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Piccirillo S, Preziuso A, Cerqueni G, Serfilippi T, Terenzi V, Vinciguerra A, Amoroso S, Lariccia V, Magi S. A strategic tool to improve the study of molecular determinants of Alzheimer's disease: The role of glyceraldehyde. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115869. [PMID: 37871878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration leading to severe cognitive, memory, and behavioral impairments. The onset of AD involves a complex interplay among various factors, including age, genetics, chronic inflammation, and impaired energy metabolism. Despite significant efforts, there are currently no effective therapies capable of modifying the course of AD, likely owing to an excessive focus on the amyloid hypothesis and a limited consideration of other intracellular pathways. In the present review, we emphasize the emerging concept of AD as a metabolic disease, where alterations in energy metabolism play a critical role in its development and progression. Notably, glucose metabolism impairment is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, and protein misfolding, forming interconnected processes that perpetuate a detrimental self-feeding loop sustaining AD progression. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), neurotoxic compounds that accumulate in AD, are considered an important consequence of glucose metabolism disruption, and glyceraldehyde (GA), a glycolytic intermediate, is a key contributor to AGEs formation in both neurons and astrocytes. Exploring the impact of GA-induced glucose metabolism impairment opens up exciting possibilities for creating an easy-to-handle in vitro model that recapitulates the early stage of the disease. This model holds great potential for advancing the development of novel therapeutics targeting various intracellular pathways implicated in AD pathogenesis. In conclusion, looking beyond the conventional amyloid hypothesis could lead researchers to discover promising targets for intervention, offering the possibility of addressing the existing medical gaps in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Piccirillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Preziuso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Cerqueni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Serfilippi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Valentina Terenzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Amoroso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Lariccia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simona Magi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
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2
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Wang HY, Pei Z, Lee KC, Nikolov B, Doehner T, Puente J, Friedmann N, Burns LH. Simufilam suppresses overactive mTOR and restores its sensitivity to insulin in Alzheimer's disease patient lymphocytes. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1175601. [PMID: 37457922 PMCID: PMC10339288 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1175601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Implicated in both aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is overactive in AD brain and lymphocytes. Stimulated by growth factors such as insulin, mTOR monitors cell health and nutrient needs. A small molecule oral drug candidate for AD, simufilam targets an altered conformation of the scaffolding protein filamin A (FLNA) found in AD brain and lymphocytes that induces aberrant FLNA interactions leading to AD neuropathology. Simufilam restores FLNA's normal shape to disrupt its AD-associated protein interactions. Methods: We measured mTOR and its response to insulin in lymphocytes of AD patients before and after oral simufilam compared to healthy control lymphocytes. Results: mTOR was overactive and its response to insulin reduced in lymphocytes from AD versus healthy control subjects, illustrating another aspect of insulin resistance in AD. After oral simufilam, lymphocytes showed normalized basal mTOR activity and improved insulin-evoked mTOR activation in mTOR complex 1, complex 2, and upstream and downstream signaling components (Akt, p70S6K and phosphorylated Rictor). Suggesting mechanism, we showed that FLNA interacts with the insulin receptor until dissociation by insulin, but this linkage was elevated and its dissociation impaired in AD lymphocytes. Simufilam improved the insulin-mediated dissociation. Additionally, FLNA's interaction with Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of mTOR, was reduced in AD lymphocytes and improved by simufilam. Discussion: Reducing mTOR's basal overactivity and its resistance to insulin represents another mechanism of simufilam to counteract aging and AD pathology. Simufilam is currently in Phase 3 clinical trials for AD dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoau-Yan Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhe Pei
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kuo-Chieh Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - John Puente
- Cognitive Clinical Trials, Omaha, NE, United States
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3
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Cozachenco D, Ribeiro FC, Ferreira ST. Defective proteostasis in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 85:101862. [PMID: 36693451 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The homeostasis of cellular proteins, or proteostasis, is critical for neuronal function and for brain processes, including learning and memory. Increasing evidence indicates that defective proteostasis contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly. Proteostasis comprises a set of cellular mechanisms that control protein synthesis, folding, post-translational modification and degradation, all of which are deregulated in AD. Importantly, deregulation of proteostasis plays a key role in synapse dysfunction and in memory impairment, the major clinical manifestation of AD. Here, we discuss molecular pathways involved in protein synthesis and degradation that are altered in AD, and possible pharmacological approaches to correct these defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Cozachenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Ribeiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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4
