understanding of key factors regulating DNMT isoforms in breast tumor pathology and documents unsolved issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wnuk M, Slipek P, Dziedzic M, Lewinska A. The Roles of Host 5-Methylcytosine RNA Methyltransferases during Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8176. [PMID: 33142933 PMCID: PMC7663479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic 5-methylcytosine RNA methyltransferases catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of a cytosine base in RNA sequences to produce 5-methylcytosine (m5C). m5C RNA methyltransferases play a crucial role in the maintenance of functionality and stability of RNA. Viruses have developed a number of strategies to suppress host innate immunity and ensure efficient transcription and translation for the replication of new virions. One such viral strategy is to use host m5C RNA methyltransferases to modify viral RNA and thus to affect antiviral host responses. Here, we summarize the latest findings concerning the roles of m5C RNA methyltransferases, namely, NOL1/NOP2/SUN domain (NSUN) proteins and DNA methyltransferase 2/tRNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT2/TRDMT1) during viral infections. Moreover, the use of m5C RNA methyltransferase inhibitors as an antiviral therapy is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland; (P.S.); (M.D.)
| | | | | | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland; (P.S.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fattahi N, Shahbazi MA, Maleki A, Hamidi M, Ramazani A, Santos HA. Emerging insights on drug delivery by fatty acid mediated synthesis of lipophilic prodrugs as novel nanomedicines. J Control Release 2020; 326:556-598. [PMID: 32726650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many drug molecules that are currently in the market suffer from short half-life, poor absorption, low specificity, rapid degradation, and resistance development. The design and development of lipophilic prodrugs can provide numerous benefits to overcome these challenges. Fatty acids (FAs), which are lipophilic biomolecules constituted of essential components of the living cells, carry out many necessary functions required for the development of efficient prodrugs. Chemical conjugation of FAs to drug molecules may change their pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics in vivo and even their toxicity profile. Well-designed FA-based prodrugs can also present other benefits, such as improved oral bioavailability, promoted tumor targeting efficiency, controlled drug release, and enhanced cellular penetration, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we discuss diverse drug molecules conjugated to various unsaturated FAs. Furthermore, various drug-FA conjugates loaded into various nanostructure delivery systems, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, nano-assemblies, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, are reviewed. The present review aims to inspire readers to explore new avenues in prodrug design based on the various FAs with or without nanostructured delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran; Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 45331-55681 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hamidi
- Trita Nanomedicine Research Center (TNRC), Trita Third Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 45331-55681 Zanjan, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran; Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu A, Wu Q, Peng D, Ares I, Anadón A, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Martínez MA. A novel strategy for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma: DNA methylation. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1973-2018. [PMID: 32525219 DOI: 10.1002/med.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cancer mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second highest in the world and the therapeutic options are limited. The incidence of this deadly cancer is rising at an alarming rate because of the high degree of resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy, lack of proper, and adequate vaccination to hepatitis B, and lack of consciousness and knowledge about the disease itself and the lifestyle of the people. DNA methylation and DNA methylation-induced epigenetic alterations, due to their potential reversibility, open the access to develop novel biomarkers and therapeutics for HCC. The contribution to these epigenetic changes in HCC development still has not been thoroughly summarized. Thus, it is necessary to better understand the new molecular targets of HCC epigenetics in HCC diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. This review elaborates on recent key findings regarding molecular biomarkers for HCC early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Currently emerging epigenetic drugs for the treatment of HCC are summarized. In addition, combining epigenetic drugs with nonepigenetic drugs for HCC treatment is also mentioned. The molecular mechanisms of DNA methylation-mediated HCC resistance are reviewed, providing some insights into the difficulty of treating liver cancer and anticancer drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dapeng Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kozako T, Itoh Y, Honda SI, Suzuki T. Epigenetic Control Using Small Molecules in Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32857-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
22
|
