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Ahmadzadeh-Darinsoo M, Ahmadzadeh-Darinsoo M, Abbasi S, Arefian E, Bernard C, Tafreshi AP. Altered expression of miR-29a-3p and miR-34a-5p by specific inhibition of GSK3β in the MPP+ treated SH-SY5Y Parkinson's model. Noncoding RNA Res 2022; 7:1-6. [PMID: 35087989 PMCID: PMC8777260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the effects of 7-BIO as a specific GSK3β inhibitor was examined on cell survival and expression of miR-29a-3p and miR-34a-5p in neurotoxin MPP+ treated SH-SY5Y cells. Our findings revealed that while co-treatment of the cells with 7-BIO and MPP+ did not alter the toxicity induced by MPP+, pretreatment with 3.5 μM 7-BIO for 6 h increased the survival of the 2 mM MPP+ treated cells. Also, qRT-PCR analysis of gene expression showed that while miR-29a-3p was unchanged in cells treated with either 2 mM MPP+ or 3.5 μM 7-BIO alone, miR-34a-5p was increased by MPP+ but decreased by 7-BIO. Pretreatment with 3.5 μM 7-BIO prior to MPP+ however, increased miR-29a-3p but decreased miR-34a-5p induced by MPP+. We therefore suggest that 7-BIO inhibition of GSK3β alleviates the MPP+ induced neurotoxicity by regulating miR-29a-3p and miR-34a-5p expressions in Parkinson's disease model SH-SY5Y cells.
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Calabrese EJ, Calabrese V, Dhawan G, Kapoor R, Giordano J. Hormesis and neural stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:314-329. [PMID: 34871764 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a detailed identification and assessment of hormetic dose responses in neural stem cells (NSCs) as identified in a number of animal models and human tissues, with particular emphasis on cell proliferation and differentiation. Hormetic dose responses were commonly observed following administration of a number of agents, including dietary supplements [e.g., berberine, curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), Ginkgo Biloba, resveratrol], pharmaceuticals (e.g., lithium, lovastatin, melatonin), endogenous ligands [e.g., hydrogen sulfide (H2S), magnesium, progesterone, taurine], environmental contaminants (e.g., arsenic, rotenone) and physical agents [e.g., hypoxia, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic radiation (EMF)]. These data indicate that numerous agents can induce hormetic dose responses to upregulate key functions of such as cell proliferation and differentiation in NSCs, and enhance resilience to inflammatory stresses. The paper assesses both putative mechanisms of hormetic responses in NSCs, and the potential therapeutic implications and application(s) of hormetic frameworks in clinical approaches to neurological injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts; Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical & Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97 - 95125, USA.
| | - Gaurav Dhawan
- Sri Guru Ram Das (SGRD); University of Health Sciences, Amritsar, India.
| | - Rachna Kapoor
- Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA.
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3
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Kostin A, Alam MA, McGinty D, Alam MN. Adult hypothalamic neurogenesis and sleep-wake dysfunction in aging. Sleep 2021; 44:5986548. [PMID: 33202015 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, adult neurogenesis has been extensively studied in the hippocampal sub-granular zone and the sub-ventricular zone of the anterolateral ventricles. However, growing evidence suggests that new cells are not only "born" constitutively in the adult hypothalamus, but many of these cells also differentiate into neurons and glia and serve specific functions. The preoptic-hypothalamic area plays a central role in the regulation of many critical functions, including sleep-wakefulness and circadian rhythms. While a role for adult hippocampal neurogenesis in regulating hippocampus-dependent functions, including cognition, has been extensively studied, adult hypothalamic neurogenic process and its contributions to various hypothalamic functions, including sleep-wake regulation are just beginning to unravel. This review is aimed at providing the current understanding of the hypothalamic adult neurogenic processes and the extent to which it affects hypothalamic functions, including sleep-wake regulation. We propose that hypothalamic neurogenic processes are vital for maintaining the proper functioning of the hypothalamic sleep-wake and circadian systems in the face of regulatory challenges. Sleep-wake disturbance is a frequent and challenging problem of aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Aging is also associated with a decline in the neurogenic process. We discuss a hypothesis that a decrease in the hypothalamic neurogenic process underlies the aging of its sleep-wake and circadian systems and associated sleep-wake disturbance. We further discuss whether neuro-regenerative approaches, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological stimulation of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells in hypothalamic neurogenic niches, can be used for mitigating sleep-wake and other hypothalamic dysfunctions in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kostin
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dennis McGinty
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Md Noor Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, CA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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4
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Wang Z, He C, Shi JS. Natural Products for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5790-5828. [PMID: 31131744 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190527120614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are the common neurodegenerative diseases, which typically occur in people over the age of 60. With the rapid development of an aged society, over 60 million people worldwide are suffering from these uncurable diseases. Therefore, the search for new drugs and therapeutic methods has become an increasingly important research topic. Natural products especially those from the Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs), are the most important sources of drugs, and have received extensive interest among pharmacist. In this review, in order to facilitate further chemical modification of those useful natural products by pharmacists, we will bring together recent studies in single natural compound from TCMs with neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China.,Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, P.R. China
| | - Chunyang He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China.,Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Shan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi Guizhou 563003, China
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5
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Zhang L, Yang H. Promotive effects of tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside on the differentiation of neural stem cells from the mesencephalon into dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Lett 2020; 742:135520. [PMID: 33246026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are the most promising cells for cell-replacement therapy for PD. However, the poor differentiation and maturation of DA neurons and decreased cell survival after transplantation are a challenge. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-glucoside; TSG), an active component of the popular traditional Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, possesses multiple pharmacological actions. In this study, we determined whether TSG can induce neural stem cell (NSCs) differentiation into neurons, especially DA neurons, and the possible involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Results revealed that NSCs differentiated primarily into astrocytes when cultured in 2 % serum-containing medium. However, TSG treatment during NSC differentiation in vitro increased the number of Tuj-1-positive neurons, as well as the proportion of tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)-positive cells and dopamine- transporter- positive neurons, a late marker of mature DA neurons. We also found that TSG enhanced the expression of nuclear receptor related factor 1, a transcription factor specific for the development and maintenance of midbrain DA neurons in inducing NSC differentiation into TH -immunoreactive DA neurons. Moreover, TSG upregulated the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling molecules (Wnt1, Wnt3a, Wnt5a, and β-catenin). However, these promoting effects were significantly inhibited by the application of IWR1, a Wnt signaling-specific blocker in culture. Our findings suggested that TSG may have potential in inducing the DA neuronal differentiation of mouse NSCs mediated by triggering the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These results indicated the possible role for TSG in the transplantation of NSCs for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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6
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Salkov VN, Khudoerkov RM. Neurochemical and Morphological Changes in the Microstructures of the Compact Part of the Substantia Nigra of the Human Brain in Aging and Parkinson’s Disease (Literature Review). ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s207905701902019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Macare C, Ducci F, Zhang Y, Ruggeri B, Jia T, Kaakinen M, Kalsi G, Charoen P, Casoni F, Peters J, Bromberg U, Hill M, Buxton J, Blakemore A, Veijola J, Büchel C, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Conrod P, Flor H, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland PA, Heinz A, Ittermann B, Lathrop M, Martinot JL, Paus T, Desrivières S, Munafò M, Järvelin MR, Schumann G. A neurobiological pathway to smoking in adolescence: TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and reward response. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:1103-1114. [PMID: 30104163 PMCID: PMC6525784 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-cluster has been implicated in adult smoking. Here, we investigated the contribution of individual genes in the TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 cluster in smoking and their association with smoking-associated reward processing in adolescence. A meta-analysis of TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 variants and self-reported smoking behaviours was performed in four European adolescent cohorts (N = 14,084). The minor G-allele of rs2236709, mapping TTC12, was associated with self-reported smoking (p = 5.0 × 10-4) and higher plasma cotinine levels (p = 7.0 × 10-5). This risk allele was linked to an increased ventral-striatal blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during reward anticipation (n = 1,263) and with higher DRD2 gene expression in the striatum (p = 0.013), but not with TTC12 or ANKK gene expression. These data suggest a role for the TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene-cluster in adolescent smoking behaviours, provide evidence for the involvement of DRD2 in the early stages of addiction and support the notion that genetically-driven inter-individual differences in dopaminergic transmission mediate reward sensitivity and risk to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Macare
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Ducci
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Ruggeri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianye Jia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gursharan Kalsi
- Clinical Physics, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK; One Small Step Gait Laboratory, Guy׳s and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy׳s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pimphen Charoen
- UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College, London, UK
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Jan Peters
- Intelligent Autonomous Systems Group, Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uli Bromberg
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Hill
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Buxton
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London; School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Alexandra Blakemore
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Cambridge Cognition Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Büchel
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Penny A Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Ittermann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University, Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 "Neuroimaging & Psychiatry", University Paris Sud - Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes; DIGITEO labs, Gif sur Yvette; France