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Zhang H, Xie X, Shi J, Zhao Q, Luo D, Hao J, Zhou Y, Han G, Pang X. 3, 14, 19-Triacetyl Andrographolide alleviates the cognitive dysfunction of 3 × Tg-AD mice by inducing initiation and promoting degradation process of autophagy. Phytother Res 2023; 37:410-423. [PMID: 36114804 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the cognition-enhancing effect of 3, 14, 19-Triacetyl andrographolide (ADA) on learning and memory deficits in 3 × Tg-AD mice and to explore its underlying mechanism. Eight-month-old 3 × Tg-AD mice and C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups, namely wild-type group, 3 × Tg-AD group, and 3 × Tg-AD+ADA group (5 mg/kg, for 21 days, i.p.). We found that ADA significantly improved learning and cognition impairment, inhibited the loss of Nissl body, and reduced Aβ load in the brains of 3 × Tg-AD mice. In addition, ADA enhanced the levels of PSD95 and SYP, which were closely associated with synaptic plasticity. Accumulated autophagosomes, LC3II, and P62 in hippocampus and cortex of 3 × Tg-AD mice were decreased by ADA treatment. Furthermore, ADA administration further down-regulated the expressions of p-AKT and p-mTOR, reduced the level of CTSB, and increased the co-localization of LC3 and LAMP1 in the brains of 3 × Tg-AD mice, implying that ADA-induced autophagy initiation and also promoted the degradation process. In Aβ25-35 -induced HT22 cells, ADA displayed similar effects on autophagy flux as observed in 3 × Tg-AD mice. Our finding verified that ADA could improve synaptic plasticity and cognitive function, which is mainly attributed to the key roles of ADA in autophagy induction and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xinmei Xie
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Junzhuo Shi
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dongmei Luo
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiaojiao Hao
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guang Han
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Lab for Application of Local Dendranthema morifolium in Food & Drug, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaobin Pang
- Pharmaceutical Institute, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Institutes of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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5
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Subramanian A, Tamilanban T, Alsayari A, Ramachawolran G, Wong LS, Sekar M, Gan SH, Subramaniyan V, Chinni SV, Izzati Mat Rani NN, Suryadevara N, Wahab S. Trilateral association of autophagy, mTOR and Alzheimer's disease: Potential pathway in the development for Alzheimer's disease therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1094351. [PMID: 36618946 PMCID: PMC9817151 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1094351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary and considerable weakening event affecting elderly individuals is age-dependent cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the chief cause of progressive dementia, and it is characterized by irreparable loss of cognitive abilities, forming senile plaques having Amyloid Beta (Aβ) aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles with considerable amounts of tau in affected hippocampus and cortex regions of human brains. AD affects millions of people worldwide, and the count is showing an increasing trend. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms at molecular levels to generate novel insights into the pathogenesis of AD and other cognitive deficits. A growing body of evidence elicits the regulatory relationship between the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and AD. In addition, the role of autophagy, a systematic degradation, and recycling of cellular components like accumulated proteins and damaged organelles in AD, is also pivotal. The present review describes different mechanisms and signaling regulations highlighting the trilateral association of autophagy, the mTOR pathway, and AD with a description of inhibiting drugs/molecules of mTOR, a strategic target in AD. Downregulation of mTOR signaling triggers autophagy activation, degrading the misfolded proteins and preventing the further accumulation of misfolded proteins that inhibit the progression of AD. Other target mechanisms such as autophagosome maturation, and autophagy-lysosomal pathway, may initiate a faulty autophagy process resulting in senile plaques due to defective lysosomal acidification and alteration in lysosomal pH. Hence, the strong link between mTOR and autophagy can be explored further as a potential mechanism for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamilnadu, India
| | - T. Tamilanban
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamilnadu, India,*Correspondence: T. Tamilanban, ; Gobinath Ramachawolran, ; Ling Shing Wong, ; Mahendran Sekar,
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia,Complementary and Alternative Medicine Unit, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gobinath Ramachawolran
- Department of Foundation, RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia,*Correspondence: T. Tamilanban, ; Gobinath Ramachawolran, ; Ling Shing Wong, ; Mahendran Sekar,
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia,*Correspondence: T. Tamilanban, ; Gobinath Ramachawolran, ; Ling Shing Wong, ; Mahendran Sekar,
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia,*Correspondence: T. Tamilanban, ; Gobinath Ramachawolran, ; Ling Shing Wong, ; Mahendran Sekar,
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suresh V. Chinni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience, and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia,Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Nagaraja Suryadevara