Myasoedova VA, Sukhorukov V, Grechko AV, Zhang D, Romanenko E, Orekhov V, Orekhov AN. Inhibitors of DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation as Epigenetically Active Drugs for Anticancer Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:635-641. [PMID: 30950345 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190405144026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is regulated and tightly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. Alterations of these mechanisms are frequently observed in various diseases, particularly, in various types of cancer. Malignant transformation is caused by the impairment of the mechanisms of cell differentiation and cell cycle control associated with epigenetic changes. Altered patterns of epigenetic modification associated with malignancies can potentially be reversed by some agents that act on the key proteins responsible for DNA/histone modification and chromatin remodelling. Examples of such substances include the inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases or histone deacetylase. During the recent years, a number of such substances have been evaluated as potential therapeutic agents against certain types of cancer in preclinical and clinical studies, and some of them have been approved for treatment of hematological cancers. Application of epidrugs for therapy of solid tumors remains, however, more challenging. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the most studied mechanisms of epigenetic modification and the available epigenetically active drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika A Myasoedova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation
| | - Vasily Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation.,Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 109240, Russian Federation
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Elena Romanenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physical and Clinical Biology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vawain Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russian Federation.,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetics has been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this review, the involvement of the three epigenetic mechanisms in SSc development and progression-DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs-will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Alteration in epigenetics was observed in immune cells, dermal fibroblasts, and endothelial cells derived from SSc patients. Genes that are affected include those involved in immune cell function and differentiation, TGFβ and Wnt pathways, extracellular matrix accumulation, transcription factors, and angiogenesis. All the studies remain in the pre-clinical stage. Extensive research provides evidence that epigenetic alterations are critical for SSc pathogenesis. Future epigenomic studies will undoubtedly continue to broaden our understanding of disease pathogenesis and clinical heterogeneity. They will also provide the scientific basis for repurposing epigenetic-modifying agents for SSc patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl., 4025 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hattori N, Sako M, Kimura K, Iida N, Takeshima H, Nakata Y, Kono Y, Ushijima T. Novel prodrugs of decitabine with greater metabolic stability and less toxicity. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:111. [PMID: 31370878 PMCID: PMC6670186 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA demethylation therapy is now used in practice for hematological tumors and is being developed for solid tumors. Nevertheless, it is difficult to achieve stable pharmacokinetics with the current DNA-demethylating agents, azacitidine (AZA) and decitabine (DAC), because of their rapid deamination by cytidine deaminase in vivo and spontaneous hydrolytic cleavage. Here, we aimed to develop metabolically stable prodrugs of AZA and DAC as novel DNA-demethylating agents. RESULTS Thirty-five 5'-O-trialkylsilylated AZAs/DACs were synthesized with potential resistance to deamination. Out of these, 11 compounds exhibited demethylating activity similar to that of DAC and guadecitabine, and a suitable aqueous solubility. Pharmacokinetic analysis in mice showed that OR-2003 displayed the highest serum concentration and the area under the curve in an intraperitoneal experiment, whereas OR-2100 exhibited high stability to cytidine deaminase. Treatment of cells with OR-2003 and OR-2100 depleted DNA methyltransferase 1 completely and induced both gene-specific and genome-wide demethylation. The treatment suppressed the growth of multiple types of cancer cells and induced re-expression of tumor suppressor genes. The anti-tumor effect and DNA demethylation effect of OR-2003 and OR-2100 were comparable to that of DAC with fewer adverse effects in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We developed two novel prodrugs of DAC that exhibited greater stability, comparable DNA demethylation activity, and less toxicity. These compounds are expected to overcome the difficulty in achieving stable pharmacokinetics in patients, leading to maximum DNA demethylation activity with minimum adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Hattori
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Magoichi Sako
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceutical Research Center, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Koga, Japan
| | - Kana Kimura
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Iida
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeshima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nakata
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceutical Research Center, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Koga, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kono
- Research and Development Division, Pharmaceutical Research Center, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Koga, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Ushijima
