1
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Radisky ES. Extracellular proteolysis in cancer: Proteases, substrates, and mechanisms in tumor progression and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107347. [PMID: 38718867 PMCID: PMC11170211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A vast ensemble of extracellular proteins influences the development and progression of cancer, shaped and reshaped by a complex network of extracellular proteases. These proteases, belonging to the distinct classes of metalloproteases, serine proteases, cysteine proteases, and aspartic proteases, play a critical role in cancer. They often become dysregulated in cancer, with increases in pathological protease activity frequently driven by the loss of normal latency controls, diminished regulation by endogenous protease inhibitors, and changes in localization. Dysregulated proteases accelerate tumor progression and metastasis by degrading protein barriers within the extracellular matrix (ECM), stimulating tumor growth, reactivating dormant tumor cells, facilitating tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, and shifting stromal cells toward cancer-promoting behaviors through the precise proteolysis of specific substrates to alter their functions. These crucial substrates include ECM proteins and proteoglycans, soluble proteins secreted by tumor and stromal cells, and extracellular domains of cell surface proteins, including membrane receptors and adhesion proteins. The complexity of the extracellular protease web presents a significant challenge to untangle. Nevertheless, technological strides in proteomics, chemical biology, and the development of new probes and reagents are enabling progress and advancing our understanding of the pivotal importance of extracellular proteolysis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evette S Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
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2
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Ni T, Zhao RH, Wu JF, Li CY, Xue G, Lin X. KLK7, KLK10, and KLK11 in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Bioinformatic Analysis and Experimental Validation. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10679-8. [PMID: 38316654 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite many studies on papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in the past few decades, some critical and significant genes remain undiscovered. To explore genes that may play crucial roles in PTC, a detailed analysis of the expression levels, mutations, and clinical significance of Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) family genes in PTC was undertaken to provide new targets for the precise treatment of the disease. A comprehensive analysis of KLK family genes was performed using various online tools, such as GEPIA, Kaplan-Meier Plotter, LinkedOmics, GSCA, TIMER, and Cluego. KLK7, KLK10, and KLK11 were critical factors of KLK family genes. Then, functional assays were carried out on KLK7/10/11 to determine their proliferation, migration, and invasion capabilities in PTC. The mRNA expression levels of KLK7, KLK10, KLK11, and KLK13 were significantly elevated in thyroid carcinoma, while KLK1, KLK2, KLK3 and KLK4 mRNA levels were decreased compared to normal tissues. Correlations between KLK2/7-12/15 expression levels and tumor stage were also observed in thyroid carcinoma. Survival analysis demonstrated that KLK4/5/7/9-12/14 was associated with overall survival in patients with thyroid cancer. Not only were KLK genes strongly associated with cancer-related pathways, but also KLK7/10/11 was associated with immune-cell infiltration. Finally, silencing KLK7/10/11 impaired human papillary thyroid carcinoma cells' growth, migration ability, and invasiveness. The increased expression of KLK7, KLK10, and KLK11 may serve as molecular markers to identify PTC patients. KLK7, KLK10, and KLK11 could be potential prognostic indicators and targets for precision therapy against PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Ru-Hua Zhao
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Jing-Fang Wu
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Chao-You Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Gang Xue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China.
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Morphology Laboratory, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China.
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3
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EPA Modulates KLK Genes via miR-378: A Potential Therapy in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112813. [PMID: 35681793 PMCID: PMC9179265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that miRNA-378a-3p (miR-378) could be induced by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid. Herein, we first demonstrated how miR-378 exerts anti-prostate cancer (PCa) actions by influencing multiple target genes, including KLK2, KLK4, KLK6, and KLK14, which are implicated in PCa development, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Furthermore, these genes also correlate with androgen and mTOR signaling transduction, and are considered pivotal pathways for the onset and progression of PCa. In total, four PCa cell lines and eight pairing tissues (tumor vs. normal) from clinical PCa patients were included in the current study. The results showed high significance after EPA induced tumor cells containing higher expression levels of miR-378, and led the PCa cells having low cell viabilities, and they progressed to apoptosis when compared with normal prostate cells (p < 0.001). The findings indicated that EPA might become a potential therapy for PCa, especially because it is derived from the components of natural fish oil; it may prove to be a great help for solving the problem of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
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4
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Liu C, Jiang S, Xie H, Jia H, Li R, Zhang K, Wang N, Lin P, Yu X. Long non-coding RNA AC245100.4 contributes to prostate cancer migration via regulating PAR2 and activating p38-MAPK pathway. Med Oncol 2022; 39:94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01689-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Pagel CN, Kularathna PK, Sanaei R, Young ND, Hooper JD, Mackie EJ. Protease-activated receptor-2 dependent and independent responses of bone cells to prostate cancer cell secretory products. Prostate 2022; 82:723-739. [PMID: 35167724 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic prostate cancer lesions in the skeleton are frequently characterized by excessive formation of bone. Prostate cancer cells secrete factors, including serine proteases, that are capable of influencing the behavior of surrounding cells. Some of these proteases activate protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2 ), which is expressed by osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and precursors of osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells). The aim of the current study was to investigate a possible role for PAR2 in regulating the behavior of bone cells exposed to metastatic prostate cancer cells. METHODS The effect of medium conditioned by the PC3, DU145, and MDA-PCa-2b prostate cancer cell lines was investigated in assays of bone cell function using cells isolated from wildtype and PAR2 -null mice. Osteoclast differentiation was assessed by counting tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleate cells in bone marrow cultured in osteoclastogenic medium. Osteoblasts were isolated from calvariae of neonatal mice, and BrdU incorporation was used to assess their proliferation. Assays of alkaline phosphatase activity and quantitative PCR analysis of osteoblastic gene expression were used to assess osteoblast differentiation. Responses of osteoblasts to medium conditioned by MDA-PCa-2b cells were analyzed by RNAseq. RESULTS Conditioned medium (CM) from all three cell lines inhibited osteoclast differentiation independently of PAR2 . Media from PC3 and DU145 cells had no effect on assays of osteoblast function. Medium conditioned by MDA-PCa-2b cells stimulated BrdU incorporation in both wildtype and PAR2 -null osteoblasts but increased alkaline phosphatase activity and Runx2 and Col1a1 expression in wildtype but not PAR2 -null cells. Functional enrichment analysis of RNAseq data identified enrichment of multiple gene ontology terms associated with lysosomal function in both wildtype and PAR2 -null cells in response to MDA-PCa-2b-CM. Analysis of individual genes identified osteogenesis-associated genes that were either upregulated by MDA-PCa-2b-CM selectively in wildtype cells or downregulated selectively in PAR2 -null cells. CONCLUSIONS Factors secreted by prostate cancer cells influence bone cell behavior through both PAR2 -dependent and -independent mechanisms. Both PAR2 -independent suppression of osteoclast differentiation and PAR2 -dependent stimulation of osteogenesis are likely to determine the nature of prostate cancer metastases in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Pagel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamu K Kularathna
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reza Sanaei
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Srinivasan S, Kryza T, Batra J, Clements J. Remodelling of the tumour microenvironment by the kallikrein-related peptidases. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:223-238. [PMID: 35102281 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are critical regulators of the tumour microenvironment. KLKs are proteolytic enzymes regulating multiple functions of bioactive molecules including hormones and growth factors, membrane receptors and the extracellular matrix architecture involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Perturbations of the proteolytic cascade generated by these peptidases, and their downstream signalling actions, underlie tumour emergence or blockade of tumour growth. Recent studies have also revealed their role in tumour immune suppression and resistance to cancer therapy. Here, we present an overview of the complex biology of the KLK family and its context-dependent nature in cancer, and discuss the different therapeutic strategies available to potentially target these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
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7
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Tagirasa R, Yoo E. Role of Serine Proteases at the Tumor-Stroma Interface. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832418. [PMID: 35222418 PMCID: PMC8873516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During tumor development, invasion and metastasis, the intimate interaction between tumor and stroma shapes the tumor microenvironment and dictates the fate of tumor cells. Stromal cells can also influence anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern this complex and dynamic interplay, thus is important for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Proteolytic enzymes that are expressed and secreted by both cancer and stromal cells play important roles in modulating tumor-stromal interaction. Among, several serine proteases such as fibroblast activation protein, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, kallikrein-related peptidases, and granzymes have attracted great attention owing to their elevated expression and dysregulated activity in the tumor microenvironment. This review highlights the role of serine proteases that are mainly derived from stromal cells in tumor progression and associated theranostic applications.