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia,Complementary and Alternative Medicine Unit, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Baerends E, Soud K, Folke J, Pedersen AK, Henmar S, Konrad L, Lycas MD, Mori Y, Pakkenberg B, Woldbye DPD, Dmytriyeva O, Pankratova S. Modeling the early stages of Alzheimer's disease by administering intracerebroventricular injections of human native Aβ oligomers to rats. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:113. [PMID: 35974377 PMCID: PMC9380371 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau along with a slow decline in cognitive functions. Unlike advanced AD, the initial steps of AD pathophysiology have been poorly investigated, partially due to limited availability of animal models focused on the early, plaque-free stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the early behavioral, anatomical and molecular alterations in wild-type rats following intracerebroventricular injections of human Aβ oligomers (AβOs). Bioactive human AD and nondemented control brain tissue extracts were characterized using ELISA and proteomics approaches. Following a bilateral infusion, rats underwent behavioral testing, including the elevated plus maze, social recognition test, Morris water maze and Y-maze within 6 weeks postinjection. An analysis of brain structure was performed with manganese-enhanced MRI. Collected brain tissues were analyzed using stereology, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and qPCR. No sensorimotor deficits affecting motor performance on different maze tasks were observed, nor was spatial memory disturbed in AD rats. In contrast, a significant impairment of social memory became evident at 21 days postinjection. This deficit was associated with a significantly decreased volume of the lateral entorhinal cortex and a tendency toward a decrease in the total brain volume. Significant increase of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells, microglial activation and proinflammatory responses accompanied by altered expression of synaptic markers were observed in the hippocampus of AD rats with immunohistochemical and qPCR approaches at 6 weeks postinjection. Our data suggest that the social memory impairment observed in AβO-injected rats might be determined by neuroinflammatory responses and synaptopathy. An infusion of native oligomeric Aβ in the rat brain represents a feasible tool to model early plaque-free events associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Baerends
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katia Soud
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Folke
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Department of Neurology,, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Center for Translational Research, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Kathrine Pedersen
- Proteomics Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Henmar
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa Konrad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew D Lycas
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuki Mori
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Pakkenberg
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Department of Neurology,, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P D Woldbye
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oksana Dmytriyeva
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Ikeda Y, Nagase N, Tsuji A, Kitagishi Y, Matsuda S. Neuroprotection by dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs via the modulation of AKT-signaling pathway in Alzheimer’s disease. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:104-113. [PMID: 34904048 PMCID: PMC8637616 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i6.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common reason for progressive dementia in the elderly. It has been shown that disorders of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are related to the AD. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for the cognitive dysfunction. The pathogenesis of the neuronal impairment caused by diabetic hyperglycemia is intricate, which contains neuro-inflammation and/or neurodegeneration and dementia. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is interesting as a possible link between metabolism and brain impairment. Modulation of GLP1 activity can influence amyloid-beta peptide aggregation via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in AD. The GLP1 receptor agonists have been shown to have favorable actions on the brain such as the improvement of neurological deficit. They might also exert a beneficial effect with refining learning and memory on the cognitive impairment induced by diabetes. Recent experimental and clinical evidence indicates that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, being currently used for DM therapy, may also be effective for AD treatment. The DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models. Although further studies for mTOR, GLP1, and DPP4 signaling pathways in humans would be intensively required, they seem to be a promising approach for innovative AD-treatments. We would like to review the characteristics of AD pathogenesis, the key roles of mTOR in AD and the preventive and/ or therapeutic suggestions of directing the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ikeda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nagase
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Ai Tsuji
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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8