- Division of Epigenomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Roberti A, Valdes AF, Torrecillas R, Fraga MF, Fernandez AF. Epigenetics in cancer therapy and nanomedicine. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:81. [PMID: 31097014 PMCID: PMC6524244 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of nanotechnology applied to medicine has revolutionized the treatment of human cancer. As in the case of classic drugs for the treatment of cancer, epigenetic drugs have evolved in terms of their specificity and efficiency, especially because of the possibility of using more effective transport and delivery systems. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in oncology management offers promising advantages in terms of the efficacy of cancer treatments, but it is still unclear how these NPs may be affecting the epigenome such that safe routine use is ensured. In this work, we summarize the importance of the epigenetic alterations identified in human cancer, which have led to the appearance of biomarkers or epigenetic drugs in precision medicine, and we describe the transport and release systems of the epigenetic drugs that have been developed to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Roberti
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), ISPA-FINBA-Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Avenida de Roma, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Adolfo F Valdes
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC)-Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avenida de Roma, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ramón Torrecillas
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC)-Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avenida de Roma, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Mario F Fraga
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN-CSIC)-Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avenida de Roma, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Agustin F Fernandez
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias (IUOPA), ISPA-FINBA-Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Avenida de Roma, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leroy M, Mélin L, LaPlante SR, Medina-Franco JL, Gagnon A. Synthesis of NSC 106084 and NSC 14778 and evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:826-831. [PMID: 30704813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that is performed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and that leads to the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the C5 position of cytosine. This transformation results in hypermethylation and silencing of genes such as tumor suppressor genes. Aberrant DNA methylation has been associated with the development of many diseases, including cancer. Inhibition of DNMTs promotes the demethylation and reactivation of epigenetically silenced genes. NSC 106084 and 14778 have been reported to inhibit DNMTs in the micromolar range. We report herein the synthesis of NSC 106084 and 14778 and the evaluation of their DNMT inhibitory activity. Our results indicate that while commercial NSC 14778 is moderately active against DNMT1, 3A/3L and 3B/3L, resynthesized NSC 14778 is inactive under our assay conditions. Resynthesized 106084 was also found to be inactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Leroy
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Léa Mélin
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Steven R LaPlante
- Centre INRS-Armand Frappier, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - José L Medina-Franco
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Alexandre Gagnon
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Huang D, Cui L, Ahmed S, Zainab F, Wu Q, Wang X, Yuan Z. An overview of epigenetic agents and natural nutrition products targeting DNA methyltransferase, histone deacetylases and microRNAs. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:574-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
28
|
Nucleosidic DNA demethylating epigenetic drugs – A comprehensive review from discovery to clinic. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:45-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
29
|
Marques-Magalhães Â, Graça I, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Targeting DNA Methyltranferases in Urological Tumors. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:366. [PMID: 29706891 PMCID: PMC5909196 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urological cancers are a heterogeneous group of malignancies accounting for a considerable proportion of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aberrant epigenetic traits, especially altered DNA methylation patterns constitute a hallmark of these tumors. Nonetheless, these alterations are reversible, and several efforts have been carried out to design and test several epigenetic compounds that might reprogram tumor cell phenotype back to a normal state. Indeed, several DNMT inhibitors are currently under evaluation for therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. This review highlights the critical role of DNA methylation in urological cancers and summarizes the available data on pre-clinical assays and clinical trials with DNMT inhibitors in bladder, kidney, prostate, and testicular germ cell cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Marques-Magalhães
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Graça
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group - Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun B, Luo C, Cui W, Sun J, He Z. Chemotherapy agent-unsaturated fatty acid prodrugs and prodrug-nanoplatforms for cancer chemotherapy. J Control Release 2017; 264:145-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
31
|
