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Sathish G, Monavarshini LK, Sundaram K, Subramanian S, Kannayiram G. Immunotherapy for lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155104. [PMID: 38244436 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockers have transformed non-small-cell lung cancer treatment, but they can lead to autoimmune and inflammatory side effects, leading to the concurrent use of immunosuppressive treatments. In this analysis, we delve into the potential of antibodies checkpoint blockade, focusing on CTLA-4 inhibition using ipilimumab, as a groundbreaking cancer immunotherapy. We also concentrate on the role of biomarkers, particularly PD-L1 activity and mutation significance, in predicting the response to programmed cell death protein 1 blockage and the prevalence of side effects associated with immune-related side effects. In describing the patterns of cancer response to immunotherapy, we underline the limitations of response assessment criteria like RECIST and World Health Organization. We also stress the necessity of ongoing studies and clinical trials, standardized guidelines, and additional research to improve response assessment in the era of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girshani Sathish
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai 600095, India
| | - L K Monavarshini
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai 600095, India
| | - Keerthi Sundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai 600095, India
| | - Sendilvelan Subramanian
- Deparment of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai 600095, India
| | - Gomathi Kannayiram
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai 600095, India.
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2
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Ye JJ, Bao P, Deng K, Dong X, He J, Xia Y, Wang Z, Liu X, Tang Y, Feng J, Zhang XZ. Engineering cancer cell membranes with endogenously upregulated HSP70 as a reinforced antigenic repertoire for the construction of material-free prophylactic cancer vaccines. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:386-399. [PMID: 38016511 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells distinguish cancer cells mainly relying on their membrane-membrane communication. The major challenge of cancer vaccines exists in difficult identification of cancer neoantigens and poor understanding over immune recognition mechanisms against cancer cells, particularly the combination among multiple antigens and the cooperation between antigens and immune-associated proteins. We exploit cancer cell membranes as the whole cancer antigen repertoire and reinforce its immunogenicity by cellular engineering to modulate the cytomembrane's immune-associated functions. This study reports a vaccine platform based on radiation-engineered cancer cells, of which the membrane HSP70 protein as the immune chaperon/traitor is endogenously upregulated. The resulting positive influences are shown to cover immunogenic steps occurring in antigen-presenting cells, including the uptake and the cross-presentation of the cancer antigens, thus amplifying cancer-specific immunogenicity. Membrane vaccines offer chances to introduce desired metal ions through membrane-metal complexation. Using Mn2+ ion as the costimulatory interferon genes agonist, immune activity is enhanced to further boost adaptive cancer immunogenicity. Results have evidenced that this artificially engineered membrane vaccine with favorable bio-safety could considerably reduce tumorigenicity and inhibit tumor growth. This study provides a universally applicable and facilely available cancer vaccine platform by artificial engineering of cancer cells to inherit and amplify the natural merits of cancer cell membranes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The major challenge of cancer vaccines exists in difficult identification of cancer neoantigens and poor understanding over immune recognition mechanisms against cancer cells, particularly the combination among multiple antigens and the cooperation between antigens and immune-associated proteins. Cancer cell membrane presents superior advantages as the whole cancer antigen repertoire, including the reported and the unidentified antigens, but its immunogenicity is far from satisfactory. Cellular engineering approaches offer chances to endogenously modulate the immune-associated functions of cell membranes. Such a reinforced vaccine based on the engineered cancer cell membranes matches better the natural immune recognition pathway than the conventional vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Peng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xue Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jinlian He
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ying Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education (KLOBM) School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Jun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Anand U, Dey A, Chandel AKS, Sanyal R, Mishra A, Pandey DK, De Falco V, Upadhyay A, Kandimalla R, Chaudhary A, Dhanjal JK, Dewanjee S, Vallamkondu J, Pérez de la Lastra JM. Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics. Genes Dis 2023; 10:1367-1401. [PMID: 37397557 PMCID: PMC10310991 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of disease progression, our knowledge about the disease is snowballing, leading to the evolution of many new therapeutic regimes and their successive trials. In the past few decades, various combinations of therapies have been proposed and are presently employed in the treatment of diverse cancers. Targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, and personalized medicines are now largely being employed, which were not common a few years back. The field of cancer discoveries and therapeutics are evolving fast as cancer type-specific biomarkers are progressively being identified and several types of cancers are nowadays undergoing systematic therapies, extending patients' disease-free survival thereafter. Although growing evidence shows that a systematic and targeted approach could be the future of cancer medicine, chemotherapy remains a largely opted therapeutic option despite its known side effects on the patient's physical and psychological health. Chemotherapeutic agents/pharmaceuticals served a great purpose over the past few decades and have remained the frontline choice for advanced-stage malignancies where surgery and/or radiation therapy cannot be prescribed due to specific reasons. The present report succinctly reviews the existing and contemporary advancements in chemotherapy and assesses the status of the enrolled drugs/pharmaceuticals; it also comprehensively discusses the emerging role of specific/targeted therapeutic strategies that are presently being employed to achieve better clinical success/survival rate in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Arvind K. Singh Chandel
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rupa Sanyal
- Department of Botany, Bhairab Ganguly College (affiliated to West Bengal State University), Kolkata, West Bengal 700056, India
| | - Amarnath Mishra
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Valentina De Falco
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindari, Kishangarh Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana 506007, India
| | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Orinin-BioSystems, LE-52, Lotus Road 4, CHD City, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur Dhanjal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi (IIIT-D), Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - José M. Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, IPNA-CSIC, San Cristóbal de La Laguna 38206, Tenerife, Spain
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4
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Kothari N, Postwala H, Pandya A, Shah A, Shah Y, Chorawala MR. Establishing the applicability of cancer vaccines in combination with chemotherapeutic entities: current aspect and achievable prospects. Med Oncol 2023; 40:135. [PMID: 37014489 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is one of the recently developed cancer treatment modalities. When compared with conventional anticancer drug regimens, immunotherapy has shown significantly better outcomes in terms of quality of life and overall survival. It incorporates a wide range of immunomodulatory modalities that channel the effects of the immune system either by broadly modulating the host immune system or by accurately targeting distinct tumor antigens. One such treatment modality that has gained interest is cancer vaccine therapy which acts by developing antibodies against tumor cells. Cancer vaccines target individual peptides or groups of antigens that are released by tumor cells and presented by the APCs. This also initiates an effective process to activate the host immune responses. Studies on various types of cancer vaccines are conducted, out of which only few are approved by FDA for clinical uses. Despite of documented safety and efficacy of conventional chemotherapy and cancer vaccines, individually they did not produce substantial results in eradication of the cancer as a monotherapy. Hence, the combination approach holds the extensive potential to provide significant improvement in disease outcomes. Certain chemotherapy has immunomodulatory effects and is proven to synergize with cancer vaccines thereby enhancing their anti-tumor activities. Chemotherapeutic agents are known to have immunostimulatory mechanisms apart from its cytotoxic effect and intensify the anti-tumor activities of vaccines by various mechanisms. This review highlights various cancer vaccines, their mechanism, and how their activity gets affected by chemotherapeutic agents. It also aims at summarizing the evidence-based outcome of the combination approach of a cancer vaccine with chemotherapy and a brief on future aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirjari Kothari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Humzah Postwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Aanshi Pandya
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Aayushi Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Yesha Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India.
