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Liu J, Bai Y, Li Y, Li X, Luo K. Reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment through nanomedicine: an immunometabolism perspective. EBioMedicine 2024; 107:105301. [PMID: 39178747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that immunotherapy is hindered by a hostile tumor microenvironment (TME) featured with deprivation of critical nutrients and pooling of immunosuppressive metabolites. Tumor cells and immunosuppressive cells outcompete immune effector cells for essential nutrients. Meanwhile, a wide range of tumor cell-derived toxic metabolites exerts negative impacts on anti-tumor immune response, diminishing the efficacy of immunotherapy. Nanomedicine with excellent targetability offers a novel approach to improving cancer immunotherapy via metabolically reprogramming the immunosuppressive TME. Herein, we review recent strategies of enhancing immunotherapeutic effects through rewiring tumor metabolism via nanomedicine. Attention is drawn on immunometabolic tactics for immune cells and stromal cells in the TME via nanomedicine. Additionally, we discuss future directions of developing metabolism-regulating nanomedicine for precise and efficacious cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinan Bai
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinggang Li
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Gavil NV, Cheng K, Masopust D. Resident memory T cells and cancer. Immunity 2024; 57:1734-1751. [PMID: 39142275 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells positively correlate with cancer survival, but the anti-tumor mechanisms underlying this relationship are not understood. This review reconciles these observations, summarizing concepts of T cell immunosurveillance, fundamental TRM cell biology, and clinical observations on the role of TRM cells in cancer and immunotherapy outcomes. We also discuss emerging strategies that utilize TRM-phenotype cells for patient diagnostics, staging, and therapy. Current challenges are highlighted, including a lack of standardized T cell nomenclature and our limited understanding of relationships between T cell markers and underlying tumor biology. Existing findings are integrated into a summary of the field while emphasizing opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Veis Gavil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Katarina Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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3
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Wu X, Cheong LY, Yuan L, Jin L, Zhang Z, Xiao Y, Zhou Z, Xu A, Hoo RLC, Shu L. Islet-Resident Memory T Cells Orchestrate the Immunopathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes through the FABP4-CXCL10 Axis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308461. [PMID: 38884133 PMCID: PMC11321687 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease characterized by self-destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells by cytotoxic T cell activity. However, the pathogenic mechanism of T cell infiltration remains obscure. Recently, tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have been shown to contribute to cytotoxic T cell recruitment. TRM cells are found present in human pancreas and are suggested to modulate immune homeostasis. Here, the role of TRM cells in the development of T1D is investigated. The presence of TRM cells in pancreatic islets is observed in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice before T1D onset. Mechanistically, elevated fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) potentiates the survival and alarming function of TRM cells by promoting fatty acid utilization and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) secretion, respectively. In NOD mice, genetic deletion of FABP4 or depletion of TRM cells using CD69 neutralizing antibodies resulted in a similar reduction of pancreatic cytotoxic T cell recruitment, a delay in diabetic incidence, and a suppression of CXCL10 production. Thus, targeting FABP4 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology & PharmacyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Lai Yee Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Lufengzi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology & PharmacyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology & PharmacyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Second Xiangya HospitalKey Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic DiseasesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410083P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Second Xiangya HospitalKey Laboratory of Diabetes ImmunologyNational Clinical Research Center for Metabolic DiseasesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunan410083P. R. China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology & PharmacyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Ruby LC Hoo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology & PharmacyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Lingling Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaGuangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Department of Hematological OncologySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060P. R. China
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4
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Xiong H, Shen Z. Tissue-resident memory T cells in immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events by immune checkpoint inhibitor. Int J Cancer 2024; 155:193-202. [PMID: 38554117 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a specialized subset of T cells that reside in tissues and provide long-term protective immunity against pathogens that enter the body through that specific tissue. TRM cells have specific phenotype and reside preferentially in barrier tissues. Recent studies have revealed that TRM cells are the main target of immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy since their role in cancer immunosurveillance. Furthermore, TRM cells also play a crucial part in pathogenesis of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Here, we provide a concise review of biological characteristics of TRM cells, and the major advances and recent findings regarding their involvement in immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy and the corresponding irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhao Z, Ma X, Cai Z. The potential role of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and one branch connected with tissue-resident memory in non-luminal breast cancer. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17667. [PMID: 39006029 PMCID: PMC11246025 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the pathological mechanisms of breast cancer have resulted in the emergence of novel therapeutic strategies. However, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a molecular subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis, lacks classical and general therapeutic targets, hindering the clinical application of several therapies to breast cancer. As insights into the unique immunity and molecular mechanisms of TNBC have become more extensive, immunotherapy has gradually become a valuable complementary approach to classical radiotherapy and chemotherapy. CD8+ cells are significant actors in the tumor immunity cycle; thus, research on TNBC immunotherapy is increasingly focused in this direction. Recently, CD8+ tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells, a subpopulation of CD8+ cells, have been explored in relation to breast cancer and found to seemingly play an undeniably important role in tumor surveillance and lymphocytic infiltration. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the mechanisms and relative targets of CD8+ T cells, and discuss the features and potential applications of CD8+ TRM cells in non-luminal breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhao
- Department of Breast Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- Department of Breast Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhengang Cai
- Department of Breast Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Liu S, Wang P, Wang P, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Pan Y, Pan J. Tissue-resident memory CD103+CD8+ T cells in colorectal cancer: its implication as a prognostic and predictive liver metastasis biomarker. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:176. [PMID: 38954030 PMCID: PMC11219596 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-024-03709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-resident memory CD103+CD8+ T cells (CD103+CD8+ TRMs) are important components of anti-tumor immunity. However, the significance of CD103+CD8+ TRMs in colorectal cancer (CRC) and their advantages remain unclear. METHODS Clinical data and specimens were used to evaluate the significance of CD103+CD8+ TRMs in CRC. A mouse subcutaneous tumorigenesis model and colony-formation assay were conducted to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of CD103+CD8+ TRMs. Finally, the infiltration density and function of CD103+CD8+ TRMs in the tumors were evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS In this study, we showed that highly infiltrated CD103+CD8+ TRMs were associated with earlier clinical stage and negative VEGF expression in CRC patients and predicted a favorable prognosis for CRC/CRC liver metastases patients. Interestingly, we also found that CD103+CD8+ TRMs may have predictive potential for whether CRC develops liver metastasis in CRC. In addition, we found a positive correlation between the ratio of the number of α-SMA+ vessels to the sum of the number of α-SMA+ and CD31+ vessels in CRC, and the infiltration level of CD103+CD8+ TRMs. In addition, anti-angiogenic therapy promoted infiltration of CD103+CD8+ TRMs and enhanced their ability to secrete interferon (IFN)-γ, thus further improving the anti-tumor effect. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that compared with peripheral blood CD8+ T cells, CD103+CD8+ TRMs infused back into the body could also further promote CD8+ T cells to infiltrate the tumor, and they had a stronger ability to secrete IFN-γ, which resulted in better anti-tumor effects. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that CD103+CD8+ TRMs have the potential for clinical applications and provide new ideas for combined anti-tumor therapeutic strategies, such as anti-tumor angiogenesis therapy and CAR-T combined immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Penglin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peize Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhan Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, 517000, China.