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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8
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Kim JY, Lee JS, Hwang HS, Lee DR, Park CY, Jung SJ, You YR, Kim DS, Kim DW. Wnt signal activation induces midbrain specification through direct binding of the beta-catenin/TCF4 complex to the EN1 promoter in human pluripotent stem cells. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-13. [PMID: 29650976 PMCID: PMC5938028 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signal pathway plays a pivotal role in anteroposterior patterning and midbrain specification during early neurogenesis. Activating Wnt signal has been a strategy for differentiating human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons; however, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) of how the Wnt signal drives posterior fate remained unclear. In this study, we found that activating the canonical Wnt signal significantly upregulated the expression of EN1, a midbrain-specific marker, in a fibroblast growth factor signal-dependent manner in human PSC-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs). The EN1 promoter region contains a putative TCF4-binding site that directly interacts with the β-catenin/TCF complex upon Wnt signal activation. Once differentiated, NPCs treated with a Wnt signal agonist gave rise to functional midbrain neurons including glutamatergic, GABAergic, and DA neurons. Our results provide a potential molecular mechanism that underlies midbrain specification of human PSC-derived NPCs by Wnt activation, as well as a differentiation paradigm for generating human midbrain neurons that may serve as a cellular platform for studying the ontogenesis of midbrain neurons and neurological diseases relevant to the midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Jae Souk Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Hwang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Dongjin R Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Chul-Yong Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Sung Jun Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 04763, Korea
| | - Young Rang You
- Department of Biotechnology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS program for Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS program for Biotechnology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.
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9
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España-Serrano L, Guerra Martín-Palanco N, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Pérez-Santamarina E, Vidal R, García-Consuegra I, Valdizán EM, Pazos A, Palomo T, Jiménez-Arriero MÁ, Guadaño-Ferraz A, Hoenicka J. The Addiction-Related Protein ANKK1 is Differentially Expressed During the Cell Cycle in Neural Precursors. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:2809-2819. [PMID: 27166167 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TaqIA is a polymorphism associated with addictions and dopamine-related traits. It is located in the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 gene (ANKK1) nearby the gene for the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). Since ANKK1 function is unknown, TaqIA-associated traits have been explained only by differences in D2R. Here we report ANKK1 studies in mouse and human brain using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. ANKK1 mRNA and protein isoforms vary along neurodevelopment in the human and mouse brain. In mouse adult brain ANKK1 is located in astrocytes, nuclei of postmitotic neurons and neural precursors from neurogenic niches. In both embryos and adults, nuclei of neural precursors show significant variation of ANKK1 intensity. We demonstrate a correlation between ANKK1 and the cell cycle. Cell synchronization experiments showed a significant increment of ANKK1-kinase in mitotic cells while ANKK1-kinase overexpression affects G1 and M phase that were found to be modulated by ANKK1 alleles and apomorphine treatment. Furthermore, during embryonic neurogenesis ANKK1 was expressed in slow-dividing neuroblasts and rapidly dividing precursors which are mitotic cells. These results suggest a role of ANKK1 during the cell cycle in neural precursors thus providing biological support to brain structure involvement in the TaqIA-associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura España-Serrano
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Noelia Guerra Martín-Palanco
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Estela Pérez-Santamarina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain
| | - Rebeca Vidal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Cantabria, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (UC-CSIC-SODERCAN), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Inés García-Consuegra
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Elsa María Valdizán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Cantabria, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (UC-CSIC-SODERCAN), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Angel Pazos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Cantabria, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (UC-CSIC-SODERCAN), Santander 39011, Spain
| | - Tomás Palomo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Arriero
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Janet Hoenicka
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia 46012, Spain.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular Medicine, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona 08950, Spain
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10
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Zuccarini M, Giuliani P, Ziberi S, Carluccio M, Iorio PD, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R. The Role of Wnt Signal in Glioblastoma Development and Progression: A Possible New Pharmacological Target for the Therapy of This Tumor. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9020105. [PMID: 29462960 PMCID: PMC5852601 DOI: 10.3390/genes9020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt is a complex signaling pathway involved in the regulation of crucial biological functions such as development, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells, mainly stem cells, which are virtually present in all embryonic and adult tissues. Conversely, dysregulation of Wnt signal is implicated in development/progression/invasiveness of different kinds of tumors, wherein a certain number of multipotent cells, namely “cancer stem cells”, are characterized by high self-renewal and aggressiveness. Hence, the pharmacological modulation of Wnt pathway could be of particular interest, especially in tumors for which the current standard therapy results to be unsuccessful. This might be the case of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), one of the most lethal, aggressive and recurrent brain cancers, probably due to the presence of highly malignant GBM stem cells (GSCs) as well as to a dysregulation of Wnt system. By examining the most recent literature, here we point out several factors in the Wnt pathway that are altered in human GBM and derived GSCs, as well as new molecular strategies or experimental drugs able to modulate/inhibit aberrant Wnt signal. Altogether, these aspects serve to emphasize the existence of alternative pharmacological targets that may be useful to develop novel therapies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sihana Ziberi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- StemTeCh Group, via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Marzia Carluccio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- StemTeCh Group, via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
- StemTeCh Group, via L. Polacchi 11, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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11
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Wang Y, Li Y, Xing Q, Han XG, Dong X, Lu Y, Zhou M. Sevoflurane anesthesia in pregnant rats negatively affects nerve function in offspring potentially via inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2753-2759. [PMID: 28447764 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid development of medical technology used to perform intrauterine procedures during pregnancy, the number of patients receiving fetal surgery under general anesthesia is increasing. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of anesthetics on the offspring of rats, and to identify the potential mechanisms underlying these effects. On day 14 of pregnancy, Sprague‑Dawley rats were equally divided into the following 3 groups (n=9): Control group (n=3), 3% sevoflurane group (n=3) and 4% sevoflurane group (n=3). Following birth of the offspring, the juvenile rats were assessed using an open‑field test, Morris water maze and a continuous passive avoidance test on different days to determine their learning abilities and memory. Western blot and reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) analyses were used to examine the expression of multiple critical factors associated with the proliferation and apoptosis of nerve cells, including Ki67, nestin, B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), BCL2 associated X (Bax) and caspase‑3. Additionally, the level of adenosine triphosphate production among the 3 groups were compared. Furthermore, expression alterations in of glycogen synthase kinase‑3β (GSK‑3β) and β‑catenin were examined. The Morris water maze experiment revealed that an increased concentration of sevoflurane exposure significantly reduced the learning and memory abilities of the juvenile rats when compared with controls. In addition, western blotting and RT-qPCR analyses determined that the protein and mRNA expression levels of Bax, caspase‑3 and GSK‑3β were significantly increased relative to the controls. By contrast, the expression levels of nestin, Ki‑67, Bcl‑2 and β‑catenin were significantly reduced. The results of the present study suggest that exposure of pregnant mice to sevoflurane anesthesia demonstrates a negative effect on the learning and memory abilities of their offspring, and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Qunzhi Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Xuechan G Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Xu Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Mintao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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12
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Neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:480-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Yang JW, Ru J, Ma W, Gao Y, Liang Z, Liu J, Guo JH, Li LY. BDNF promotes the growth of human neurons through crosstalk with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via GSK-3β. Neuropeptides 2015; 54:35-46. [PMID: 26311646 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal growth; however, the downstream regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether BDNF exerts its neurotrophic effects through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in human embryonic spinal cord neurons in vitro. We found that neuronal growth (soma size and average neurite length) was increased by transfection with a BDNF overexpression plasmid. Western blotting and real-time quantitative PCR showed that expression of the BDNF pathway components TrkB, PI3K, Akt and PLC-γ was increased by BDNF overexpression. Furthermore, the Wnt signaling factors Wnt, Frizzled and Dsh and the downstream target β-catenin were upregulated, whereas GSK-3β was downregulated. In contrast, when BDNF signaling was downregulated with BDNF siRNA, the growth of neurons was decreased. Furthermore, BDNF signaling factors, Wnt pathway components and β-catenin were all downregulated, whereas GSK-3β was upregulated. This suggests that BDNF affects the growth of neurons in vitro through crosstalk with Wnt signaling, and that GSK-3β may be a critical factor linking these two pathways. To evaluate this possibility, we treated neurons with 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO), a small molecule GSK-3β inhibitor. BIO reduced the effects of BDNF upregulation/downregulation on soma size and average neurite length, and suppressed the impact of BDNF modulation on the Wnt signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that BDNF promotes the growth of neurons in vitro through crosstalk with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and that this interaction may be mediated by GSK-3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wei Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
| | - Jin Ru
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China; Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Kunming City, Kunming, Yunnan 650034, China.