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Pandya N, Kumar A. Immunoinformatics analysis for design of multi-epitope subunit vaccine by using heat shock proteins against Schistosoma mansoni. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1859-1878. [PMID: 35040367 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2025430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of T cell and B cell that able provide long-term immune response against the schistosomiasisis to the people belongs to the epidemic area. Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are up-regulated in schistosomes as their environment changes owing to the developmental cycle, assisting the parasite in living with the adverse circumstances related with its life cycle. Schistosomiasis is still a severe health problem in the people of many countries in worldwide. In this work, to develop a chimeric antigen, we used an advanced and powerful immunoinformatics technique that targeted Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) Heat shock protein (HSPs). Antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity, and physicochemical characteristics were all assessed in silico for the developed subunit vaccine. The 3D structure of the vaccine was constructed and the stability of the vaccine construct was increased by using disulphide engineering. The protein-protein docking and simulation were performed between the vaccine construct and Toll-like receptor-4. The antigenicity probability value obtained for the vaccine construct was 0.93, which indicates that vaccine is non-allergenic and safe for human consumption. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Pandya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Sei S, Ahadova A, Keskin DB, Bohaumilitzky L, Gebert J, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Lipkin SM, Kloor M. Lynch syndrome cancer vaccines: A roadmap for the development of precision immunoprevention strategies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1147590. [PMID: 37035178 PMCID: PMC10073468 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1147590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cancer syndromes (HCS) account for 5~10% of all cancer diagnosis. Lynch syndrome (LS) is one of the most common HCS, caused by germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Even with prospective cancer surveillance, LS is associated with up to 50% lifetime risk of colorectal, endometrial, and other cancers. While significant progress has been made in the timely identification of germline pathogenic variant carriers and monitoring and early detection of precancerous lesions, cancer-risk reduction strategies are still centered around endoscopic or surgical removal of neoplastic lesions and susceptible organs. Safe and effective cancer prevention strategies are critically needed to improve the life quality and longevity of LS and other HCS carriers. The era of precision oncology driven by recent technological advances in tumor molecular profiling and a better understanding of genetic risk factors has transformed cancer prevention approaches for at-risk individuals, including LS carriers. MMR deficiency leads to the accumulation of insertion and deletion mutations in microsatellites (MS), which are particularly prone to DNA polymerase slippage during DNA replication. Mutations in coding MS give rise to frameshift peptides (FSP) that are recognized by the immune system as neoantigens. Due to clonal evolution, LS tumors share a set of recurrent and predictable FSP neoantigens in the same and in different LS patients. Cancer vaccines composed of commonly recurring FSP neoantigens selected through prediction algorithms have been clinically evaluated in LS carriers and proven safe and immunogenic. Preclinically analogous FSP vaccines have been shown to elicit FSP-directed immune responses and exert tumor-preventive efficacy in murine models of LS. While the immunopreventive efficacy of "off-the-shelf" vaccines consisting of commonly recurring FSP antigens is currently investigated in LS clinical trials, the feasibility and utility of personalized FSP vaccines with individual HLA-restricted epitopes are being explored for more precise targeting. Here, we discuss recent advances in precision cancer immunoprevention approaches, emerging enabling technologies, research gaps, and implementation barriers toward clinical translation of risk-tailored prevention strategies for LS carriers. We will also discuss the feasibility and practicality of next-generation cancer vaccines that are based on personalized immunogenic epitopes for precision cancer immunoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuko Sei
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Shizuko Sei, ; Steven M. Lipkin, ; Matthias Kloor,
| | - Aysel Ahadova
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Derin B. Keskin
- Translational Immunogenomics Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Broad Institute of The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lena Bohaumilitzky
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Gebert
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magnus von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steven M. Lipkin
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Shizuko Sei, ; Steven M. Lipkin, ; Matthias Kloor,
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Biology, German Cancer Research Center Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Shizuko Sei, ; Steven M. Lipkin, ; Matthias Kloor,
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Tang XD, Lü KL, Yu J, Du HJ, Fan CQ, Chen L. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of DC-targeting PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating heparanase CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell epitopes for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2969-2983. [PMID: 35546204 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has been identified as a universal tumor-associated antigen, but heparanase epitope peptides are difficult to recognize. Therefore, it is necessary to explore novel strategies to ensure efficient delivery to antigen-presenting cells. Here, we established a novel immunotherapy model targeting antigens to dendritic cell (DC) receptors using a combination of heparanase CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitope peptides to achieve an efficient cytotoxic T-cell response, which was associated with strong activation of DCs. First, pegylated poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to encapsulate a combined heparanase CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitope alone or in combination with Toll-like receptor 3 and 7 ligands as a model antigen to enhance immunogenicity. The ligands were then targeted to DC cell-surface molecules using a DEC-205 antibody. The binding and internalization of these PLGA NPs and the activation of DCs, the T-cell response and the tumor-killing effect were assessed. The results showed that PLGA NPs encapsulating epitope peptides (mHpa399 + mHpa519) could be targeted to and internalized by DCs more efficiently, stimulating higher levels of IL-12 production, T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production by T cells in vitro. Moreover, vaccination with DEC-205-targeted PLGA NPs encapsulating combined epitope peptides exhibited higher tumor-killing efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, delivery of PLGA NP vaccines targeting DEC-205 based on heparanase CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes are suitable immunogens for antitumor immunotherapy and have promising potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Kui-Lin Lü
- Department of Pediatrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Han-Jian Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Chao-Qiang Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Seaver K, Kourko O, Gee K, Greer PA, Basta S. IL-27 Improves Prophylactic Protection Provided by a Dead Tumor Cell Vaccine in a Mouse Melanoma Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:884827. [PMID: 35529885 PMCID: PMC9069009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.884827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protocol used to induce cell death for generating vaccines from whole tumor cells is a critical consideration that impacts vaccine efficacy. Here we compared how different protocols used to induce cell death impacted protection provided by a prophylactic whole tumor cell vaccine in a mouse melanoma model. We found that melanoma cells exposed to γ-irradiation or lysis combined with UV-irradiation (LyUV) provided better protection against tumor challenge than lysis only or cells exposed to UV-irradiation. Furthermore, we found that the immunoregulatory cytokine, IL-27 enhanced protection against tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner when combined with either LyUV or γ-irradiated whole tumor cell vaccine preparations. Taken together, this data supports the use of LyUV as a potential protocol for developing whole tumor cell prophylactic cancer vaccines. We also showed that IL-27 can be used at low doses as a potent adjuvant in combination with LyUV or γ-irradiation treated cancer cells to improve the protection provided by a prophylactic cancer vaccine in a mouse melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Seaver
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Olena Kourko
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Peter A. Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sameh Basta,
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Ikewaki N, Dedeepiya VD, Raghavan K, Rao KS, Vaddi S, Osawa H, Kisaka T, Kurosawa G, Srinivasan S, Kumar SRB, Senthilkumar R, Iwasaki M, Preethy S, Abraham SJK. β‑glucan vaccine adjuvant approach for cancer treatment through immune enhancement (B‑VACCIEN) in specific immunocompromised populations (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 47:14. [PMID: 34779494 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cancer, which is the second leading cause of mortality globally, continues to increase, although continued efforts are being made to identify effective treatments with fewer side‑effects. Previous studies have reported that chronic microinflammation, which occurs in diseases, including diabetes, along with weakened immune systems, may ultimately lead to cancer development. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are the mainstream approaches to treatment; however, they all lead to immune system weakness, which in turn increases the metastatic spread. The aim of the present review was to provide evidence of a biological response modifier β‑glucan [β‑glucan vaccine adjuvant approach to treating cancer via immune enhancement (B‑VACCIEN)] and its beneficial effects, including vaccine‑adjuvant potential, balancing metabolic parameters (including blood glucose and lipid levels), increasing peripheral blood cell cytotoxicity against cancer and alleviating chemotherapy side effects in animal models. This suggests its value as a potential strategy to provide long‑term prophylaxis in immunocompromised individuals or genetically prone to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobunao Ikewaki
- Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki 882‑8508, Japan
| | | | - Kadalraja Raghavan
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Kenmax Medical Service Private Limited, Tallakulam, Madurai 625002, India
| | - Kosagi-Sharaf Rao
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services of Panama (INDICASAT‑AIP), Clayton 88888, Republic of Panama
| | - Suryaprakash Vaddi
- Department of Urology, Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana 50008, India
| | - Hiroshi Osawa
- Clinical Services Department, Omote Medical Clinic, Chiba 296‑8602, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Kisaka
- Division of Biodesign, Office of Research and Academic‑Government‑Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739‑8511, Japan
| | - Gene Kurosawa
- Department of Academic Research Support Promotion Facility, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470‑1192, Japan
| | - Subramaniam Srinivasan
- The Mary‑Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH), Nichi‑In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai 600034, India
| | | | - Rajappa Senthilkumar
- The Fujio‑Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi‑In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai 600034, India
| | - Masaru Iwasaki
- Centre for Advancing Clinical Research (CACR), University of Yamanashi‑ School of Medicine, Chuo, Yamanashi 409‑3898, Japan
| | - Senthilkumar Preethy
- The Fujio‑Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi‑In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai 600034, India
| | - Samuel J K Abraham
- The Mary‑Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH), Nichi‑In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai 600034, India
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10
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A Cluster Analysis of Risk Factors for Cancer across EU Countries: Health Policy Recommendations for Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158142. [PMID: 34360434 PMCID: PMC8346092 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer burden in the European Union (EU) is increasing and has stimulated the European Commission (EC) to develop strategies for cancer control. A common “one size fits all” prevention policy may not be effective in reducing cancer morbidity and mortality. The goal of this paper is to show that EU member states are not homogenous in terms of their exposure to risk factors for cancer (i.e., lifestyle, socio-economic status (SES), air pollution, and vaccination). Data from a variety of sources including Eurostat, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the European Health Interview Survey, Eurobarometer, and the European Environment Agency were merged across years 2013–2015 and used to develop a cluster analysis. This work identified four patterns of cancer prevention behaviors in the EU thus making it possible to group EU members states into four distinct country clusters including: sports-engaged countries, tobacco and pollutant exposed nations, unhealthy lifestyle countries, and a stimulant-enjoying cluster of countries. This paper finds that there is a need for closer collaboration among EU countries belonging to the same cluster in order to share best practices regarding health policy measures that might improve cancer control interventions locally and across the EU.