| | - Yunlong Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Jinghua Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Wang S, Yang N, Zhang H. Metabolic dysregulation of lymphocytes in autoimmune diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:624-637. [PMID: 38355391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Lymphocytes are crucial for protective immunity against infection and cancers; however, immune dysregulation can lead to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Metabolic adaptation controls lymphocyte fate; thus, metabolic reprogramming can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here, we summarize recent advances on how metabolic reprogramming determines the autoreactive and proinflammatory nature of lymphocytes in SLE and RA, unraveling molecular mechanisms and providing therapeutic targets for human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Niansheng Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Franzese O, Ancona P, Bianchi N, Aguiari G. Apoptosis, a Metabolic "Head-to-Head" between Tumor and T Cells: Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2024; 13:924. [PMID: 38891056 PMCID: PMC11171541 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis represents a promising therapeutic approach to drive tumor cells to death. However, this poses challenges due to the intricate nature of cancer biology and the mechanisms employed by cancer cells to survive and escape immune surveillance. Furthermore, molecules released from apoptotic cells and phagocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can facilitate cancer progression and immune evasion. Apoptosis is also a pivotal mechanism in modulating the strength and duration of anti-tumor T-cell responses. Combined strategies including molecular targeting of apoptosis, promoting immunogenic cell death, modulating immunosuppressive cells, and affecting energy pathways can potentially overcome resistance and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Thus, an effective approach for targeting apoptosis within the TME should delicately balance the selective induction of apoptosis in tumor cells, while safeguarding survival, metabolic changes, and functionality of T cells targeting crucial molecular pathways involved in T-cell apoptosis regulation. Enhancing the persistence and effectiveness of T cells may bolster a more resilient and enduring anti-tumor immune response, ultimately advancing therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment. This review delves into the pivotal topics of this multifaceted issue and suggests drugs and druggable targets for possible combined therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Ancona
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via F. Mortara 74, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Liu L, Sun J, Zhong C, Zhang A, Wang G, Chen S, Zhang S, Wang M, Li L. Identification of a fatty acid metabolism-related gene signature to predict prognosis in stomach adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:8552-8571. [PMID: 38742949 PMCID: PMC11164501 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acid metabolism (FAM) contributes to tumorigenesis and tumor development, but the role of FAM in the progression of stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) has not been comprehensively clarified. METHODS The expression data and clinical follow-up information were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). FAM pathway was analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) methods. Univariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to select prognosis genes. Molecular subtypes were classified by consensus clustering analysis. Furthermore, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) analysis was employed to develop a risk model. ESTIMATE and tumour immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) algorithm were used to assess immunity. pRRophetic package was conducted to predict drug sensitivity. RESULTS Based on 14 FAM related prognosis genes (FAMRG), 2 clusters were determined. Patients in C2 showed a worse overall survival (OS). Furthermore, a 7-FAMRG risk model was established as an independent predictor for STAD, with a higher riskscore indicating an unfavorable OS. High riskscore patients had higher TIDE score and these patients were more sensitive to anticancer drugs such as Bortezomib, Dasatinib and Pazopanib. A nomogram based on riskscore was an effective prediction tool applicable to clinical settings. The results from pan-cancer analysis supported a prominent application value of riskscore model in other cancer types. CONCLUSION The FAMRGs model established in this study could help predict STAD prognosis and offer new directions for future studies on dysfunctional FAM-induced damage and anti-tumor drugs in STAD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Changqing Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ang Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lianyong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
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Ma S, Ming Y, Wu J, Cui G. Cellular metabolism regulates the differentiation and function of T-cell subsets. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:419-435. [PMID: 38565887 PMCID: PMC11061161 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells are an important component of adaptive immunity and protect the host from infectious diseases and cancers. However, uncontrolled T cell immunity may cause autoimmune disorders. In both situations, antigen-specific T cells undergo clonal expansion upon the engagement and activation of antigens. Cellular metabolism is reprogrammed to meet the increase in bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands associated with effector T cell expansion. Metabolites not only serve as building blocks or energy sources to fuel cell growth and expansion but also regulate a broad spectrum of cellular signals that instruct the differentiation of multiple T cell subsets. The realm of immunometabolism research is undergoing swift advancements. Encapsulating all the recent progress within this concise review in not possible. Instead, our objective is to provide a succinct introduction to this swiftly progressing research, concentrating on the metabolic intricacies of three pivotal nutrient classes-lipids, glucose, and amino acids-in T cells. We shed light on recent investigations elucidating the roles of these three groups of metabolites in mediating the metabolic and immune functions of T cells. Moreover, we delve into the prospect of "editing" metabolic pathways within T cells using pharmacological or genetic approaches, with the aim of synergizing this approach with existing immunotherapies and enhancing the efficacy of antitumor and antiinfection immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yanan Ming
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jingxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Guoliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Liu Z, Zhang D, Chen S. Unveiling the gastric microbiota: implications for gastric carcinogenesis, immune responses, and clinical prospects. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:118. [PMID: 38641815 PMCID: PMC11027554 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing has ushered in a paradigm shift in gastric microbiota, breaking the stereotype that the stomach is hostile to microorganisms beyond H. pylori. Recent attention directed toward the composition and functionality of this 'community' has shed light on its potential relevance in cancer. The microbial composition in the stomach of health displays host specificity which changes throughout a person's lifespan and is subject to both external and internal factors. Distinctive alterations in gastric microbiome signature are discernible at different stages of gastric precancerous lesions and malignancy. The robust microbes that dominate in gastric malignant tissue are intricately implicated in gastric cancer susceptibility, carcinogenesis, and the modulation of immunosurveillance and immune escape. These revelations offer fresh avenues for utilizing gastric microbiota as predictive biomarkers in clinical settings. Furthermore, inter-individual microbiota variations partially account for differential responses to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize current literature on the influence of the gastric microbiota on gastric carcinogenesis, anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy, providing insights into potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Liu J, Wang T, Zhang W, Huang Y, Wang X, Li Q. Association between Metabolic Reprogramming and Immune Regulation in Digestive Tract Tumors. Oncol Res Treat 2024; 47:273-286. [PMID: 38636467 DOI: 10.1159/000538659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cancers of the digestive tract, including colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer, and esophageal cancer, are part of the most common cancers as well as one of the most important leading causes of cancer death worldwide. SUMMARY Despite the emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1) in the past decade, offering renewed optimism in cancer treatment, only a fraction of patients derive benefit from these therapies. This limited efficacy may stem from tumor heterogeneity and the impact of metabolic reprogramming on both tumor cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). The metabolic reprogramming of glucose, lipids, amino acids, and other nutrients represents a pivotal hallmark of cancer, serving to generate energy, reducing equivalent and biological macromolecule, thereby fostering tumor proliferation and invasion. Significantly, the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells can orchestrate changes within the TME, rendering patients unresponsive to immunotherapy. KEY MESSAGES In this review, we predominantly encapsulate recent strides on metabolic reprogramming among digestive tract cancer, especially CRC, in the TME with a focus on how these alterations influence anti-tumor immunity. Additionally, we deliberate on potential strategies to address these abnormities in metabolic pathways and the viability of combined therapy within the realm of anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianxiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhai Wang
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qunyi Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Gupta A, Das D, Taneja R. Targeting Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in Cancer with Pharmacological Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1313. [PMID: 38610991 PMCID: PMC11010992 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic plasticity is recognised as a hallmark of cancer cells, enabling adaptation to microenvironmental changes throughout tumour progression. A dysregulated lipid metabolism plays a pivotal role in promoting oncogenesis. Oncogenic signalling pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Hippo, and NF-kB, intersect with the lipid metabolism to drive tumour progression. Furthermore, altered lipid signalling in the tumour microenvironment contributes to immune dysfunction, exacerbating oncogenesis. This review examines the role of lipid metabolism in tumour initiation, invasion, metastasis, and cancer stem cell maintenance. We highlight cybernetic networks in lipid metabolism to uncover avenues for cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Healthy Longevity and NUS Centre for Cancer Research Translation Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 2 Medical Drive, MD9, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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Zhu Y, Zhou M, Li C, Kong W, Hu Y. Gastric cancer with brain metastasis: from molecular characteristics and treatment. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1310325. [PMID: 38577333 PMCID: PMC10991736 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1310325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the cancers with increasing incidence and ranks fourth globally among the most frequent causes of cancer-related mortality. Early gastric cancer is often asymptomatic or presents with atypical symptoms, and the majority of patients present with advanced disease upon diagnosis. Brain metastases are present in approximately 1% of gastric cancer patients at the time of diagnosis, which significantly contributed to the overall mortality of the disease worldwide. Conventional therapies for patients with brain metastases remain limited and the median overall survival of patients is only 8 months in advanced cases. Recent studies have improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying gastric cancer brain metastases, and immunotherapy has become an important treatment option in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and surgery. This review aims to provide insight into the cellular processes involved in gastric cancer brain metastases, discuss diagnostic approaches, evaluate the integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors into treatment and prognosis, and explore the predictive value of biomarkers in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Tang Shan Central Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Congling Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Wenyue Kong
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Yuning Hu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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15
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Raynor JL, Chi H. Nutrients: Signal 4 in T cell immunity. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20221839. [PMID: 38411744 PMCID: PMC10899091 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
T cells are integral in mediating adaptive immunity to infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. Upon immune challenge, T cells exit from a quiescent state, followed by clonal expansion and effector differentiation. These processes are shaped by three established immune signals, namely antigen stimulation (Signal 1), costimulation (Signal 2), and cytokines (Signal 3). Emerging findings reveal that nutrients, including glucose, amino acids, and lipids, are crucial regulators of T cell responses and interplay with Signals 1-3, highlighting nutrients as Signal 4 to license T cell immunity. Here, we first summarize the functional importance of Signal 4 and the underlying mechanisms of nutrient transport, sensing, and signaling in orchestrating T cell activation and quiescence exit. We also discuss the roles of nutrients in programming T cell differentiation and functional fitness and how nutrients can be targeted to improve disease therapy. Understanding how T cells respond to Signal 4 nutrients in microenvironments will provide insights into context-dependent functions of adaptive immunity and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana L Raynor
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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16