Ali MA, Matboli M, Tarek M, Reda M, Kamal KM, Nouh M, Ashry AM, El-Bab AF, Mesalam HA, Shafei AES, Abdel-Rahman O. Epigenetic regulation of immune checkpoints: another target for cancer immunotherapy? Immunotherapy 2017; 9:99-108. [PMID: 28000527 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes in oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes contribute to carcinogenesis. Understanding the epigenetic and genetic components of tumor immune evasion is crucial. Few cancer genetic mutations have been linked to direct correlations with immune evasion. Studies on the epigenetic modulation of the immune checkpoints have revealed a critical interaction between epigenetic and immune modulation. Epigenetic modifiers can activate many silenced genes. Some of them are immune checkpoints regulators that turn on immune responses and others turn them off resulting in immune evasion. Many forms of epigenetic inheritance mechanisms may play a role in regulation of immune checkpoints including: covalent modifications, noncoding RNA and histone modifications. In this review, we will show how the potential interaction between epigenetic and immune modulation may lead to new approaches for specific epigenome/immunome-targeted therapies for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Ali
- Microbiology & Immunology, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Tarek
- Oncology Diagnostic Unit, Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maged Reda
- Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhu X, He B, Zhao C, Ma Y, Yang W. Separated Immobilization of Incompatible Enzymes on Polymer Substrate via Visible Light Induced Living Photografting Polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5577-5584. [PMID: 28514852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of the mixed catalytic system with several enzymes can provide multiple benefits in terms of the cost, simplification of a multistep reaction, and effectiveness of complex chemical reactions. Although study of different enzyme coimmobilization systems has attracted increasing attention in recent years, separately immobilizing enzymes which can not coexist on one support is still one of the great challenges. In this paper, a simple and effective strategy was introduced to separately encapsulate incompatible trypsin and transglutaminase (TGase) into different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) network layer grafted on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film via visible light induced living photografting polymerization. As a proof of concept, this dual-enzyme separately loaded film was used to catalyze the synthesis of a new target antitumor drug LTV-azacytidine. The final results demonstrated that this strategy could maintain higher activities of both enzymes than the mixed coimmobilization method. And the mass spectra analysis results demonstrated that LTV-azacytidine was successfully synthesized. We believe that this facile and mild separately immobilizing incompatible enzyme strategy has great application potential in the field of biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) , P.O. Box 37, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) , P.O. Box 37, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Changwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) , P.O. Box 37, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) , P.O. Box 37, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) , P.O. Box 37, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sato T, Issa JPJ, Kropf P. DNA Hypomethylating Drugs in Cancer Therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026948. [PMID: 28159832 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a critically important modification in cancer cells, which, through promoter and enhancer DNA methylation changes, use this mechanism to activate oncogenes and silence of tumor-suppressor genes. Targeting DNA methylation in cancer using DNA hypomethylating drugs reprograms tumor cells to a more normal-like state by affecting multiple pathways, and also sensitizes these cells to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The first generation hypomethylating drugs azacitidine and decitabine are routinely used for the treatment of myeloid leukemias and a next-generation drug (guadecitabine) is currently in clinical trials. This review will summarize preclinical and clinical data on DNA hypomethylating drugs as a cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Jean-Pierre J Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140.,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - Patricia Kropf
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Naz A, Cui Y, Collins CJ, Thompson DH, Irudayaraj J. PLGA-PEG nano-delivery system for epigenetic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:586-597. [PMID: 28407579 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of cytidine analogues such as Azacitidine (AZA) into solid tumors constitutes a primary challenge in epigenetic therapies. We developed a di-block nano-vector based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for stabilization of the conjugated AZA under physiological conditions. With equimolar drug content, our nano-conjugate could elicit a better anti-proliferative effect over free drug in breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo, through reactivation of p21 and BRCA1 to restrict cell proliferation. In addition, we applied single-molecule fluorescence tools to characterize the intracellular behavior of the AZA-PLGE-PEG nano-micelles at a finer spatiotemporal resolution. Our results suggest that the nano-micelles could effectively enrich in cancer cells and may not be limited by nucleoside transporters. Afterwards, the internalized nano-micelles exhibit pH-dependent release and resistance to active efflux. Altogether, our work describes a delivery strategy for DNA demethylating agents with nanoscale tunability, providing a cost-effective option for pharmaceutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asia Naz