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Liu W, Gong X, Luo J, Jiang L, Lu W, Pan C, Yao W, Gao X, Tian H. A purified acidic polysaccharide from Sarcandra glabra as vaccine adjuvant to enhance anti-tumor effect of cancer vaccine. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 263:117967. [PMID: 33858570 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunological adjuvants are an important part of tumor vaccines and are critical for stimulating anti-tumor immune responses. However, the clinical needs of strong adjuvants have not been met. In this work, we found that the purified acidic polysaccharide from Sarcandra glabra, named p-SGP, is an ideal adjuvant for tumor vaccines. Cancer vaccines could induce stronger humoral and cellular immune responses when they are adjuvanted with p-SGP. Compared with CpG, a well-studied adjuvant, p-SGP significantly augmented the anti-tumor immunity of various cancer vaccines, which is leading to noticeable inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, p-SGP promoted dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and Th1-polarized immune response. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242 could significantly inhibit the expression of mature molecules on the surface of DCs stimulated by p-SGP, suggesting that p-SGP could play the role of activating DCs through the TLR4 receptor. Results of RNA-seq showed that the Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) gene in the pathway Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation was significantly up-regulated in the DCs treated with p-SGP, suggesting that p-SGP has a unique mechanism of enhancing anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xingqun Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weisheng Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenbing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Hong Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Beg S, Almalki WH, Khatoon F, Alharbi KS, Alghamdi S, Akhter MH, Khalilullah H, Baothman AA, Hafeez A, Rahman M, Akhter S, Choudhry H. Lipid/polymer-based nanocomplexes in nucleic acid delivery as cancer vaccines. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1891-1903. [PMID: 33610757 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines consist of nucleic acid derivatives such as plasmid DNA, small interfering RNA and mRNA, and can be customized according to the patient's needs. Nanomedicines have proven to be exceptionally good as miniaturized drug carriers, and thus they offer great advantages for delivering cancer vaccines. This review provides an overview of the literature on cancer vaccines, from their inception to current developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahmida Khatoon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Baothman
- Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMARC), Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Mirzapur Pole, Sahranpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SIHAS, Faculty of Health Science, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India.
| | - Sohail Akhter
- New Product Development, Global R&D, Sterile ops, TEVA Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Aston Ln N, Halton, Preston Brook, Runcorn WA7 3FA, UK; Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Metabolism & Epigenetic Unit, Faculty of Science, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Wright JW, Church KJ, Harding JW. Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Macrophage-stimulating Protein "Hinge" Analogs to Treat Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:782-795. [PMID: 30914029 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190326130008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) ranks twelfth in frequency of diagnosis but is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths with a 5 year survival rate of less than 7 percent. This poor prognosis occurs because the early stages of PC are often asymptomatic. Over-expression of several growth factors, most notably vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been implicated in PC resulting in dysfunctional signal transduction pathways and the facilitation of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) acts via the Met receptor and has also received research attention with ongoing efforts to develop treatments to block the Met receptor and its signal transduction pathways. Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), and its receptor Ron, is also recognized as important in the etiology of PC but is less well studied. Although the angiotensin II (AngII)/AT1 receptor system is best known for mediating blood pressure and body water/electrolyte balance, it also facilitates tumor vascularization and growth by stimulating the expression of VEGF. A metabolite of AngII, angiotensin IV (AngIV) has sequence homology with the "hinge regions" of HGF and MSP, key structures in the growth factor dimerization processes necessary for Met and Ron receptor activation. We have developed AngIV-based analogs designed to block dimerization of HGF and MSP and thus receptor activation. Norleual has shown promise as tested utilizing PC cell cultures. Results indicate that cell migration, invasion, and pro-survival functions were suppressed by this analog and tumor growth was significantly inhibited in an orthotopic PC mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kevin J Church
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Jacqueline C, Lee A, Frey N, Minden JS, Finn OJ. Inflammation-Induced Abnormal Expression of Self-molecules on Epithelial Cells: Targets for Tumor Immunoprevention. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:1027-1038. [PMID: 32467324 PMCID: PMC7415557 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are self-molecules abnormally expressed on tumor cells, which elicit humoral and cellular immunity and are targets of immunosurveillance. Immunity to TAAs is found in some healthy individuals with no history of cancer and correlates positively with a history of acute inflammatory and infectious events and cancer risk reduction. This suggests a potential role in cancer immunosurveillance for the immune memory elicited against disease-associated antigens (DAA) expressed on infected and inflamed tissues that are later recognized on tumors as TAAs. To understand probable sources for DAA generation, we investigated in vitro the role of inflammation that accompanies both infection and carcinogenesis. After exposure of normal primary breast epithelial cells to proinflammatory cytokines IL1β, IL6, and TNFα, or macrophages producing these cytokines, we saw transient overexpression of well-known TAAs, carcinoembryonic antigen and Her-2/neu, and overexpression and hypoglycosylation of MUC1. We documented inflammation-induced changes in the global cellular proteome by 2D difference gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry and identified seven new DAAs. Through gene profiling, we showed that the cytokine treatment activated NF-κB and transcription of the identified DAAs. We tested three in vitro-identified DAAs, Serpin B1, S100A9, and SOD2, and found them overexpressed in premalignant and malignant breast tissues as well as in inflammatory conditions of the colon, stomach, and liver. This new category of TAAs, which are also DAAs, represent a potentially large number of predictable, shared, immunogenic, and safe antigens to use in preventative cancer vaccines and as targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jacqueline
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amanda Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nolan Frey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan S Minden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Jacqueline C, Finn OJ. Antibodies specific for disease-associated antigens (DAA) expressed in non-malignant diseases reveal potential new tumor-associated antigens (TAA) for immunotherapy or immunoprevention. Semin Immunol 2020; 47:101394. [PMID: 32273212 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to a large number of mutated and non-mutated tumor antigens have been studied in an attempt to unravel the highly complex immune response to cancer. Better understanding of both the effectors and the targets of successful immunosurveillance can inform various immunotherapeutic approaches, which can strengthen or replace natural immunosurveillance that a tumor has managed to escape. In this review we highlight targets of antibodies generated in the context of diseases other than cancer, such as asthma, allergies, autoimmune disorders, inflammation and infections, where the antibody presence correlates either with an increased or a reduced lifetime risk of cancer. We focus on their target antigens, self-molecules abnormally expressed on diseased cells or cross-reactive with exogenous antigens and found on cancer cells as tumor associated antigens (TAA). We refer to them as disease-associated antigens (DAA). We review 4 distinct categories of antibodies according to their target DAA, their origin and their reported impact on cancer risk: natural antibodies, autoantibodies, long-term memory antibodies and allergy-associated antibodies. Increased understanding and focus on their specific targets could enable a more rational choice of antigens for both therapeutic and preventative cancer vaccines and other more effective and less toxic cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jacqueline
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Safavi A, Kefayat A, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Salehi M, Modarressi MH. Production, purification, and in vivo evaluation of a novel multiepitope peptide vaccine consisted of immunodominant epitopes of SYCP1 and ACRBP antigens as a prophylactic melanoma vaccine. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105872. [PMID: 31499268 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cells are significantly resistance to the current treatments. Therefore, the best option for high-risk populations is prevention. Recently, many preventive cancer vaccines have been developed. In our previous study, several bioinformatic tools were employed for selection of the most immunodominant epitopes of acrosin binding protein (ACRBP) and synaptonemal complex protein 1 (SYCP1) antigens to design multiepitope DNA and peptide cancer vaccines. In the current study, the final construct of the multiepitope DNA vaccine was placed into a pcDNA3.1 vector and then, subcloned into a pET-28a (+) expression vector for transfecting BL21 E. coli strain. The recombinant multiepitope peptide vaccine, weighing 6.35 kDa, was purified by Fast protein liquid chromatography technique (FPLC) and detected by western blotting. Subsequently, C57BL/6 mice were immunized by a mixture of the peptide vaccine and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) (four vaccinations with one-week intervals). Two weeks after the last vaccination, the serum levels of the peptide-specific IgG total, IgG2a, and IgG1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Also, the immunized mice splenocytes efficacy for producing interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) after stimulation with the peptide vaccine was evaluated. At last, the prophylactic effect of the peptide vaccine immunization was evaluated in B16-F10 murine melanoma model. The peptide vaccine immunization caused a significant increase in the serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2a. Also, the immunized mice splenocytes exhibited significantly higher ability to produce IL-4 (10-fold) and IFN-γ (16-fold) after stimulation with the peptide vaccine, in comparison with the PBS and IFA groups. The peptide immunized mice exhibited 50.2% and 43% decrease in the mean tumors' volume in comparison with PBS and IFA groups. Also, the mean survival time for the peptide immunized mice was 33 ± 1.3 days which was 5 and 6 days more than the PBS and IFA groups, respectively. The obtained results exhibit high efficacy of the designed multiepitope peptide vaccine for the immune system activation and anti-tumor prophylactic effects in the murine melanoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Safavi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhosein Kefayat
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | | | - Mansoor Salehi