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Liang G, Huang J, Chen J, Wen X, Li R, Xie H, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Chen Y, Xian Z, He X, Ke J, Lian L, Lan P, Wu X, Hu T. Fatty Acid Oxidation Promotes Apoptotic Resistance and Proinflammatory Phenotype of CD4 + Tissue-resident Memory T cells in Crohn's Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17:939-964. [PMID: 38423357 PMCID: PMC11026735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS As the most abundant memory T cells and major source of tumor necrosis factor α in the intestinal mucosa of Crohn's disease (CD) patients, CD4+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells play a critical role in CD pathogenesis. We investigated the role of metabolic reprogramming in the regulation of proinflammatory and apoptosis-resistant phenotype for CD4+ TRM cells. METHODS CD4+ TRM cells were collected from intestinal resection tissues from control and CD patients. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis were performed to identify metabolic characteristics of CD4+ TRM cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments were used to assess cytokines level in CD4+ TRM cells; activation-induced cell apoptosis rate was evaluated by flow cytometry. Transwell assay and wound healing assay were performed to detect the effect of CD4+ TRM cells on the migration of normal intestinal epithelial cells. RESULTS Transcriptomic data combined with unbiased metabolomic analysis revealed an increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) phenotype existed in CD4+ TRM cells from CD patients. The lipidomic data and stable isotope tracer experiments demonstrated that CD4+ TRM cells up-regulated their lipid lipolysis and fatty acid uptake to fuel FAO in CD patients. Mechanistically, the activated nuclear factor kappa B signaling increased transcription of genes involved in lipid lipolysis, fatty acid uptake, and oxidation in CD4+ TRM cells from CD patients. Targeting FAO of CD4+ TRM cells reversed their apoptosis-resistant and proinflammatory phenotype in CD patients. CONCLUSIONS CD4+ TRM cells process an accelerated FAO mediated by activated nuclear factor kappa B signaling in CD patients; targeting FAO could reverse their apoptosis-resistant and proinflammatory phenotype. These findings shed a new light on the pathogenic mechanism investigation and novel therapy development in CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhan Liang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Huang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ruibing Li
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hanlin Xie
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zongjin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zexian Chen
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yongle Chen
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Xian
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen He
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jia Ke
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lei Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Department of General Surgery (Gastric Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Xianrui Wu
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Tuo Hu
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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17
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He L, Ye Q, Zhu Y, Zhong W, Xu G, Wang L, Wang Z, Zou X. Lipid Metabolism-Related Gene Signature Predicts Prognosis and Indicates Immune Microenvironment Infiltration in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2024; 2024:6639205. [PMID: 38440405 PMCID: PMC10911888 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6639205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Abnormal lipid metabolism is known to influence the malignant behavior of gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the biological significance of genes involved in lipid metabolism in advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Methods We obtained gene expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for early and advanced gastric cancer samples and performed differential expression analysis to identify specific lipid metabolism-related genes in AGC. We then used consensus cluster analysis to classify AGC patients into molecular subtypes based on lipid metabolism and constructed a diagnostic model using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator- (LASSO-) Cox regression analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). We evaluated the discriminative ability and clinical significance of the model using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve, ROC curve, DCA curve, and nomogram. We also estimated immune levels based on immune microenvironment expression, immune checkpoints, and immune cell infiltration and obtained hub genes by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of differential genes from the two molecular subtypes. Results We identified 6 lipid metabolism genes that were associated with the prognosis of AGC and used consistent clustering to classify AGC patients into two subgroups with significantly different overall survival and immune microenvironment. Our risk model successfully classified patients in the training and validation sets into high-risk and low-risk groups. The high-risk score predicted poor prognosis and indicated low degree of immune infiltration. Subgroup analysis showed that the risk model was an independent predictor of prognosis in AGC. Furthermore, our results indicated that most chemotherapeutic agents are more effective for AGC patients in the low-risk group than in the high-risk group, and risk scores for AGC are strongly correlated with drug sensitivity. Finally, we performed qRT-PCR experiments to verify the relevant results. Conclusion Our findings suggest that lipid metabolism-related genes play an important role in predicting the prognosis of AGC and regulating immune invasion. These results have important implications for the development of targeted therapies for AGC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongling People's Hospital, Tongling, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiange Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanmei Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenqi Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guifang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhangding Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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18
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Wu Y, Pu X, Wang X, Xu M. Reprogramming of lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment: a strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:35. [PMID: 38302980 PMCID: PMC10832245 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism in cancer cells has garnered increasing attention in recent decades. Cancer cells thrive in hypoxic conditions, nutrient deficiency, and oxidative stress and cannot be separated from alterations in lipid metabolism. Therefore, cancer cells exhibit increased lipid metabolism, lipid uptake, lipogenesis and storage to adapt to a progressively challenging environment, which contribute to their rapid growth. Lipids aid cancer cell activation. Cancer cells absorb lipids with the help of transporter and translocase proteins to obtain energy. Abnormal levels of a series of lipid synthases contribute to the over-accumulation of lipids in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Lipid reprogramming plays an essential role in the TME. Lipids are closely linked to several immune cells and their phenotypic transformation. The reprogramming of tumor lipid metabolism further promotes immunosuppression, which leads to immune escape. This event significantly affects the progression, treatment, recurrence, and metastasis of cancer. Therefore, the present review describes alterations in the lipid metabolism of immune cells in the TME and examines the connection between lipid metabolism and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu University Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Jingkou, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, P. R. China
- Digestive Disease Research Institute of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu University Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Jingkou, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, P. R. China
- Digestive Disease Research Institute of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu University Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Jingkou, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, P. R. China.
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu University Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Jingkou, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, P. R. China.
- Digestive Disease Research Institute of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Zhang D, Zhao F, Liu H, Guo P, Li Z, Li S. FABP6 serves as a new therapeutic target in esophageal tumor. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1640-1662. [PMID: 38277205 PMCID: PMC10866426 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors with high incidence and mortality rates. Despite the continuous development of treatment options, the prognosis for esophageal cancer patients remains poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new diagnostic and therapeutic targets in clinical practice to improve the survival of patients with esophageal cancer. METHODS In this study, we conducted a comprehensive scRNA-seq analysis of the tumor microenvironment in primary esophageal tumors to elucidate cell composition and heterogeneity. Using Seurat, we identified eight clusters, encompassing non-immune cells (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells) and immunocytes (myeloid-derived cells, T cells, B cells, and plasma cells). Compared to normal tissues, tumors exhibited an increased proportion of epithelial cells and alterations in immune cell infiltration. Analysis of epithelial cells revealed a cluster (cluster 0) with a high differentiation score and early distribution, suggesting its importance as a precursor cell. RESULTS Cluster 0 was characterized by high expression of FABP6, indicating a potential role in fatty acid metabolism and tumor growth. T cell analysis revealed shifts in the balance between Treg and CD8+ effector T cells in tumor tissues. Cellular communication analysis identified increased interactions between FABP6+ tumor cells and T cells, with the involvement of the MIF-related pathway and the CD74-CD44 interaction. This study provides insights into the cellular landscape and immune interactions within esophageal tumors, contributing to a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengfeng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Fangchao Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010031, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
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20
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Zhang S, Lv K, Liu Z, Zhao R, Li F. Fatty acid metabolism of immune cells: a new target of tumour immunotherapy. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:39. [PMID: 38245525 PMCID: PMC10799907 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic competition between tumour cells and immune cells for limited nutrients is an important feature of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and is closely related to the outcome of tumour immune escape. A large number of studies have proven that tumour cells need metabolic reprogramming to cope with acidification and hypoxia in the TME while increasing energy uptake to support their survival. Among them, synthesis, oxidation and uptake of fatty acids (FAs) in the TME are important manifestations of lipid metabolic adaptation. Although different immune cell subsets often show different metabolic characteristics, various immune cell functions are closely related to fatty acids, including providing energy, providing synthetic materials and transmitting signals. In the face of the current situation of poor therapeutic effects of tumour immunotherapy, combined application of targeted immune cell fatty acid metabolism seems to have good therapeutic potential, which is blocked at immune checkpoints. Combined application of adoptive cell therapy and cancer vaccines is reflected. Therefore, it is of great interest to explore the role of fatty acid metabolism in immune cells to discover new strategies for tumour immunotherapy and improve anti-tumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kebing Lv
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Center of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
- Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Nanchang, China.
- Institute of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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21
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Wang K, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Qi Z, Ye K, Zhang K, Jiang S, Liu Y, Xiao Y, Wang T. Discovery of Novel PD-L1 Inhibitors That Induce the Dimerization, Internalization, and Degradation of PD-L1 Based on the Fragment Coupling Strategy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16807-16827. [PMID: 38109261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells can evade immune surveillance through overexpressing programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to interact with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Besides, tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 is involved in tumor progression without interaction with PD-1, which provides more challenges for the discovery of PD-L1 inhibitors. Herein, we report the discovery of novel PD-L1 inhibitors using the fragment coupling strategy. Among them, B9 was found to inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction with the best IC50 value of 1.8 ± 0.7 nM. Beyond the blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, B9 promotes the dimerization, internalization, and degradation of PD-L1. Furthermore, B9 displayed high in vivo antitumor efficacy in the CT26 mouse model and activated the immune microenvironment and induced PD-L1 degradation of PD-L1 in the tumor. These results show that B9 is a promising lead PD-L1 inhibitor through the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and functional inhibition of the PD-L1 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhihao Qi
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ke Ye
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yibei Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Pan D, Chen H, Xu J, Lin X, Li L. Evaluation of vital genes correlated with CD8 + T cell infiltration as prognostic biomarkers in stomach adenocarcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:399. [PMID: 37978443 PMCID: PMC10656896 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-03003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infiltration of CD8 + T cells in the tumor microenvironment is correlated with better prognosis in various malignancies. Our study aimed to investigate vital genes correlated with CD8 + T cell infiltration in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) and develop a new prognostic model. METHODS Using the STAD dataset, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed, and co-expression networks were constructed. Combined with the CIBERSORT algorithm, the most relevant module of WGCNA with CD8 + T cell infiltration was selected for subsequent analysis. The vital genes were screened out by univariate regression analysis to establish the risk score model. The expression of the viral genes was verified by lasso regression analysis and in vitro experiments. RESULTS Four CD8 + T cell infiltration-related genes (CIDEC, EPS8L3, MUC13, and PLEKHS1) were correlated with the prognosis of STAD. Based on these genes, a risk score model was established. We found that the risk score could well predict the prognosis of STAD, and the risk score was positively correlated with CD8 + T cell infiltration. The validation results of the gene expression were consistent with TCGA. Furthermore, the risk score was significantly higher in tumor tissues. The high-risk group had poorer overall survival (OS) in each subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Our study constructed a new risk score model for STAD prognosis, which may provide a new perspective to explore the tumor immune microenvironment mechanism in STAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20, ChaZhong Road, TaiJiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20, ChaZhong Road, TaiJiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiaxiang Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20, ChaZhong Road, TaiJiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20, ChaZhong Road, TaiJiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Liangqing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.20, ChaZhong Road, TaiJiang District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian Province, China.
