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Mingels S, Granitzer M. Cross-Sectional Study of Headache in Flemish Children and Adolescents. Child Neurol Open 2022; 9:2329048X221140783. [DOI: 10.1177/2329048x221140783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although headache is common in pediatrics, data for the Flemish population are missing. We explored headache-prevalence, and its association with communication-technology (CT) and physical activity (PA) in Flemish children and adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory school-based questionnaire study was designed. Flemish boys and girls (5–18 years) completed a symptom-questionnaire. Primary outcomes: sociodemographic background, headache-prevalence, headache-characteristics, CT-use and PA characteristics (self-report). Secondary outcomes: associations between headache-characteristics, age, gender, and CT-use and PA-characteristics. Results: Four hundred twenty-four questionnaires were analysed: 5–7-years: n = 58; 8–11-years: n = 84; 12–15-years: n = 137; 16–18-years: n = 145. Fifty-five percent suffered from headache. Prevalence increased with age. More 16–18-year girls versus boys had headache. CT-use was the main headache-provocateur. Headache prevalence was significantly higher in a frequently physical active population. Conclusion: Our results suggest presence of headache in Flemish children and adolescents. PA-level associates with headache prevalence. However, children and adolescents with headache did not report more CT-use compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mingels
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marita Granitzer
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Centre, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Lee JY, Kim TY, Kang H, Oh J, Park JW, Kim SC, Kim M, Apostolidis E, Kim YC, Kwon YI. Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) in SD Rats and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models. Molecules 2021; 26:E331. [PMID: 33440605 PMCID: PMC7827767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess body weight is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and associated metabolic complications, and weight loss has been shown to improve glycemic control and decrease morbidity and mortality in T2D patients. Weight-loss strategies using dietary interventions produce a significant decrease in diabetes-related metabolic disturbance. We have previously reported that the supplementation of low molecular chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) significantly inhibited blood glucose levels in both animals and humans. However, the effect of GO2KA1 on obesity still remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of GO2KA1 on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression using 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro and plasma lipid profiles using a Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model. Murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stimulated to differentiate under the adipogenic stimulation in the presence and absence of varying concentrations of GO2KA1. Adipocyte differentiation was confirmed by Oil Red O staining of lipids and the expression of adipogenic gene expression. Compared to control group, the cells treated with GO2KA1 significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α). Consistently, the mRNA expression of downstream adipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group. In vivo, male SD rats were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induced obesity, followed by oral administration of GO2KA1 at 0.1 g/kg/body weight or vehicle control in HFD. We assessed body weight, food intake, plasma lipids, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for liver function, and serum level of adiponectin, a marker for obesity-mediated metabolic syndrome. Compared to control group GO2KA1 significantly suppressed body weight gain (185.8 ± 8.8 g vs. 211.6 ± 20.1 g, p < 0.05) with no significant difference in food intake. The serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly lower in the GO2KA1-treated group than in the control group, whereas the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was higher in the GO2KA1 group. The GO2KA1-treated group also showed a significant reduction in ALT and AST levels compared to the control. Moreover, serum adiponectin levels were significantly 1.5-folder higher than the control group. These in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that dietary supplementation of GO2KA1 may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Tae Yang Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Hanna Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Jungbae Oh
- Institute of Functional Foods, Kunpoong Bio Co. Ltd., Jeju 63010, Korea;
| | - Joo Woong Park
- Natural Products Institute, Biostream Technologies Co. Ltd., Gyeonggi-Do 17098, Korea;
| | - Se-Chan Kim
- Department of Bio Quality Control, Korea Bio Polytechnic, Chungnam 32943, Korea;
| | - Minjoo Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Emmanouil Apostolidis
- Department of Chemistry and Food Science, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA 01701, USA;
| | - Young-Cheul Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Young-In Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea; (J.-Y.L.); (T.Y.K.); (H.K.); (M.K.)
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Lee JI, Oh JH, Kong CS, Seo Y. Evaluation of anti-adipogenic active homoisoflavonoids from Portulaca oleracea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 74:265-273. [PMID: 31150363 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2018-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to isolate antiobesity components from the crude extract of Portulaca oleracea. The crude extract was partitioned into n-hexane, 85% aqueous methanol, n-butanol, and water fractions. Their effects on adipogenic differentiation were evaluated in 3T3-L1 cells. Among the solvent fractions from P. olearacea, the 85% aq. MeOH effectively reduced the levels of lipid accumulation. Further purification of 85% aq. MeOH led to the isolation of the known homoisoflavonoids 1-4, as the active substances. The administration of homoisoflavonoids to adipocyte cells decreased the lipid accumulation and glucose consumption and increased the release of glycerol into culture medium. In particular, homoisoflavonoid 3 effectively down-regulated the adipogenic transcription genes such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPα), and adipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), and acyl-CoA synthase 1 (ACS1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Im Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Suk Kong
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan 46958, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwan Seo
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Science and Technology School, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea.,Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Republic of Korea, Phone: +82-51-410-4328, Fax: +82-51-404-3538
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Choi SI, Lee JS, Lee S, Sim WS, Kim YC, Lee OH. Potentilla rugulosa Nakai Extract Attenuates Bisphenol A-, S- and F-Induced ROS Production and Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes in the Absence of Dexamethasone. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020113. [PMID: 32012803 PMCID: PMC7071078 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) disrupt the physiological metabolism, thus playing an important role in the development of obesity. EDCs, the so-called ‘obesogens’, might predispose some individuals to gain weight. This study investigated the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and its alternatives (BPS and BPF) on adipocyte differentiation and the effects of the leaves of Potentilla rugulosa Nakai extract (LPE) as a functional food ingredient on obesogen-induced lipid production and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. The results showed that LPE has high total phenolic and flavonoid contents (77.58 ± 0.57 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g and 57.31 ± 1.72 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g, respectively). In addition, LPE exerted significant antioxidant effects in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. BPA, BPS, and BPF increased lipid accumulation, protein expressions of adipogenic transcription factors (PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, and aP2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in 3T3-L1 cells. However, LPE suppressed the BPA-, BPS-, and BPF-induced effects on adipogenesis. Therefore, LPE has potential as a functional food supplement that can prevent bisphenol-induced lipid metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Il Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (S.-I.C.); (W.-S.S.)