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Lopez-Grancha M, Bernardelli P, Moindrot N, Genet E, Vincent C, Roudieres V, Krick AI, Sabuco JF, Machnik D, Ibghi D, Pradier L, Taupin V. A Novel Selective PKR Inhibitor Restores Cognitive Deficits and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer Disease Experimental Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:262-275. [PMID: 34531308 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer disease (AD), the double-strand RNA-dependent kinase protein kinase R (PKR )/EIF2AK2 is activated in brain with increased phosphorylation of its substrate eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). AD risk-promoting factors, such as ApoE4 allele or the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs), have been associated with activation of PKR-dependent signaling. Here, we report the discovery of a novel potent and selective PKR inhibitor (SAR439883) and demonstrate its neuroprotective pharmacological activity in AD experimental models. In ApoE4 human replacement male mice, 1-week oral treatment with SAR439883 rescued short-term memory impairment in the spatial object recognition test and dose-dependently reduced learning and memory deficits in the Barnes maze test. Moreover, in AβO-injected male mice, a 2-week administration of SAR439883 in diet dose-dependently ameliorated the AβO-induced cognitive impairment in both Y-maze and Morris Water Maze, prevented loss of synaptic proteins, and reduced levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β In both mouse models, these effects were associated with a dose-dependent inhibition of brain PKR activity as measured by both PKR occupancy and partial lowering of peIF2α levels. Our results provide evidence that selective pharmacological inhibition of PKR by a small selective molecule can rescue memory deficits and prevent neurodegeneration in animal models of AD-like pathology, suggesting that inhibition of PKR is a potential therapeutic approach for AD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study reports the identification of a new small molecule potent and selective protein kinase R (PKR) inhibitor that can prevent cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease (AD) experimental models, including a mouse model expressing the most prevalent AD genetic risk factor ApoE4. With high potency and selectivity, this PKR inhibitor represents a unique tool for investigating the physiological role of PKR and a starting point for developing new drug candidates for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Lopez-Grancha
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Patrick Bernardelli
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Nicolas Moindrot
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Elisabeth Genet
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Carine Vincent
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Valerie Roudieres
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - AIain Krick
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Jean-François Sabuco
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - David Machnik
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Delphine Ibghi
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Laurent Pradier
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Veronique Taupin
- Neurodegeneration Cluster, Rare and Neurologic Disease Research TA (M.L.-G., N.M., E.G., C.V., V.R., D.I., L.P., V.T.), Integrated Drug Discovery (P.B., J.-F.S., D.M.), and DMPK (A.K.), Sanofi R&D, Chilly-Mazarin, France
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9
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Querfurth H, Lee HK. Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes in neurodegeneration. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:44. [PMID: 34215308 PMCID: PMC8252260 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel targets to arrest neurodegeneration in several dementing conditions involving misfolded protein accumulations may be found in the diverse signaling pathways of the Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). As a nutrient sensor, mTOR has important homeostatic functions to regulate energy metabolism and support neuronal growth and plasticity. However, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mTOR alternately plays important pathogenic roles by inhibiting both insulin signaling and autophagic removal of β-amyloid (Aβ) and phospho-tau (ptau) aggregates. It also plays a role in the cerebrovascular dysfunction of AD. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase residing at the core in either of two multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2. Recent data suggest that their balanced actions also have implications for Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD), Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Beyond rapamycin; an mTOR inhibitor, there are rapalogs having greater tolerability and micro delivery modes, that hold promise in arresting these age dependent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Querfurth
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Han-Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Perluigi M, Di Domenico F, Barone E, Butterfield DA. mTOR in Alzheimer disease and its earlier stages: Links to oxidative damage in the progression of this dementing disorder. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 169:382-396. [PMID: 33933601 PMCID: PMC8145782 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia in the elderly population and has worldwide impact. The etiology of the disease is complex and results from the confluence of multiple mechanisms ultimately leading to neuronal loss and cognitive decline. Among risk factors, aging is the most relevant and accounts for several pathogenic events that contribute to disease-specific toxic mechanisms. Accumulating evidence linked the alterations of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase playing a key role in the regulation of protein synthesis and degradation, to age-dependent cognitive decline and pathogenesis of AD. To date, growing studies demonstrated that aberrant mTOR signaling in the brain affects several pathways involved in energy metabolism, cell growth, mitochondrial function and proteostasis. Recent advances associated alterations of the mTOR pathway with the increased oxidative stress. Disruption of all these events strongly contribute to age-related cognitive decline including AD. The current review discusses the main regulatory roles of mTOR signaling network in the brain, focusing on its role in autophagy, oxidative stress and energy metabolism. Collectively, experimental data suggest that targeting mTOR in the CNS can be a valuable strategy to prevent/slow the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - F Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - E Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - D A Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy; Department of Chemistry and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506-0055, USA.