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Lovell S, Zhang L, Kryza T, Neodo A, Bock N, De Vita E, Williams ED, Engelsberger E, Xu C, Bakker AT, Maneiro M, Tanaka RJ, Bevan CL, Clements JA, Tate EW. A Suite of Activity-Based Probes To Dissect the KLK Activome in Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8911-8924. [PMID: 34085829 PMCID: PMC9282638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Kallikrein-related
peptidases (KLKs) are a family of secreted serine
proteases, which form a network (the KLK activome) with an important
role in proteolysis and signaling. In prostate cancer (PCa), increased
KLK activity promotes tumor growth and metastasis through multiple
biochemical pathways, and specific quantification and tracking of
changes in the KLK activome could contribute to validation of KLKs
as potential drug targets. Herein we report a technology platform
based on novel activity-based probes (ABPs) and inhibitors enabling
simultaneous orthogonal analysis of KLK2, KLK3, and KLK14 activity
in hormone-responsive PCa cell lines and tumor homogenates. Importantly,
we identifed a significant decoupling of KLK activity and abundance
and suggest that KLK proteolysis should be considered as an additional
parameter, along with the PSA blood test, for accurate PCa diagnosis
and monitoring. Using selective inhibitors and multiplexed fluorescent
activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), we dissect the KLK activome
in PCa cells and show that increased KLK14 activity leads to a migratory
phenotype. Furthermore, using biotinylated ABPs, we show that active
KLK molecules are secreted into the bone microenvironment by PCa cells
following stimulation by osteoblasts suggesting KLK-mediated signaling
mechanisms could contribute to PCa metastasis to bone. Together our
findings show that ABPP is a powerful approach to dissect dysregulation
of the KLK activome as a promising and previously underappreciated
therapeutic target in advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Leran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Anna Neodo
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Nathalie Bock
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Elena De Vita
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Engelsberger
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Congyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Alexander T Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Maria Maneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Reiko J Tanaka
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland (APCRC-Q), Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.,The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, U.K
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9
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Bonk S, Kluth M, Jansen K, Hube-Magg C, Makrypidi-Fraune G, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Möller K, Uhlig R, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Burandt E, Clauditz TS, Steurer S, Schlomm T, Huland H, Heinzer H, Sauter G, Simon R, Dum D. Reduced KLK2 expression is a strong and independent predictor of poor prognosis in ERG-negative prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:1097-1107. [PMID: 32628300 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2)-like KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen [PSA])-belongs to the highly conserved serine proteases of the glandular kallikrein protein family (KLK family). Studies suggested that measurement of KLK2 serum levels advanced the predictive accuracy of PSA testing in prostate cancer. METHODS To clarify the potential utility of KLK2 as a prognostic tissue biomarker, KLK2 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in more than 12 000 prostate cancers. RESULTS Normal epithelium cells usually showed weak to moderate KLK2 immunostaining, whereas KLK2 was negative in 23%, weak in 38%, moderate in 35%, and strong in 4% of 9576 analyzable cancers. Lost or reduced KLK2 immunostaining was associated with advanced tumor stage, high Gleason score, lymph node metastasis, increased cell proliferation, positive resection margin, and early PSA recurrence (P < .0001). Comparison with previously analyzed molecular alterations revealed a strong association of KLK2 loss and presence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion (P < .0001), most of all analyzed common deletions (9 of 11; P ≤ .03), and decreased PSA immunostaining (P < .0001 each). Cancers with combined negative or weak immunostaining of KLK2 and PSA showed worse prognosis than cancers with at least moderate staining of one or both proteins (P < .0001). Multivariate analyses including established preoperative and postoperative prognostic parameters showed a strong independent prognostic impact of KLK2 loss alone or in combination of PSA, especially in erythroblast transformation-specific-negative cancers (P ≤ .006). CONCLUSIONS Loss of KLK2 expression is a potentially useful prognostic marker in prostate cancer. Analysis of KLK2 alone or in combination with PSA may be useful for estimating cancer aggressiveness at the time of biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonk
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Jansen
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Prostate Cancer Center (Martini-Clinic), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Prostate Cancer Center (Martini-Clinic), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Figueroa CD, Molina L, Bhoola KD, Ehrenfeld P. Overview of tissue kallikrein and kallikrein-related peptidases in breast cancer. Biol Chem 2019; 399:937-957. [PMID: 29885274 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein family comprises tissue kallikrein and 14 kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) recognized as a subgroup of secreted trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. KLKs are expressed in many cellular types where they regulate important physiological activities such as semen liquefaction, immune response, neural development, blood pressure, skin desquamation and tooth enamel formation. Tissue kallikrein, the oldest member and kinin-releasing enzyme, and KLK3/PSA, a tumor biomarker for prostate cancer are the most prominent components of the family. Additionally, other KLKs have shown an abnormal expression in neoplasia, particularly in breast cancer. Thus, increased levels of some KLKs may increase extracellular matrix degradation, invasion and metastasis; other KLKs modulate cell growth, survival and angiogenesis. On the contrary, KLKs can also inhibit angiogenesis and produce tumor suppression. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how KLKs are regulated in tumor microenvironment by molecules present at the site, namely cytokines, inflammatory mediators and growth factors. Little is known about the signaling pathways that control expression/secretion of KLKs in breast cancer, and further how activation of PAR receptors may contribute to functional activity in neoplasia. A better understanding of these molecular events will allow us to consider KLKs as relevant therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Figueroa
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Molina
- Department of Science, Universidad San Sebastián, sede De la Patagonia, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Kanti D Bhoola
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Centro de Investigaciones del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Valdivia, Chile, e-mail:
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11
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Lenga Ma Bonda W, Iochmann S, Magnen M, Courty Y, Reverdiau P. Kallikrein-related peptidases in lung diseases. Biol Chem 2019; 399:959-971. [PMID: 29604204 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human tissue kallikreins (KLKs) are 15 members of the serine protease family and are present in various healthy human tissues including airway tissues. Multiple studies have revealed their crucial role in the pathophysiology of a number of chronic, infectious and tumour lung diseases. KLK1, 3 and 14 are involved in asthma pathogenesis, and KLK1 could be also associated with the exacerbation of this inflammatory disease caused by rhinovirus. KLK5 was demonstrated as an influenza virus activating protease in humans, and KLK1 and 12 could also be involved in the activation and spread of these viruses. KLKs are associated with lung cancer, with up- or downregulation of expression depending on the KLK, cancer subtype, stage of tumour and also the microenvironment. Functional studies showed that KLK12 is a potent pro-angiogenic factor. Moreover, KLK6 promotes malignant-cell proliferation and KLK13 invasiveness. In contrast, KLK8 and KLK10 reduce proliferation and invasion of malignant cells. Considering the involvement of KLKs in various physiological and pathological processes, KLKs appear to be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woodys Lenga Ma Bonda
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM UMR 1100, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours, France.,Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Sophie Iochmann
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM UMR 1100, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours, France.,Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France.,IUT de Tours, Université de Tours, F-37082 Tours, France
| | - Mélia Magnen
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM UMR 1100, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours, France.,Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Yves Courty
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM UMR 1100, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours, France.,Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France
| | - Pascale Reverdiau
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM UMR 1100, Faculté de Médecine, 10 Boulevard Tonnellé, F-37032 Tours, France.,Université de Tours, F-37032 Tours, France.,IUT de Tours, Université de Tours, F-37082 Tours, France
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12