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Wafa EI, Geary SM, Ross KA, Goodman JT, Narasimhan B, Salem AK. Single Dose of a Polyanhydride Particle-Based Vaccine Generates Potent Antigen-Specific Antitumor Immune Responses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:855-863. [PMID: 30361239 PMCID: PMC6806631 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.252809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors affect vaccine efficacy. One of the most salient is the frequency and intervals of vaccine administration. In this study, we assessed the vaccine administration modality for a recently reported polyanhydride-based vaccine formulation, shown to generate antitumor activity. Polyanhydride particles encapsulating ovalbumin (OVA) were prepared using a double-emulsion technique and subcutaneously delivered to mice either as a single-dose or as prime-boost vaccine regimens in which two different time intervals between prime and boost were assessed (7 or 21 days). This was followed by measurement of cellular and humoral immune responses, and subsequent challenge of the mice with a lethal dose of E.G7-OVA cells to evaluate tumor protection. Interestingly, a single dose of the polyanhydride particle-based formulation induced sustained OVA-specific cellular immune responses just as effectively as the prime-boost regimens. In addition, mice receiving single-dose vaccine had similar levels of protection against tumor challenge compared with mice administered prime-boosts. In contrast, measurements of OVA-specific IgG antibody titers indicated that a booster dose was required to stimulate strong humoral immune responses, since it was observed that mice administered a prime-boost vaccine had significantly higher OVA-specific IgG1 serum titers than mice administered a single dose. These findings indicate that the requirement for a booster dose using these particles appears unnecessary for the generation of effective cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad I Wafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (E.I.W., S.M.G., A.K.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering (K.A.R., J.T.G., B.N.) and Nanovaccine Institute (K.A.R., B.N., A.K.S.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Sean M Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (E.I.W., S.M.G., A.K.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering (K.A.R., J.T.G., B.N.) and Nanovaccine Institute (K.A.R., B.N., A.K.S.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Kathleen A Ross
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (E.I.W., S.M.G., A.K.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering (K.A.R., J.T.G., B.N.) and Nanovaccine Institute (K.A.R., B.N., A.K.S.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jonathan T Goodman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (E.I.W., S.M.G., A.K.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering (K.A.R., J.T.G., B.N.) and Nanovaccine Institute (K.A.R., B.N., A.K.S.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (E.I.W., S.M.G., A.K.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering (K.A.R., J.T.G., B.N.) and Nanovaccine Institute (K.A.R., B.N., A.K.S.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (E.I.W., S.M.G., A.K.S.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering (K.A.R., J.T.G., B.N.) and Nanovaccine Institute (K.A.R., B.N., A.K.S.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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18
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Wafa EI, Geary SM, Ross KA, Goodman JT, Narasimhan B, Salem AK. Pentaerythritol-based lipid A bolsters the antitumor efficacy of a polyanhydride particle-based cancer vaccine. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102055. [PMID: 31319179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to enhance the antitumor efficacy of a model cancer vaccine through co-delivery of pentaerythritol lipid A (PELA), an immunological adjuvant, and a model tumor antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), separately loaded into polyanhydride particles (PA). In vitro experiments showed that encapsulation of PELA into PA (PA-PELA) significantly enhanced its stimulatory capacity on dendritic cells as evidenced by increased levels of the cell surface costimulatory molecules, CD80/CD86. In vivo experiments showed that PA-PELA, in combination with OVA-loaded PA (PA-OVA), significantly expanded the OVA-specific CD8+ T lymphocyte population compared to PA-OVA alone. Furthermore, OVA-specific serum antibody titers of mice vaccinated with PA-OVA/PA-PELA displayed a significantly stronger shift toward a Th1-biased immune response compared to PA-OVA alone, as evidenced by the substantially higher IgG2C:IgG1 ratios achieved by the former. Analysis of E.G7-OVA tumor growth curves showed that mice vaccinated with PA-OVA/PA-PELA had the slowest average tumor growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad I Wafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sean M Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kathleen A Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA and University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jonathan T Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA and University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA and University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Abstract
With the spotlight on cancer immunotherapy and the expanding use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, strategies to improve the response rate and duration of current cancer immunotherapeutics are highly sought. In that sense, investigators around the globe have been putting spurs on the development of effective cancer vaccines in humans after decades of efforts that led to limited clinical success. In more than three decades of research in pursuit of targeted and personalized immunotherapy, several platforms have been incorporated into the list of cancer vaccines from live viral or bacterial agents harboring antigens to synthetic peptides with the hope of stronger and durable immune responses that will tackle cancers better. Unlike adoptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines can take advantage of using a patient's entire immune system that can include more than engineered receptors or ligands in developing antigen-specific responses. Advances in molecular technology also secured the use of genetically modified genes or proteins of interest to enhance the chance of stronger immune responses. The formulation of vaccines to increase chances of immune recognition such as nanoparticles for peptide delivery is another area of great interest. Studies indicate that cancer vaccines alone may elicit tumor-specific cellular or humoral responses in immunologic assays and even regression or shrinkage of the cancer in select trials, but novel strategies, especially in combination with other cancer therapies, are under study and are likely to be critical to achieve and optimize reliable objective responses and survival benefit. In this review, cancer vaccine platforms with different approaches to deliver tumor antigens and boost immunity are discussed with the intention of summarizing what we know and what we need to improve in the clinical trial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung M. Maeng
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Safavi A, Kefayat A, Abiri A, Mahdevar E, Behnia AH, Ghahremani F. In silico analysis of transmembrane protein 31 (TMEM31) antigen to design novel multiepitope peptide and DNA cancer vaccines against melanoma. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:93-102. [PMID: 31079006 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiepitope cancer vaccines are announcing themselves as the future of melanoma treatment. Herein, high immunogenic regions of transmembrane protein 31 (TMEM31) antigen were selected according to cytotoxic T lymphocytes' (CTL) epitopes and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding affinity through in silico analyses. The 32-62, 77-105, and 125-165 residues of the TMEM31 were selected as the immunodominant fragments. They were linked together by RVRR and HEYGAEALERAG motifs to improve epitopes separation and presentation. In addition, to activate helper T lymphocytes (HTL), Pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) peptide sequence and tetanus toxin fragment C (TTFrC) were incorporated into the final construct. Also, the Beta-defensin conserved domain was utilized in the final construct as a novel adjuvant for Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor (TLR4-MD) activation. The CTL epitopes, cleavage sites, post-translational modifications, TAP transport efficiency, and B cells epitopes were predicted for the peptide vaccine. The final construct contained multiple CTL and B cell epitopes. In addition, it showed 93.55% and 99.13% population coverage in the world for HLA I and HLA II, respectively. According to these preliminary results, the multiepitope cancer vaccine can be an appropriate choice for further experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Safavi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhosein Kefayat
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ardavan Abiri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham Mahdevar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Behnia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of the Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiotherapy, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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Gouttefangeas C, Rammensee HG. Personalized cancer vaccines: adjuvants are important, too. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1911-1918. [PMID: 29644387 PMCID: PMC11028305 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic cancer vaccines have shown limited clinical efficacy so far. Nevertheless, in the meantime, our understanding of immune cell function and the interactions of immune cells with growing tumors has advanced considerably. We are now in a position to invest this knowledge into the design of more powerful vaccines and therapy combinations aimed at increasing immunogenicity and decreasing tumor-induced immunosuppression. This review focuses essentially on peptide-based human vaccines. We will discuss two aspects that are critical for increasing their intrinsic immunogenicity: the selection of the antigen(s) to be targeted, and the as yet unmet need for strong adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Marx M, Zumpe M, Troschke-Meurer S, Shah D, Lode HN, Siebert N. Co-expression of IL-15 enhances anti-neuroblastoma effectivity of a tyrosine hydroxylase-directed DNA vaccination in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207320. [PMID: 30452438 PMCID: PMC6242328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term survival of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) patients still remains under 50%. Here, we report the generation, in vitro characterization and anti-tumor effectivity of a new bicistronic xenogenic DNA vaccine encoding tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) that is highly expressed in NB tumors, and the immune stimulating cytokine interleukin 15 (IL-15) that induces cytotoxic but not regulatory T cells. The DNA sequences of TH linked to ubiquitin and of IL-15 were integrated into the bicistronic expression vector pIRES. Successful production and bioactivity of the vaccine-derived IL-15- and TH protein were shown by ELISA, bioactivity assay and western blot analysis. Further, DNA vaccine-driven gene transfer to the antigen presenting cells of Peyer’s patches using attenuated Salmonella typhimurium that served as oral delivery system was shown by immunofluorescence analysis. The anti-tumor effect of the generated vaccine was evaluated in a syngeneic mouse model (A/J mice, n = 12) after immunization with S. typhimurium (3× prior and 3× after tumor implantation). Importantly, TH-/IL-15-based DNA vaccination resulted in an enhanced tumor remission in 45.5% of mice compared to controls (TH (16.7%), IL-15 (0%)) and reduced spontaneous metastasis (30.0%) compared to controls (TH (63.6%), IL-15 (70.0%)). Interestingly, similar levels of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells were observed among all experimental groups. Finally, co-expression of IL-15 did not result in elevated regulatory T cell levels in tumor environment measured by flow cytometry. In conclusion, co-expression of the stimulatory cytokine IL-15 enhanced the NB-specific anti-tumor effectivity of a TH-directed vaccination in mice and may provide a novel immunological approach for NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Marx
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Maxi Zumpe
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sascha Troschke-Meurer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diana Shah
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger N. Lode
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siebert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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23