- Bindley Bioscience Center and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Yi Cui
- Bindley Bioscience Center and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Bindley Bioscience Center and Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Activation of oncogenes or the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes has long been established as the fundamental mechanism leading towards carcinogenesis. Although this age old axiom is vastly accurate, thorough study over the last 15years has given us unprecedented information on the involvement of epigenetic in cancer. Various biochemical pathways that are essential towards tumorigenesis are regulated by the epigenetic phenomenons like remodeling of nucleosome by histone modifications, DNA methylation and miRNA mediated targeting of various genes. Moreover the presence of mutations in the genes controlling the epigenetic players has further strengthened the association of epigenetics in cancer. This merger has opened up newer avenues for targeted anti-cancer drug therapy with numerous pharmaceutical industries focusing on expanding their research and development pipeline with epigenetic drugs. The information provided here elaborates the elementary phenomena of the various epigenetic regulators and discusses their alteration associated with the development of cancer. We also highlight the recent developments in epigenetic drugs combining preclinical and clinical data to signify this evolving field in cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Biswas
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - C Mallikarjuna Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Castillo-Aguilera O, Depreux P, Halby L, Arimondo PB, Goossens L. DNA Methylation Targeting: The DNMT/HMT Crosstalk Challenge. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7010003. [PMID: 28067760 PMCID: PMC5372715 DOI: 10.3390/biom7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin can adopt a decondensed state linked to gene transcription (euchromatin) and a condensed state linked to transcriptional repression (heterochromatin). These states are controlled by epigenetic modulators that are active on either the DNA or the histones and are tightly associated to each other. Methylation of both DNA and histones is involved in either the activation or silencing of genes and their crosstalk. Since DNA/histone methylation patterns are altered in cancers, molecules that target these modifications are interesting therapeutic tools. We present herein a vast panel of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors classified according to their mechanism, as well as selected histone methyltransferase inhibitors sharing a common mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Castillo-Aguilera
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Patrick Depreux
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Ludovic Halby
- FRE3600 Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France.
| | - Paola B Arimondo
- FRE3600 Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CNRS, 31035 Toulouse, France.
- Churchill College, Cambridge CB3 0DS, UK.
| | - Laurence Goossens
- Univ. Lille, ICPAL, EA 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, 3 rue du Pr. Laguesse, F-59000 Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jahanfar F, Hasani A, Shanebandi D, Rahmati M, Hamishehkar H. Enhanced in Vitro Anti-Tumor Activity of 5-Azacytidine by Entrapment into Solid Lipid Nanoparticles. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:367-375. [PMID: 27766220 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: In this study the effectiveness of encapsulating of 5-azacytidine into the lipid nanoparticles was investigated and in vitro effect of encapsulated 5-azacytidine studied on MCF-7 cell lines Methods: 5-azacytidine -loaded solid lipid nanoparticles were produced by double emulsification (w/o/w) method by using stearic acid as lipid matrix, soy lecithin and poloxamer 407 as surfactant and co-surfactant respectively. Particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, entrapment efficiency and kinetic of drug release were studied. In vitro effect of 5-azacytidine on MCF-7 cell line studied by MTT assay, DAPI staining, Rhodamine B relative uptake, and also Real time RT-PCR was performed for studying difference effect of free and encapsulated drug on expression of RARß2 gene. Results: The formulation F5 with 55.84±0.46 % of entrapment efficiency shows zero order kinetic of drug release and selected for in vitro studies; the cytotoxicity of free drug and encapsulated drug in 48 h of incubation have significant difference. DAPI staining shows morphology of apoptotic nucleus in both free and encapsulated drug, Rhodamine B labeled SLNs show time dependency and accumulation of SLNs in cytoplasm. Real time qRT-PCR doesn't show any significant difference (p>0.05) in expression of RARß2 gene in both cells treated with free or encapsulated drug. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the entrapment of 5-azacytidine into SLNs enhanced its cytotoxicity performance and may pave a way for the future design of a desired dosage form for 5-azacytidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Jahanfar