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Li TZ, Deng H, Liu Q, Xia YZ, Darwazeh R, Yan Y. Protease-activated receptor-2 regulates glial scar formation via JNK signaling. Physiol Res 2019; 68:305-316. [PMID: 30628825 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effects of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) on glial scar formation after spinal cord injury (SCI) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and the underlying mechanisms. Rivlin and Tator's acute extradural clip compression injury (CCI) model of severe SCI was established in this study. Animals were divided into four groups: 1) sham group (laminectomy only); 2) model group, treated with normal saline; 3) PAR-2 inhibitor group; 4) PAR-2 activator group. Enhanced GFAP and vimentin expression were the markers of glial scar formation. To determine whether JNK was involved in the effects of PAR-2 on GFAP and vimentin expression, we administered anisomycin (a JNK activator) in the presence of PAR-2 inhibitor and SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) in the presence of PAR-2 activator. At 1, 7, 14 and 28 day after SCI, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor score test was used to assess the locomotor functional recovery; immunofluorescence and western blot analysis were used to assess the expression level of GFAP, vimentin and p-JNK. Double immunofluorescence staining with GFAP and tubulin beta was used to assess the glial scar formation and the remaining neurons. Results suggested that PAR-2 is involved in glial scar formation and reduces neurons residues which can cause a further worsening in the functional outcomes after SCI via JNK signaling. Therefore, it may be effective to target PAR-2 in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Swedberg JE, Ghani HA, Harris JM, de Veer SJ, Craik DJ. Potent, Selective, and Cell-Penetrating Inhibitors of Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 4 Based on the Cyclic Peptide MCoTI-II. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1258-1262. [PMID: 30613336 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) is a serine protease that has putative intracellular and extracellular functions in prostate cancer progression. Here we show that MCoTI-II, a 34-amino acid cyclic peptide found in the seeds of red gac (Momordica cochinchinensis), is an inhibitor of KLK4. By grafting a preferred KLK4 cleavage sequence into MCoTI-II, we produced a highly potent KLK4 inhibitor (K i = 0.1 nM) that displayed 100,000-fold selectivity over related KLKs and the ability to penetrate cells. Additionally, by substituting positively charged noncontact residues in this compound, we produced a potent and selective KLK4 inhibitor that does not penetrate cells. The inhibitors were shown to be nontoxic to human cells and stable in human serum. These KLK4 inhibitors provide useful chemical tools to further define the role(s) of both intracellular and extracellular KLK4 in prostate cancer cell lines and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E. Swedberg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hafiza Abdul Ghani
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Simon J. de Veer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Fernando EH, Gordon MH, Beck PL, MacNaughton WK. Inhibition of Intestinal Epithelial Wound Healing through Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Activation in Caco2 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:382-392. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Kim H, Choi SM, Park S. GSEH: A Novel Approach to Select Prostate Cancer-Associated Genes Using Gene Expression Heterogeneity. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 15:129-146. [PMID: 27775535 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2016.2618927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When a gene shows varying levels of expression among normal people but similar levels in disease patients or shows similar levels of expression among normal people but different levels in disease patients, we can assume that the gene is associated with the disease. By utilizing this gene expression heterogeneity, we can obtain additional information that abets discovery of disease-associated genes. In this study, we used collaborative filtering to calculate the degree of gene expression heterogeneity between classes and then scored the genes on the basis of the degree of gene expression heterogeneity to find "differentially predicted" genes. Through the proposed method, we discovered more prostate cancer-associated genes than 10 comparable methods. The genes prioritized by the proposed method are potentially significant to biological processes of a disease and can provide insight into them.
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Yang F, Aubele M, Walch A, Gross E, Napieralski R, Zhao S, Ahmed N, Kiechle M, Reuning U, Dorn J, Sweep F, Magdolen V, Schmitt M. Tissue kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4), a novel biomarker in triple-negative breast cancer. Biol Chem 2017; 398:1151-1164. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), lacking the steroid hormone receptors ER and PR and the oncoprotein HER2, is characterized by its aggressive pattern and insensitivity to endocrine and HER2-directed therapy. Human kallikrein-related peptidases KLK1-15 provide a rich source of serine protease-type biomarkers associated with tumor growth and cancer progression for a variety of malignant diseases. In this study, recombinant KLK4 protein was generated and affinity-purified KLK4-directed polyclonal antibody pAb587 established to allow localization of KLK4 protein expression in tumor cell lines and archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded TNBC tumor tissue specimens. For this, KLK4 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in primary tumor tissue sections (tissue microarrays) of 188 TNBC patients, mainly treated with anthracycline- or CMF-based polychemotherapy. KLK4 protein is localized in the cytoplasm of tumor and stroma cells. In this patient cohort, elevated stroma cell KLK4 expression, but not tumor cell KLK4 expression, is predictive for poor disease-free survival by univariate analysis (hazard ratio: 2.26,p=0.001) and multivariable analysis (hazard ratio: 2.12,p<0.01). Likewise, univariate analysis revealed a trend for statistical significance of elevated KLK4 stroma cell expression for overall survival of TNBC patients as well.
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Ramachandran R, Altier C, Oikonomopoulou K, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, Their Extracellular Targets, and Inflammatory Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1110-1142. [PMID: 27677721 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that over 2% of the human genome codes for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, it is not surprising that proteinases serve many physiologic-pathophysiological roles. In this context, we provide an overview of proteolytic mechanisms regulating inflammation, with a focus on cell signaling stimulated by the generation of inflammatory peptides; activation of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), with a mechanism in common with adhesion-triggered GPCRs (ADGRs); and by proteolytic ion channel regulation. These mechanisms are considered in the much wider context that proteolytic mechanisms serve, including the processing of growth factors and their receptors, the regulation of matrix-integrin signaling, and the generation and release of membrane-tethered receptor ligands. These signaling mechanisms are relevant for inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases as well as for cancer. We propose that the inflammation-triggering proteinases and their proteolytically generated substrates represent attractive therapeutic targets and we discuss appropriate targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Ramachandran
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Christophe Altier
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
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Shahbazi S, Khorasani M, Mahdian R. Gene expression profile of FVII and AR in primary prostate cancer. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:353-358. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khorasani
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Fuhrman-Luck RA, Stansfield SH, Stephens CR, Loessner D, Clements JA. Prostate Cancer-Associated Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 4 Activates Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Thrombospondin-1. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2466-78. [PMID: 27378148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer metastasis to bone is terminal; thus, novel therapies are required to prevent end-stage disease. Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) is a serine protease that is overproduced in localized prostate cancer and is abundant in prostate cancer bone metastases. In vitro, KLK4 induces tumor-promoting phenotypes; however, the underlying proteolytic mechanism is undefined. The protein topography and migration analysis platform (PROTOMAP) was used for high-depth identification of KLK4 substrates secreted by prostate cancer bone metastasis-derived PC-3 cells to delineate the mechanism of KLK4 action in advanced prostate cancer. Thirty-six putative novel substrates were determined from the PROTOMAP analysis. In addition, KLK4 cleaved the established substrate, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, thus validating the approach. KLK4 activated matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), a protease that promotes prostate tumor growth and metastasis. MMP1 was produced in the tumor compartment of prostate cancer bone metastases, highlighting its accessibility to KLK4 at this site. KLK4 further liberated an N-terminal product, with purported angiogenic activity, from thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and cleaved TSP1 in an osteoblast-derived matrix. This is the most comprehensive analysis of the proteolytic action of KLK4 in an advanced prostate cancer model to date, highlighting KLK4 as a potential multifunctional regulator of prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Fuhrman-Luck
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute , 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Scott H Stansfield
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Carson R Stephens
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute , 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Judith A Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology at the Translational Research Institute , 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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20
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Filippou PS, Karagiannis GS, Musrap N, Diamandis EP. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) and the hallmarks of cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:277-91. [PMID: 26886390 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2016.1154643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent the largest family of serine proteases within the human genome and are expressed in various tissues. Although they regulate several important physiological functions, KLKs have also been implicated in numerous pathophysiological processes, including cancer. Growing evidence describing the deregulation of KLK expression and secretion, as well as activation in various malignancies, has uncovered their potential as mediators of cancer progression, biomarkers of disease and as candidate therapeutic targets. The diversity of signalling pathways and proteolytic cascades involving KLKs and their downstream targets appears to affect cancer biology through multiple mechanisms, including those related to the hallmarks of cancer. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the importance of KLK-driven molecular pathways in relation to cancer cell traits associated with the hallmarks of cancer and to highlight their potential in personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota S Filippou