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Punglia RS, Bifolck K, Golshan M, Lehman C, Collins L, Polyak K, Mittendorf E, Garber J, Hwang SE, Schnitt SJ, Partridge AH, King TA. Epidemiology, Biology, Treatment, and Prevention of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS). JNCI Cancer Spectr 2018; 2:pky063. [PMID: 30627695 PMCID: PMC6307658 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pky063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a highly heterogeneous disease. It presents in a variety of ways and may or may not progress to invasive cancer, which poses challenges for both diagnosis and treatment. On May 15, 2017, the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center hosted a retreat for over 80 breast specialists including medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, physician assistants, nurses, nurse practitioners, researchers, and patient advocates to discuss the state of the science, treatment challenges, and key questions relating to DCIS. Speakers and attendees were encouraged to explore opportunities for future collaboration and research to improve our understanding and clinical management of this disease. Participants were from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Duke University Medical Center, and MD Anderson Cancer Center. The discussion focused on three main themes: epidemiology, detection, and pathology; state of the science including the biology of DCIS and potential novel treatment approaches; and risk perceptions, communication, and decision-making. Here we summarize the proceedings from this event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mehra Golshan
- Surgical Oncology, Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Constance Lehman
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Laura Collins
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Elizabeth Mittendorf
- Surgical Oncology, Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Shelley E Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Stuart J Schnitt
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Tari A King
- Surgical Oncology, Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery
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24
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Finn OJ, Rammensee HG. Is It Possible to Develop Cancer Vaccines to Neoantigens, What Are the Major Challenges, and How Can These Be Overcome? Neoantigens: Nothing New in Spite of the Name. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028829. [PMID: 29254980 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The term "neoantigen," as applied to molecules newly expressed on tumor cells, has a long history. The groundbreaking discovery of a cancer causing virus in chickens by Rous over 100 years ago, followed by discoveries of other tumor-causing viruses in animals, suggested a viral etiology of human cancers. The search for other oncogenic viruses in the 1960s and 1970s resulted in the discoveries of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human papilloma virus (HPV), and continues until the present time. Contemporaneously, the budding field of immunology was posing the question can the immune system of animals or humans recognize a tumor that develops from one's own tissues and what types of antigens would distinguish the tumor from normal cells. Molecules encoded by oncogenic viruses provided the most logical candidates and evidence was quickly gathered for both humoral and cellular recognition of viral antigens, referred to as neoantigens. Often, however, serologic responses to virus-bearing tumors revealed neoantigens unrelated to viral proteins and expressed on multiple tumor types, foreshadowing later findings of multiple changes in other genes in tumor cells creating nonviral neoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen; and German Cancer Consortium, DKFZ Partner Site, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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In Silico Analysis of Synaptonemal Complex Protein 1 (SYCP1) and Acrosin Binding Protein (ACRBP) Antigens to Design Novel Multiepitope Peptide Cancer Vaccine Against Breast Cancer. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Bergado Báez G, Hernández Fernández DR, Mazorra Herrera Z, Sánchez Ramírez B. HER1-based vaccine: Simultaneous activation of humoral and cellular immune response. Semin Oncol 2018; 45:75-83. [PMID: 30318087 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (HER1) is a tumor-associated antigen that has been validated as a clinical target for several passive, non-immune therapies currently approved for the treatment of epithelial tumors. HER1 is an oncogene that not only promotes tumor progression and survival, but also immune escape. Its overexpression in some epithelial malignancies has been correlated with a poor prognosis. We developed an approach to target HER1 by specific active immunotherapy, recognizing the extracellular domain of the receptor, using a combination of VSSP and Montanide ISA 51 as adjuvants. We summarize the results obtained with this vaccine in both the preclinical and clinical settings, emphasizing the importance of the induction of both humoral and cellular responses for the success of cancer vaccines as safe therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of cancer.
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Finn OJ. A Believer's Overview of Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:385-391. [PMID: 29311379 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The field of tumor immunology has grown around the idea that one of the important roles of the immune system is to eliminate cancer. This idea was difficult to reconcile with the accepted notion that the immune system evolved to distinguish self from nonself and therefore tumors derived from self-tissues would not be recognized. Lack of appropriate animal models prevented experimental testing of cancer immunosurveillance. This changed with the realization that the immune system evolved to recognize danger and with the advent of mouse models deficient in one or more immune function, which showed predicted increases in susceptibility to cancer. Simultaneously, technical advances that enabled the study of the human immune system provided data for the existence of tumor-specific T cells and Abs and led to molecular identification of tumor Ags, fully validating the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis. Immunotherapy designed to strengthen cancer immunosurveillance has achieved unprecedented clinical successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232
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28
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Palladini A, Landuzzi L, Lollini PL, Nanni P. Cancer immunoprevention: from mice to early clinical trials. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:16. [PMID: 29902992 PMCID: PMC6003025 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunoprevention is based on the fact that a functioning immune system controls tumor onset and development in humans and animals, thus leading to the idea that the enhancement of immune responses in healthy individuals could effectively reduce cancer risk later in life. Successful primary immunoprevention of tumors caused by hepatitis B and papilloma viruses is already implemented at the population level with specific vaccines. The immunoprevention of human tumors unrelated to infectious agents is an outstanding challenge. Proof-of-principle preclinical studies in genetically-modified or in carcinogen-exposed mice clearly demonstrated that vaccines and other immunological treatments induce host immune responses that effectively control tumor onset and progression, eventually resulting in cancer prevention. While a straightforward translation to healthy humans is currently unfeasible, a number of pioneering clinical trials showed that cancer immunoprevention can be effectively implemented in human cohorts affected by specific cancer risks, such as preneoplastic/early neoplastic lesions. Future developments will see the implementation of cancer immunoprevention in a wider range of conditions at risk of tumor development, such as the exposure to known carcinogens and genetic predispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Palladini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorena Landuzzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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29
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Jacqueline C, Bonnefoy N, Charrière GM, Thomas F, Roche B. Personal history of infections and immunotherapy: Unexpected links and possible therapeutic opportunities. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1466019. [PMID: 30221066 PMCID: PMC6136881 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1466019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent breakthroughs in the understanding of tumor immune biology have given rise to a new generation of immunotherapies, harnessing the immune system to eliminate tumors. As the typology and frequency of encountered infections are susceptible to shape the immune system, it could also impact the efficiency of immunotherapy. In this review, we report evidences for an indirect link between personal history of infection and different strategies of immunotherapy. In the current context of interest rise for personalized medicine, we discuss the potential medical applications of considering personal history of infection to design immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jacqueline
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Research on Cancer (CREEC), Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Bonnefoy
- IRCM, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, ICM, F-34298, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M. Charrière
- IHPE, UMR 5244, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, 34095, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Research on Cancer (CREEC), Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Roche
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Research on Cancer (CREEC), Montpellier, France
- UMMISCO, IRD/ Sorbonne Université, Bondy, France
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
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30
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Link BK. Transformation of follicular lymphoma – Why does it happen and can it be prevented? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2018; 31:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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31
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Abstract
An important role of the immune system is in the surveillance for abnormal or transformed cells, which is known as cancer immunosurveillance. Through this process, the first changes to normal tissue homeostasis caused by infectious or other inflammatory insults can be detected by the immune system through the recognition of antigenic molecules (including tumour antigens) expressed by abnormal cells. However, as they develop, tumour cells can acquire antigenic and other changes that allow them to escape elimination by the immune system. To bias this process towards elimination, immunosurveillance can be improved by the administration of vaccines based on tumour antigens. Therapeutic cancer vaccines have been extensively tested in patients with advanced cancer but have had little clinical success, which has been attributed to the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Thus, the administration of preventive vaccines at pre-malignant stages of the disease holds promise, as they function before tumour-associated immune suppression is established. Accordingly, immunological and clinical studies are yielding impressive results.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The breast tumor microenvironment is immunosuppressive and is increasingly recognized to play a significant role in tumorigenesis. A deeper understanding of normal and aberrant interactions between malignant and immune cells has allowed researchers to harness the immune system with novel immunotherapy strategies, many of which have shown promise in breast cancer. This review discusses the application of immunotherapy to the treatment of breast cancer. Recent Findings Both basic science and clinical trial data are rapidly developing in the use of immunotherapy for breast cancer. The current clinical trial landscape includes therapeutic vaccines, immune checkpoint blockade, antibodies, cytokines, and adoptive cell therapy. Summary Despite early failures, the application of immunotherapeutic strategies to the treatment of breast cancer holds promise.