- Biotechnology Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanebandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Graça I, Pereira-Silva E, Henrique R, Packham G, Crabb SJ, Jerónimo C. Epigenetic modulators as therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:98. [PMID: 27651838 PMCID: PMC5025578 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common non-cutaneous malignancies among men worldwide. Epigenetic aberrations, including changes in DNA methylation patterns and/or histone modifications, are key drivers of prostate carcinogenesis. These epigenetic defects might be due to deregulated function and/or expression of the epigenetic machinery, affecting the expression of several important genes. Remarkably, epigenetic modifications are reversible and numerous compounds that target the epigenetic enzymes and regulatory proteins were reported to be effective in cancer growth control. In fact, some of these drugs are already being tested in clinical trials. This review discusses the most important epigenetic alterations in prostate cancer, highlighting the role of epigenetic modulating compounds in pre-clinical and clinical trials as potential therapeutic agents for prostate cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Graça
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; School of Allied Health Sciences (ESTSP), Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Pereira-Silva
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, The Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, S016 6YD UK
| | - Simon J Crabb
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, The Somers Cancer Research Building, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, S016 6YD UK
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group-Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Research Center-LAB 3, F Bdg, 1st floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal ; Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar-University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
San Jose-Eneriz E, Agirre X, Rodríguez-Otero P, Prosper F. Epigenetic regulation of cell signaling pathways in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenomics 2016; 5:525-38. [PMID: 24059799 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous cancer that is characterized by rapid and uncontrolled proliferation of immature B- or T-lymphoid precursors. Although ALL has been regarded as a genetic disease for many years, the crucial importance of epigenetic alterations in leukemogenesis has become increasingly evident. Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation and histone modifications, are critical for gene regulation during many key biological processes. Here, we review the cell signaling pathways that are regulated by DNA methylation or histone modifications in ALL. Recent studies have highlighted the fundamental role of these modifications in ALL development, and suggested that future investigation into the specific genes and pathways that are altered by epigenetic mechanisms can contribute to the development of novel drug-based therapies for ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edurne San Jose-Eneriz
- Oncology Division, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Flores-Sierra J, Arredondo-Guerrero M, Cervantes-Paz B, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Nielsen FC, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Zaina S, Lund G. The trans fatty acid elaidate affects the global DNA methylation profile of cultured cells and in vivo. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:75. [PMID: 27068706 PMCID: PMC4828757 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The deleterious effects of dietary trans fatty acids (tFAs) on human health are well documented. Although significantly reduced or banned in various countries, tFAs may trigger long-term responses that would represent a valid human health concern, particularly if tFAs alter the epigenome. Methods Based on these considerations, we asked whether the tFA elaidic acid (EA; tC18:1) has any effects on global DNA methylation and the transcriptome in cultured human THP-1 monocytes, and whether the progeny of EA-supplemented dams during either pregnancy or lactation in mice (n = 20 per group) show any epigenetic change after exposure. Results EA induced a biphasic effect on global DNA methylation in THP-1 cells, i.e. hypermethylation in the 1–50 μM concentration range, followed by hypomethylation up to the 200 μM dose. On the other hand, the cis isomer oleic acid (OA), a fatty acid with documented beneficial effects on human health, exerted a distinct response, i.e. its effects were weaker and only partially overlapping with EA’s. The maximal differential response between EA and OA was observed at the 50 μM dose. Array expression data revealed that EA induced a pro-inflammatory and adipogenic transcriptional profile compared with OA, although with modest effects on selected (n = 9) gene promoter methylation. In mice, maternal EA supplementation in utero or via the breastmilk induced global adipose tissue DNA hypermethylation in the progeny, that was detectable postnatally at the age of 3 months. Conclusion We document that global DNA hypermethylation is a specific and consistent response to EA in cell culture and in mice, and that EA may exert long-term effects on the epigenome following maternal exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0243-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Flores-Sierra
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Martín Arredondo-Guerrero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Leon Campus, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Braulio Cervantes-Paz
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Dalia Rodríguez-Ríos
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Yolanda Alvarado-Caudillo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lopez M, Halby L, Arimondo PB. DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors: Development and Applications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 945:431-473. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