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - George S Karagiannis
- b Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University Bronx , New York , NY , USA
| | - Natasha Musrap
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada .,c Department of Clinical Biochemistry , University Health Network , Toronto , ON , Canada , and.,d Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada
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Hayama T, Kamio N, Okabe T, Muromachi K, Matsushima K. Kallikrein Promotes Inflammation in Human Dental Pulp Cells Via Protease-Activated Receptor-1. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:1522-8. [PMID: 26566265 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasma kallikrein (KLKB1), a serine protease, cleaves high-molecular weight kininogen to produce bradykinin, a potent vasodilator and pro-inflammatory peptide. In addition, KLKB1 activates plasminogen and other leukocyte and blood coagulation factors and processes pro-enkephalin, prorenin, and C3. KLKB1 has also been shown to cleave protease-activated receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells to regulate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor. In this study, we investigated KLKB1-dependent inflammation and activation of protease-activated receptor-1 in human dental pulp cells. These cells responded to KLKB1 stimulation by increasing intracellular Ca(2+) , upregulating cyclooxygenase-2, and secreting prostaglandin E2 . Remarkably, SCH79797, an antagonist of protease-activated receptor-1, blocked these effects. Thus, these data indicate that KLKB1 induces inflammatory reactions in human dental tissues via protease-activated receptor 1. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1522-1528, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hayama
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Naoto Kamio
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tatsu Okabe
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
| | - Koichiro Muromachi
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 238-8580, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsushima
- Department of Endodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan.,Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
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Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) as emerging therapeutic targets: focus on prostate cancer and skin pathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:801-18. [PMID: 26941073 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1147560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue kallikrein and the kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) constitute a family of 15 homologous secreted serine proteases with trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like activities, which participate in a broad spectrum of physiological procedures. Deregulated expression and/or activation of the majority of the family members have been reported in several human diseases, thereby making KLKs ideal targets for therapeutic intervention. AREAS COVERED In the present review, we summarize the role of KLKs in normal human physiology and pathology, focusing on prostate cancer and skin diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the recent advances in the development of KLK-based therapies. A great number of diverse engineered KLKs inhibitors with improved potency, selectivity and immunogenicity have been synthesized by redesigning examples that are endogenous and naturally occurring. Moreover, encouraging results have been documented using KLKs-based vaccines and immunotherapies, as well as KLKs-mediated activation of pro-drugs. Finally, KLKs-targeting aptamers and KLKs-based imaging tools represent novel approaches towards the exploitation of KLKs' therapeutic value. EXPERT OPINION The central/critical roles of KLK family in several human pathologies highlight KLKs as attractive molecular targets for developing novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaritis Avgeris
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology , University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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The kallikrein-related peptidase family: Dysregulation and functions during cancer progression. Biochimie 2015; 122:283-99. [PMID: 26343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death with 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2012. Despite the progress made in cancer therapies, neoplastic diseases are still a major therapeutic challenge notably because of intra- and inter-malignant tumour heterogeneity and adaptation/escape of malignant cells to/from treatment. New targeted therapies need to be developed to improve our medical arsenal and counter-act cancer progression. Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are secreted serine peptidases which are aberrantly expressed in many cancers and have great potential in developing targeted therapies. The potential of KLKs as cancer biomarkers is well established since the demonstration of the association between KLK3/PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels and prostate cancer progression. In addition, a constantly increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the functional involvement of KLKs in cancer-related processes. These peptidases are now considered key players in the regulation of cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, chemo-resistance, and importantly, in mediating interactions between cancer cells and other cell populations found in the tumour microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression. These functional roles of KLKs in a cancer context further highlight their potential in designing new anti-cancer approaches. In this review, we comprehensively review the biochemical features of KLKs, their functional roles in carcinogenesis, followed by the latest developments and the successful utility of KLK-based therapeutics in counteracting cancer progression.
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Cereda V, Formica V, Menghi A, Pellicori S, Roselli M. Kallikrein-related peptidases targeted therapies in prostate cancer: perspectives and challenges. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:929-47. [PMID: 25858813 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1035708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the emergence of several new effective treatments for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, disease progression inevitably occurs, leading scientific community to carefully look for novel therapeutic targets of prostate cancer. Kallikrein (KLK)-related peptidases have been demonstrated to facilitate prostate tumorigenesis and disease progression through the development of an oncogenic microenvironment for prostate cells. AREAS COVERED This review first summarizes the large amount of preclinical data showing the involvement of KLKs in prostate cancer pathobiology. In the second part, the authors assess the current status and future directions for KLK-targeted therapy and briefly describe the advances and challenges implicated in the design of effective manufactured drugs. The authors then focus on the preclinical data and on Phase I/II studies of the most promising KLK-targeted agents in prostate cancer. The drugs discussed here are divided on the basis of their mechanism of action: KLK-engineered inhibitors; KLK-activated pro-drugs; KLK-targeted microRNAs and small interfering RNAs(-/)small hairpin RNAs; KLK vaccines and antibodies. EXPERT OPINION Targeting KLK expression and/or activity could be a promising direction in prostate cancer treatment. Future human clinical trials will help us to evaluate the real benefits, toxicities and the consequent optimal use of KLK-targeted drugs, as mono-therapy or in combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittore Cereda
- 1 University of Rome Tor Vergata, Tor Vergata University Clinical Center, Department of Systems Medicine, Medical Oncology , Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome , Italy +39 0620908190 ; +39 0620903504 ;
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Sensitisation of TRPV4 by PAR2 is independent of intracellular calcium signalling and can be mediated by the biased agonist neutrophil elastase. Pflugers Arch 2015; 467:687-701. [PMID: 24906497 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1539-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) may represent a major mechanism of regulating the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) non-selective cation channel in pathophysiological conditions associated with protease activation (e.g. during inflammation). To provide electrophysiological evidence for PAR2-mediated TRPV4 regulation, we characterised the properties of human TRPV4 heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes in the presence and absence of co-expressed human PAR2. In outside-out patches from TRPV4 expressing oocytes, we detected single-channel activity typical for TRPV4 with a single-channel conductance of about 100 pS for outward and 55 pS for inward currents. The synthetic TRPV4 activator GSK1016790A stimulated TRPV4 mainly by converting previously silent channels into active channels with an open probability of nearly one. In oocytes co-expressing TRPV4 and PAR2, PAR2 activation by trypsin or by specific PAR2 agonist SLIGRL-NH2 potentiated the GSK1016790A-stimulated TRPV4 whole-cell currents several fold, indicative of channel sensitisation. Pre-incubation of oocytes with the calcium chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA)-AM did not reduce the stimulatory effect of PAR2 activation on TRPV4, which indicates that the effect is independent of intracellular calcium signalling. Neutrophil elastase, a biased agonist of PAR2 that does not induce intracellular calcium signalling, also caused a PAR2-dependent sensitisation of TRPV4. The Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27362 abolished elastase-stimulated sensitisation of TRPV4, which indicates that Rho-kinase signalling plays a critical role in PAR2-mediated TRPV4 sensitisation by the biased agonist neutrophil elastase. During acute inflammation, neutrophil elastase may sensitise TRPV4 by a mechanism involving biased agonism of PAR2 and activation of Rho-kinase.