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33
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Moreno Ayala MA, Gottardo MF, Gori MS, Nicola Candia AJ, Caruso C, De Laurentiis A, Imsen M, Klein S, Bal de Kier Joffé E, Salamone G, Castro MG, Seilicovich A, Candolfi M. Dual activation of Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 impairs the efficacy of antitumor vaccines in murine models of metastatic breast cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1713-1732. [PMID: 28432455 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since combination of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands could boost antitumor immunity, we evaluated the efficacy of dendritic cell (DC) vaccines upon dual activation of TLR9 and TLR7 in breast cancer models. METHODS DCs were generated from mouse bone marrow or peripheral blood from healthy human donors and stimulated with CpG1826 (mouse TLR9 agonist), CpG2006 or IMT504 (human TLR9 agonists) and R848 (TLR7 agonist). Efficacy of antitumor vaccines was evaluated in BALB/c mice bearing metastatic mammary adenocarcinomas. RESULTS CpG-DCs improved the survival of tumor-bearing mice, reduced the development of lung metastases and generated immunological memory. However, dual activation of TLRs impaired the efficacy of DC vaccines. In vitro, we found that R848 inhibited CpG-mediated maturation of murine DCs. A positive feedback loop in TLR9 mRNA expression was observed upon CpG stimulation that was inhibited in the presence of R848. Impaired activation of NF-κB was detected when TLR9 and TLR7 were simultaneously activated. Blockade of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and indoleamine-pyrrole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) improved the activation of CpG-DCs. When we evaluated the effect of combined activation of TLR9 and TLR7 in human DCs, we found that R848 induced robust DC activation that was inhibited by TLR9 agonists. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide insight in the biology of TLR9 and TLR7 crosstalk and suggest caution in the selection of agonists for multiple TLR stimulation. Blockade of NOS and IDO could improve the maturation of antitumor DC vaccines. R848 could prove a useful adjuvant for DC vaccines in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela A Moreno Ayala
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Gottardo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Gori
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Nicola Candia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea De Laurentiis
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO-CONICET/UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Fisiología, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Imsen
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Slobodanka Klein
- Área Investigación, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisa Bal de Kier Joffé
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Área Investigación, Instituto de Oncología "Ángel H. Roffo", Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Salamone
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX) CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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34
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Spira A, Yurgelun MB, Alexandrov L, Rao A, Bejar R, Polyak K, Giannakis M, Shilatifard A, Finn OJ, Dhodapkar M, Kay NE, Braggio E, Vilar E, Mazzilli SA, Rebbeck TR, Garber JE, Velculescu VE, Disis ML, Wallace DC, Lippman SM. Precancer Atlas to Drive Precision Prevention Trials. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1510-1541. [PMID: 28373404 PMCID: PMC6681830 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process driven by inherited and acquired molecular and cellular alterations. Prevention is the holy grail of cancer elimination, but making this a reality will take a fundamental rethinking and deep understanding of premalignant biology. In this Perspective, we propose a national concerted effort to create a Precancer Atlas (PCA), integrating multi-omics and immunity - basic tenets of the neoplastic process. The biology of neoplasia caused by germline mutations has led to paradigm-changing precision prevention efforts, including: tumor testing for mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in Lynch syndrome establishing a new paradigm, combinatorial chemoprevention efficacy in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), signal of benefit from imaging-based early detection research in high-germline risk for pancreatic neoplasia, elucidating early ontogeny in BRCA1-mutation carriers leading to an international breast cancer prevention trial, and insights into the intricate germline-somatic-immunity interaction landscape. Emerging genetic and pharmacologic (metformin) disruption of mitochondrial (mt) respiration increased autophagy to prevent cancer in a Li-Fraumeni mouse model (biology reproduced in clinical pilot) and revealed profound influences of subtle changes in mt DNA background variation on obesity, aging, and cancer risk. The elaborate communication between the immune system and neoplasia includes an increasingly complex cellular microenvironment and dynamic interactions between host genetics, environmental factors, and microbes in shaping the immune response. Cancer vaccines are in early murine and clinical precancer studies, building on the recent successes of immunotherapy and HPV vaccine immune prevention. Molecular monitoring in Barrett's esophagus to avoid overdiagnosis/treatment highlights an important PCA theme. Next generation sequencing (NGS) discovered age-related clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Ultra-deep NGS reports over the past year have redefined the premalignant landscape remarkably identifying tiny clones in the blood of up to 95% of women in their 50s, suggesting that potentially premalignant clones are ubiquitous. Similar data from eyelid skin and peritoneal and uterine lavage fluid provide unprecedented opportunities to dissect the earliest phases of stem/progenitor clonal (and microenvironment) evolution/diversity with new single-cell and liquid biopsy technologies. Cancer mutational signatures reflect exogenous or endogenous processes imprinted over time in precursors. Accelerating the prevention of cancer will require a large-scale, longitudinal effort, leveraging diverse disciplines (from genetics, biochemistry, and immunology to mathematics, computational biology, and engineering), initiatives, technologies, and models in developing an integrated multi-omics and immunity PCA - an immense national resource to interrogate, target, and intercept events that drive oncogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1510-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrum Spira
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B Yurgelun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Rafael Bejar
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neil E Kay
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary L Disis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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Lohmueller J, Finn OJ. Current modalities in cancer immunotherapy: Immunomodulatory antibodies, CARs and vaccines. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 178:31-47. [PMID: 28322974 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Successes of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in curing patients with otherwise lethal cancers have validated immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer and have inspired excitement for its broader potential. Most promising is the ability of each approach to eliminate bulky and advanced-stage cancers and to achieve durable cures. Despite this success, to date only a subset of cancer patients and a limited number of cancer types respond to these therapies. A major goal now is to expand the types of cancer and number of patients who can be successfully treated. To this end a multitude of immunotherapies are being tested clinically in new combinations, and many new immunomodulatory antibodies and CARs are in development. A third major immunotherapeutic approach with renewed interest is cancer vaccines. While over 20years of therapeutic cancer vaccine trials have met with limited success, these studies have laid the groundwork for the use of therapeutic vaccines in combination with other immunotherapies or alone as prophylactic cancer vaccines. Prophylactic vaccines are now poised to revolutionize cancer prevention as they have done for the prevention of infectious diseases. In this review we examine three major cancer immunotherapy modalities: immunomodulatory antibodies, CAR T cell therapy and vaccines. For each we describe the current state of the art and outline major challenges and research directions forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lohmueller
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivera J Finn
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Wafa EI, Geary SM, Goodman JT, Narasimhan B, Salem AK. The effect of polyanhydride chemistry in particle-based cancer vaccines on the magnitude of the anti-tumor immune response. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:417-427. [PMID: 28063991 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to study the effect of polyanhydride chemistry on the immune response induced by a prophylactic cancer vaccine based on biodegradable polyanhydride particles. To achieve this goal, different compositions of polyanhydride copolymers based on 1,8-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane (CPTEG), 1,6-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy)-hexane (CPH), and sebacic anhydride (SA) were synthesized by melt polycondensation, and polyanhydride copolymer particles encapsulating a model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), were then synthesized using a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. The ability of three different compositions of polyanhydride copolymers (50:50 CPTEG:CPH, 20:80 CPTEG:CPH, and 20:80 CPH:SA) encapsulating OVA to elicit immune responses was investigated. In addition, the impact of unmethylated oligodeoxynucleotides containing deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotides (CpG ODN), an immunological adjuvant, on the immune response was also studied. The immune response to cancer vaccines was measured after treatment of C57BL/6J mice with two subcutaneous injections, seven days apart, of 50μg OVA encapsulated in particles composed of different polyanhydride copolymers with or without 25μg CpG ODN. In vivo studies showed that 20:80 CPTEG:CPH particles encapsulating OVA significantly stimulated the highest level of CD8+ T lymphocytes, generated the highest serum titers of OVA-specific IgG antibodies, and provided longer protection against tumor challenge with an OVA-expressing thymoma cell line in comparison to formulations made from other polyanhydride copolymers. The results also revealed that vaccination with CpG ODN along with polyanhydride particles encapsulating OVA did not enhance the immunogenicity of OVA. These results accentuate the crucial role of the copolymer composition of polyanhydrides in stimulating the immune response and provide important insights on rationally designing efficacious cancer vaccines. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Compared to soluble cancer vaccine formulations, tumor antigens encapsulated in biodegradable polymeric particles have been shown to sustain antigen release and provide long-term protection against tumor challenge by improving the immune response towards the antigen. Treatment of mice with cancer vaccines based on different polyanhydride copolymers encapsulating OVA resulted in stimulation of tumor-specific immune responses with different magnitudes. This clearly indicates that polyanhydride chemistry plays a substantial role in stimulating the immune response. Vaccination with 20:80 CPTEG:CPH/OVA, the most hydrophobic formulation, stimulated the strongest cellular and humoral immune responses and provided the longest survival outcome without adding any other adjuvant. The most important finding in this study is that the copolymer composition of polyanhydride particle-based vaccines can have a direct effect on the magnitude of the antitumor immune response and should be selected carefully in order to achieve optimal cancer vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad I Wafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sean M Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jonathan T Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Abstract