43
|
Patel PL, Rana NK, Patel MR, Kozuch SD, Sabatino D. Nucleic Acid Bioconjugates in Cancer Detection and Therapy. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:252-69. [PMID: 26663095 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside- and nucleotide-based chemotherapeutics have been used to treat cancer for more than 50 years. However, their inherent cytotoxicities and the emergent resistance of tumors against treatment has inspired a new wave of compounds in which the overall pharmacological profile of the bioactive nucleic acid component is improved by conjugation with delivery vectors, small-molecule drugs, and/or imaging modalities. In this manner, nucleic acid bioconjugates have the potential for targeting and effecting multiple biological processes in tumors, leading to synergistic antitumor effects. Consequently, tumor resistance and recurrence is mitigated, leading to more effective forms of cancer therapy. Bioorthogonal chemistry has led to the development of new nucleoside bioconjugates, which have served to improve treatment efficacy en route towards FDA approval. Similarly, oligonucleotide bioconjugates have shown encouraging preclinical and clinical results. The modified oligonucleotides and their pharmaceutically active formulations have addressed many weaknesses of oligonucleotide-based drugs. They have also paved the way for important advancements in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer-targeting ligands such as small-molecules, peptides, and monoclonal antibody fragments have all been successfully applied in oligonucleotide bioconjugation and have shown promising anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the application of bioorthogonal chemistry will, in all likelihood, continue to supply a promising pipeline of nucleic acid bioconjugates for applications in cancer detection and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepkumar L Patel
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Inc., Analytical Research and Development, 270 Prospect Plains Road, Cranbury, NJ, 08512, USA
| | - Niki K Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Mayurbhai R Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - Stephen D Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA
| | - David Sabatino
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ, 07079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The approval of DNA methylation inhibitors azacytidine and decitabine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukaemia has demonstrated that modulation of relatively broad epigenetic regulatory processes can show beneficial efficacy/safety profiles in defined patient groups. This chapter will focus on the biochemical mechanisms controlling DNA methylation, consequences of aberrant DNA methylation in complex chronic diseases, existing modulators of DNA methylation used in the clinic, and opportunities for new drugs targeting this central epigenetic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom D. Heightman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals 436 Cambridge Science Park Cambridge CB4 0QA UK
| | - Michael McCullar
- Astex Pharmaceuticals Inc. 4140 Dublin Boulevard, Suite 200 Dublin CA 94568 USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Amit E, Obena R, Wang YT, Zhuravel R, Reyes AJF, Elbaz S, Rotem D, Porath D, Friedler A, Chen YJ, Yitzchaik S. Integrating proteomics with electrochemistry for identifying kinase biomarkers. Chem Sci 2015; 6:4756-4766. [PMID: 29142712 PMCID: PMC5667508 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00560d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an integrated approach for highly sensitive identification and validation of substrate-specific kinases as cancer biomarkers. Our approach combines phosphoproteomics for high throughput cancer-related biomarker discovery from patient tissues and an impedimetric kinase activity biosensor for sensitive validation. Using non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a proof-of-concept study, label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of a pair of cancerous and its adjacent normal tissues revealed 198 phosphoproteins that are over-phosphorylated in NSCLC. Among the differentially regulated phosphorylation sites, the most significant alteration was in residue S165 in the Hepatoma Derived Growth Factor (HDGF) protein. Hence, HDGF was selected as a model system for the electrochemical studies. Further motif-based analysis of this altered phosphorylation site revealed that extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) are most likely to be the corresponding kinases. For validation of the kinase-substrate pair, densely packed peptide monolayers corresponding to the HDGF phosphorylation site were coupled to a gold electrode. Phosphorylation of the monolayer by ERK2 and dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase (AP) were detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface roughness analysis. Compared to other methods for quantification of kinase concentration, this label-free electrochemical assay offers the advantages of ultra-sensitivity as well as higher specificity for the detection of cancer-related kinase-substrate pair. With implementation of multiple kinase-substrate biomarker pairs, we expect this integrated approach to become a high throughput platform for discovery and validation of phosphorylation-mediated biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Rofeamor Obena
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan .
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan .
| | - Roman Zhuravel
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Aaron James F Reyes
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan .