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23
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El Mahi Y, Varin A, Vetter M, Dal Zuffo L, Mazzeo L, Pais De Barros JP, Aubin F, Saas P, Gallais Sérézal I. Resolved Psoriasis with Abundant Oleic Acid in Stratum Corneum Exhibits Lower T-Cell-Driven IL-17 Signature. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2145-2152.e6. [PMID: 37207807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Relapses of psoriasis involve T cells that stem and survive in the skin. Inherited from previous flares, the tissue-resident memory T cells are epidermal IL-17-producing CD8+ and IL-22-producing CD4+ T cells. Because the capacity of resident memory T cells to take in fatty acids is essential for their residence and function, the surface composition of fatty acids may affect underlying T-cell populations. In patients treated with biologics, we used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to decipher the fatty acid composition in both resolved and nonlesional sites. Skin T cells were activated by OKT-3 in explants from the same body sites to perform bulk transcriptomic analysis (Nanostring). The fatty acid composition differed between skin from healthy donors and normal-looking skin of patients with psoriasis but not further between nonlesional and resolved skin. Patients in whom the resolved skin was rich in oleic acid had lower T-cell-driven IL-17 epidermal transcriptomic signature upon activation of T cells in skin explants. The skin lipid composition is linked with the functions of the underlying epidermal T cells. Testing the modulating effect of custom fatty acids on skin resident T cells could help with coming closer to disease oblivion in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin El Mahi
- INSERM, EFS, UMR1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Alexis Varin
- INSERM, EFS, UMR1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Lipidomic platform, LipSTIC Labex, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Mathieu Vetter
- INSERM, EFS, UMR1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Ludivine Dal Zuffo
- INSERM, EFS, UMR1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Loïc Mazzeo
- Lipidomic platform, LipSTIC Labex, Burgundy University, Dijon, France; INSERM UMR1098, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais De Barros
- INSERM UMR1098, Burgundy University, Dijon, France; Department of Dermatology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - François Aubin
- INSERM, EFS, UMR1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Department of Dermatology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM, EFS, UMR1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Lipidomic platform, LipSTIC Labex, Burgundy University, Dijon, France
| | - Irène Gallais Sérézal
- INSERM, EFS, UMR1098 RIGHT, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Department of Dermatology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France.
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Xu X, Chen J, Li W, Feng C, Liu Q, Gao W, He M. Immunology and immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3189-3204. [PMID: 37322134 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. As the diagnosis of early gastric cancer is difficult, most patients are at a late stage of cancer progression when diagnosed. The current therapeutic approaches based on surgical or endoscopic resection and chemotherapy indeed improve patients' outcomes. Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors has opened a new era for cancer treatment, and the immune system of the host is reshaped to combat tumor cells and the strategy differs according to the patient's immune system. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the roles of various immune cells in the progression of gastric cancer is beneficial to application for immunotherapy and the discovery of new therapeutic targets. This review describes the functions of different immune cells in gastric cancer development, mainly focusing on T cells, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils as well as chemokines or cytokines secreted by tumor cells. And this review also discusses the latest advances in immune-related therapeutic approaches such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T or vaccine, to reveal potential and promising strategies for gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450007, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenlu Feng
- Department of Cancer Center, Nanyang First People's Hospital, Nanyang, 473000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng He
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450007, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Feng M, Liu X, Hao X, Ren Y, Dong G, Tian J, Wang Y, Du L, Wang Y, Wang C. Fatty Acids Support the Fitness and Functionality of Tumor-Resident CD8+ T Cells by Maintaining SCML4 Expression. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3368-3384. [PMID: 37610617 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) regulate tumor immunity and immune surveillance. Characterization of Trm cells and TILs could help identify potential strategies to boost antitumor immunity. Here, we found that the transcription factor SCML4 was required for the progression and polyfunctionality of Trm cells and was associated with a better prognosis in patients with cancer. Moreover, SCML4 maintained multiple functions of TILs. Increased expression of SCML4 in CD8+ cells significantly reduced the growth of multiple types of tumors in mice, while deletion of SCML4 reduced antitumor immunity and promoted CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. Mechanistically, SCML4 recruited the HBO1-BRPF2-ING4 complex to reprogram the expression of T cell-specific genes, thereby enhancing the survival and effector functions of Trm cells and TILs. SCML4 expression was promoted by fatty acid metabolism through mTOR-IRF4-PRDM1 signaling, and fatty acid metabolism-induced epigenetic modifications that promoted tissue-resident and multifunctional gene expression in Trm cells and TILs. SCML4 increased the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 treatment by elevating the expression of effector molecules in TILs and inhibiting the apoptosis of TILs, which could be further enhanced by adding an inhibitor of H3K14ac deacetylation. These results provide a mechanistic perspective of functional regulation of tumor-localized Trm cells and TILs and identify an important activation target for tumor immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE SCML4 upregulation in CD8+ Trm cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes induced by fatty acid metabolism enhances antitumor immune responses, providing an immunometabolic axis to target for cancer treatment. See related commentary by Chakraborty et al., p. 3321.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiao Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yidan Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guoying Dong
- Department of Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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26
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Chakraborty P, Mills S, Mehrotra S. Fatty Acids Invigorate Tumor-Resident Memory T Cells. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3321-3323. [PMID: 37828860 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) represent a diverse cell type with tissue-specific gene signatures that can operate as both effector and memory T cells. Trm cells play a crucial role in immune defense against infections and cancer. Recently, Trm cells have become appreciated as a critical responder to checkpoint immunotherapy and as a biomarker of favorable outcomes in cancer. Hence, it is of great clinical and therapeutic importance to investigate how Trm cells can be manipulated transcriptionally, epigenetically, or metabolically to improve their longevity and function. In this issue of Cancer Research, Feng and colleagues demonstrate that the transcription factor SCML4 is essential for the development and polyfunctionality of Trm cells. Fatty acids mediated the upregulation of SCML4 via the mTOR-IRF4-PRDM1 signaling pathway, which significantly enhanced tumor control in multiple aggressive murine tumor models and was associated with a favorable prognosis for patients with cancer. The findings also suggest that SCML4-mediated engagement of the HBO1-BRPF2-ING4 complex epigenetically reprogramed Trm cells by increasing the expression of several survival- and effector-associated molecules while blocking the expression of checkpoint inhibitors. Overall, Feng and colleagues highlight a critical activation target for tumor immunotherapy and provide a molecular perspective on recruiting antitumor Trm cells to the tumor niche by regulating fatty acids. See related article by Feng et al., p. 3368.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Chakraborty
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Stephanie Mills
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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27
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Szrok-Jurga S, Czumaj A, Turyn J, Hebanowska A, Swierczynski J, Sledzinski T, Stelmanska E. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Acyl-CoA Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14857. [PMID: 37834305 PMCID: PMC10573383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism, including β-oxidation (βOX), plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. βOX is an essential process in the energy metabolism of most human cells. Moreover, βOX is also the source of acetyl-CoA, the substrate for (a) ketone bodies synthesis, (b) cholesterol synthesis, (c) phase II detoxication, (d) protein acetylation, and (d) the synthesis of many other compounds, including N-acetylglutamate-an important regulator of urea synthesis. This review describes the current knowledge on the importance of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal βOX in various organs, including the liver, heart, kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral white blood cells, and other cells. In addition, the diseases associated with a disturbance of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the liver, heart, kidney, lung, alimentary tract, and other organs or cells are presented. Special attention was paid to abnormalities of FAO in cancer cells and the diseases caused by mutations in gene-encoding enzymes involved in FAO. Finally, issues related to α- and ω- fatty acid oxidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szrok-Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Aleksandra Czumaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Areta Hebanowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Julian Swierczynski
- Institue of Nursing and Medical Rescue, State University of Applied Sciences in Koszalin, 75-582 Koszalin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
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28