Harnessing the immune system to eradicate malignant cells is becoming a most powerful new approach to cancer therapy. FDA approval of the immunotherapy-based drugs, sipuleucel-T (Provenge), ipilimumab (Yervoy, anti-CTLA-4), and more recently, the programmed cell death (PD)-1 antibody (pembrolizumab, Keytruda), for the treatment of multiple types of cancer has greatly advanced research and clinical studies in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, recent clinical trials, using NY-ESO-1-specific T cell receptor (TCR) or CD19-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), have shown promising clinical results for patients with metastatic cancer. Current success of cancer immunotherapy is built upon the work of cancer antigens and co-inhibitory signaling molecules identified 20 years ago. Among the large numbers of target antigens, CD19 is the best target for CAR T cell therapy for blood cancer, but CAR-engineered T cell immunotherapy does not yet work in solid cancer. NY-ESO-1 is one of the best targets for TCR-based immunotherapy in solid cancer. Despite the great success of checkpoint blockade therapy, more than 50% of cancer patients fail to respond to blockade therapy. The advent of new technologies such as next-generation sequencing has enhanced our ability to search for new immune targets in onco-immunology and accelerated the development of immunotherapy with potentially broader coverage of cancer patients. In this review, we will discuss the recent progresses of cancer immunotherapy and novel strategies in the identification of new immune targets and mutation-derived antigens (neoantigens) for cancer immunotherapy and immunoprecision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A & M University, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Tiptiri-Kourpeti A, Spyridopoulou K, Pappa A, Chlichlia K. DNA vaccines to attack cancer: Strategies for improving immunogenicity and efficacy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:32-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abdul-Wahid A, Cydzik M, Prodeus A, Alwash M, Stanojcic M, Thompson M, Huang EHB, Shively JE, Gray-Owen SD, Gariépy J. Induction of antigen-specific TH9 immunity accompanied by mast cell activation blocks tumor cell engraftment. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:841-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aws Abdul-Wahid
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - Marzena Cydzik
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - Aaron Prodeus
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - Mays Alwash
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mile Stanojcic
- Division of Plastic Surgery Department of Surgery; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Megan Thompson
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - Eric H.-B. Huang
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
| | - John E. Shively
- Department of Immunology; Beckman Research Institute; City of Hope, Duarte CA
| | - Scott D. Gray-Owen
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jean Gariépy
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Physical Sciences; Sunnybrook Research Institute; Toronto ON CANADA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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van der Burg SH, Arens R, Ossendorp F, van Hall T, Melief CJM. Vaccines for established cancer: overcoming the challenges posed by immune evasion. Nat Rev Cancer 2016; 16:219-33. [PMID: 26965076 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines preferentially stimulate T cells against tumour-specific epitopes that are created by DNA mutations or oncogenic viruses. In the setting of premalignant disease, carcinoma in situ or minimal residual disease, therapeutic vaccination can be clinically successful as monotherapy; however, in established cancers, therapeutic vaccines will require co-treatments to overcome immune evasion and to become fully effective. In this Review, we discuss the progress that has been made in overcoming immune evasion controlled by tumour cell-intrinsic factors and the tumour microenvironment. We summarize how therapeutic benefit can be maximized in patients with established cancers by improving vaccine design and by using vaccines to increase the effects of standard chemotherapies, to establish and/or maintain tumour-specific T cells that are re-energized by checkpoint blockade and other therapies, and to sustain the antitumour response of adoptively transferred T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis J M Melief
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- ISA Pharmaceuticals, J. H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Emens LA, Middleton G. The interplay of immunotherapy and chemotherapy: harnessing potential synergies. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 3:436-43. [PMID: 25941355 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer chemotherapy has historically been considered immune suppressive, it is now accepted that certain chemotherapies can augment tumor immunity. The recent success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has renewed interest in immunotherapies, and in combining them with chemotherapy to achieve additive or synergistic clinical activity. Two major ways that chemotherapy promotes tumor immunity are by inducing immunogenic cell death as part of its intended therapeutic effect and by disrupting strategies that tumors use to evade immune recognition. This second strategy, in particular, is dependent on the drug, its dose, and the schedule of chemotherapy administration in relation to antigen exposure or release. In this Cancer Immunology at the Crossroads article, we focus on cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade as a forum for reviewing preclinical and clinical data demonstrating the interplay between immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Gary Middleton
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Finn OJ, Beatty PL. Cancer immunoprevention. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:52-8. [PMID: 26799207 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is now a reality. The results are phenomenal but the cost is outrageous. Even if the cost eventually comes down and immunotherapy becomes more broadly available, using the knowledge derived from immunotherapy to apply to immunoprevention would be a good strategy. The most likely approach to cancer immunoprevention is cancer vaccines. To date, cancer vaccines have been tested mostly in the setting of advanced disease. Numerous immunosuppressive mechanisms have been identified in the tumor microenvironment as well as systemically that compromise the ability of cancer patients to respond to the vaccines. Multiple approaches are being tested to improve therapeutic cancer vaccine efficacy, including combinations with other immunotherapies. An alternative approach is to administer the vaccines to individuals without cancer but at high risk for cancer. Data in support of this approach and immunoprevention in general is accumulating and clinical testing has started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Pamela L Beatty
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Brunet LR, Hagemann T, Andrew G, Mudan S, Marabelle A. Have lessons from past failures brought us closer to the success of immunotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer? Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1112942. [PMID: 27141395 PMCID: PMC4839322 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is extremely resistant to chemo- and radiation-therapies due to its inherent genetic instability, the local immunosuppressive microenvironment and the remarkable desmoplastic stromal changes which characterize this cancer. Therefore, there is an urgent need for improvement on standard current therapeutic options. Immunotherapies aimed at harnessing endogenous antitumor immunity have shown promise in multiple tumor types. In this review, we give an overview of new immune-related therapeutic strategies currently being tested in clinical trials in pancreatic cancer. We propose that immunotherapeutic strategies in combination with current therapies may offer new hopes in this most deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gayab Andrew
- Deparment of Clinical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust , London, UK
| | | | - Aurelien Marabelle
- INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, Villejuif, France; Drug Development Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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44
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Heelan BT. Regulatory considerations for clinical development of cancer vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3409-14. [PMID: 25625933 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.982999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are aimed at stimulating an immune response to tumor tissue. There is a high level of clinical activity in this rapidly advancing field with over 1,400 trials registered on Clincaltrials.gov. The recent approval of Sipuleucel-T which is the first cancer vaccine approved in the US and EU has encouraged developers in this field. In contrast to more established approaches for treating cancer such as chemotherapy, regulatory guidelines have been developed relatively recently for cancer vaccines. These guidelines advise on general clinical requirements. As there is an increase in innovative strategies with novel products, a 2-way dialog with regulators is recommended on a case-by-case basis to justify the clinical development plan, taking into account specific quality issues related to the product(s) in development. It is important that the rationale, background and justification for the planned development is convincing when interacting with the regulatory authorities, to enable drug developers and regulators to reach agreement.