| | - Zhang Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
| | - Jian-Hui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
| | - Li-Yan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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14
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Reducing glypican-4 in ES cells improves recovery in a rat model of Parkinson's disease by increasing the production of dopaminergic neurons and decreasing teratoma formation. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8318-23. [PMID: 24920634 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2501-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycan Glypican 4 (Gpc4) is strongly expressed in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells where it controls the maintenance of self-renewal by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling activities. Here we show that mouse ES cells carrying a hypomorphic Gpc4 allele, in a single-step neuronal differentiation protocol, show increased differentiation into dopaminergic neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and nuclear receptor related-1 protein (Nurr1) 1. In contrast to wild-type cells, these differentiating Gpc4-mutant cells expressed high levels of DOPA decarboxylase and the dopamine transporter, two markers expressed by fully mature dopaminergic neurons. Intrastriatal transplantation of Gpc4 hypomorphic cells into a 6-OHDA rat model for Parkinson's disease improved motor behavior in the cylinder test and amphetamine-induced rotations at a higher level than transplanted wild-type cells. Importantly, Gpc4 hypomorphic cell grafts, in contrast to wild-type cells, did not generate teratomas in the host brains, leading to strongly enhanced animal survival. Therefore, control of Gpc4 activity level represents a new potential strategy to reduce ES cell tumorigenic features while at the same time increasing neuronal differentiation and integration.
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15
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Fernando CV, Kele J, Bye CR, Niclis JC, Alsanie W, Blakely BD, Stenman J, Turner BJ, Parish CL. Diverse roles for Wnt7a in ventral midbrain neurogenesis and dopaminergic axon morphogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1991-2003. [PMID: 24803261 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the central nervous system, trophic, together with genetic, cues dictate the balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation. Subsequent to the birth of new neurons, additional intrinsic and extrinsic signals regulate the connectivity of these cells. While a number of regulators of ventral midbrain (VM) neurogenesis and dopaminergic (DA) axon guidance are known, we identify a number of novel roles for the secreted glycoprotein, Wnt7a, in this context. We demonstrate a temporal and spatial expression of Wnt7a in the VM, indicative of roles in neurogenesis, differentiation, and axonal growth and guidance. In primary VM cultures, and validated in Wnt7a-deficient mice, we show that the early expression within the VM is important for regulating VM progenitor proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell survival, thereby dictating the number of midbrain Nurr1 precursors and DA neurons. During early development of the midbrain DA pathways, Wnt7a promotes axonal elongation and repels DA neurites out of the midbrain. Later, Wnt7a expression in the VM midline suggests a role in preventing axonal crossing while expression in regions flanking the medial forebrain bundle (thalamus and hypothalamus) ensured appropriate trajectory of DA axons en route to their forebrain targets. We show that the effects of Wnt7a in VM development are mediated, at least in part, by the β-catenin/canonical pathways. Together, these findings identify Wnt7a as a new regulator of VM neurogenesis and DA axon growth and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurini V Fernando
- 1 The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Australia
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16
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Chen F, Wang H, Xiang X, Yuan J, Chu W, Xue X, Zhu H, Ge H, Zou M, Feng H, Lin J. Curcumin increased the differentiation rate of neurons in neural stem cells via wnt signaling in vitro study. J Surg Res 2014; 192:298-304. [PMID: 25033705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to clarify the relationship between the neuroprotective effects of curcumin and the classical wnt signaling pathway. METHOD Using Sprague-Dawley rats at a gestational age of 14.5 d, we isolated neural stem cells from the anterior two-thirds of the fetal rat brain. The neural stem cells were passaged three times using the half media replacement method and identified using cellular immunofluorescence. After passaging for three generations, we cultured cells in media without basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor. Then we treated cells in five different ways, including a blank control group, a group treated with IWR1 (10 μmol/L), a group treated with curcumin (500 nmol/L), a group treated with IWR1 + curcumin, and a group treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (10 μmol/L). We then measured the protein and RNA expression levels for wnt3a and β-catenin using Western blotting and Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Western-blotting: after the third generation of cells had been treated for 72 h, we observed that wnt3a and β-catenin expression was significantly increased in the group receiving 500 nmol/L curcumin but not in the other groups. Furthermore, cells in the IWR1-treated group showed decreased wnt3a and β-catenin expression, and wnt3a and β-catenin was also decreased in the IWR1 + 500 nmol/L curcumin group. No obvious change was observed in the dimethyl sulfoxide group. RT-PCR RT-PCR showed similar changes to those observed with the Western blotting experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that curcumin can activate the wnt signaling pathway, which provides evidence that curcumin exhibits a neuroprotective effect through the classical wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jichao Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingsen Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongfei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingming Zou
- Affiliated Bayi Brain Hospital, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangkai Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neurosurgery, Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Prevention and Treatment, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Abstract
Wingless/Int (Wnt) signaling pathways are signal transduction mechanisms that have been widely studied in the field of embryogenesis. Recent work has established a critical role for these pathways in brain development, especially of midbrain dopaminergic neurones. However, the fundamental importance of Wnt signaling for the normal function of mature neurones in the adult central nervous system has also lately been demonstrated by an increasing number of studies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease worldwide and is currently incurable. This debilitating disease is characterized by the progressive loss of a subset of midbrain dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra leading to typical extrapyramidal motor symptoms. The aetiology of PD is poorly understood but work performed over the last two decades has identified a growing number of genetic defects that underlie this condition. Here we review a growing body of data connecting genes implicated in PD--most notably the PARK genes--with Wnt signaling. These observations provide clues to the normal function of these proteins in healthy neurones and suggest that deregulated Wnt signaling might be a frequent pathomechanism leading to PD. These observations have implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Berwick
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Kirsten Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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18
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Alwin Prem Anand A, Gowri Sankar S, Kokila Vani V. Immortalization of neuronal progenitors using SV40 large T antigen and differentiation towards dopaminergic neurons. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2592-610. [PMID: 22863662 PMCID: PMC4118228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is common in clinical practice where there is availability of the tissue and organ. In the case of neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson's disease (PD), transplantation is not possible as a result of the non-availability of tissue or organ and therefore, cell therapy is an innovation in clinical practice. However, the availability of neuronal cells for transplantation is very limited. Alternatively, immortalized neuronal progenitors could be used in treating PD. The neuronal progenitor cells can be differentiated into dopaminergic phenotype. Here in this article, the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation of dopaminergic phenotype from the neuronal progenitors immortalized with SV40 LT antigen is discussed. In addition, the methods of generating dopaminergic neurons from progenitor cells and the factors that govern their differentiation are elaborated. Recent advances in cell-therapy based transplantation in PD patients and future prospects are discussed.