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Ren S, Lan T, Wu F, Chen S, Jiang X, Huo C, Li Z, Xie S, Wu D, Wang R, Li Y, Qiu L, Huang G, Li S, Wang X, Cen M, Cai T, Lin Z, Li J, Li B. Intratumoral CD103 + CD8 + T cells predict response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2023; 43:1143-1163. [PMID: 37658605 PMCID: PMC10565384 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cell heterogenicity is known to determine the therapeutic response to cancer progression. Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NACI) has shown clinical benefits in some patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but the underlying mechanism behind this clinical response is unknown. The efficacy of NACI needs to be potentiated by identifying accurate biomarkers to predict clinical responses. Here, we attempted to identify molecules predicting NACI response in advanced HNSCC. METHODS We performed combined single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and multiplex immunofluorescence (mIHC) staining with tumor samples derived from NACI-treated HNSCC patients to identify a new tumor-infiltrating cell (TIL) subtype, CD103+ CD8+ TILs, associated with clinical response, while both in vitro and in vivo assays were carried out to determine its antitumor efficiency. The regulatory mechanism of the CD103+ CD8+ TILs population was examined by performing cell-cell interaction analysis of the scRNA-seq data and spatial analysis of the mIHC images. RESULTS We established intratumoral CD103+ CD8+ TILs density as a determinant of NACI efficacy in cancers. Our scRNA-seq results indicated that the population of CD103+ CD8+ TILs was dramatically increased in the responders of NACI-treated HNSCC patients, while mIHC analysis confirmed the correlation between intratumoral CD103+ CD8+ TILs density and NACI efficacy in HNSCC patients. Further receiver operating characteristic curve analysis defined this TIL subset as a potent marker to predict patient response to NACI. Functional assays showed that CD103+ CD8+ TILs were tumor-reactive T cells, while programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade enhanced CD103+ CD8+ TILs cytotoxicity against tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, targeting the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-positive (TREM2+ ) macrophages might enhance the population of CD103+ CD8+ TILs and facilitate antitumor immunity during NACI treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the impact of intratumoral CD103+ CD8+ TILs density on NACI efficacy in different cancers, while the efforts to elevate its population warrant further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Tianjun Lan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Suling Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Chuying Huo
- Department of Gynecological OncologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Zitian Li
- School of Stomatology, Jilin UniversityJilinP. R. China
| | - Shule Xie
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Donghui Wu
- Stomatology Hospital of Haizhu districtGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Guoxin Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Shurui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Meifeng Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Tingting Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Zhaoyu Lin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineMedical Research Center, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongP. R. China
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Mittra S, Harding SM, Kaech SM. Memory T Cells in the Immunoprevention of Cancer: A Switch from Therapeutic to Prophylactic Approaches. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:907-916. [PMID: 37669503 PMCID: PMC10491418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunoprevention, the engagement of the immune system to prevent cancer, is largely overshadowed by therapeutic approaches to treating cancer after detection. Vaccines or, alternatively, the utilization of genetically engineered memory T cells could be methods of engaging and creating cancer-specific T cells with superb memory, lenient activation requirements, potent antitumor cytotoxicity, tumor surveillance, and resilience against immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment. In this review we analyze memory T cell subtypes based on their potential utility in cancer immunoprevention with regard to longevity, localization, activation requirements, and efficacy in fighting cancers. A particular focus is on how both tissue-resident memory T cells and stem memory T cells could be promising subtypes for engaging in immunoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhesh Mittra
- University of Toronto Schools, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shane M. Harding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Immunology, University of Toronto; Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan M. Kaech
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Jin HR, Wang J, Wang ZJ, Xi MJ, Xia BH, Deng K, Yang JL. Lipid metabolic reprogramming in tumor microenvironment: from mechanisms to therapeutics. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:103. [PMID: 37700339 PMCID: PMC10498649 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolic reprogramming is an emerging hallmark of cancer. In order to sustain uncontrolled proliferation and survive in unfavorable environments that lack oxygen and nutrients, tumor cells undergo metabolic transformations to exploit various ways of acquiring lipid and increasing lipid oxidation. In addition, stromal cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment also undergo lipid metabolic reprogramming, which further affects tumor functional phenotypes and immune responses. Given that lipid metabolism plays a critical role in supporting cancer progression and remodeling the tumor microenvironment, targeting the lipid metabolism pathway could provide a novel approach to cancer treatment. This review seeks to: (1) clarify the overall landscape and mechanisms of lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer, (2) summarize the lipid metabolic landscapes within stromal cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, and clarify their roles in tumor progression, and (3) summarize potential therapeutic targets for lipid metabolism, and highlight the potential for combining such approaches with other anti-tumor therapies to provide new therapeutic opportunities for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zi-Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming-Jia Xi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bi-Han Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jin-Lin Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Dong C, Lin L, Du J. Characteristics and sources of tissue-resident memory T cells in psoriasis relapse. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 4:100067. [PMID: 37701270 PMCID: PMC10493251 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm) are a sub-population of memory T cells that reside in skin tissue. Recent studies have revealed potential role of Trm in the reoccurrence of psoriasis, as these cells tend to be profusely infiltrated in the lesions observed during psoriasis relapse. Trm can be classified into CD8+ Trm cells that are distributed mainly in the epidermis and CD4+ Trm cells in the dermis. CD8+ Trm is derived from circulating memory T cells and CD49a-CD8+ Trm takes a crucial role in psoriasis relapse. In contrast, CD4+ Trm may originate from exTh17 cells and exTreg cells emerging from the inflammatory process. Since IL-23 can activate Trm, neutralizing antibodies against IL-23 are suggested to be more effective in clinical treatment. This review will focus on Trm cells in psoriasis relapsed lesions to reveal their mechanisms in the pathogenesis, relapse and transformation of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan Du
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
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Zhang Q, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang C, Hou M, Liu Y. Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA transcriptome sequencing reveals a heterogeneous immune landscape and pivotal cell subpopulations associated with colorectal cancer prognosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184167. [PMID: 37675100 PMCID: PMC10477986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly heterogeneous cancer. The molecular and cellular characteristics differ between the colon and rectal cancer type due to the differences in their anatomical location and pathological properties. With the advent of single-cell sequencing, it has become possible to analyze inter- and intra-tumoral tissue heterogeneities. Methods A comprehensive CRC immune atlas, comprising 62,398 immune cells, was re-structured into 33 immune cell clusters at the single-cell level. Further, the immune cell lineage heterogeneity of colon, rectal, and paracancerous tissues was explored. Simultaneously, we characterized the TAM phenotypes and analyzed the transcriptomic factor regulatory network of each macrophage subset using SCENIC. In addition, monocle2 was used to elucidate the B cell developmental trajectory. The crosstalk between immune cells was explored using CellChat and the patterns of incoming and outgoing signals within the overall immune cell population were identified. Afterwards, the bulk RNA-sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were combined and the relative infiltration abundance of the identified subpopulations was analyzed using CIBERSORT. Moreover, cell composition patterns could be classified into five tumor microenvironment (TME) subtypes by employing a consistent non-negative matrix algorithm. Finally, the co-expression and interaction between SPP1+TAMs and Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment were analyzed by multiplex immunohistochemistry. Results In the T cell lineage, we found that CXCL13+T cells were more widely distributed in colorectal cancer tissues, and the proportion of infiltration was increased. In addition, Th17 was found accounted for the highest proportion in CD39+CD101+PD1+T cells. Mover, Ma1-SPP1 showed the characteristics of M2 phenotypes and displayed an increased proportion in tumor tissues, which may promote angiogenesis. Plasma cells (PCs) displayed a significantly heterogeneous distribution in tumor as well as normal tissues. Specifically, the IgA+ PC population could be shown to be decreased in colorectal tumor tissues whereas the IgG+ PC one was enriched. In addition, information flow mediated by SPP1 and CD44, regulate signaling pathways of tumor progression. Among the five TME subtypes, the TME-1 subtype displayed a markedly reduced proportion of T-cell infiltration with the highest proportion of macrophages which was correlated to the worst prognosis. Finally, the co-expression and interaction between SPP1+TAMs and Treg cells were observed in the CD44 enriched region. Discussion The heterogeneity distribution and phenotype of immune cells were analyzed in colon cancer and rectal cancer at the single-cell level. Further, the prognostic role of major tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and TME subtypes in CRC was evaluated by integrating bulk RNA. These findings provide novel insight into the immunotherapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Shuren International College, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shuren International College, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingxiao Hou
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Shuren International College, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College, The Veterans General Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunen Liu
- Shuren International College, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Duquette D, Harmon C, Zaborowski A, Michelet X, O'Farrelly C, Winter D, Koay HF, Lynch L. Human Granzyme K Is a Feature of Innate T Cells in Blood, Tissues, and Tumors, Responding to Cytokines Rather than TCR Stimulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:633-647. [PMID: 37449888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