- Molecular Science and Technology Program , Taiwan International Graduate Program , Taipei , Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Shir Elbaz
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Dvir Rotem
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Danny Porath
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Assaf Friedler
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan .
| | - Shlomo Yitzchaik
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Safra Campus, Givat Ram , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel . ;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Liu K, Liu Y, Lau JL, Min J. Epigenetic targets and drug discovery Part 2: Histone demethylation and DNA methylation. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:121-40. [PMID: 25857453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin structure is dynamically modulated by various chromatin modifications, such as histone/DNA methylation and demethylation. We have reviewed histone methyltransferases and methyllysine binders in terms of small molecule screening and drug discovery in the first part of this review series. In this part, we will summarize recent progress in chemical probe and drug discovery of histone demethylases and DNA methyltransferases. Histone demethylation and DNA methylation have attracted a lot of attention regarding their biology and disease implications. Correspondingly, many small molecule compounds have been designed to modulate the activity of histone demethylases and DNA methyltransferases, and some of them have been developed into therapeutic drugs or put into clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yanli Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Johnathan L Lau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jinrong Min
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advancements in epigenetic treatments are not only coming from new drugs, but also from modifications or encapsulation of the existing drugs into different formulations leading to greater stability and enhanced delivery to the target site. The epigenome is highly regulated and complex; therefore, it is important that off-target effects of epigenetic drugs be minimized. The step from in vitro to in vivo treatment of these drugs often requires development of a method of effective delivery for clinical translation. AREAS COVERED This review covers epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and small-RNA-mediated gene regulation. There is a section in the review with examples of diseases where epigenetic alterations lead to impaired pathways, with an emphasis on cancer. Epigenetic drugs, their targets and clinical status are presented. Advantages of using a delivery method for epigenetic drugs as well as examples of current advancements and challenges are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Epigenetic drugs have the potential to be very effective therapy against a number of diseases, especially cancers and neurological disorders. As with many chemotherapeutics, undesired side effects need to be minimized. Finding a suitable delivery method means reducing side effects and achieving a higher therapeutic index. Each drug may require a unique delivery method exploiting the drug's chemistry or other physical characteristic requiring interdisciplinary participation and would benefit from a better understanding of the mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Cramer
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20 , 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195 , USA +1 216 445 9364 ; +1 216 444 9198 ;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Héninger E, Krueger TEG, Lang JM. Augmenting antitumor immune responses with epigenetic modifying agents. Front Immunol 2015; 6:29. [PMID: 25699047 PMCID: PMC4316783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of immune-related genes is a striking feature of the cancer genome that occurs in the process of tumorigenesis. This phenomena impacts antigen processing and antigen presentation by tumor cells and facilitates evasion of immunosurveillance. Further modulation of the tumor microenvironment by altered expression of immunosuppressive cytokines impairs antigen-presenting cells and cytolytic T-cell function. The potential reversal of immunosuppression by epigenetic modulation is therefore a promising and versatile therapeutic approach to reinstate endogenous immune recognition and tumor lysis. Pre-clinical studies have identified multiple elements of the immune system that can be modulated by epigenetic mechanisms and result in improved antigen presentation, effector T-cell function, and breakdown of suppressor mechanisms. Recent clinical studies are utilizing epigenetic therapies prior to, or in combination with, immune therapies to improve clinical outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Héninger
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, WI , USA
| | | | - Joshua M Lang
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center , Madison, WI , USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin , Madison, WI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Keane N, Freeman C, Swords R, Giles FJ. Elacytarabine: lipid vector technology under investigation in acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 6:9-24. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
50
|
Advances in the development of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues for cancer and viral diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:447-64. [PMID: 23722347 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 812] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues have been in clinical use for almost 50 years and have become cornerstones of treatment for patients with cancer or viral infections. The approval of several additional drugs over the past decade demonstrates that this family still possesses strong potential. Here, we review new nucleoside analogues and associated compounds that are currently in preclinical or clinical development for the treatment of cancer and viral infections, and that aim to provide increased response rates and reduced side effects. We also highlight the different approaches used in the development of these drugs and the potential of personalized therapy.
Collapse
|