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19
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Parish CL, Thompson LH. Modulating Wnt signaling to improve cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease. J Mol Cell Biol 2013; 6:54-63. [DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjt045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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20
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Zhang X, Chen L, Wang Y, Ding Y, Peng Z, Duan L, Ju G, Ren Y, Wang X. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem/precursor cells through Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:1108-20. [PMID: 24339732 PMCID: PMC3858584 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a highly conserved and evolutionarily ancient mediator with pleiotropic effects. Recent studies demonstrated that the receptors of MIF, including CD44, CXCR2, CXCR4 and CD74, are expressed in the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). The potential regulatory effect of MIF on NSPCs proliferation and neuronal differentiation, however, is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of MIF on NSPC proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and further examined the signal pathway by which MIF transduced these signal effects in mouse NSPCs in vitro. The results showed that both Ki67-positive cells and neurosphere volumes were increased in a dose-dependent manner following MIF treatment. Furthermore, the expression of nuclear β-catenin was significantly stronger in MIF-stimulated groups than that in control groups. Conversely, administration of IWR-1, the inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, significantly inhibited the proliferative effect of MIF on NSPCs. Immunostaining and Western blot further indicated that doublecortin (DCX) and Tuj 1, two neuronal markers, were evidently increased with MIF stimulation during NSPC differentiation, and there were more Tuj1-positive cells migrated out from neurospheres in MIF-stimulated groups than those in control groups. During NSPC differentiation, MIF increased the activity of β-galactosidase that responds to Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Wnt1 and β-catenin proteins were also up-regulated with MIF stimulation. Moreover, the expression of DCX and Tuj 1 was inhibited significantly by IWR-1. Taken together, the present study indicated that MIF enhances NSPC proliferation and promotes the neuronal differentiation, by activating Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. The interaction between MIF and Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway may play an important role in modulating NSPC renewal and fate during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Zhang
- 1. Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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21
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Analysing the impact of nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of β-catenin and its antagonists APC, Axin and GSK3 on Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2210-21. [PMID: 23872074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signalling pathway plays a critical role in development and disease. The key player of the pathway is β-catenin. Its activity is mainly regulated by the destruction complex consisting of APC, Axin and GSK3. In the nucleus, the complex formation of β-catenin and TCF initiates target gene expression. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of APC, Axin, and GSK3 and the inactivation of β-catenin by the destruction complex in Wnt/β-catenin signalling. We address the following questions: Can nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of APC, Axin and GSK3 increase the [β-catenin/TCF] concentration? And, how is the [β-catenin/TCF] concentration influenced by phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of nuclear β-catenin? Based on experimental findings, we develop a compartmental model and conduct several simulation experiments. Our analysis reveals the following key findings: 1) nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of β-catenin and its antagonists can yield a spatial separation between the said proteins, which results in a breakdown of β-catenin degradation, followed by an accumulation of β-catenin and hence leads to an increase of the [β-catenin/TCF] concentration. Our results strongly suggest that Wnt signalling can benefit from nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of APC, Axin and GSK3, although they are in general β-catenin antagonising proteins. 2) The total robustness of the [β-catenin/TCF] output is closely linked to its absolute concentration levels. We demonstrate that the compartmental separation of β-catenin and the destruction complex does not only lead to a maximization, but additionally to an increased robustness of [β-catenin/TCF] signalling against perturbations in the cellular environment. 3) A nuclear accumulation of the destruction complex renders the pathway robust against fluctuations in Wnt signalling and against changes in the compartmental distribution of β-catenin. 4) Elucidating the impact of destruction complex inhibition, we show that the [β-catenin/TCF] concentration is more effectively enhanced by inhibition of the kinase GSK3 rather than the binding of β-catenin to the destruction complex.
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22
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Marchetti B, Pluchino S. Wnt your brain be inflamed? Yes, it Wnt! Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:144-56. [PMID: 23312954 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The roles of Wnts in neural development, synaptogenesis, and cancer are generally well characterized. Nonetheless, evidence exists that interactions between the immune and nervous systems control major brain regenerative processes ranging from physiological or pathological (reparative) regeneration to neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies describe deregulated Wnt-Fzd signaling in degenerative and inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorders, and the expression of Wnt signaling components in the immune system, and in immune-like cells of the mammalian CNS. This would suggest a likely involvement of Wnts in inflammation-driven brain damage and inflammation-directed brain repair. Here, we review how Wnts modulate neuroimmune interactions and offer a perspective on the most challenging therapeutic opportunities for those CNS diseases where injury-reactive Wnt-flavored inflammation precedes secondary neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, Medical School, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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23
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Mota NR, Araujo-Jnr EV, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Bortolini MC, Bau CHD. Linking dopamine neurotransmission and neurogenesis: The evolutionary history of the NTAD (NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2) gene cluster. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:912-8. [PMID: 23412349 PMCID: PMC3571431 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have long suggested the important role of the DRD2 gene in psychiatric disorders and behavior. Further research has shown a conjoined effect of genes in the Chr11q22–23 region, which includes the NCAM1, TTC12, ANKK1 and DRD2 genes, or NTAD cluster. Despite a growing need to unravel the role of this cluster, few studies have taken into account interspecies and evolutionary approaches. This study shows that behaviorally relevant SNPs from the NTAD cluster, such as rs1800497 (Taq1A) and rs6277, are ancient polymorphisms that date back to the common ancestor between modern humans and Neanderthals/Denisovans. Conserved synteny and neighborhood indicate the NTAD cluster seems to have been established at least 400 million years ago, when the first Sarcopterygians emerged. The NTAD genes are apparently co-regulated and this could be attributed to adaptive functional properties, including those that emerged when the central nervous system became more complex. Finally, our findings indicate that NTAD genes, which are related to neurogenesis and dopaminergic neurotransmission, should be approached as a unit in behavioral and psychiatric genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Roth Mota
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Schweitzer J, Lohr H, Filippi A, Driever W. Dopaminergic and noradrenergic circuit development in zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:256-68. [PMID: 21567980 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons constitute some of the major far projecting systems in the vertebrate brain and spinal cord that modulate the activity of circuits controlling a broad range of behaviors. Degeneration or dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons has also been linked to a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease.Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged over the past two decades into a major genetic vertebrate model system,and thus contributed to a better understanding of developmental mechanisms controlling dopaminergic neuron specification and axonogenesis. In this review, we want to focus on conserved and dynamic aspects of the different catecholaminergic systems, which may help to evaluate the zebrafish as a model for dopaminergic and noradrenergic cellular specification and circuit function as well as biomedical aspects of catecholamine systems.