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Sarah Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea; (J.S.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Wan-Sup Sim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (S.-I.C.); (W.-S.S.)
| | - Young-Cheul Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Ok-Hwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (S.-I.C.); (W.-S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6454; Fax: +82-33-259-5565
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Miri A, Nasiri M, Zonoori S, Yarahmad F, Dabbagh-Moghadam A, Askari G, Sadeghi O, Asadi M. The association between obesity and migraine in a population of Iranian adults: a case-control study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2018; 12:733-736. [PMID: 29706311 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the association between obesity and risk of migraine with aura and features of migraine attacks among a population of Iranian adults. METHODS In this case-control study, 102 confirmed cases of migraine with aura were matched based on age and gender with 102 healthy subjects. Data on demographic characteristics and anthropometric measurements were collected from all cases and controls by the same methods. Overweight and obesity were considered as body mass index ≥25-30 kg/m2 and ≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. Features of migraine attacks including frequency, duration and headache daily result were determined for patients based on international headache society criteria. RESULTS Mean age of subjects was 34.5 ± 7.4 years and 77.9% of them were female. Compared with subjects with normal body mass index, those with obesity had greater odds for having migraine with aura (OR: 3.06, 95% CI: 1.11-8.43). Such finding was also seen even after adjusting for confounding variables; in a way that subjects with obesity were 2.92 times more likely for having migraine with aura compared with those with normal weight (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.03-8.33). Among migraine with aura patients, we found that those with obesity had higher headache daily result compared with subjects with normal weight. However, obesity was not associated with frequency and duration of migraine attacks. CONCLUSIONS We found that obesity was positively associated with risk of migraine with aura. In addition, subjects with obesity had higher headache daily result compared with those with normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Miri
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Morteza Nasiri
- Department of Operation Room Technology, School of Paramedicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Sahar Zonoori
- Department of Nursing, Brojerd School of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yarahmad
- Department of Nursing, Brojerd School of Nursing, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Arasb Dabbagh-Moghadam
- Department of Health, School of Health, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Sadeghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Asadi
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
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Sulforaphane attenuates bisphenol A-induced 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation through cell cycle arrest. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Hernández Vera R, Padró T, Vilahur G, Badimon L. Antithrombotic therapy in obesity. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:681-8. [DOI: 10.1160/th12-12-0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
summaryClinical management of obese subjects to reduce their risk of suffering cardiovascular events is complex. Obese patients typically require preventive strategies, life-style modifications, and multi-drug therapy to address obesity-induced co-morbidities. Data regarding the effects of excess weight on the pharmacokinetics of most drugs is scarce as these individuals are often excluded from clinical trials. However, the physiological alterations observed in obese patients and their lower response to some antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants have suggested that dosage regimes need to be adjusted for these subjects. In this review we will briefly discuss platelet alterations that can contributeto increased thrombotic risk, analyse existing data regarding the effects of obesity on drug pharmacokinetics focusing on antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants, and we will describe the beneficial effects of weight loss on thrombosis.
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Tsai YC, Yang BC, Peng WH, Lee YM, Yen MH, Cheng PY. Heme oxygenase-1 mediates anti-adipogenesis effect of raspberry ketone in 3T3-L1 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 31:11-17. [PMID: 28606512 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is caused by excessive accumulation of body fat and is closely related to complex metabolic diseases. Raspberry ketone (RK), a major aromatic compound in red raspberry, was recently reported to possess anti-obesity effects. However, its mechanisms are unclear. AIM Adipogenesis plays a critical role in obesity and, therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanisms of action of RK on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in medium containing insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine. Adipocyte lipid contents were determined using oil-red O staining while adipogenic transcription factor and lipogenic protein expressions were determined using western blotting. RESULTS RK (300-400µM) strongly inhibited lipid accumulation during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation into adipocytes. RK reduced the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) expressions and increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Wnt10b, and β-catenin expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, RK inhibited lipid accumulation, and adipogenic transcription factor and lipogenic protein expressions were all decreased by inhibiting HO-1 or β-catenin using tin protoporphyrin (SnPP) or β-catenin short-interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively. Furthermore, Wnt10b and β-catenin expressions were negatively regulation by SnPP. CONCLUSION RK may exert anti-adipogenic effects through modulation of the HO-1/Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan; Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; Department of Sport Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Cheng Yang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huang Peng
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Mei Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hsiung Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yun Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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The Inhibitory Effect of Tartary Buckwheat Extracts on Adipogenesis and Inflammatory Response. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071160. [PMID: 28704952 PMCID: PMC6152060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) has been established globally as a nutritionally important food item, particularly owing to high levels of bioactive compounds such as rutin. This study investigated the effect of tartary buckwheat extracts (TBEs) on adipogenesis and inflammatory response in 3T3-L1 cells. TBEs inhibited lipid accumulation, triglyceride content, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3 L1 cells. The mRNA levels of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (CEBP-α), adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and stearoylcoenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD-1), were suppressed by TBEs. They also reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, TBEs were decreased nitric oxide (NO) production. These results suggest that TBEs may inhibit adipogenesis and inflammatory response; therefore, they seem to be beneficial as a food ingredient to prevent obesity-associated inflammation.