NK cells and CD8 T cells use cytotoxic molecules to kill virally infected and tumor cell targets. While perforin and granzyme B (GzmB) are the most commonly studied lytic molecules, less is known about granzyme K (GzmK). However, this granzyme has been recently associated with improved prognosis in solid tumors. In this study, we show that, in humans, GzmK is predominantly expressed by innate-like lymphocytes, as well as a newly identified population of GzmK+CD8+ non- mucosal-associated invariant T cells with innate-like characteristics. We found that GzmK+ T cells are KLRG1+EOMES+IL-7R+CD62L-Tcf7int, suggesting that they are central memory T and effector memory T cells. Furthermore, GzmK+ cells are absent/low in cord blood, suggesting that GzmK is upregulated with immune experience. Surprisingly, GzmK+ cells respond to cytokine stimuli alone, whereas TCR stimulation downregulates GzmK expression, coinciding with GzmB upregulation. GzmK+ cells have reduced IFN-γ production compared with GzmB+ cells in each T cell lineage. Collectively, this suggests that GzmK+ cells are not naive, and they may be an intermediate memory-like or preterminally differentiated population. GzmK+ cells are enriched in nonlymphoid tissues such as the liver and adipose. In colorectal cancer, GzmK+ cells are enriched in the tumor and can produce IFN-γ, but GzmK+ expression is mutually exclusive with IL-17a production. Thus, in humans, GzmK+ cells are innate memory-like cells that respond to cytokine stimulation alone and may be important effector cells in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Duquette
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cathal Harmon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Xavier Michelet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Des Winter
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Austria
| | - Lydia Lynch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Cao K, Lyu Y, Chen J, He C, Lyu X, Zhang Y, Chen L, Jiang Y, Xiang J, Liu B, Wu C. Prognostic Implication of Plasma Metabolites in Gastric Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12774. [PMID: 37628957 PMCID: PMC10454100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) typically carries a poor prognosis as it is often diagnosed at a late stage. Altered metabolism has been found to impact cancer outcomes and affect patients' quality of life, and the role of metabolites in gastric cancer prognosis has not been sufficiently understood. We aimed to establish a prognostic prediction model for GC patients based on a metabolism-associated signature and identify the unique role of metabolites in the prognosis of GC. Thus, we conducted untargeted metabolomics to detect the plasma metabolites of 218 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and explored the metabolites related to the survival of patients with gastric cancer. Firstly, we divided patients into two groups based on the cutoff value of the abundance of each of the 60 metabolites and compared the differences using Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival analysis. As a result, 23 metabolites associated with gastric cancer survival were identified. To establish a risk score model, we performed LASSO regression and Cox regression analysis on the 60 metabolites and identified 8 metabolites as an independent prognostic factor. Furthermore, a nomogram incorporating clinical parameters and the metabolic signature was constructed to help individualize outcome predictions. The results of the ROC curve and nomogram plot showed good predictive performance of metabolic risk features. Finally, we performed pathway analysis on the 24 metabolites identified in the two parts, and the results indicated that purine metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism play important roles in gastric cancer prognosis. Our study highlights the important role of metabolites in the progression of gastric cancer and newly identified metabolites could be potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yanping Lyu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chenzhou He
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xuejie Lyu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Liangping Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Jianjun Xiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Chuancheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China; (K.C.)
- The Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
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Ramirez DE, Mohamed A, Huang YH, Turk MJ. In the right place at the right time: tissue-resident memory T cells in immunity to cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102338. [PMID: 37229984 PMCID: PMC10631801 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells have recently emerged as essential components of the immune response to cancer. Here, we highlight new studies that demonstrate how CD8+ Trm cells are ideally suited to accumulate in tumors and associated tissues, to recognize a wide range of tumor antigens (Ags), and to persist as durable memory. We discuss compelling evidence that Trm cells maintain potent recall function and serve as principal mediators of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapeutic efficacy in patients. Finally, we propose that Trm and circulating memory T-cell compartments together form a formidable barrier against metastatic cancer. These studies affirm Trm cells as potent, durable, and necessary mediators of cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney E Ramirez
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Asmaa Mohamed
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA.
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36
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Xiao C, Xiong W, Xu Y, Zou J, Zeng Y, Liu J, Peng Y, Hu C, Wu F. Immunometabolism: a new dimension in immunotherapy resistance. Front Med 2023; 17:585-616. [PMID: 37725232 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated unparalleled clinical responses and revolutionized the paradigm of tumor treatment, while substantial patients remain unresponsive or develop resistance to ICIs as a single agent, which is traceable to cellular metabolic dysfunction. Although dysregulated metabolism has long been adjudged as a hallmark of tumor, it is now increasingly accepted that metabolic reprogramming is not exclusive to tumor cells but is also characteristic of immunocytes. Correspondingly, people used to pay more attention to the effect of tumor cell metabolism on immunocytes, but in practice immunocytes interact intimately with their own metabolic function in a way that has never been realized before during their activation and differentiation, which opens up a whole new frontier called immunometabolism. The metabolic intervention for tumor-infiltrating immunocytes could offer fresh opportunities to break the resistance and ameliorate existing ICI immunotherapy, whose crux might be to ascertain synergistic combinations of metabolic intervention with ICIs to reap synergic benefits and facilitate an adjusted anti-tumor immune response. Herein, we elaborate potential mechanisms underlying immunotherapy resistance from a novel dimension of metabolic reprogramming in diverse tumor-infiltrating immunocytes, and related metabolic intervention in the hope of offering a reference for targeting metabolic vulnerabilities to circumvent immunotherapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
| | - Yiting Xu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ji'an Zou
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yurong Peng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
- Hunan Cancer Mega-Data Intelligent Application and Engineering Research Centre, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Hunan Cancer Mega-Data Intelligent Application and Engineering Research Centre, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy in Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
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Damei I, Trickovic T, Mami-Chouaib F, Corgnac S. Tumor-resident memory T cells as a biomarker of the response to cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205984. [PMID: 37545498 PMCID: PMC10399960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) often include a substantial subset of CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells enriched in tumor-specific T cells. These TRM cells play a major role in antitumor immune response. They are identified on the basis of their expression of the CD103 (αE(CD103)β7) and/or CD49a (α1(CD49a)β1) integrins, and the C-type lectin CD69, which are involved in tissue residency. TRM cells express several T-cell inhibitory receptors on their surface but they nevertheless react strongly to malignant cells, exerting a strong cytotoxic function, particularly in the context of blocking interactions of PD-1 with PD-L1 on target cells. These TRM cells form stable conjugates with autologous tumor cells and interact with dendritic cells and other T cells within the tumor microenvironment to orchestrate an optimal in situ T-cell response. There is growing evidence to indicate that TGF-β is essential for the formation and maintenance of TRM cells in the tumor, through the induction of CD103 expression on activated CD8+ T cells, and for the regulation of TRM effector functions through bidirectional integrin signaling. CD8+ TRM cells were initially described as a prognostic marker for survival in patients with various types of cancer, including ovarian, lung and breast cancers and melanoma. More recently, these tumor-resident CD8+ T cells have been shown to be a potent predictive biomarker of the response of cancer patients to immunotherapies, including therapeutic cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we will highlight the major characteristics of tumor TRM cell populations and the possibilities for their exploitation in the design of more effective immunotherapy strategies for cancer.
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38
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Pulanco MC, Madsen AT, Tanwar A, Corrigan DT, Zang X. Recent advancements in the B7/CD28 immune checkpoint families: new biology and clinical therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:694-713. [PMID: 37069229 PMCID: PMC10310771 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The B7/CD28 families of immune checkpoints play vital roles in negatively or positively regulating immune cells in homeostasis and various diseases. Recent basic and clinical studies have revealed novel biology of the B7/CD28 families and new therapeutics for cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the newly discovered KIR3DL3/TMIGD2/HHLA2 pathways, PD-1/PD-L1 and B7-H3 as metabolic regulators, the glycobiology of PD-1/PD-L1, B7x (B7-H4) and B7-H3, and the recently characterized PD-L1/B7-1 cis-interaction. We also cover the tumor-intrinsic and -extrinsic resistance mechanisms to current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapies in clinical settings. Finally, we review new immunotherapies targeting B7-H3, B7x, PD-1/PD-L1, and CTLA-4 in current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Pulanco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Anne T Madsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ankit Tanwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Devin T Corrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA.