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25
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Chen BY, Wang X, Wang ZY, Wang YZ, Chen LW, Luo ZJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulates proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, possibly by triggering the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:30-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Mulligan KA, Cheyette BNR. Wnt signaling in vertebrate neural development and function. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:774-87. [PMID: 23015196 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Wnt family of secreted signaling proteins influence many aspects of neural development and function. Wnts are required from neural induction and axis formation to axon guidance and synapse development, and even help modulate synapse activity. Wnt proteins activate a variety of downstream signaling pathways and can induce a similar variety of cellular responses, including gene transcription changes and cytoskeletal rearrangements. This review provides an introduction to Wnt signaling pathways and discusses current research on their roles in vertebrate neural development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Mulligan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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27
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Ratzka A, Baron O, Stachowiak MK, Grothe C. Fibroblast growth factor 2 regulates dopaminergic neuron development in vivo. J Neurochem 2012; 122:94-105. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Lahti L, Peltopuro P, Piepponen TP, Partanen J. Cell-autonomous FGF signaling regulates anteroposterior patterning and neuronal differentiation in the mesodiencephalic dopaminergic progenitor domain. Development 2012; 139:894-905. [PMID: 22278924 DOI: 10.1242/dev.071936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The structure and projection patterns of adult mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (DA) neurons are one of the best characterized systems in the vertebrate brain. However, the early organization and development of these nuclei remain poorly understood. The induction of midbrain DA neurons requires sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the floor plate and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) from the isthmic organizer, but the way in which FGF8 regulates DA neuron development is unclear. We show that, during early embryogenesis, mesodiencephalic neurons consist of two distinct populations: a diencephalic domain, which is probably independent of isthmic FGFs; and a midbrain domain, which is dependent on FGFs. Within these domains, DA progenitors and precursors use partly different genetic programs. Furthermore, the diencephalic DA domain forms a distinct cell population, which also contains non-DA Pou4f1(+) cells. FGF signaling operates in proliferative midbrain DA progenitors, but is absent in postmitotic DA precursors. The loss of FGFR1/2-mediated signaling results in a maturation failure of the midbrain DA neurons and altered patterning of the midbrain floor. In FGFR mutants, the DA domain adopts characteristics that are typical for embryonic diencephalon, including the presence of Pou4f1(+) cells among TH(+) cells, and downregulation of genes typical of midbrain DA precursors. Finally, analyses of chimeric embryos indicate that FGF signaling regulates the development of the ventral midbrain cell autonomously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lahti
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Wexler EM, Rosen E, Lu D, Osborn GE, Martin E, Raybould H, Geschwind DH. Genome-wide analysis of a Wnt1-regulated transcriptional network implicates neurodegenerative pathways. Sci Signal 2012; 4:ra65. [PMID: 21971039 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wnt proteins are critical to mammalian brain development and function. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway involves the stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin; however, Wnt also signals through alternative, noncanonical pathways. To gain a systems-level, genome-wide view of Wnt signaling, we analyzed Wnt1-stimulated changes in gene expression by transcriptional microarray analysis in cultured human neural progenitor (hNP) cells at multiple time points over a 72-hour time course. We observed a widespread oscillatory-like pattern of changes in gene expression, involving components of both the canonical and the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways. A higher-order, systems-level analysis that combined independent component analysis, waveform analysis, and mutual information-based network construction revealed effects on pathways related to cell death and neurodegenerative disease. Wnt effectors were tightly clustered with presenilin1 (PSEN1) and granulin (GRN), which cause dominantly inherited forms of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), respectively. We further explored a potential link between Wnt1 and GRN and found that Wnt1 decreased GRN expression by hNPs. Conversely, GRN knockdown increased WNT1 expression, demonstrating that Wnt and GRN reciprocally regulate each other. Finally, we provided in vivo validation of the in vitro findings by analyzing gene expression data from individuals with FTD. These unbiased and genome-wide analyses provide evidence for a connection between Wnt signaling and the transcriptional regulation of neurodegenerative disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Wexler
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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Biology of stem cells: the role of microenvironments. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:135-51. [PMID: 22457108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From the discovery of the first line of human embryonic stem cells, thousands of studies have been published concerning adult stem cells and their possible alleged therapeutic potential. However, very little real progress has been made in the application of cell therapy to patients. We can conclude that there remains a great deal for us to learn about the biology of stem cells, and especially, the mechanisms that regulate their differentiation and use under conditions of biosafety. In this chapter, we are going to review some of the mechanisms that seem to control the biology of stem cells, in particular the microenvironments, also called niches, where they house and which exert a strong influence over them. The regulation, survival, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells is ultimately determined by a combination of factors intrinsic to the stem cells themselves and extrinsic signals received from the microenvironment. A better understanding of the cellular components of microenvironments and their cellular and molecular interactions with the other components of the niche, including the stem cells themselves, will be key to make progress in this field.
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31
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Vangipuram SD, Lyman WD. Ethanol affects differentiation-related pathways and suppresses Wnt signaling protein expression in human neural stem cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 36:788-97. [PMID: 22150777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure of the fetus to ethanol (EtOH) can be teratogenic. We previously showed that EtOH alters the cell fate of human neural stem cells (NSC). As Wnt signaling plays an important role in fetal brain development, we hypothesized that EtOH suppresses Wnt signaling protein expression in differentiating NSC and thereby contributes to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. METHODS NSC isolated from fetal human brains were cultured in mitogenic media to induce neurospheres, which were dissociated into single-cell suspensions and used for all experiments. Equal numbers of NSC were cultured on lysine/laminin-coated plates for 96 hours in differentiating media containing 0, 20, or 100 mM EtOH. Total mRNA was isolated from samples containing 0 or 100 mM EtOH and changes in expression of 263 genes associated with neurogenesis and NSC differentiation were determined by Oligo GEArray technology. The biological impact of gene changes was estimated using a systems biology approach with pathway express software and KEGG database. Based on the pathways identified, expression of Wnt proteins (Wnt3a and Wnt5a), Wnt-receptor complex proteins (p-LRP6, LRP6, DVL2, and DVL3), Wnt antagonist Naked-2 (NKD-2), and downstream Wnt proteins (β-catenin, Tyr-p-GSK3β, Ser-p-GSK3β) were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS Of the 263 genes examined, the expressions of 22 genes in differentiating NSC were either upwardly or downwardly affected by EtOH. These genes are associated with 5 pathways/cellular processes: axon guidance; hedgehog signaling; TGF-β signaling; cell adhesion molecules; and Wnt signaling. When compared to controls, EtOH, at both 20 and 100 mM concentrations, suppressed the expression of Wnt3a and Wnt5a, receptor complex proteins p-LRP6, LRP6 and DVL2, and cytoplasmic proteins Ser-p-GSK3β and β-catenin. Expression of NKD-2 and DVL3 remained unchanged and the expression of active Tyr-p-GSK3β increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS EtOH can significantly alter neural differentiation pathway-related gene expression and suppress Wnt signaling proteins in differentiating human NSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada D Vangipuram
- Children's Research Center of Michigan, The Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA.
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Winner B, Vogt-Weisenhorn DM, Lie CD, Blümcke I, Winkler J. Cellular repair strategies in Parkinson's disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2011; 2:51-60. [PMID: 21180641 DOI: 10.1177/1756285608100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affecting 0.7% of the elderly population (defined as over 65 years of age). PD is clinically characterized by resting tremor, muscular rigidity, hypokinesia and postural instability. These motor symptoms result largely from the deficiency or dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Histopathological analysis reveals depletion of dopaminergic neurons as well as eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Lewy bodies) in surviving neurons of the substantia nigra and other brain regions. The molecular pathogenesis is linked to protein misfolding by compromised alpha-synuclein and/or related proteins (synucleinopathy). Therefore, successful therapy of motor symptoms aims for the restoration of dopaminergic neurotransmission. Pharmacological drug treatment is usually effective only at an early stage of the disease but cannot halt progressive neuronal degeneration. With recent developments in stem cell technology, cell repair or replacement approaches came into focus. Here, we review new therapeutic strategies resulting from the innate propensity of the adult brain to generate new neurons, either by pharmacological stimulation of endogenous adult stem cell population or exogenous cell transplantation modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Winner
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; and Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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En1 and Wnt signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neuronal development. Neural Dev 2011; 6:23. [PMID: 21569278 PMCID: PMC3104484 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mesodiencephalon are affected in significant health disorders such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addiction. The ultimate goal of current research endeavors is to improve the clinical treatment of such disorders, such as providing a protocol for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease that will successfully promote the specific differentiation of a stem cell into a dopaminergic neuronal phenotype. Decades of research on the developmental mechanisms of the mesodiencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) system have led to the identification of many signaling pathways and transcription factors critical in its development. The unraveling of these pathways will help fill in the pieces of the puzzle that today dominates neurodevelopment research: how to make and maintain a mdDA neuron. In the present review, we provide an overview of the mdDA system, the processes and signaling molecules involved in its genesis, with a focus on the transcription factor En1 and the canonical Wnt pathway, highlighting recent findings on their relevance--and interplay--in the development and maintenance of the mdDA system.