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Lamichhane R, Kim SG, Kang S, Lee KH, Pandeya PR, Jung HJ. Exploration of Underlying Mechanism of Anti-adipogenic Activity of Sulfuretin. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1366-1373. [PMID: 28579594 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulfuretin is a natural flavonoid found in the plant Rhus verniciflua STOKES. The plant has been traditionally used as medicinal agent for antiviral, cathartic, diaphoretic, anti-rheumatic and sedative activities in East Asia. In this study we isolated and identified sulfuretin from R. verniciflua and investigated its anti-adipogenic activity against 3T3-L1 preadipocytes cells. We evaluated the effects of sulfuretin on the adipogenic transcription factors like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), fatty acid synthase (FAS), Fabp4, adiponectin and zinc fingerprint protein (Zfp) 521 by gene expression (real-time QPCR) and Western blot analysis. Sulfuretin treatment at Day 0 and 2 showed significant reduction of lipid production in 3T3-L1 cells in concentration dependent manner. Gene expression analysis (real-time PCR) revealed that sulfuretin inhibited the both major adipogenic factors (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ) and minor adipogenic factors (sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP1c), adiponectin, FAS, Fabp4, Zfp423, and Ebf1). Western blot analysis showed the increased expression of β-catenin and suppression of PPARγ after sulfuretin treatment. Overall, sulfuretin is a natural flavonoid having potent anti-adipogenic activity through the suppression of major adipogenic factors C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ, which initiate adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Se-Gun Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration
| | - Sona Kang
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California at Berkeley
| | - Kyung-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Oriental Pharmacy, Wonkwang University
| | | | - Hyun-Ju Jung
- Wonkwang University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Oriental Pharmacy, and Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute
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Bigal ME, Gironda M, Tepper SJ, Feleppa M, Rapoport AM, Sheftell FD, Lipton RB. Headache Prevention Outcome and Body Mass Index. Cephalalgia 2016; 26:445-50. [PMID: 16556246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A population-based longitudinal study suggests that obesity is a strong risk factor for the development of headaches on 15 or more days per month. Little is know about the influence of weight on the response to headache preventive treatment. Herein we prospectively assessed the influence of the baseline body mass index (BMI) on the response to headache preventive treatment. We included adults with episodic or chronic migraine (ICHD-2), or transformed migraine (Silberstein and Lipton criteria) that sought care in a headache clinic. BMI was assessed in the first visit. Baseline information included headache frequency, number of days with severe headache (prospectively obtained over 1 month), and headache-related disability (HIT-6). The same information was obtained after 3 months of preventive treatment. Subjects were categorized based on BMI in: normal weight (≤24.9), overweight (25-29.9), or obese (≥30). We contrasted the headache end-points using ANOVA with post-test and Kruskal-Wallis with post-test. We used logistic regression to model BMI and headache parameters adjusting for covariates. Our sample consisted of 176 subjects (79.5% women, mean of 44.4 years). At baseline 40.9% had normal weight, 29.5% were overweight and 27.3% were obese. No significant differences were observed in the number of headache days at baseline. After treatment, frequency declined in the entire population, but no significant differences were found by BMI group. Regarding the number of days with severe pain per month, there were also no significant differences at baseline (normal = 6.1, overweight = 6.5, obese = 6.7), and improvement overall ( P = 0.01). However, changes were greater in the obese (reduction in 2.7 days with treatment) and overweight (3.9) vs. normal (1.5, P < 0.01). Finally, HIT scores at baseline did not differ by BMI group (normal weight = 63.8, overweight = 64.1, obese = 63.6). However, compared with the normal weighted group, change in HIT scores (followup baseline) were greater in the obese (6.4 vs. 3.5, P < 0.05) and overweight groups (6.8 vs. 3.5, P < 0.05). In the logistic regression model, BMI did not account for changes in disability, headache frequency, or in the number of days with severe headache per month, after adjusting for covariates. Contrary to what we hypothesized, obesity at baseline does not seem to be related to follow-up refractoriness to preventive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Bigal
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Anti-lipidaemic and anti-inflammatory effect of açai ( Euterpe oleracea Martius) polyphenols on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
Chronic daily headache (CDH) is a common neurological condition that affects 1-4 % of the general population. Most individuals with CDH originally suffered from episodic headaches, but over time, this developed into CDH. Although the pathophysiology of CDH is not fully understood, recent clinical and epidemiological studies suggest some risk factors that are associated with an increased risk of transformation from episodic headaches. If risk factors can be identified, they could provide a base for aggressive preventive intervention and thus decrease the transformation from episodic headaches to eventual CDH. In this article, we review and summarize the current data on risk factors for CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Cho
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, South Korea
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Anti-hyperlipidemic and fat pad lowering effect of standardized tea seed cake extract in mice fed high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Badimon L, Hernández Vera R, Vilahur G. Atherothrombotic risk in obesity. Hamostaseologie 2014; 33:259-68. [PMID: 24190286 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-13-07-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between obesity and coronary artery disease development has been repeatedly proposed, possibly in part due to the development of a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state in obese subjects. Adipocytes secrete numerous hormones and cytokines (adipokines) which influence gene expression and cell functions in endothelial cells, arterial smooth muscle cells, and monocytes/macrophages favouring the development of an atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque. Moreover, the release of such biologically active molecules also promotes endothelial function impairment, disturbs the haemostatic and fibrinolytic systems, and produces alterations in platelet function affecting the initiation, progression, and stabilization of thrombus formation upon atherosclerotic plaque rupture. In this review we will discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms by which obesity contributes to increase atherothrombosis paying special attention to its effects over thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Badimon
- Prof. Lina Badimon, Cardiovascular Research Center, C/ Sant Antoni Mª Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain, Tel. +34/93/556 58 80; Fax +34/93/556 55 59, E-mail:
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Effect of Achyranthes bidentata Blume on 3T3-L1 Adipogenesis and Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:158018. [PMID: 24963319 PMCID: PMC4052091 DOI: 10.1155/2014/158018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the antiobesity effect of Achyranthes bidentata Blume root water extract in a 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation model and rats fed with a high-fat diet. To investigate the effect of Achyranthes bidentata Blume on adipogenesis in vitro, differentiating 3T3-L1 cells in adipocyte-induction media were treated every two days with Achyranthes bidentata Blume at various concentrations (1 to 25 μg/mL) for eight days. We found that Achyranthes bidentata Blume root inhibited 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation without affecting cell viability, and Western blot analysis revealed that phospho-Akt expression was markedly decreased, whereas there was no significant change in perilipin expression. Furthermore, administration of Achyranthes bidentata Blume root (0.5 g/kg body weight for six weeks) to rats fed with a high-fat diet significantly reduced body weight gain without affecting food intake, and the level of triglyceride was significantly decreased when compared to those in rats fed with only a high-fat diet. These results suggest that Achyranthes bidentata Blume root water extract could have a beneficial effect on inhibition of adipogenesis and controlling body weight in rats fed with a high-fat diet.