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Zipinotti Dos Santos D, de Souza JC, Pimenta TM, da Silva Martins B, Junior RSR, Butzene SMS, Tessarolo NG, Cilas PML, Silva IV, Rangel LBA. The impact of lipid metabolism on breast cancer: a review about its role in tumorigenesis and immune escape. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:161. [PMID: 37370164 PMCID: PMC10304265 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the second most frequent type of cancer in the world and most common among women, configuring a major challenge to global health. BC is a complex and heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided into distinct tumor types based on the expression of molecular markers predicting patient outcomes and response to therapy. A growing number of studies have tried to expand the known markers by investigating the association of altered lipid metabolism with BC immune escape, progression, and metastasis. In this review, we describe the metabolic peculiarities of each BC subtype, understanding how this influences its aggressiveness and identifying whether these intrinsic vulnerabilities of each subtype can play a role in therapeutic management and may affect immune system cells in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION The evidence suggests so far that when changes occur in lipid pathways, it can affect the availability of structural lipids for membrane synthesis, lipid synthesis, and degradation that contribute to energy homeostasis and cell signaling functions. These findings will guide the next steps on the path to understanding the mechanisms underlying how lipids alterations are related to disparities in chemotherapeutic response and immune escape in BC. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra Zipinotti Dos Santos
- Biotechnology Program/RENORBIO, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria (Espírito Santo), Brazil.
| | - Josiany Carlos de Souza
- Biotechnology Program/RENORBIO, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria (Espírito Santo), Brazil
| | - Tatiana Massariol Pimenta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Avenue, MaruípeEspírito Santo, Vitória, 1468, Brazil
| | - Bárbara da Silva Martins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Avenue, MaruípeEspírito Santo, Vitória, 1468, Brazil
| | - Roberto Silva Ribeiro Junior
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Avenue, MaruípeEspírito Santo, Vitória, 1468, Brazil
| | - Solenny Maria Silva Butzene
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Avenue, MaruípeEspírito Santo, Vitória, 1468, Brazil
| | - Nayara Gusmão Tessarolo
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology, Cancer Institute of São Paulo/LIM24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, (São Paulo), Brazil
| | | | - Ian Victor Silva
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Leticia B A Rangel
- Biotechnology Program/RENORBIO, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria (Espírito Santo), Brazil.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Avenue, MaruípeEspírito Santo, Vitória, 1468, Brazil.
- Biochemistry Program, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil.
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Wang R, Liu Z, Fan Z, Zhan H. Lipid metabolism reprogramming of CD8 + T cell and therapeutic implications in cancer. Cancer Lett 2023:216267. [PMID: 37315709 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Effector, memory and exhaustion are three phenotypes of CD8+ T cell. In tumor microenvironment (TME), metabolism dysfunction of the three should take the blame for immune escape. Against background of CD8+ T cell in normal development, multiple determinants in TME, including nutrition competition, PD-1 signals and other cancer- CD8+ T cell interaction, cause metabolism reprograming, including failure in energy metabolism and other abnormal lipid metabolism. Further, incompatibility of different CD8+ T cell metabolism pattern results in unresponsiveness of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Therefore, combination of ICB and drugs aiming at abnormal lipid metabolism provides promising direction to improve cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxian Wang
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhenya Liu
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhiyao Fan
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hanxiang Zhan
- Division of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
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Mani N, Andrews D, Obeng RC. Modulation of T cell function and survival by the tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1191774. [PMID: 37274739 PMCID: PMC10232912 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1191774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is shifting paradigms in cancer care. T cells are an indispensable component of an effective antitumor immunity and durable clinical responses. However, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of a wide range of cells that exert positive and negative effects on T cell function and survival, makes achieving robust and durable T cell responses difficult. Additionally, tumor biology, structural and architectural features, intratumoral nutrients and soluble factors, and metabolism impact the quality of the T cell response. We discuss the factors and interactions that modulate T cell function and survive in the TME that affect the overall quality of the antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Mani
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dathan Andrews
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca C. Obeng
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Wang Y, Guo Z, Isah AD, Chen S, Ren Y, Cai H. Lipid metabolism and tumor immunotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1187989. [PMID: 37261073 PMCID: PMC10228657 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1187989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the relationship between lipid metabolism and tumour immunotherapy has been thoroughly investigated. An increasing number of studies have shown that abnormal gene expression and ectopic levels of metabolites related to fatty acid synthesis or fatty acid oxidation affect tumour metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance. Tumour immunotherapy that aims to promote an antitumour immune response has greatly improved the outcomes for tumour patients. However, lipid metabolism reprogramming in tumour cells or tumour microenvironment-infiltrating immune cells can influence the antitumour response of immune cells and induce tumor cell immune evasion. The recent increase in the prevalence of obesity-related cancers has drawn attention to the fact that obesity increases fatty acid oxidation in cancer cells and suppresses the activation of immune cells, thereby weakening antitumour immunity. This article reviews the changes in lipid metabolism in cells in the tumour microenvironment and describes the relationship between lipid metabolism reprogramming in multiple cell types and tumour immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Cancer Institute of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zongjin Guo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Shuangwei Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yongfei Ren
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huazhong Cai
- Cancer Institute of Jiangsu University, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Soltani M, Ghanadian M, Ghezelbash B, Shokouhi A, Zamyatnin AA, Bazhin AV, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. PD-L1 stimulation can promote proliferation and survival of leukemic cells by influencing glucose and fatty acid metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:447. [PMID: 37193972 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemic cell metabolism plays significant roles in their proliferation and survival. These metabolic adaptations are under regulation by different factors. Programmed Death Ligand -1 (CD-274) is one of the immune checkpoint ligands that do not only cause the immune escape of cancer cells, but also have some intracellular effects in these cells. PD-L1 is overexpressed on leukemic stem cells and relates with poor prognosis of AML. In this study, we investigated effects of PD-L1 stimulation on critical metabolic pathways of glucose and fatty acid metabolisms that have important roles in proliferation and survival of leukemic cells. METHODS After confirmation of PD-L1 expression by flow cytometry assay, we used recombinant protein PD-1 for stimulation of the PD-L1 on two AML cell lines, HL-60 and THP-1. Then we examined the effect of PD-L1 stimulation on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in cells at the genomic and metabolomic levels in a time dependent manner. We investigated expression changes of rate limiting enzymes of theses metabolic pathways (G6PD, HK-2, CPT1A, ATGL1 and ACC1) by qRT-PCR and also the relative abundance changes of free fatty acids of medium by GC. RESULTS We identified a correlation between PD-L1 stimulation and both fatty acid and glucose metabolism. The PD-L1 stimulated cells showed an influence in the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis by increasing expression of G6PD and HK-2 (P value = 0.0001). Furthermore, PD-L1 promoted fatty acid β-oxidation by increasing expression of CPT1A (P value = 0.0001), however, their fatty acid synthesis was decreased by reduction of ACC1 expression (P value = 0.0001). CONCLUSION We found that PD-L1 can promote proliferation and survival of AML stem cells probably through some metabolic changes in leukemic cells. Pentose phosphate pathway that has a critical role in cell proliferation and fatty acids β-oxidation that promote cell survival, both are increased by PD-L1 stimulation on AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ghezelbash
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shokouhi
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Ganjoo S, Gupta P, Corbali HI, Nanez S, Riad TS, Duong LK, Barsoumian HB, Masrorpour F, Jiang H, Welsh JW, Cortez MA. The role of tumor metabolism in modulating T-Cell activity and in optimizing immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172931. [PMID: 37180129 PMCID: PMC10169689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and revitalized efforts to harness the power of the immune system to combat a variety of cancer types more effectively. However, low clinical response rates and differences in outcomes due to variations in the immune landscape among patients with cancer continue to be major limitations to immunotherapy. Recent efforts to improve responses to immunotherapy have focused on targeting cellular metabolism, as the metabolic characteristics of cancer cells can directly influence the activity and metabolism of immune cells, particularly T cells. Although the metabolic pathways of various cancer cells and T cells have been extensively reviewed, the intersections among these pathways, and their potential use as targets for improving responses to immune-checkpoint blockade therapies, are not completely understood. This review focuses on the interplay between tumor metabolites and T-cell dysfunction as well as the relationship between several T-cell metabolic patterns and T-cell activity/function in tumor immunology. Understanding these relationships could offer new avenues for improving responses to immunotherapy on a metabolic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonik Ganjoo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Priti Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Halil Ibrahim Corbali
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Selene Nanez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas S. Riad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa K. Duong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hampartsoum B. Barsoumian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fatemeh Masrorpour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James W. Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Angelica Cortez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Chen L, Huang H, Huang Z, Chen J, Liu Y, Wu Y, Li A, Ge J, Fang Z, Xu B, Zheng X, Wu C. Prognostic values of tissue-resident CD8 +T cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:124. [PMID: 37024870 PMCID: PMC10077621 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-resident CD8+T cells (CD103+CD8+T cells) are the essential effector cell population of anti-tumor immune response in tissue regional immunity. And we have reported that IL-33 can promote the proliferation and effector function of tissue-resident CD103+CD8+T cells. As of now, the immunolocalization and the prognostic values of tissue-resident CD8+T cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) still remain to be illustrated. METHODS In our present study, we used the tissue microarrays of HCC and ICC, the multicolor immunohistochemistry (mIHC), and imaging analysis to characterize the tissue-resident CD8+T cells in HCC and ICC tissues. The prognostic values and clinical associations were also analyzed. We also studied the biological functions and the cell-cell communication between tumor-infiltrating CD103+CD8+T cells and other cell types in HCC and ICC based on the published single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. RESULTS Our work unveiled the expressions of CD8 and CD103 and immunolocalization of tissue-resident CD8+T cells in human HCC and ICC. Elevated CD8+T cells indicated a better overall survival (OS) rate, implying that tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells in HCC and ICC could serve as an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, the number of CD103+CD8+T cells was increased in HCC and ICC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. HCC patients defined as CD8highCD103high had a better OS, and the CD8lowCD103low group tended to have a poorer prognosis in ICC. Evaluation of the CD103+CD8+T-cell ratio in CD8+T cells could also be a prognostic predictor for HCC and ICC patients. A higher ratio of CD103+CD8+T cells over total CD8+T cells in HCC tissues was negatively and significantly associated with the advanced pathological stage. The percentage of higher numbers of CD103+CD8+T cells in ICC tissues was negatively and significantly associated with the advanced pathological stage. In contrast, the higher ratio of CD103+CD8+T cells over total CD8+T cells in ICC tissues was negatively and significantly associated with the advanced pathological stage. In addition, single-cell transcriptomics revealed that CD103+CD8+T cells were enriched in genes associated with T-cell activation, proliferation, cytokine function, and T-cell exhaustion. CONCLUSION The CD103+ tumor-specific T cells signified an important prognostic marker with improved OS, and the evaluation of the tissue-resident CD103+CD8+T cells might be helpful in assessing the on-treatment response of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyi Huang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingting Liu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - An Li
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhang Fang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.