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Elizalde C, Campa VM, Caro M, Schlangen K, Aransay AM, Vivanco MDM, Kypta RM. Distinct roles for Wnt-4 and Wnt-11 during retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. Stem Cells 2011; 29:141-53. [PMID: 21280163 DOI: 10.1002/stem.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid and Wnt/β-catenin signals play important roles during neuronal differentiation but less is known about noncanonical Wnt signals in this context. We examined retinoic acid and Wnt signaling in two human embryonal carcinoma cell lines, NTERA-2 (clone D1), which undergoes neuronal differentiation in response to retinoic acid, and 2102Ep, which does not. Retinoic acid treatment inhibited β-catenin/Tcf activity in NTERA-2 cells but not in 2102Ep cells. Inhibition occurred downstream of β-catenin but did not involve competition between retinoic acid receptors and β-catenin for binding to p300 or Tcf-4. Ectopic expression of FZD1 partially restored inhibition in 2102Ep cells, suggesting the involvement of Wnt ligands. Retinoic acid treatment of NTERA-2 cells induced the expression of Wnt-4 and Wnt-11, both of which were able to inhibit β-catenin/Tcf activity. Wnt-4 and Wnt-11 were found at cell borders in islands of cells that expressed OCT4 and GFAP and were predominantly negative for Nestin, PAX6, and GATA6. Gene silencing of Wnt-4, but not Wnt-11, reduced retinoic acid downregulation of OCT4 and Nanog and upregulation of PAX6, ASCL1, HOXC5, and NEUROD1, suggesting that Wnt-4 promotes early neuronal differentiation. Gene expression analysis of NTERA-2 cells stably overexpressing Wnt-11 suggested that Wnt-11 potentiates retinoic acid induction of early neurogenesis. Consistent with this, overexpression of Wnt-11 maintained a population of proliferating progenitor cells in cultures treated with retinoic acid for several weeks. These observations highlight the distinct roles of two noncanonical Wnts during the early stages of retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Elizalde
- Cell biology and Stem Cells Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Spain
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Wnt5a is a transcriptional target of Dlx homeogenes and promotes differentiation of interneuron progenitors in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosci 2011; 31:2675-87. [PMID: 21325536 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3110-10.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, neurogenesis, migration, and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are regulated by an interplay between intrinsic genetic programs and extrinsic cues. The Dlx homeogene transcription factors have been proposed to directly control the genesis and maturation of GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb (OB), subpallium, and cortex. Here we provide evidence that Dlx genes promote differentiation of olfactory interneurons via the signaling molecule Wnt5a. Dlx2 and Dlx5 interact with homeodomain binding sequences within the Wnt5a locus and activate its transcription. Exogenously provided Wnt5a promotes GABAergic differentiation in dissociated OB neurons and in organ-type brain cultures. Finally, we show that the Dlx-mutant environment is unfavorable for GABA differentiation, in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that Dlx genes favor interneuron differentiation also in a non-cell-autonomous fashion, via expression of Wnt5a.
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Blakely BD, Bye CR, Fernando CV, Horne MK, Macheda ML, Stacker SA, Arenas E, Parish CL. Wnt5a regulates midbrain dopaminergic axon growth and guidance. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18373. [PMID: 21483795 PMCID: PMC3069098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, precise temporal and spatial gradients are responsible for
guiding axons to their appropriate targets. Within the developing ventral
midbrain (VM) the cues that guide dopaminergic (DA) axons to their forebrain
targets remain to be fully elucidated. Wnts are morphogens that have been
identified as axon guidance molecules. Several Wnts are expressed in the VM
where they regulate the birth of DA neurons. Here, we describe that a precise
temporo-spatial expression of Wnt5a accompanies the development of nigrostriatal
projections by VM DA neurons. In mice at E11.5, Wnt5a is
expressed in the VM where it was found to promote DA neurite and axonal growth
in VM primary cultures. By E14.5, when DA axons are approaching their striatal
target, Wnt5a causes DA neurite retraction in primary cultures. Co-culture of VM
explants with Wnt5a-overexpressing cell aggregates revealed that Wnt5a is
capable of repelling DA neurites. Antagonism experiments revealed that the
effects of Wnt5a are mediated by the Frizzled receptors and by the small GTPase,
Rac1 (a component of the non-canonical Wnt planar cell polarity pathway).
Moreover, the effects were specific as they could be blocked by Wnt5a antibody,
sFRPs and RYK-Fc. The importance of Wnt5a in DA axon morphogenesis was further
verified in Wnt5a−/− mice, where
fasciculation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) as well as the density of DA
neurites in the MFB and striatal terminals were disrupted. Thus, our results
identify a novel role of Wnt5a in DA axon growth and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brette D. Blakely
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
- Centre for Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
| | - Christopher R. Bye
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
| | | | - Malcolm K. Horne
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
- Centre for Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria L. Macheda
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital,
Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven A. Stacker
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital,
Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clare L. Parish
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
- Centre for Neurosciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria,
Australia
- * E-mail:
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Kang TH, Guibinga GH, Friedmann T. HPRT deficiency coordinately dysregulates canonical Wnt and presenilin-1 signaling: a neuro-developmental regulatory role for a housekeeping gene? PLoS One 2011; 6:e16572. [PMID: 21305049 PMCID: PMC3030599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used microarray-based methods of global gene expression together with quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis to identify dysregulation of genes and aberrant cellular processes in human fibroblasts and in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells made HPRT-deficient by transduction with a retrovirus stably expressing an shRNA targeted against HPRT. Analysis of the microarray expression data by Gene ontology (GO) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) as well as significant pathway analysis by GeneSpring GX10 and Panther Classification System reveal that HPRT deficiency is accompanied by aberrations in a variety of pathways known to regulate neurogenesis or to be implicated in neurodegenerative disease, including the canonical Wnt/β-catenin and the Alzheimer's disease/presenilin signaling pathways. Dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is confirmed by Western blot demonstration of cytosolic sequestration of β-catenin during in vitro differentiation of the SH-SY5Y cells toward the neuronal phenotype. We also demonstrate that two key transcription factor genes known to be regulated by Wnt signaling and to be vital for the generation and function of dopaminergic neurons; i.e., Lmx1a and Engrailed 1, are down-regulated in the HPRT knockdown SH-SY5Y cells. In addition to the Wnt signaling aberration, we found that expression of presenilin-1 shows severely aberrant expression in HPRT-deficient SH-SY5Y cells, reflected by marked deficiency of the 23 kDa C-terminal fragment of presenilin-1 in knockdown cells. Western blot analysis of primary fibroblast cultures from two LND patients also shows dysregulated presenilin-1 expression, including aberrant proteolytic processing of presenilin-1. These demonstrations of dysregulated Wnt signaling and presenilin-1 expression together with impaired expression of dopaminergic transcription factors reveal broad pleitropic neuro-regulatory defects played by HPRT expression and suggest new directions for investigating mechanisms of aberrant neurogenesis and neuropathology in LND and potential new targets for restoration of effective signaling in this neuro-developmental defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyuk Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neural Circuit and Behavior and San Diego Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ghiabe-Henri Guibinga
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neural Circuit and Behavior and San Diego Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Theodore Friedmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neural Circuit and Behavior and San Diego Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Modulation of the generation of dopaminergic neurons from human neural stem cells by Bcl-X(L): mechanisms of action. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 87:175-205. [PMID: 22127243 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386015-6.00029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental mechanisms governing dopaminergic neuron generation and maintenance is crucial for the development of neuronal replacement therapeutic procedures, like in Parkinson's disease (PD), but also for research aimed at drug screening and pharmacology. In the present chapter, we review the present situation using stem cells of different origins (pluripotent and multipotent) and summarize current manipulations of stem cells for the enhancement of dopaminergic neuron generation, focusing on the actions of Bcl-X(L). Bcl-X(L) not only enhances dopaminergic neuron survival but also augments the expression of key developmental and maintenance genes, and, through the lengthening of the cell cycle early during differentiation, regulates cell fate decisions, producing a net enhancement of neurogenesis. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of basic neurogenesis and also for the development of efficient cell therapy in PD.