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Kim HR, Kim JM, Kim MS, Hwang JK, Yang SH, Kim HJ, Lee DS, Oh H, Kim YC, Ryu DG, Lee YR, Kwon KB. Inhibitory effects of Pericarpium zanthoxyli extract on adipocyte differentiation. Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1140-6. [PMID: 24573348 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor associated with numerous disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Pericarpium zanthoxyli extract (PZE) on the adipocytic differentiation of OP9 cells. During adipocyte differentiation, the OP9 cells were treated with 0, 10 and 20 µg/ml of PZE at various time intervals, followed by the examination of lipid droplet formation and the mRNA expression of adipogenesis-related genes. The cells treated with PZE during the early period (days 0-2) showed a significant reduction in the accumulation of lipid droplets, which were induced by a standard adipogenic cocktail, as well as a decrease in the expression of the adipogenesis-related transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and PPARγ-target genes, such as adipocyte protein 2 (aP2), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and other adipocyte markers. Adipocyte differentiation was not inhibited by treatment with PZE during the late stage of differentiation (days 3-5). Thus, the inhibitory effects of PZE on adipocyte differentiation occurred during the early stages of adipogenesis, which was confirmed by the decrease in the levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) in a dose-dependent manner when the OP9 cells were exposed to PZE. Taken together, our results indicate that PZE inhibit the early stages of adipogenic differentiation by inhibiting C/EBPβ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Rim Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Mi Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seong Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ki Hwang
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Hoon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon 403-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Gon Ryu
- Department of Korean Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Korean Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rae Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Beom Kwon
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
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Hernández Vera R, Vilahur G, Badimon L. Obesity with insulin resistance increase thrombosis in wild-type and bone marrow-transplanted Zucker Fatty rats. Thromb Haemost 2012; 109:319-27. [PMID: 23238129 DOI: 10.1160/th12-09-0696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity induces metabolic and inflammatory alterations that contribute to the presentation of cardiovascular events. Although obesity is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disease, its role on thrombosis has not been directly explored. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which obesity affects thrombosis. Thrombus formation was monitored by real-time intravital microscopy in Zucker Fatty rats (ZF) and lean controls (ZC). Crossed bone marrow (BM) transplants between ZF and ZC were performed. Intravital microscopy showed that ZF had significantly shorter occlusion times (OTs) than ZC, reflecting a three-fold higher thrombotic risk. Transplantation of ZC-BM to ZF recipients significantly reduced thrombosis, reducing their thrombotic risk to one third of that observed in non-transplanted ZF. Wild-type ZF showed increased platelet counts and increased platelet size compared to wild-type ZC and platelet number remained unaltered after transplantation. However, ZF-BM produced a significant increase in platelet size in ZC recipients. Thrombotic risk was found to be inversely correlated with both weight and insulin levels and directly correlated to HOMA-IR, while platelet number and size were directly correlated with weight. Thus, our data shows that obesity with insulin resistance significantly increases thrombosis and that alterations in BM-derived cells significantly contribute to this prothrombotic behaviour. Importantly, the reduction of insulin resistance was associated with reduced thrombotic risk even in the presence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hernández Vera
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CIBERobn Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition, Barcelona, Spain
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Lee J, Kim MH, Lee JH, Jung E, Yoo ES, Park D. Artemisinic acid is a regulator of adipocyte differentiation and C/EBP δ expression. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2488-99. [PMID: 22396222 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte dysfunction is associated with the development of obesity. In this study, artemisinic acid, which was isolated from Artemisia annua L., inhibited adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) and its mechanism of action was determined. The mRNA levels of peroxidase proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR) γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α, late adipogenic factors, were reduced by artemisinic acid. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the PPAR γ target genes lipoprotein lipase, CD36, adipocyte protein, and liver X receptor were down-regulated by artemisinic acid. Artemisinic acid reduced expression of the C/EBP δ gene without impacting C/EBP β. In addition, attempts to elucidate a possible mechanism underlying the artemisinic acid-mediated effects revealed that reduced expression of the C/EBP δ gene was mediated by inhibiting Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Additionally, artemisinic acid also reduced the expression of the adipogenesis-associated genes glucose transporter-4 and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition to the interference of artemisinic acid with adipogenesis, artemisinic acid significantly attenuated tumor necrosis factor-α-induced secretion of interleukin-6 by undifferentiated hAMSCs, thus influencing insulin resistance and the inflammatory state characterizing obesity. Taken together, these findings indicate that inhibiting adipogenic differentiation of hAMSCs by artemisinic acid occurs primarily through reduced expression of C/EBP δ, which is mediated by the inhibition of JNK and suggest that aremisinic acid may be used as a complementary treatment option for obesity associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Lee
- Department of Dermatological Health Management, Eul-Ji University, Seongnam City, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
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Inflammatory cytokines as an underlying mechanism of the comorbidity between bipolar disorder and migraine. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:601-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dave S, Kaur NJ, Nanduri R, Dkhar HK, Kumar A, Gupta P. Inhibition of adipogenesis and induction of apoptosis and lipolysis by stem bromelain in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30831. [PMID: 22292054 PMCID: PMC3265525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytotherapeutic protein stem bromelain (SBM) is used as an anti-obesity alternative medicine. We show at the cellular level that SBM irreversibly inhibits 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation by reducing adipogenic gene expression and induces apoptosis and lipolysis in mature adipocytes. At the molecular level, SBM suppressed adipogenesis by downregulating C/EBPα and PPARγ independent of C/EBPβ gene expression. Moreover, mRNA levels of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (ap2), fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), CD36, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were also downregulated by SBM. Additionally, SBM reduced adiponectin expression and secretion. SBM's ability to repress PPARγ expression seems to stem from its ability to inhibit Akt and augment the TNFα pathway. The Akt–TSC2–mTORC1 pathway has recently been described for PPARγ expression in adipocytes. In our experiments, TNFα upregulation compromised cell viability of mature adipocytes (via apoptosis) and induced lipolysis. Lipolytic response was evident by downregulation of anti-lipolytic genes perilipin, phosphodiestersae-3B (PDE3B), and GTP binding protein Giα1, as well as sustained expression of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). These data indicate that SBM, together with all-trans retinoic-acid (atRA), may be a potent modulator of obesity by repressing the PPARγ-regulated adipogenesis pathway at all stages and by augmenting TNFα-induced lipolysis and apoptosis in mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dave
- Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Naval Jit Kaur
- Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
- * E-mail:
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Russo I. The prothrombotic tendency in metabolic syndrome: focus on the potential mechanisms involved in impaired haemostasis and fibrinolytic balance. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:525374. [PMID: 24278711 PMCID: PMC3820496 DOI: 10.6064/2012/525374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by impairment of glucose metabolism, increased arterial blood pressure, and abdominal obesity. The presence of these clinical features exposes patients to a high risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular events. The pathogenesis of atherothrombosis in the metabolic syndrome is multifactorial, requiring a close relationship among the main components of the metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, alterations of glycaemic and lipid pattern, haemodynamic impairment, and early appearance of endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, haemostatic alterations involving coagulation balance, fibrinolysis, and platelet function play a relevant role both in the progression of the arterial wall damage and in acute vascular events. The mechanisms linking abdominal obesity with prothrombotic changes in the metabolic syndrome have been identified and partially elucidated on the basis of alterations of each haemostatic variable and defined through the evidence of peculiar dysfunctions in the endocrine activity of adipose tissue responsible of vascular impairment, prothrombotic tendency, and low-grade chronic inflammation. This paper will focus on the direct role of adipose tissue on prothrombotic tendency in patients affected by metabolic syndrome, with adipocytes being able to produce and/or release cytokines and adipokines which deeply influence haemostatic/fibrinolytic balance, platelet function, and proinflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Russo
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the Turin University, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- *Isabella Russo:
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Lee H, Bae S, Kim YS, Yoon Y. WNT/β-catenin pathway mediates the anti-adipogenic effect of platycodin D, a natural compound found in Platycodon grandiflorum. Life Sci 2011; 89:388-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Park JA, Park C, Han MH, Kim BW, Chung YH, Choi YH. Inhibition of Adipocyte Differentiation and Adipogenesis by Aged Black Garlic Extracts in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2011.21.5.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lee H, Bae S, Yoon Y. The WNT/β-catenin pathway mediates the anti-adipogenic mechanism of SH21B, a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of obesity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:788-795. [PMID: 21070846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study was conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of SH21B, a traditional Korean herbal medicine commonly used for the treatment of obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes in the presence or absence of SH21B. Changes in mRNA or protein levels were analyzed using microarray, real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analyses. Small interference (si)RNA transfection experiments were conducted to elucidate the essential role of β-catenin. RESULTS Microarray analyses showed that components of the WNT/β-catenin pathway including β-catenin, cyclin D1 and dishevelled 2 were up-regulated more than two-fold as a result of SH21B treatment during adipogenesis, which were confirmed by real-time PCR and western blotting. Modulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway by SH21B resulted in the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Both intracellular lipid droplet formation and expressions of adipogenic genes including PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4 and LPL, which were inhibited by SH21B, were significantly recovered by β-catenin siRNA transfection. CONCLUSIONS SH21B modulates components of the WNT/β-catenin pathway during adipogenesis, and β-catenin plays a crucial role in the anti-adipogenic mechanism of SH21B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 221 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Lee J, Jung E, Kim YS, Roh K, Jung KH, Park D. Ultraviolet A regulates adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells via up-regulation of Kruppel-like factor 2. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32647-56. [PMID: 20693579 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.135830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of obesity, which is a major risk factor for many disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. This study shows that ultraviolet A (UVA) inhibits adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and its action mechanisms. The mRNA levels of peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), but not CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ((C/EBP) β and δ, were reduced by UVA. Moreover, the mRNA levels of PPAR γ target genes (lipoprotein lipase (LPL), CD36, adipocyte protein (aP2), and liver X receptor α (LXR)) were down-regulated by UVA. Additionally, attempts to elucidate a possible mechanism underlying the UVA-mediated effects revealed that UVA induced migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene expression, and this was mediated through activation of AP-1 (especially JNK and p42/44 MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB. In addition, reduced adipogenesis by UVA was recovered upon the treatment with anti-MIF antibodies. AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and up-regulation of Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) were induced by UVA. Taken together, these findings suggest that the inhibition of adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells by UVA occurs primarily through the reduced expression of PPAR γ, which is mediated by up-regulation of KLF2 via the activation of MIF-AMP-activated protein kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Seongnam-Si, Gyunggi-Do 462-807, Republic of Korea
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Lee H, Bae S, Kim K, Kim W, Chung SI, Yoon Y. Beta-Catenin mediates the anti-adipogenic effect of baicalin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:741-6. [PMID: 20627088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
beta-Catenin reportedly inhibits adipogenesis through the down-regulations of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)alpha. We report that baicalin, a natural flavonoid compound, inhibits adipogenesis by modulating beta-Catenin. During 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis, beta-Catenin was down-regulated, but baicalin treatment maintained beta-Catenin expression. Anti-adipogenic effects of baicalin were significantly attenuated by beta-Catenin siRNA transfection. beta-Catenin siRNA rescued the reduced expressions of PPARgamma, C/EBPalpha, fatty acid binding protein 4 and lipoprotein lipase by baicalin. Furthermore, baicalin modulated members of the WNT/beta-Catenin pathway by maintaining the expressions of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, disheveled (DVL)2 and DVL3. These findings suggest that beta-Catenin mediates the anti-adipogenic effects of baicalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Huh S, Kim YS, Kim YW, Kim YS, Park D. Anti-adipogenesis by 6-thioinosine is mediated by downregulation of PPAR gamma through JNK-dependent upregulation of iNOS. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:467-81. [PMID: 19941061 PMCID: PMC11115604 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adipocyte dysfunction is associated with the development of obesity. This study shows that 6-thioinosine inhibits adipocyte differentiation. The mRNA levels of PPAR gamma and C/EBPalpha, but not C/EBPbeta and delta, were reduced by 6-thioinosine. Moreover, the mRNA levels of PPAR gamma target genes (LPL, CD36, aP2, and LXRalpha) were down-regulated by 6-thioinosine. We also demonstrated that 6-thioinosine inhibits the transactivation activity and the mRNA level of PPAR gamma. Additionally, attempts to elucidate a possible mechanism underlying the 6-thioinosine-mediated effects revealed that 6-thioinosine induced iNOS gene expression without impacting eNOS expression, and that this was mediated through activation of AP-1, especially, JNK. In addition, 6-thioinosine was found to operate upstream of MEKK-1 in JNK activation signaling. Taken together, these findings suggest that the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation by 6-thioinosine occurs primarily through the reduced expression of PPAR gamma, which is mediated by upregulation of iNOS via the activation of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gunpo City, Gyunggi Do 435-833 Republic of Korea
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsun Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gunpo City, Gyunggi Do 435-833 Republic of Korea