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Prassas I, Eissa A, Poda G, Diamandis EP. Unleashing the therapeutic potential of human kallikrein-related serine proteases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:183-202. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kularathna PK, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ. Tumour progression and cancer-induced pain: a role for protease-activated receptor-2? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:149-56. [PMID: 25448411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteases in modifying the microenvironment of tumour cells has long been recognised. With the discovery of the protease-activated receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors a mechanism for cells to sense and respond directly to proteases in their microenvironment was revealed. Many early studies described the roles of protease-activated receptors in the cellular events that occur during blood coagulation and inflammation. More recently, studies have begun to focus on the roles of protease-activated receptors in the establishment, progression and metastasis of a variety of tumours. This review will focus on the expression of protease-activated receptor-2 and its activators by normal and neoplastic tissues, and describe current evidence that activation of protease-activated receptor-2 is an important event at multiple stages of tumour progression and in pain associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamuditha K Kularathna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Chu H, Zhong D, Tang J, Li J, Xue Y, Tong N, Qin C, Yin C, Zhang Z, Wang M. A functional variant in miR-143 promoter contributes to prostate cancer risk. Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:403-14. [PMID: 25354797 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are important regulators in numerous cellular processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Recently, miR-143 was identified as a tumor suppressor in prostate cancer (PCa). To explore the mechanism of dysregulation and anti-tumor function of miR-143 in PCa, we first found a single-nucleotide polymorphism rs4705342T>C in the promoter region of miR-143 through bioinformatics tools and then performed a case-control study including 608 PCa patients and 709 controls. Results suggested that subjects with TC/CC genotypes had significantly decreased risk of PCa compared with those with TT genotype (adjusted OR 0.68, 95 % CI 0.55-0.85). Further functional assays showed that the risk-associated T allele increased the protein-binding affinity and reduced the activity of the promoter compared with C allele. In addition, restoration of miR-143 by mimics in PCa cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration and down-regulated the expression level of kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2) mRNA and protein. The miR-143-KLK2 axis was also confirmed by luciferase reporter assay in vitro. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that there is the significant association between the functional promoter variant rs4705342T>C in miR-143 and PCa risk and newly describe the miR-143-KLK2 interaction which provided another potential mechanism for miR-143 anti-tumor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, 211166, China.,Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongyan Zhong
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jialin Tang
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Public Health, Jiangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 555 Beijing East Road, Nanchang, 330029, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Xue
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Tong
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Meilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, 818 East Tianyuan Road, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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29
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Skala W, Utzschneider DT, Magdolen V, Debela M, Guo S, Craik CS, Brandstetter H, Goettig P. Structure-function analyses of human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 establish the 99-loop as master regulator of activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34267-83. [PMID: 25326387 PMCID: PMC4256358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2) is a tryptic serine protease predominantly expressed in prostatic tissue and secreted into prostatic fluid, a major component of seminal fluid. Most likely it activates and complements chymotryptic KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen) in cleaving seminal clotting proteins, resulting in sperm liquefaction. KLK2 belongs to the “classical” KLKs 1–3, which share an extended 99- or kallikrein loop near their non-primed substrate binding site. Here, we report the 1.9 Å crystal structures of two KLK2-small molecule inhibitor complexes. In both structures discontinuous electron density for the 99-loop indicates that this loop is largely disordered. We provide evidence that the 99-loop is responsible for two biochemical peculiarities of KLK2, i.e. reversible inhibition by micromolar Zn2+ concentrations and permanent inactivation by autocatalytic cleavage. Indeed, several 99-loop mutants of KLK2 displayed an altered susceptibility to Zn2+, which located the Zn2+ binding site at the 99-loop/active site interface. In addition, we identified an autolysis site between residues 95e and 95f in the 99-loop, whose elimination prevented the mature enzyme from limited autolysis and irreversible inactivation. An exhaustive comparison of KLK2 with related structures revealed that in the KLK family the 99-, 148-, and 220-loop exist in open and closed conformations, allowing or preventing substrate access, which extends the concept of conformational selection in trypsin-related proteases. Taken together, our novel biochemical and structural data on KLK2 identify its 99-loop as a key player in activity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Skala
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Klinische Forschergruppe der Frauenklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar der TU München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mekdes Debela
- Max-Planck-Institut for Biochemistry, Proteinase Research Group, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany, and
| | - Shihui Guo
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Goettig
- From the Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria,
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30
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Zhao P, Lieu T, Barlow N, Metcalf M, Veldhuis NA, Jensen DD, Kocan M, Sostegni S, Haerteis S, Baraznenok V, Henderson I, Lindström E, Guerrero-Alba R, Valdez-Morales EE, Liedtke W, McIntyre P, Vanner SJ, Korbmacher C, Bunnett NW. Cathepsin S causes inflammatory pain via biased agonism of PAR2 and TRPV4. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27215-27234. [PMID: 25118282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases such as trypsin and mast cell tryptase cleave protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) at R(36)↓S(37) and reveal a tethered ligand that excites nociceptors, causing neurogenic inflammation and pain. Whether proteases that cleave PAR2 at distinct sites are biased agonists that also induce inflammation and pain is unexplored. Cathepsin S (Cat-S) is a lysosomal cysteine protease of antigen-presenting cells that is secreted during inflammation and which retains activity at extracellular pH. We observed that Cat-S cleaved PAR2 at E(56)↓T(57), which removed the canonical tethered ligand and prevented trypsin activation. In HEK and KNRK cell lines and in nociceptive neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglia, Cat-S and a decapeptide mimicking the Cat-S-revealed tethered ligand-stimulated PAR2 coupling to Gαs and formation of cAMP. In contrast to trypsin, Cat-S did not mobilize intracellular Ca(2+), activate ERK1/2, recruit β-arrestins, or induce PAR2 endocytosis. Cat-S caused PAR2-dependent activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in Xenopus laevis oocytes, HEK cells and nociceptive neurons, and stimulated neuronal hyperexcitability by adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms. Intraplantar injection of Cat-S caused inflammation and hyperalgesia in mice that was attenuated by PAR2 or TRPV4 deletion and adenylyl cyclase inhibition. Cat-S and PAR2 antagonists suppressed formalin-induced inflammation and pain, which implicates endogenous Cat-S and PAR2 in inflammatory pain. Our results identify Cat-S as a biased agonist of PAR2 that causes PAR2- and TRPV4-dependent inflammation and pain. They expand the role of PAR2 as a mediator of protease-driven inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishen Zhao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew Metcalf
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | | | - Dane D Jensen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Silvia Sostegni
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Guerrero-Alba
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eduardo E Valdez-Morales
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Liedtke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Peter McIntyre
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario N7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institut für Zelluläre und Molekulare Physiologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville 3052, Australia,; Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia, and; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia.
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31
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Kakarala KK, Jamil K, Devaraji V. Structure and putative signaling mechanism of Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) - a promising target for breast cancer. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 53:179-199. [PMID: 25173751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidences have observed enhanced expression of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in breast cancer consistently. However, it is not yet recognized as an important therapeutic target for breast cancer as the primary molecular mechanisms of its activation are not yet well-defined. Nevertheless, recent reports on the mechanism of GPCR activation and signaling have given new insights to GPCR functioning. In the light of these details, we attempted to understand PAR2 structure & function using molecular modeling techniques. In this work, we generated averaged representative stable models of PAR2, using protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) as a template and selected conformation based on their binding affinity with PAR2 specific agonist, GB110. Further, the selected model was used for studying the binding affinity of putative ligands. The selected ligands were based on a recent publication on phylogenetic analysis of Class A rhodopsin family of GPCRs. This study reports putative ligands, their interacting residues, binding affinity and molecular dynamics simulation studies on PAR2-ligand complexes. The results reported from this study would be useful for researchers and academicians to investigate PAR2 function as its physiological role is still hypothetical. Further, this information may provide a novel therapeutic scheme to manage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Kumari Kakarala
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS), 6th Floor, Buddha Bhawan, M.G. Road, Secunderabad 500003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kaiser Jamil
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS), 6th Floor, Buddha Bhawan, M.G. Road, Secunderabad 500003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Devaraji
- College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, E.V.R. Periyar Salai, Chennai 600003, India
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32
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Li H, Huang Y, Zhang B, Yang D, Zhu X, Li G. A new method to assay protease based on amyloid misfolding: application to prostate cancer diagnosis using a panel of proteases biomarkers. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:701-7. [PMID: 24883120 PMCID: PMC4038752 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a sensitive method with electrochemical technique to detect various proteases, which can be used for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. For the proposed assay method, the working electrode is modified with the peptide probes for the target proteases. These probes contain the substrate sequence of target proteases, as well as the seed peptide sequence that can accelerate the misfolding of amyloid-beta. If there are proteases in the test solution, after protease cleavage of the substrate peptides, the distal seed peptide will be removed from the electrode surface. So, in the absence of proteases, the seed peptides can initiate and accelerate amyloid-beta misfolding on the electrode surface. Consequently, the formed aggregates strongly block the electron transfer of the in-solution electroactive species with the electrode, resulting in suppressed signal readout. Nevertheless, in the presence of proteases, enzyme cleavage may lead to greatly mitigated protein misfolding and evident signal enhancement. Since the contrast in signal readout between the two cases can be amplified by using the protein misfolding step, high sensitivity suitable for direct detection of proteases in serum can be achieved. These results may suggest the feasibility of our new method for the detection of a panel of proteases in offering detailed diagnosis of prostate cancer and a better treatment of the cancer.