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Interactions of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and sonic hedgehog regulate the neurogenesis of ventral midbrain dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9280-91. [PMID: 20610763 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0860-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling mechanisms involving Wnt/beta-catenin and sonic hedgehog (Shh) are known to regulate the development of ventral midbrain (vMB) dopamine neurons. However, the interactions between these two mechanisms and how such interactions can be targeted to promote a maximal production of dopamine neurons are not fully understood. Here we show that conditional mouse mutants with region-specific activation of beta-catenin signaling in vMB using the Shh-Cre mice show a marked expansion of Sox2-, Ngn2-, and Otx2-positive progenitors but perturbs their cell cycle exit and reduces the generation of dopamine neurons. Furthermore, activation of beta-catenin in vMB also results in a progressive loss of Shh expression and Shh target genes. Such antagonistic effects between the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin and Shh can be recapitulated in vMB progenitors and in mouse embryonic stem cell cultures. Notwithstanding these antagonistic interactions, cell-type-specific activation of beta-catenin in the midline progenitors using the tyrosine hydroxylase-internal ribosomal entry site-Cre (Th-IRES-Cre) mice leads to increased dopaminergic neurogenesis. Together, these results indicate the presence of a delicate balance between Wnt/beta-catenin and Shh signaling mechanisms in the progression from progenitors to dopamine neurons. Persistent activation of beta-catenin in early progenitors perturbs their cell cycle progression and antagonizes Shh expression, whereas activation of beta-catenin in midline progenitors promotes the generation of dopamine neurons.
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Cajánek L, Ribeiro D, Liste I, Parish CL, Bryja V, Arenas E. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling blockade promotes neuronal induction and dopaminergic differentiation in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2917-27. [PMID: 19725118 DOI: 10.1002/stem.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) represent not only a promising source of cells for cell replacement therapy, but also a tool to study the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular signaling and dopaminergic (DA) neuron development. One of the main regulators of DA neuron development is Wnt signaling. Here we used mouse ESCs (mESCs) lacking Wnt1 or the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) to decipher the action of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling on DA neuron development in mESCs. We provide evidence that the absence of LRP6 abrogates responsiveness of mESCs to Wnt ligand stimulation. Using two differentiation protocols, we show that the loss of Wnt1 or LRP6 increases neuroectodermal differentiation and the number of mESC-derived DA neurons. These effects were similar to those observed following treatment of mESCs with the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway inhibitor Dickkopf1 (Dkk1). Combined, our results show that decreases in Wnt/beta-catenin signaling enhance neuronal and DA differentiation of mESCs. These findings suggest that: 1) Wnt1 or LRP6 are not strictly required for the DA differentiation of mESCs in vitro, 2) the levels of morphogens and their activity in ESC cultures need to be optimized to improve DA differentiation, and 3) by enhancing the differentiation and number of ESC-derived DA neurons with Dkk1, the application of ESCs for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukás Cajánek
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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DFG Research Training Group 1387/1: dIEM oSiRiS – Integrative Development of Modelling and Simulation Methods for Regenerative Systems (DFG Graduiertenkolleg 1387/1: dIEM oSiRiS – Die integrative Entwicklung von Modellierungs- und Simulationsmethoden für regenerative Systeme). IT - INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/itit.2007.49.6.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative systems are able to overcome significant perturbations, and maintain autonomously their functionality in dynamic and uncertain environments. To analyse or develop these types of systems modelling and simulation play a crucial role. However, due to the fact of being large scale and of embracing many heterogeneously acting and interacting sub-systems, they require the development of new methodologies to support a flexible modelling at different levels of organization and abstraction and an efficient execution of experiments. These methodological developments are at the core of the DFG Research Training Group dIEM oSiRiS (The Integrative Development of Modelling and Simulation Methods for Regenerative Systems). Thereby, the analysis of characteristics and requirements of regenerative systems and the evaluation of the developed concepts are based on a concrete biological regenerative system: the exploration of signalling pathways that play a significant role in the differentiation of neural cells.
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A novel combination of factors, termed SPIE, which promotes dopaminergic neuron differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6606. [PMID: 19672298 PMCID: PMC2719871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stromal-Derived Inducing Activity (SDIA) is one of the most efficient methods of generating dopaminergic (DA) neurons from embryonic stem cells (ESC). DA neuron induction can be achieved by co-culturing ESC with the mouse stromal cell lines PA6 or MS5. The molecular nature of this effect, which has been termed “SDIA” is so far unknown. Recently, we found that factors secreted by PA6 cells provided lineage-specific instructions to induce DA differentiation of human ESC (hESC). Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we compared PA6 cells to various cell lines lacking the SDIA effect, and employed genome expression analysis to identify differentially-expressed signaling molecules. Among the factors highly expressed by PA6 cells, and known to be associated with CNS development, were stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), pleiotrophin (PTN), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), and ephrin B1 (EFNB1). When these four factors, the combination of which was termed SPIE, were applied to hESC, they induced differentiation to TH-positive neurons in vitro. RT-PCR and western blot analysis confirmed the expression of midbrain specific markers, including engrailed 1, Nurr1, Pitx3, and dopamine transporter (DAT) in cultures influenced by these four molecules. Electrophysiological recordings showed that treatment of hESC with SPIE induced differentiation of neurons that were capable of generating action potentials and forming functional synaptic connections. Conclusions/Significance The combination of SDF-1, PTN, IGF2, and EFNB1 mimics the DA phenotype-inducing property of SDIA and was sufficient to promote differentiation of hESC to functional midbrain DA neurons. These findings provide a method for differentiating hESC to form DA neurons, without a requirement for the use of animal-derived cell lines or products.
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Reptin52 expression during in vitro neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 452:47-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ventral mesencephalon astrocytes are more efficient than those of other regions in inducing dopaminergic neurons through higher expression level of TGF-beta3. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 37:288-300. [PMID: 18982456 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Being supportive cells for neurons in the central nervous system, astrocytes have recently found to be associated with neurogenesis. Ventral mesencephalon (VM) astrocytes were also detected being instructive for VM dopaminergic (DA) neurogenesis, but the underling mechanisms are still unclear. This research is to figure out whether VM astrocytes are more efficient than those from other brain regions in inducing VM DA neurons from their precursors and whether transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas) are the underlying molecules. We found that, compared with astrocytes preparations from striatum and hippocampus, VM astrocytes preparations displayed markedly higher efficacy in inducing DA neurogenesis. Besides, they also expressed higher level of TGF-beta3 than those of two other regions. When TGF-beta3 gene expression in astrocytes preparations was inhibited by its antisense oligonucleotide, the induction of DA neurons decreased to a similar level among these three astrocytes preparations. Thus, our experiment indicates that VM astrocytes preparations which contained highly purified astrocytes are more efficient in inducing DA neurogenesis than those from other regions. Furthermore, it also suggests that the regional differences are regulated by different expression levels of TGF-beta3 in those astrocytes preparations from different derivations.