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Key Words
- AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- CAR, T-cell Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell
- CTL-4, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- DCs, Dendritic cells
- EBV, Ebstein Barr Virus
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EU, European Union
- FDA, Federal Drug Administration
- HHV-8, Human Herpes Virus 8
- HTA, Health Technology Assessment
- ICH, International Conference on Harmonisation
- ICI, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
- ITF, Innovation Task Force
- MDSC, Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHRA, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
- MUC1, Membrane-bound glycoprotein MUC1 mucin
- NICE, National Institute for Heath and Care excellence
- OS, Overall survival
- PD, Pharmacodynamic
- PD-1, Programmed cell death 1
- PFS, Progression-free survival
- PMDA, Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency
- PTLD, Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
- RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
- Serum Igs, Serum immunoglobulins
- T cells
- TAA, Tumor associated antigens
- TIMs, Tumor Infiltrating Myeloid Cell
- Tregs, Regulatory T cells
- US, United States of America
- antigens
- cancer vaccines
- immune system
- immunesurveillance
- siRNA, Small interfering RNA
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Finn OJ, Khleif SN, Herberman RB. The FDA guidance on therapeutic cancer vaccines: the need for revision to include preventive cancer vaccines or for a new guidance dedicated to them. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1011-6. [PMID: 26353948 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines based on antigens derived from self molecules rather than pathogens have been under basic and clinical investigations for many years. Up until very recently, they had been tested primarily in the setting of metastatic disease with the goal to engage the immune system in slowing down disease progression. Many therapeutic vaccine trials, either investigator initiated or led by pharmaceutical companies, have been completed and many are currently ongoing, following the FDA Guidance on therapeutic cancer vaccines published in 2011. In recent years, the target of cancer vaccines is being shifted to early cancer and even premalignant disease with the goal of preventing cancer. Although some issues addressed in the FDA Guidance on therapeutic vaccines apply to preventive vaccines, many do not. Here, we discuss a set of recommendations for revising the current Guidance to also cover preventive vaccines, or to include in a new Guidance dedicated specifically to vaccines for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Samir N Khleif
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regent University, Augusta, Georgia
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Markov OV, Mironova NL, Sennikov SV, Vlassov VV, Zenkova MA. Prophylactic Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines Efficiently Inhibit Metastases in Murine Metastatic Melanoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136911. [PMID: 26325576 PMCID: PMC4556596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data on the application of dendritic cells (DCs) as anti-tumor vaccines has shown their great potential in therapy and prophylaxis of cancer. Here we report on a comparison of two treatment schemes with DCs that display the models of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination using three different experimental tumor models: namely, Krebs-2 adenocarcinoma (primary tumor), melanoma (B16, metastatic tumor without a primary node) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC, metastatic tumor with a primary node). Dendritic cells generated from bone marrow-derived DC precursors and loaded with lysate of tumor cells or transfected with the complexes of total tumor RNA with cationic liposomes were used for vaccination. Lipofectamine 2000 and liposomes consisting of helper lipid DOPE (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) and cationic lipid 2D3 (1,26-Bis(1,2-de-O-tetradecyl-rac-glycerol)-7,11,16,20-tetraazahexacosan tetrahydrocloride) were used for RNA transfection. It was shown that DCs loaded with tumor lysate were ineffective in contrast to tumor-derived RNA. Therapeutic vaccination with DCs loaded by lipoplexes RNA/Lipofectamine 2000 was the most efficient for treatment of non-metastatic Krebs-2, where a 1.9-fold tumor growth retardation was observed. Single prophylactic vaccination with DCs loaded by lipoplexes RNA/2D3 was the most efficient to treat highly aggressive metastatic tumors LLC and B16, where 4.7- and 10-fold suppression of the number of lung metastases was observed, respectively. Antimetastatic effect of single prophylactic DC vaccination in metastatic melanoma model was accompanied by the reductions in the levels of Th2-specific cytokines however the change of the levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 master regulators was not found. Failure of double prophylactic vaccination is explained by Th17-response polarization associated with autoimmune and pro-inflammatory reactions. In the case of therapeutic DC vaccine the polarization of Th1-response was found nevertheless the antimetastatic effect was less effective in comparison with prophylactic DC vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Markov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda L. Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Sennikov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Research Institute of Clinical Immunology", Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina A. Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Ophir E, Bobisse S, Coukos G, Harari A, Kandalaft LE. Personalized approaches to active immunotherapy in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1865:72-82. [PMID: 26241169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is emerging as a promising anti-cancer curative modality. However, in contrast to recent advances obtained employing checkpoint blockade agents and T cell therapies, clinical efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines is still limited. Most vaccination attempts in the clinic represent "off-the shelf" approaches since they target common "self" tumor antigens, shared among different patients. In contrast, personalized approaches of vaccination are tailor-made for each patient and in spite being laborious, hold great potential. Recent technical advancement enabled the first steps in the clinic of personalized vaccines that target patient-specific mutated neo-antigens. Such vaccines could induce enhanced tumor-specific immune response since neo-antigens are mutation-derived antigens that can be recognized by high affinity T cells, not limited by central tolerance. Alternatively, the use of personalized vaccines based on whole autologous tumor cells, overcome the need for the identification of specific tumor antigens. Whole autologous tumor cells could be administered alone, pulsed on dendritic cells as lysate, DNA, RNA or delivered to dendritic cells in-vivo through encapsulation in nanoparticle vehicles. Such vaccines may provide a source for the full repertoire of the patient-specific tumor antigens, including its private neo-antigens. Furthermore, combining next-generation personalized vaccination with other immunotherapy modalities might be the key for achieving significant therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eran Ophir
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at the University of Lausanne, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bobisse
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at the University of Lausanne, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at the University of Lausanne, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at the University of Lausanne, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at the University of Lausanne, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Lollini PL, Cavallo F, Nanni P, Quaglino E. The Promise of Preventive Cancer Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:467-89. [PMID: 26343198 PMCID: PMC4494347 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Years of unsuccessful attempts at fighting established tumors with vaccines have taught us all that they are only able to truly impact patient survival when used in a preventive setting, as would normally be the case for traditional vaccines against infectious diseases. While true primary cancer prevention is still but a long-term goal, secondary and tertiary prevention are already in the clinic and providing encouraging results. A combination of immunopreventive cancer strategies and recently approved checkpoint inhibitors is a further promise of forthcoming successful cancer disease control, but prevention will require a considerable reduction of currently reported toxicities. These considerations summed with the increased understanding of tumor antigens allow space for an optimistic view of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Viale Filopanti 22, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy.
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Byrne KT, Vonderheide RH, Jaffee EM, Armstrong TD. Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:590-597. [PMID: 25968457 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The overall objective of the fifth American Association for Cancer Research Special Conference, "Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter," organized by the Cancer Immunology Working Group, was to highlight multidisciplinary approaches of immunotherapy and mechanisms related to the ability of immunotherapy to fight established tumors. With the FDA approval of sipuleucel-T, ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4; Bristol-Myers Squibb), and the two anti-PD-1 antibodies, pembrolizumab (formerly MK-3475 or lambrolizumab; Merck) and nivolumab (Bristol-Myers Squibb), immunotherapy has become a mainstream treatment option for some cancers. Many of the data presented at the conference and reviewed in this article showcase the progress made in determining the mechanistic reasons for the success of some treatments and the mechanisms associated with tolerance within the tumor microenvironment, both of which are potential targets for immunotherapy. In addition to combination and multimodal therapies, improvements in existing therapies will be needed to overcome the numerous ways that tumor-specific tolerance thwarts the immune system. This conference built upon the success of the 2012 conference and focused on seven progressing and/or emerging areas-new combination therapies, combination therapies and vaccine improvement, mechanisms of antibody therapy, factors in the tumor microenvironment affecting the immune response, the microbiomes effect on cancer and immunotherapy, metabolism in immunotherapy, and adoptive T-cell therapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(6); 1-8. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Byrne
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Skip Viragh Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Chu NJ, Armstrong TD, Jaffee EM. Nonviral oncogenic antigens and the inflammatory signals driving early cancer development as targets for cancer immunoprevention. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:1549-57. [PMID: 25623216 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunoprevention is an emerging field that holds much promise. Within the past 20 years, prophylactic vaccines have been implemented on the population level for the immunoprevention of carcinomas induced by viruses, specifically hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Armed with the success of prophylactic vaccines that prevent viral-induced tumors, the field must overcome its next hurdle: to develop robust prophylactic vaccines that prevent the remaining >80% of human cancers not induced by viral infection. In this review, we discuss some of the most promising non-virus-associated prophylactic vaccines that target endogenous neoantigens, including the earliest oncogene products, altered mucin 1 (MUC1) and α-enolase (ENO1), all of which produce new targets in the earliest stages of nonviral-induced tumorigenesis. We also highlight a novel attenuated Listeria monocytogenes-based vaccine expressing mutant oncogene Kras(G12D) (LM-Kras) effective in a pancreatic cancer model. A novel chimeric human/rat HER-2 plasmid vaccine (HuRT-DNA vaccine) effective in a breast cancer model is also discussed. In addition to prophylactic vaccine developments, this review highlights the potential use of classic drugs, such as aspirin and metformin, as chemopreventive agents that can potentially be used as adjuvants to enhance the anticancer immunogenicity and efficacy of noninfectious prophylactic vaccines by modulating the inflammatory pathways within the early tumor microenvironment (TME) that propels tumorigenesis. Finally, timing of prophylactic vaccine administration is critical to its immunopreventive efficacy, providing a necessary role of current and emerging biomarkers for cancer screening and early cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina J Chu
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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