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33
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Mavridis K, Avgeris M, Scorilas A. Targeting kallikrein-related peptidases in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:365-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.880693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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34
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Shang Z, Niu Y, Cai Q, Chen J, Tian J, Yeh S, Lai KP, Chang C. Human kallikrein 2 (KLK2) promotes prostate cancer cell growth via function as a modulator to promote the ARA70-enhanced androgen receptor transactivation. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1881-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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35
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Bartlett JD. Dental enamel development: proteinases and their enamel matrix substrates. ISRN DENTISTRY 2013; 2013:684607. [PMID: 24159389 PMCID: PMC3789414 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent discoveries and delves in detail about what is known about each of the proteins (amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin) and proteinases (matrix metalloproteinase-20 and kallikrein-related peptidase-4) that are secreted into the enamel matrix. After an overview of enamel development, this review focuses on these enamel proteins by describing their nomenclature, tissue expression, functions, proteinase activation, and proteinase substrate specificity. These proteins and their respective null mice and human mutations are also evaluated to shed light on the mechanisms that cause nonsyndromic enamel malformations termed amelogenesis imperfecta. Pertinent controversies are addressed. For example, do any of these proteins have a critical function in addition to their role in enamel development? Does amelogenin initiate crystallite growth, does it inhibit crystallite growth in width and thickness, or does it do neither? Detailed examination of the null mouse literature provides unmistakable clues and/or answers to these questions, and this data is thoroughly analyzed. Striking conclusions from this analysis reveal that widely held paradigms of enamel formation are inadequate. The final section of this review weaves the recent data into a plausible new mechanism by which these enamel matrix proteins support and promote enamel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Bartlett
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine & Chair, Department of Mineralized Tissue Biology, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge MA 02142, USA
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36
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Hockla A, Miller E, Salameh MA, Copland JA, Radisky DC, Radisky ES. PRSS3/mesotrypsin is a therapeutic target for metastatic prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 10:1555-66. [PMID: 23258495 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PRSS3/mesotrypsin is an atypical isoform of trypsin that has been associated with breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer cell malignancy. In analyses of open source transcriptional microarray data, we find that PRSS3 expression is upregulated in metastatic prostate cancer tissue, and that expression of PRSS3 in primary prostate tumors is prognostic of systemic progression following prostatectomy. Using a mouse orthotopic model with bioluminescent imaging, we show that PRSS3/mesotrypsin is critical for prostate cancer metastasis. Silencing of PRSS3 inhibits anchorage-independent growth of prostate cancer cells in soft agar assays, and suppresses invasiveness in Matrigel transwell assays and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. We further show that treatment with recombinant mesotrypsin directly promotes an invasive cellular phenotype in prostate cancer cells and find that these effects are specific and require the proteolytic activity of mesotrypsin, because neither cationic trypsin nor a mesotrypsin mutant lacking activity can drive the invasive phenotype. Finally, we show that a newly developed, potent inhibitor of mesotrypsin activity can suppress prostate cancer cell invasion to a similar extent as PRSS3 gene silencing. This study defines mesotrypsin as an important mediator of prostate cancer progression and metastasis, and suggests that inhibition of mesotrypsin activity may provide a novel modality for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hockla
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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37
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Mavridis K, Stravodimos K, Scorilas A. Quantified KLK15 gene expression levels discriminate prostate cancer from benign tumors and constitute a novel independent predictor of disease progression. Prostate 2013; 73:1191-201. [PMID: 23620432 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several transcript variants of the kallikrein-related peptidase 15 gene (KLK15) have been identified up to now. The classical KLK15 mRNA isoform encodes for a non-truncated, functional protein. Aberrant KLK15 expression is found in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. Our aim in this present study was the specific quantitative expression analysis of the classical KLK15 mRNA transcript in prostate tumors and the examination of its clinical significance in prostate cancer. METHODS We isolated total RNA from 150 prostate tissue specimens and, following cDNA synthesis, the expression of KLK15 classical mRNA transcript was measured via quantitative Real-Time PCR using the TaqMan® chemistry. HPRT1 was used as a reference gene, and the absolute quantification approach, through the incorporation of standard curves, was applied for the calculation of normalized KLK15 expression. RESULTS KLK15 expression levels were significantly upregulated in malignant compared to benign samples (P < 0.001). The discriminatory value of KLK15 was confirmed by ROC curve and logistic regression analysis (both P < 0.001). KLK15 was also associated with advanced pathological stage (P = 0.023). KLK15-positive prostate cancer patients presented significantly shorter progression-free survival intervals, determined by biochemical relapse (P = 0.006), compared to KLK15-negative ones. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that KLK15 expression is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence (HR = 3.36, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS The present study unravels the important role of quantified KLK15 classical mRNA expression levels as a novel biomarker helpful for the differential diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mavridis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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38
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Lose F, Srinivasan S, O’Mara T, Marquart L, Chambers S, Gardiner RA, Aitken JF, Spurdle AB, Batra J, Clements JA. Genetic association of the KLK4 locus with risk of prostate cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44520. [PMID: 22970239 PMCID: PMC3435290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kallikrein-related peptidase, KLK4, has been shown to be significantly overexpressed in prostate tumours in numerous studies and is suggested to be a potential biomarker for prostate cancer. KLK4 may also play a role in prostate cancer progression through its involvement in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a more aggressive phenotype, and metastases to bone. It is well known that genetic variation has the potential to affect gene expression and/or various protein characteristics and hence we sought to investigate the possible role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the KLK4 gene in prostate cancer. Assessment of 61 SNPs in the KLK4 locus (± 10 kb) in approximately 1300 prostate cancer cases and 1300 male controls for associations with prostate cancer risk and/or prostate tumour aggressiveness (Gleason score <7 versus ≥ 7) revealed 7 SNPs to be associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer at the P(trend)<0.05 significance level. Three of these SNPs, rs268923, rs56112930 and the HapMap tagSNP rs7248321, are located several kb upstream of KLK4; rs1654551 encodes a non-synonymous serine to alanine substitution at position 22 of the long isoform of the KLK4 protein, and the remaining 3 risk-associated SNPs, rs1701927, rs1090649 and rs806019, are located downstream of KLK4 and are in high linkage disequilibrium with each other (r(2) ≥ 0.98). Our findings provide suggestive evidence of a role for genetic variation in the KLK4 locus in prostate cancer predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Lose
- Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Group, Genetics and Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tracy O’Mara
- Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Group, Genetics and Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louise Marquart
- Statistics Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suzanne Chambers
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Viertel Centre for Cancer Research, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert A. Gardiner
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne F. Aitken
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Viertel Centre for Cancer Research, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda B. Spurdle
- Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Group, Genetics and Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Group, Genetics and Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith A. Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre – Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Protease-activated receptor 2 signaling upregulates angiogenic growth factors in renal cell carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 94:91-7. [PMID: 22960271 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a highly vascular tumor associated with expression of various angiogenic growth factors. The precise process of how these growth factors are regulated in RCC is not fully understood. Recent evidence suggests that protease activated receptors (PARs), a new family of G-protein coupled receptors, play a crucial role in vascular development and tumor progression through a variety of mechanisms. However, the nature of PAR expression in human RCC tissues and its function in regulating angiogenesis in RCC are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of PAR-2 in RCC. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry assays show that PAR-2 expression is significantly increased in human RCC tissue compared with the adjacent non-neoplastic kidney tissue. In RCC derived cells, PAR-2 is functional as evidenced by robust signaling through MAP kinases including ERK1/2 and JNK. Furthermore, activation of PAR-2 significantly upregulates several angiogenic cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, monocytes chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and growth-related oncogene (GRO). To our knowledge, this is the first report that characterized PAR-2 expression in RCC tissue and further demonstrated that PAR-2 has a critical role in regulating angiogenesis in RCC.