| | - Jienny Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gunpo City, Gyunggi Do 435-833 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungran Huh
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gunpo City, Gyunggi Do 435-833 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gunpo City, Gyunggi Do 435-833 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Kim
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gunpo City, Gyunggi Do 435-833 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokhoon Park
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gunpo City, Gyunggi Do 435-833 Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Lee J, Jung E, Hwang W, Kim YS, Park D. Isorhamnetin-induced anti-adipogenesis is mediated by stabilization of beta-catenin protein. Life Sci 2010; 86:416-23. [PMID: 20097210 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have shown that isorhamnetin has anti-adipogenic effects in mouse 3T3-L1 cells. This study was conducted to elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of isorhamnetin during adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hAMSCs). MAIN METHODS The effect of isorhamnetin on adipogenic differentiation of hAMSCs was quantified by Oil Red O staining and a triglyceride assay. In addition, real-time PCR and Western blot were used to determine the expression of adipogenesis-related genes. KEY FINDINGS Isorhamnetin inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of hAMSCs. Additionally, when the effects of Wnt antagonists that promote adipogenesis were evaluated, isorhamnetin was found to down-regulate the mRNA levels of sFRP1 and Dkk1, but had no effect on the mRNA levels of sFRP2, sFRP3, sFRP4 and Dkk3. Isorhamnetin also inhibited the expression of Wnt receptor and co-receptor genes. Furthermore, isorhamnetin increased the protein levels of beta-catenin, an effector molecule of Wnt signaling, but had no effect on the mRNA levels of beta-catenin. The phosphorylation level of GSK 3beta was also increased by isorhamnetin. These results were confirmed by the fact that the expression of c-myc, cyclin D1 and PPARdelta, which are target genes of beta-catenin, was upregulated by isorhamnetin. Moreover, isorhamnetin reduced the mRNA expression levels of C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma, which are known to be inhibited by c-myc or by cyclin D1 and PPARdelta, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that isorhamnetin inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of hAMSCs and that its mechanisms are mediated by the stabilization of beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, 101-701 SK Ventium, 522 Dangjung Dong, Gunpo City, 435-833 Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
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Barbato A, Iacone R, Tarantino G, Russo O, Sorrentino P, Avallone S, Galletti F, Farinaro E, Della Valle E, Strazzullo P. Relationships of PAI-1 levels to central obesity and liver steatosis in a sample of adult male population in southern Italy. Intern Emerg Med 2009; 4:315-23. [PMID: 19350365 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-009-0240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To analyse the relationship of PAI-1 plasma levels to echographically determined liver steatosis and cardiometabolic risk factors in a randomly selected sample of 254 adult male participants of the Olivetti Heart Study. Accounting for age and ongoing pharmacological treatment, PAI-1 levels were directly (P < 0.005) associated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, insulin, homeostasis model assessment index, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and peritoneal fat. At multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, measures of adiposity and TG exerted significant and quantitatively similar effects on PAI-1 levels. A progressive rise in PAI-1 level was detected with increasing degree of steatosis. A stepwise MLR model was used to evaluate the relative power of cardiometabolic risk factors and liver steatosis on PAI-1 levels. Adjusting for alcohol intake, BMI, WC and peritoneal fat were alternatively included in the model with other variables found to be significantly associated with plasma PAI-1 level. Liver steatosis, serum TG and various indexes of adiposity each had a significant independent impact on PAI-1 plasma level and explained overall 23% of its variability. Abdominal fat, liver steatosis and serum TG levels were significant and independent determinants of PAI-1 plasma level in an unselected sample of adult male population upon adjustment for age and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barbato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Medical School, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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31
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Anfossi G, Russo I, Trovati M. Platelet dysfunction in central obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:440-449. [PMID: 19346117 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Central obesity is a relevant risk factor for major cardiovascular events due to the atherosclerotic involvement of coronary, cerebral and lower limb arterial vessels. A major role in the increased cardiovascular risk is played by platelets, which show an increased activation and a reduced sensitivity to the physiological and pharmacological antiaggregating agents. This review focuses on platelet dysfunction in central obesity. The mechanisms involved are related to: i) the reduced sensitivity to insulin and other substances acting via intracellular cyclic nucleotides, such as nitrates and prostacyclin; ii) the altered intracellular ionic milieu with elevated cytosolic Ca(2+); and iii) the increased oxidative stress, which elicits isoprostane production from arachidonic acid. Therapeutic guidelines recommend a multifactorial prevention of cardiovascular disease including antiplatelet drugs in high risk patients, even though, at present, the protective effect of antiplatelet therapy in obese, insulin resistant subjects has not been evaluated by specific trials. Some reports, however, suggest a decreased sensitivity to the antiaggregating effects of both acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and thienopyridines in human obesity. Platelet defects may play a pivotal role in the reduced efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in obese subjects in the setting of cardiovascular prevention and acute coronary syndrome treatment. Thus, a specifically tailored antiaggregating therapy is likely necessary in obese, insulin resistant subjects, especially in the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anfossi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the Turin University, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano I-10043, Turin, Italy
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32
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Abstract
Inflammation is a stereotypical physiological response to infections and tissue injury; it initiates pathogen killing as well as tissue repair processes and helps to restore homeostasis at infected or damaged sites. Acute inflammatory reactions are usually self-limiting and resolve rapidly, due to the involvement of negative feedback mechanisms. Thus, regulated inflammatory responses are essential to remain healthy and maintain homeostasis. However, inflammatory responses that fail to regulate themselves can become chronic and contribute to the perpetuation and progression of disease. Characteristics typical of chronic inflammatory responses underlying the pathophysiology of several disorders include loss of barrier function, responsiveness to a normally benign stimulus, infiltration of inflammatory cells into compartments where they are not normally found in such high numbers, and overproduction of oxidants, cytokines, chemokines, eicosanoids and matrix metalloproteinases. The levels of these mediators amplify the inflammatory response, are destructive and contribute to the clinical symptoms. Various dietary components including long chain ω-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, plant flavonoids, prebiotics and probiotics have the potential to modulate predisposition to chronic inflammatory conditions and may have a role in their therapy. These components act through a variety of mechanisms including decreasing inflammatory mediator production through effects on cell signaling and gene expression (ω-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, plant flavonoids), reducing the production of damaging oxidants (vitamin E and other antioxidants), and promoting gut barrier function and anti-inflammatory responses (prebiotics and probiotics). However, in general really strong evidence of benefit to human health through anti-inflammatory actions is lacking for most of these dietary components. Thus, further studies addressing efficacy in humans linked to studies providing greater understanding of the mechanisms of action involved are required.