- Institute of Cell Therapy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, China.
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Qiu MQ, Wang HJ, Ju YF, Sun L, Liu Z, Wang T, Kan SF, Yang Z, Cui YY, Ke YQ, He HM, Zhang S. Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5 (FABP5) Promotes Aggressiveness of Gastric Cancer Through Modulation of Tumor Immunity. J Gastric Cancer 2023; 23:340-354. [PMID: 37129157 PMCID: PMC10154133 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2023.23.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most lethal cancer globally and is associated with poor prognosis. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) can regulate biological properties of carcinoma cells. FABP5 is overexpressed in many types of cancers; however, the role and mechanisms of action of FABP5 in GC remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and biological functions of FABP5 in GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed FABP5 expression using immunohistochemical analysis in 79 patients with GC and evaluated its biological functions following in vitro and in vivo ectopic expression. FABP5 targets relevant to GC progression were determined using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RESULTS Elevated FABP5 expression was closely associated with poor outcomes, and ectopic expression of FABP5 promoted proliferation, invasion, migration, and carcinogenicity of GC cells, thus suggesting its potential tumor-promoting role in GC. Additionally, RNA-seq analysis indicated that FABP5 activates immune-related pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways, interleukin-17 signaling, and tumor necrosis factor signaling, suggesting an important rationale for the possible development of therapies that combine FABP5-targeted drugs with immunotherapeutics. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the biological mechanisms and clinical implications of FABP5 in GC and suggest its potential as an adverse prognostic factor and/or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qing Qiu
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Oncology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Fei Ju
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zaozhuang Cancer Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Shi-Feng Kan
- Department of Oncology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Oncology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Ya-Yun Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - You-Qiang Ke
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hong-Min He
- Department of Oncology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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Huang H, Huang Z, Ge J, Yang J, Chen J, Xu B, Wu S, Zheng X, Chen L, Zhang X, Jiang J. CD226 identifies functional CD8+T cells in the tumor microenvironment and predicts a better outcome for human gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1150803. [PMID: 37056782 PMCID: PMC10086426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that CD226 serves as a critical activating receptor on various immune cells, such as lymphocytes and monocytes, and it is suggested to promote anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, we showed a crucial regulatory role of CD226 in CD8+T cell-mediated anti-tumor response in TME of human gastric cancer (GC). Specifically, the increased CD226 expression in cancer tissues was significantly associated with better clinical outcomes in GC patients. Moreover, the increased infiltrating CD226+CD8+T cells and the increased ratio of infiltrating CD226+CD8+T cells in CD8+T subpopulation within cancer tissues could also be valuable prognostic predictors for GC patients. Mechanically, the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) analysis revealed that the chromatin accessibility of CD226 in CD4+ and CD8+TILs was significantly higher than that in CD8+T cells in normal tissues. Further analysis showed that CD8+TILs highly expressed immune checkpoint molecules, such as TIGIT, LAG3, and HAVCR2, which means CD8+TILs are more exhausted. In addition, our multi-color immunohistochemical staining (mIHC) revealed that GC patients with higher frequency of IFN-γ+CD226+CD8+TILs showed poorer prognosis. Combined with the single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis, we found that the expressions of IFN-γ and TIGIT in CD8+TILs were significantly and positively correlated. The expression of TIGIT in IFN-γ+CD226+CD8+TILs was higher, while that in IFN-γ-CD226+CD8+TILs was significantly lower. The correlation analysis showed that the expression of CD226 was positively correlated with the score of effector T cells but negatively correlated with that of immunosuppressive factors, such as Tregs and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Collectively, we showed that the frequency of CD226+CD8+TILs was an excellent prognostic predictor for GC patients. Our findings provided insights into the interaction pattern between co-stimulatory receptor CD226 and tumor cells as well as the infiltrating immune cells in the TME in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyi Huang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoxian Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Lujun Chen, ; Xueguang Zhang, ; Jingting Jiang,
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Lujun Chen, ; Xueguang Zhang, ; Jingting Jiang,
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Lujun Chen, ; Xueguang Zhang, ; Jingting Jiang,
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Wang B, Zhou W, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhang B, Li S. Exploring the effect of Weifuchun capsule on the toll-like receptor pathway mediated HES6 and immune regulation against chronic atrophic gastritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115930. [PMID: 36403744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Weifuchun capsule (WFC) is a traditional Chinese patent medicine for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) in clinic. However, the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG still remains unclear due to its complex composition. AIM OF THE STUDY The study was projected to uncover the mechanism of action of WFC and the corresponding pharmacodynamic substance of WFC against CAG as well as providing a standard example for the research of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) from the perspective of the network and the system. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified the compounds of WFC through LC-MS/MS analysis and performed a systematic network targets analysis for WFC in the treatment of CAG which thoroughly described the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG. Based on analysis integrating omics data and algorithms, we focused on the specific immune regulatory role of WFC in the treatment of CAG, especially on a hub pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and thus deciphered the role of WFC in immune regulation, anti-inflammation and mediation of HES6. In experiments part, MNNG-GES-1-cell line and rat models were used to validate our findings. RESULTS In this study, compounds of WFC are identified through LC‒MS/MS and network target analysis is performed to dissect the specific immunoregulatory effect as well as mediation of HES6, a newly discovered biomolecule related to gastritis carcinoma progression, of WFC on CAG through the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Based on cell line and rat models, we verify the mechanism of action of WFC for CAG in inhibiting inflammatory cytokines, regulating immune cells like T cells and macrophages, related genes including TLR2 and CD14. It is also validated that WFC inhibits the expression of HES6 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Based on the combination of computational strategy and experiments, our study offers a comprehensive analysis to reveal the role of WFC in regulating immune response, inhibiting inflammation in the treatment of CAG, and provides a standard example for the research of TCM from the perspective of the network and the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wang
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wuai Zhou
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- TCM Network Pharmacology Department, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300457, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- TCM Network Pharmacology Department, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, 300457, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shao Li
- Institute for TCM-X, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division, BNRist, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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49
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Cheng H, Qiu Y, Xu Y, Chen L, Ma K, Tao M, Frankiw L, Yin H, Xie E, Pan X, Du J, Wang Z, Zhu W, Chen L, Zhang L, Li G. Extracellular acidosis restricts one-carbon metabolism and preserves T cell stemness. Nat Metab 2023; 5:314-330. [PMID: 36717749 PMCID: PMC9970874 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of acidic metabolic waste products within the tumor microenvironment inhibits effector functions of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). However, it remains unclear how an acidic environment affects T cell metabolism and differentiation. Here we show that prolonged exposure to acid reprograms T cell intracellular metabolism and mitochondrial fitness and preserves T cell stemness. Mechanistically, elevated extracellular acidosis impairs methionine uptake and metabolism via downregulation of SLC7A5, therefore altering H3K27me3 deposition at the promoters of key T cell stemness genes. These changes promote the maintenance of a 'stem-like memory' state and improve long-term in vivo persistence and anti-tumor efficacy in mice. Our findings not only reveal an unexpected capacity of extracellular acidosis to maintain the stem-like properties of T cells, but also advance our understanding of how methionine metabolism affects T cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yajing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luke Frankiw
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongli Yin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Ermei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Guideng Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China.
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50
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Jin R, Hao J, Yu J, Wang P, Sauter ER, Li B. Role of FABP5 in T Cell Lipid Metabolism and Function in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:657. [PMID: 36765614 PMCID: PMC9913835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To evade immune surveillance, tumors develop a hostile microenvironment that inhibits anti-tumor immunity. Recent immunotherapy breakthroughs that target the reinvigoration of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) have led to unprecedented success in treating some cancers that are resistant to conventional therapy, suggesting that T cells play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity. In the hostile tumor microenvironment (TME), activated T cells are known to mainly rely on aerobic glycolysis to facilitate their proliferation and anti-tumor function. However, TILs usually exhibit an exhausted phenotype and impaired anti-tumor activity due to the limited availability of key nutrients (e.g., glucose) in the TME. Given that different T cell subsets have unique metabolic pathways which determine their effector function, this review introduces our current understanding of T cell development, activation signals and metabolic pathways. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) expression in T cells regulates T cell lipid metabolism and function. We highlight how FABP5 regulates fatty acid uptake and oxidation, thus shaping the survival and function of different T cell subsets in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaqing Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jianyu Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Edward R. Sauter
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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