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40
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Evaluation of antibodies directed against human protease-activated receptor-2. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:861-73. [PMID: 22842724 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by intramolecular docking of a tethered ligand that is released by the actions of proteases, mainly of the serine protease family. Here, we evaluate four commercially available anti-PAR2 antibodies, SAM11, C17, N19 and H99, demonstrating marked differences in the ability of these reagents to detect the target receptor in Western blot, immunocytochemical and flow cytometry applications. In Western blot analysis, we evaluated antibody reactivity against both ectopic and endogenous receptors. Against material from transfected cells, we show that SAM11 and N19, and to a lesser extent C17, but not H99, are able to detect ectopic PAR2. Interestingly, these Western blot analyses indicate that N19 and C17 detect conformations of ectopic PAR2 distinct to those recognised by SAM11. Significantly, our data also indicate that Western blot signal detected by SAM11 and C17, and much of the signal detected by N19, against cells endogenously expressing PAR2 is non-specific. Despite confounding non-specific signals, we were able to discern N19 reactivity against endogenous PAR2 as a broad smear that we also observed in ectopically expressing human and mouse cells and that is sensitive to loss of N-glycosylation. In immunocytochemistry analysis, each antibody is able to detect ectopic PAR2 although it appears that H99 detects only a subset of the ectopically expressed receptor. In addition, SAM11 and N19 are able to detect both ectopic and endogenous cell surface PAR2 by flow cytometry. In summary: (1) each antibody can detect ectopic PAR2 by immunocytochemical analysis with SAM11 and N19 suitable for cell surface detection of both ectopic and endogenous receptor by flow cytometry; (2) in Western blot analysis, N19, SAM11 and C17 can detect ectopically expressed PAR2, with only N19 able to detect the endogenous receptor by this technique and (3) in each of these approaches, appropriate controls are essential to ensure that non-specific reactivity is identified.
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41
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Simmer JP, Richardson AS, Smith CE, Hu Y, Hu JCC. Expression of kallikrein-related peptidase 4 in dental and non-dental tissues. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 119 Suppl 1:226-33. [PMID: 22243250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) is critical for proper dental enamel formation. Klk4 null mice, and humans with two defective KLK4 alleles have obvious enamel defects, with no other apparent phenotype. KLK4 mRNA or protein is reported to be present in tissues besides teeth, including prostate, ovary, kidney, liver, and salivary gland. In this study we used the Klk4 knockout/NLS-lacZ knockin mouse to assay Klk4 expression using β-galactosidase histochemistry. Incubations for 5 h were used to detect KLK4 expression with minimal endogenous background, while overnight incubations susceptible to false positives were used to look for trace KLK4 expression. Developing maxillary molars at postnatal days 5, 6, 7, 8, and 14, developing mandibular incisors at postnatal day 14, and selected non-dental tissues from adult wild-type and Klk4(lacZ/lacZ) mice were examined by X-gal histochemistry. After 5 h of incubation, X-gal staining was observed specifically in the nuclei of maturation-stage ameloblasts in molars and incisors from Klk4(lacZ/lacZ) mice and was detected weakly in the nuclei of salivary gland ducts and in patches of prostate epithelia. We conclude that KLK4 is predominantly a tooth-specific protease with low expression in submandibular salivary gland and prostate, and with no detectable expression in liver, kidney, testis, ovary, oviduct, epididymis, and vas deferens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA.
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42
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Caliendo G, Santagada V, Perissutti E, Severino B, Fiorino F, Frecentese F, Juliano L. Kallikrein protease activated receptor (PAR) axis: an attractive target for drug development. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6669-86. [PMID: 22607152 DOI: 10.1021/jm300407t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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43
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Chung H, Hamza M, Oikonomopoulou K, Gratio V, Saifeddine M, Virca GD, Diamandis EP, Hollenberg MD, Darmoul D. Kallikrein-related peptidase signaling in colon carcinoma cells: targeting proteinase-activated receptors. Biol Chem 2012; 393:413-20. [DOI: 10.1515/bc-2011-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe hypothesized that kallikrein-related peptidase 14 (KLK14) is produced by colonic tumors and can promote tumorigenesis by activating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). We found that KLK14 is expressed in human colon adenocarcinoma cells but not in adjacent cancer-free tissue; KLK14 mRNA, present in colon cancer, leads to KLK14 protein expression and secretion; and KLK14 signals viaPAR-2 in HT-29 cells to cause (1) receptor activation/internalization, (2) increases in intracellular calcium, (3) stimulation of ERK1/2/MAP kinase phosphorylation, and (4) cell proliferation. We suggest that KLK14, acting via PAR-2, represents an autocrine/paracrine regulator of colon tumorigenesis.
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Boll K, Reiche K, Kasack K, Mörbt N, Kretzschmar AK, Tomm JM, Verhaegh G, Schalken J, von Bergen M, Horn F, Hackermüller J. MiR-130a, miR-203 and miR-205 jointly repress key oncogenic pathways and are downregulated in prostate carcinoma. Oncogene 2012; 32:277-85. [PMID: 22391564 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With ∼30 000 deaths annually in the United States, prostate cancer (PCa) is a major oncologic disease. Here we show that the microRNAs miR-130a, miR-203 and miR-205 jointly interfere with the two major oncogenic pathways in prostate carcinoma and are downregulated in cancer tissue. Using transcriptomics we show that the microRNAs repress several gene products known to be overexpressed in this cancer. Argonaute 2 (AGO2) co-immunoprecipitation, reporter assays and western blot analysis demonstrate that the microRNAs directly target several components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways, among those several AR coregulators and HRAS (Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog), and repress signaling activity. Both pathways are central for the development of the primary tumor and in particular the progression to its incurable castration-resistant form. Reconstitution of the microRNAs in LNCaP PCa cells induce morphological changes, which resemble the effect of androgen deprivation, and jointly impair tumor cell growth by induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. We therefore propose that these microRNAs jointly act as tumor suppressors in prostate carcinoma and might interfere with progression to castration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Boll
- RNomics Group, Fraunhofer IZI, Leipzig, Germany
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45
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Regulation of thrombin-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in 4T1 murine breast cancer cells. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2012; 22:576-82. [PMID: 21799402 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e3283497647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and PAR-2 are overexpressed in cancer cells and activation of these receptors contributes to malignancy. We have recently shown that thrombin activates PAR-1, which induces transactivation of PAR-2, resulting in increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in 4T1 murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Our goal was to analyze the signal transduction pathways that regulate thrombin-induced PAI-1 expression. We found that thrombin stimulation activates the ERK1/2-ELK1-EGR1 pathway in 4T1 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of p42/p44 MAPK signaling reduced PAI-1 expression. These results begin to delineate the mechanism by which thrombin activates a PAR-1/PAR-2 complex to induce PAI-1 expression in the 4T1 murine breast cancer cell line.