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Yang BZ, Kranzler HR, Zhao H, Gruen JR, Luo X, Gelernter J. Haplotypic variants in DRD2, ANKK1, TTC12, and NCAM1 are associated with comorbid alcohol and drug dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:2117-27. [PMID: 18828801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each gene in the chromosome 11q23 cluster of NCAM1, TTC12, ANKK1, and DRD2 is functionally linked to dopamine in brain. Many association studies of DRD2 and substance dependence (SD), including alcohol dependence (AD) and drug dependence (DD), have been reported; the results have been inconsistent. Recent association studies have considered this cluster more comprehensively, examining the association of SD with several risk variants mapped to the other genes in the cluster. Because comorbid AD with DD (AD+DD) is common, we hypothesized that heterogeneity of the SD diagnoses studied might have contributed to the inconsistency of prior results. METHODS We conducted 2 separate association studies of AD+DD and AD without DD (AD-only) in 1,090 European-Americans using family-based and case-control designs and 43 single nucleotide polymorphisms mapped to this cluster. We used a generalized linear model and haplotype score tests for the case-control sample, and the family-based association test for the family sample. RESULTS For AD+DD, the risk regions centered on TTC12 exon 3 [optimal individual haplotype simulated p (p(oihs)) = 0.000015], and another extended from ANKK1 exon 8 to DRD2;C957T (p(oihs) = 0.0028), in both samples. NCAM1 exon 12 markers showed global significance in both designs, but were significant for specific haplotypes (p(oihs) = 0.0029) only for the family sample. For AD-only, NCAM1 intron 14 to 18 and the junction of ANKK1 and DRD2 were associated globally. Population stratification was excluded as the basis for these results. Linkage disequilibrium contrast tests supported selection at TTC12 exon 3 and ANKK1 exon 2. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that variants in TTC12 exon 3, NCAM1 exon 12, and the two 3'-ends of ANKK1 and DRD2 co-regulate risk for comorbid AD and DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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Abstract
The Mediator complex is a fluid assemblage of approximately 25 proteins that is essential for eukaryotic transcriptional regulation. Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription (MED)12 (HOPA) is a 25-kb Xq13 member of the Mediator complex that plays a key role in the complex and directly moderates receptor tyrosine kinase, nuclear receptor and Wnt pathway signaling. Sequence variation in two MED12 protein domains has been linked to neuropsychiatric illness. First, variants in the Leu-Ser domain have been linked to Opitz-Kaveggia and Lujan syndromes, which are forms of X-linked mental retardation. Second, a balanced polymorphism in the C terminus opposite-paired domain, a key motif in the MED12-mediated transcriptional repression of Wnt signaling, has been associated with increased risk for psychosis. We conclude that variation of MED12 is associated with a wide variety of clinical presentations whose severity is dependent on the location and nature of the variation, and that a thorough understanding of MED12's role in transcriptional regulation could have significant benefits for human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Philibert
- The University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Program, Room 2-126 MEB, Iowa City, IA 52242-1000, USA.
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Yang BZ, Kranzler HR, Zhao H, Gruen JR, Luo X, Gelernter J. Association of haplotypic variants in DRD2, ANKK1, TTC12 and NCAM1 to alcohol dependence in independent case–control and family samples. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:2844-53. [PMID: 17761687 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many conflicting reports concerning the association of the DRD2 locus with alcohol dependence (AD). To investigate whether these findings could be reconciled by considering the genomic region of DRD2 in greater detail, we conducted two separate association studies of AD in 1220 European-American subjects using family-based (488 subjects) and case-control (318 cases and 414 controls) designs, and 43 single nucleotide polymorphisms mapped to the gene cluster of NCAM1, TTC12, ANKK1 and DRD2. We used a generalized linear model and haplotype score tests for the case-control sample, and the family-based association test for the family sample. Haplotype associations centered on TTC12 exon 3 [rs1893699-rs723077; optimal individual haplotype simulated P-value (P(oihs)) = 0.00021] in both independent samples (family and case-control). Additional AD-associated haplotypes centered around NCAM1 exon 12 in the family sample (P(oihs) = 0.0032), and at exons 2 and 5 of ANKK1 in the case-control sample (P(oihs) = 0.00058). LD contrasts between cases and controls support selection at TTC12 exon 3 and ANKK1 exon 2. The armadillo repeat domains encoded by TTC12 and dopamine interact in the Wnt pathway and may have effects on dopamine cell development in the ventral midbrain. We conclude that risk for AD is attributable in part to variants in four regions within this cluster: exon 3 of TTC12, exon 12/intron13 of NCAM1 and exons 2 and 5 of ANKK1. The complexity of these relationships, many of which replicate between our independent samples, may explain prior inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kitagawa H, Ray WJ, Glantschnig H, Nantermet PV, Yu Y, Leu CT, Harada SI, Kato S, Freedman LP. A regulatory circuit mediating convergence between Nurr1 transcriptional regulation and Wnt signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7486-96. [PMID: 17709391 PMCID: PMC2169041 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00409-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is essential for the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, the cells that degenerate during Parkinson's disease, by promoting the transcription of genes involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Since Nurr1 lacks a classical ligand-binding pocket, it is not clear which factors regulate its activity and how these factors are affected during disease pathogenesis. Since Wnt signaling via beta-catenin promotes the differentiation of Nurr1(+) dopaminergic precursors in vitro, we tested for functional interactions between these systems. We found that beta-catenin and Nurr1 functionally interact at multiple levels. In the absence of beta-catenin, Nurr1 is associated with Lef-1 in corepressor complexes. Beta-catenin binds Nurr1 and disrupts these corepressor complexes, leading to coactivator recruitment and induction of Wnt- and Nurr1-responsive genes. We then identified KCNIP4/calsenilin-like protein as being responsive to concurrent activation by Nurr1 and beta-catenin. Since KCNIP4 interacts with presenilins, the Alzheimer's disease-associated proteins that promote beta-catenin degradation, we tested the possibility that KCNIP4 induction regulates beta-catenin signaling. KCNIP4 induction limited beta-catenin activity in a presenilin-dependent manner, thereby serving as a negative feedback loop; furthermore, Nurr1 inhibition of beta-catenin activity was absent in PS1(-/-) cells or in the presence of small interfering RNAs specific to KCNIP4. These data describe regulatory convergence between Nurr1 and beta-catenin, providing a mechanism by which Nurr1 could be regulated by Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirochika Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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Philibert RA, Gershenfeld HK. Therapeutic potential of targeting gene variants in schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 2007; 7:757-60. [PMID: 17610381 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.7.7.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lovestone S, Killick R, Di Forti M, Murray R. Schizophrenia as a GSK-3 dysregulation disorder. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30:142-9. [PMID: 17324475 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence suggests that the regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) might be important in schizophrenia. Atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs alter GSK-3 activity, as do drugs that induce psychosis. GSK-3 regulatory pathways are altered in schizophrenia, and many of the genes associated with schizophrenia directly or indirectly regulate GSK-3 activity. We propose a variant on the neurodevelopment and dopamine hypotheses of schizophrenia, whereby (i) an early dysfunction in GSK-3 regulation has neurodevelopmental consequences that predispose to disease and (ii) dysfunction in GSK-3 regulation in the adult brain alters dopamine signalling events, causing psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. If, as we suggest, GSK-3 regulation is crucial to schizophrenia, the Wnt and insulin signalling pathways become targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lovestone
- Departments of Psychological Medicine and Neuroscience Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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