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Lee J, Jung E, Lee J, Kim S, Huh S, Kim Y, Kim Y, Byun SY, Kim YS, Park D. Isorhamnetin represses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:226-32. [PMID: 18948972 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte dysfunction is strongly associated with the development of obesity, which is a major risk factor for many disorders including diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. It is generally accepted that the regulation of adipogenesis or adipokines expression prevents obesity. In this study, we show that isorhamnetin inhibits adipocyte differentiation, as evidenced by reduced triglyceride (TG) accumulation and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity. At the molecular level, the mRNA expression levels of peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBP-alpha), which are the major adipogenic transcription factors, were markedly reduced by isorhamnetin. However, the mRNA levels of C/EBP-beta and -delta, the upstream regulators of PPAR-gamma and C/EBP-alpha, were not reduced by isorhamnetin. Moreover, the mRNA levels of PPAR-gamma target genes such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL), CD36, aP2, and liver X receptor-alpha (LXR-alpha) were downregulated by isorhamnetin. We also showed that isorhamnetin inhibits the expression and secretion of adiponectin, and the results of adiponectin promoter assays suggest the inhibition of PPAR-gamma expression as a possible mechanism underlying the isorhamnetin-mediated effects. Taken together, these results indicate that isorhamnetin inhibits adipogenesis through downregulation of PPAR-gamma and C/EBP-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsung Lee
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Gunpo City, Gyunggi Do, Republic of Korea
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34
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Hamed SA. The vascular risk associations with migraine: relation to migraine susceptibility and progression. Atherosclerosis 2008; 205:15-22. [PMID: 19054516 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is a common disorder in which changes in cortical excitability, neuroinflammation and dysfunction of the vascular wall contribute to its pathophysiology. Repeated attacks of migraine over prolonged periods result in inflammatory arteriopathy of the cranial vessels. Several studies indicate that migraine is associated with special pattern of inflammatory markers and some adverse vascular risk factors including: increased levels of CRP, ILs, TNF-alpha and adhesion molecules which are markers of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and thrombosis, increased body weight, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, impaired insulin sensitivity, high homocysteine levels, stroke and coronary heart disease. Such comorbidities are not explained by bias but indicate possible shared underlying pathogenic mechanisms. Recent studies have shown involvement of cranial as well as peripheral vascular dysfunction with migraine indicating that migraine may be a local manifestation of a systemic disease rather than a primary brain phenomenon. The associated inflammatory process of migraine together with the associated adverse medical comorbidities exposes patients to endothelial vascular wall injury which further increases migraine susceptibility and progression as well as increases the risk for atherogenesis. The knowledge that migraine is a risk for vascular diseases raises important clinical implications, recommendations and future perspectives in migraine treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa A Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.
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35
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Impact of statins on modulation by insulin of expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1. Coron Artery Dis 2008; 19:355-61. [DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e328300dbe3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, but the contribution of inflammation versus antiretroviral drugs is not well understood. Fibrinogen is an inflammatory factor associated with atherosclerosis. METHODS A total of 1131 HIV-infected patients and 281 controls [from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a population-based study of cardiovascular risk assessment] in the Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV infection (FRAM) had plasma fibrinogen levels measured. Multivariable linear regression identified factors associated with fibrinogen. RESULTS HIV-infected patients had higher levels of fibrinogen compared with controls (males: 25 mg/dl higher, P = 0.006; females: 21 mg/dl higher, P = 0.39). Among HIV-infected persons, median levels of fibrinogen were 11% higher in patients currently using any protease inhibitor (PI) compared with those not using a PI (P < 0.0001). The strongest univariate associations were with the individual PIs, ritonavir and indinavir. Patients taking indinavir boosted with ritonavir had median fibrinogen levels 8% higher than those on indinavir alone (P = 0.049). Lower levels of fibrinogen were seen in those HIV-infected patients currently using any nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) compared to those not using an NNRTI (nevirapine -14.4%, P < 0.0001; efavirenz -7%, P = 0.0002). The associations of ritonavir, indinavir, efavirenz and nevirapine with fibrinogen levels persisted after multivariable analysis and were independent of other antiretroviral use. CONCLUSION Protease inhibitor use is associated with elevated fibrinogen levels which may contribute to increased risk of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. Conversely, NNRTI use is associated with lower fibrinogen levels which may decrease risk of atherosclerosis.