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46
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Bayani J, Diamandis EP. The physiology and pathobiology of human kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6). Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 50:211-33. [PMID: 22047144 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human kallikrein-related peptidase 6 (KLK6) gene belongs to the 15-member kallikrein (KLK) gene family mapping to chromosome 19q13.3-13.4. Encoding for an enzyme with trypsin-like properties, KLK6 can degrade components of the extracellular matrix. The successful utilisation of another KLK member (KLK3/PSA) for prostate cancer diagnosis has led many to evaluate KLK6 as a potential biomarker for other cancer and diseased states. The observed dysregulated expression in cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and skin conditions has led to the discovery that KLK6 participates in other cellular pathways including inflammation, receptor activation and regulation of apoptosis. Moreover, the improvements in high-throughput genomics have not only enabled the identification of sequence polymorphisms, but of transcript variants, whose functional significances have yet to be realised. This comprehensive review will summarise the current findings of KLK6 pathophysiology and discuss its potential as a viable biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Bayani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Gratio V, Loriot C, Virca GD, Oikonomopoulou K, Walker F, Diamandis EP, Hollenberg MD, Darmoul D. Kallikrein-related peptidase 14 acts on proteinase-activated receptor 2 to induce signaling pathway in colon cancer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:2625-36. [PMID: 21907696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteinases participate in tumor growth and invasion by cleaving and activating proteinase-activated receptors (PARs). Recent studies have implicated PAR-1 and PAR-4 (activated by thrombin) and PAR-2 (activated by trypsin but not by thrombin) in human colon cancer growth. The endogenous activators of PARs in colon tumors, however, are still unknown. We hypothesize that the kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family member KLK14, a known tumor biomarker, is produced by colonic tumors and signals to human colon cancer cells by activating PARs. We found that i) KLK14 mRNA was present in 16 human colon cancer cell lines, ii) KLK14 protein was expressed and secreted in colon cancer cell lines, and iii) KLK14 (0.1 μmol/L) induced increases in intracellular calcium in HT29, a human colon cancer-derived cell line. KLK14-induced calcium flux was associated with internalization of KLK14-mediated activation of PAR-2. Furthermore, KLK14 induced significant extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and HT29 cell proliferation, presumably by activating PAR-2. A PAR-2 cleavage and activation-blocking antibody dramatically reduced KLK14-induced ERK1/2 signaling. Finally, ectopic expression of KLK14 in human colon adenocarcinomas and its absence in normal epithelia was demonstrated by IHC analysis. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the aberrant expression of KLK14 in colon cancer and its involvement in PAR-2 receptor signaling. Thus, KLK14 and its receptor, PAR-2, may represent therapeutic targets for colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gratio
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat-Beaujon, Paris, France
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48
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Hensel JA, Chanda D, Kumar S, Sawant A, Grizzle WE, Siegal GP, Ponnazhagan S. LL-37 as a therapeutic target for late stage prostate cancer. Prostate 2011; 71:659-70. [PMID: 20957672 PMCID: PMC3025071 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimicrobial peptide, leucine-leucine-37 (LL-37), stimulates proliferation, angiogenesis, and cellular migration, inhibits apoptosis and is associated with inflammation. Since these functional processes are often exaggerated in cancer, the aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and role of LL-37 in prostate cancer (PCa) and establish its value as a therapeutic target. METHODS We evaluated the expression of LL-37 and the murine orthologue, cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) in human and murine prostate tumors, respectively. Compared to normal/benign prostate tissue, both LL-37 and CRAMP were increasingly over-expressed with advancing grades of primary PCa and its metastasis in human tissues and in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, correspondingly. We subsequently knocked-down CRAMP in the highly tumorigenic TRAMP-C1 cell line via a RNA interference strategy to examine the importance of CRAMP on cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, apoptosis, activation of signaling pathways and tumor kinetics. RESULTS Abrogation of CRAMP expression led to decreased proliferation, invasion, type IV collagenase, and the amount of phosphorylated Erk1/2 and Akt signaling in vitro. These results were paralleled in vivo. Syngenic implantation of TRAMP-C1 cells subjected to CRAMP knock-down resulted in a decreased tumor incidence and size, and the down-regulation of pro-tumorigenic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS CRAMP knock-down in a murine PCa model analogously demonstrated the tumorigenic contributions of LL-37 in PCa and its potential as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of PCa and potentially, other cancers over-expressing the peptide.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/biosynthesis
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism
- Cathelicidins/biosynthesis
- Cathelicidins/deficiency
- Cathelicidins/genetics
- Cathelicidins/metabolism
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Selvarangan Ponnazhagan
- Corresponding author, Selvarangan Ponnazhagan, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, 701 19 Street South, LHRB 513, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, Phone: (205) 934-6731; Fax: (205) 975-9927,
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49
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Swedberg JE, de Veer SJ, Sit KC, Reboul CF, Buckle AM, Harris JM. Mastering the canonical loop of serine protease inhibitors: enhancing potency by optimising the internal hydrogen bond network. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19302. [PMID: 21556330 PMCID: PMC3083445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canonical serine protease inhibitors commonly bind to their targets through a rigid loop stabilised by an internal hydrogen bond network and disulfide bond(s). The smallest of these is sunflower trypsin inhibitor (SFTI-1), a potent and broad-range protease inhibitor. Recently, we re-engineered the contact β-sheet of SFTI-1 to produce a selective inhibitor of kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4), a protease associated with prostate cancer progression. However, modifications in the binding loop to achieve specificity may compromise structural rigidity and prevent re-engineered inhibitors from reaching optimal binding affinity. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, the effect of amino acid substitutions on the internal hydrogen bonding network of SFTI were investigated using an in silico screen of inhibitor variants in complex with KLK4 or trypsin. Substitutions favouring internal hydrogen bond formation directly correlated with increased potency of inhibition in vitro. This produced a second generation inhibitor (SFTI-FCQR Asn14) which displayed both a 125-fold increased capacity to inhibit KLK4 (Ki = 0.0386±0.0060 nM) and enhanced selectivity over off-target serine proteases. Further, SFTI-FCQR Asn14 was stable in cell culture and bioavailable in mice when administered by intraperitoneal perfusion. Conclusion/Significance These findings highlight the importance of conserving structural rigidity of the binding loop in addition to optimising protease/inhibitor contacts when re-engineering canonical serine protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim E. Swedberg
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon J. de Veer
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kei C. Sit
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cyril F. Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley M. Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. Harris
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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50
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Ciampa J, Yeager M, Amundadottir L, Jacobs K, Kraft P, Chung C, Wacholder S, Yu K, Wheeler W, Thun MJ, Divers WR, Gapstur S, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Weinstein S, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O, Valeri A, Hunter D, Hoover R, Thomas G, Chanock S, Chatterjee N. Large-scale exploration of gene-gene interactions in prostate cancer using a multistage genome-wide association study. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3287-95. [PMID: 21372204 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have identified independent susceptibility loci for prostate cancer that could influence risk through interaction with other, possibly undetected, susceptibility loci. We explored evidence of interaction between pairs of 13 known susceptibility loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) across the genome to generate hypotheses about the functionality of prostate cancer susceptibility regions. We used data from Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility: Stage I included 523,841 SNPs in 1,175 cases and 1,100 controls; Stage II included 27,383 SNPs in an additional 3,941 cases and 3,964 controls. Power calculations assessed the magnitude of interactions our study is likely to detect. Logistic regression was used with alternative methods that exploit constraints of gene-gene independence between unlinked loci to increase power. Our empirical evaluation demonstrated that an empirical Bayes (EB) technique is powerful and robust to possible violation of the independence assumption. Our EB analysis identified several noteworthy interacting SNP pairs, although none reached genome-wide significance. We highlight a Stage II interaction between the major prostate cancer susceptibility locus in the subregion of 8q24 that contains POU5F1B and an intronic SNP in the transcription factor EPAS1, which has potentially important functional implications for 8q24. Another noteworthy result involves interaction of a known prostate cancer susceptibility marker near the prostate protease genes KLK2 and KLK3 with an intronic SNP in PRXX2. Overall, the interactions we have identified merit follow-up study, particularly the EPAS1 interaction, which has implications not only in prostate cancer but also in other epithelial cancers that are associated with the 8q24 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ciampa
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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