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Keith SW, Wang C, Fontaine KR, Cowan CD, Allison DB. BMI and headache among women: results from 11 epidemiologic datasets. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:377-83. [PMID: 18239647 PMCID: PMC3208164 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between BMI (kg/m(2)) and headaches among women. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Cross-sectional analysis of 11 datasets identified after searching for all large publicly available epidemiologic cohort study datasets containing relevant variables. Datasets included National Health Interview Survey (NHIS): 1997-2003, the first National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey, Alameda County Health Study (ACHS), Tecumseh Community Health Study (TCHS), and Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The women (220,370 in total) were aged 18 years or older and had reported their headache or migraine status. RESULTS Using nonlinear regression techniques and models adjusted for age, race, and smoking, we found that increased BMI was generally associated with increased likelihood of headache or severe headache among women. A BMI of approximately 20 was associated with the lowest risk of headache. Relative to a BMI of 20, mild obesity (BMI of 30) was associated with roughly a 35% increase in the odds for experiencing headache whereas severe obesity (BMI of 40) was associated with roughly an 80% increase in odds. Results were essentially unchanged when models were further adjusted for socioeconomic variables, alcohol consumption, and hypertension. Being diagnosed with migraine showed no association with BMI. DISCUSSION Among US women, a BMI of approximately 20 (about the 5th percentile) was associated with the lowest likelihood of headache. Consistently across studies, obese women had significantly increased risk for headache. By contrast, the risk for diagnosed migraine headache per se was not obviously related to BMI. The direction of causation and mechanisms of action remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W. Keith
- Section on Statistical Genetics and Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Investigation Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kevin R. Fontaine
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles D. Cowan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David B. Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics and Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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38
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Obesity promotes injury induced femoral artery thrombosis in mice. Thromb Res 2008; 122:549-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a useful tool for identifying individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease (CHD). The syndrome has confused practitioners because of differences in definition, though definitions have come closer together over the years; however, the principles are clear: persons who have glucose intolerance, blood pressure elevation, dyslipidemia, and central obesity are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and CHD. Identifying the presence in a given patient of the items in the cluster serves as a warning that risk of disease is increased, and should stimulate the practitioner to institute preventive measures early, with lifestyle change initially, and pharmacotherapy subsequently, as indicated by any continued risk factor presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pi-Sunyer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, Room 1020, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is an active and complex endocrine organ that secretes numerous bioactive substances, including hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. Central obesity, one of the components of metabolic syndrome, is a cardiometabolic risk factor associated with a state of chronic inflammation and coagulation, one in which the expression of certain adipocytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-(alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is more abundantly increased, while adiponectin expression is decreased. TNF-alpha initiates and organizes inflammatory changes in vascular tissue. IL-6, an inflammatory cytokine directly implicated in atherogenesis, exerts pleiotropic effects on a variety of tissues. An increased concentration of PAI-1, an important regulator of the endogenous fibrinolytic system, promotes continued clotting. Adiponectin, on the other hand, has potent vasculoprotective, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic properties. Adiponectin levels are low in obese individuals and increase when weight is lost, thereby serving as a marker for cardioprotection. Weight loss has long been promoted as a means to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease; for example, exercise and a hypocaloric diet have been shown to decrease PAI-1 levels. Weight loss drugs, such as orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, and sibutramine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, have both been shown to produce a decrease in C-reactive protein levels and an increase in serum adiponectin. Rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist in Phase III studies, also has been shown to increase adiponectin levels. These agents may play a role in the regulation of adipocytokines, which may directly affect the risk for cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Pi-Sunyer
- Obesity Research Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, 1111 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10025, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Obesity, though not commonly reported as a cause of fistula failure, may influence fistula survival by making it difficult to cannulate the vein and possibly by releasing adipokines, such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, or adiponectin, that modulate the development of neointimal hyperplasia and thrombosis leading to fistula failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Dixon
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nephrology Division, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1081, USA.
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Abstract
Migraine is a chronic-recurrent disorder that progresses in some individuals. Transformed migraine is the result of this progression. Since migraine does not progress in most patients, identifying the risk factors for progression has emerged as a very important public health priority. If risk factors can be identified, that might provide a foundation for more aggressive preventive intervention. Risk factors for progression may be divided into non-remediable (gender, age, race) and remediable categories. In this paper, we focus on several already identified remediable risk factors, including frequency of migraine attacks, obesity, acute medication overuse, caffeine overuse, stressful life events, depression, and sleep disorders. We present the evidence for each risk factor and discuss possible interventions to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo E Bigal
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Abstract
Stroke is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and is an economic burden. Diabetes and obesity are two important modifiable risk factors for stroke. Patients with diabetes have a higher incidence of stroke and a poorer prognosis after stroke. Risk-factor modification is the most important aspect of prevention of stroke in diabetes and obesity. This includes lifestyle modifications and different therapeutic modalities to control conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and arrhythmia. Recent landmark studies have shown the beneficial effects of statins in diabetic patients even with close to normal or normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Obesity, which is a risk factor for diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for stroke. Increased leptin, dysregulation of adipocyte proteins, increased insulin resistance and C-reactive protein may be factors involved in the increased incidence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality directly related to obesity. Visceral fat is a much bigger health risk than subcutaneous fat. Lifestyle interventions and pharmacotherapeutic agents have been used to manage obesity. In morbidly obese patients, surgical intervention seems to be the best method of treatment with a long-lasting favorable metabolic outcome. In the 21st Century, with the advanced medical knowledge and the therapeutic modalities available, it should be possible to reduce the incidence of stroke associated with diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romayne Kurukulasuriya
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Internal Medicine, MA410 Health Science Center, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Ailhaud G. Adipose tissue as a secretory organ: from adipogenesis to the metabolic syndrome. C R Biol 2006; 329:570-7; discussion 653-5. [PMID: 16860275 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains various types of cells that include preadipocytes and adipocytes. Studies have emphasized that (i) preadipocytes secrete factors involved in their own differentiation and (ii) adipocytes acquire the ability to communicate systemically with other organs (brain, liver, skeletal muscle) and locally with other cells (preadipocytes, endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages). Adipocytes secrete proteins exhibiting either beneficial (leptin, adiponectin) or deleterious effects (angiotensinogen). Associated to the effect of secretory products from macrophages (cytokines), a disturbance in the balance between these various secreted factors leads to the development of a metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Ailhaud
- ISDBC, centre de biochimie, UMR 6543 CNRS, laboratoire developpement du tissu adipeux, faculté des sciences, parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France.
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Gilardini L, McTernan PG, Girola A, da Silva NF, Alberti L, Kumar S, Invitti C. Adiponectin is a candidate marker of metabolic syndrome in obese children and adolescents. Atherosclerosis 2006; 189:401-7. [PMID: 16442116 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 12/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the use of several biomarkers to identify obese children and adolescents with increased metabolic risk. One hundred sixty-two Caucasian obese children and adolescents (41% males, 9-18 years old) referred to the Istituto Auxologico Italiano between 2003 and 2004 underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Circulating levels of adiponectin (AD), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), interleukin 18 (IL-18), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, uric acid, lipids and insulin were measured. Twenty five percent of obese children had the MS defined using World Health Organization-derived child specific criteria. MS subjects had significantly lower AD (p<0.01) and higher log-PAI-1 (p<0.001), uric acid (p<0.0001), and IL-18 (p<0.001). Subjects with AD levels </=median value had a significantly increased risk of having the MS (p<0.0001), as did subjects with uric acid and PAI-1 levels greater than the median. There was no increased risk with elevated IL-18, CRP, or fibrinogen. Hypoadiponectinemia was independently associated with the MS risk (p<0.0001). In conclusion in obese children and adolescents AD is the best predictor of MS and thus of higher cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gilardini
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases and Diabetes, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto 13, 20145 Milan, Italy
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