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11
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Martinez NW, Gómez FE, Matus S. The Potential Role of Protein Kinase R as a Regulator of Age-Related Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:638208. [PMID: 33994991 PMCID: PMC8113420 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.638208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing evidence describing a decline in adaptive homeostasis in aging-related diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS), many of which are characterized by the appearance of non-native protein aggregates. One signaling pathway that allows cell adaptation is the integrated stress response (ISR), which senses stress stimuli through four kinases. ISR activation promotes translational arrest through the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) and the induction of a gene expression program to restore cellular homeostasis. However, depending on the stimulus, ISR can also induce cell death. One of the ISR sensors is the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase [protein kinase R (PKR)], initially described as a viral infection sensor, and now a growing evidence supports a role for PKR on CNS physiology. PKR has been largely involved in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathological process. Here, we reviewed the antecedents supporting the role of PKR on the efficiency of synaptic transmission and cognition. Then, we review PKR’s contribution to AD and discuss the possible participation of PKR as a player in the neurodegenerative process involved in aging-related pathologies affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás W Martinez
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Soledad Matus
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.,Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Monllor P, Giraldo E, Badia MC, de la Asuncion JG, Alonso MD, Lloret A, Vina J. Serum Levels of Clusterin, PKR, and RAGE Correlate with Amyloid Burden in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1067-1077. [PMID: 33646167 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and biomarkers are essential to help in the diagnosis of this disease. Image techniques and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are limited in their use because they are expensive or invasive. Thus, the search for blood-borne biomarkers is becoming central to the medical community. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is the evaluation of three serum proteins as potential biomarkers in AD patients. METHODS We recruited 27 healthy controls, 19 mild cognitive impairment patients, and 17 AD patients. Using the recent A/T/N classification we split our population into two groups (AD and control). We used ELISA kits to determine Aβ42, tau, and p-tau in CSF and clusterin, PKR, and RAGE in serum. RESULTS The levels of serum clusterin, PKR, and RAGE were statistically different in the AD group compared to controls. These proteins showed a statistically significant correlation with CSF Aβ42. So, they were selected to generate an AD detection model showing an AUC-ROC of 0.971 (CI 95%, 0.931-0.998). CONCLUSION The developed model based on serum biomarkers and other co-variates could reflect the AD core pathology. So far, not one single blood-biomarker has been described, with effectiveness offering high sensitivity and specificity. We propose that the complexity of AD pathology could be reflected in a set of biomarkers also including clinical features of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Monllor
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Giraldo
- Department of Biotechnology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.,Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ana Lloret
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Vina
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, CIBERFES-ISCIII, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Engin AB, Engin A. Alzheimer's Disease and Protein Kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:285-321. [PMID: 33539020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and accounts for more than 60-80% of all cases of dementia. Loss of pyramidal neurons, extracellular amyloid beta (Abeta) accumulated senile plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles that contain hyperphosphorylated tau constitute the main pathological alterations in AD.Synaptic dysfunction and extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hyperactivation contributes to excitotoxicity in patients with AD. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Abeta promoted neurodegeneration develop through the activation of protein kinase signaling cascade in AD. Furthermore, ultimate neuronal death in AD is under control of protein kinases-related signaling pathways. In this chapter, critical check-points within the cross-talk between neuron and protein kinases have been defined regarding the initiation and progression of AD. In this context, amyloid cascade hypothesis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, granulovacuolar degeneration, loss of Wnt signaling, Abeta-related synaptic alterations, prolonged calcium ions overload and NMDAR-related synaptotoxicity, damage signals hypothesis and type-3 diabetes are discussed briefly.In addition to clinical perspective of AD pathology, recommendations that might be effective in the treatment of AD patients have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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14
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Runtsch MC, Ferrara G, Angiari S. Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 158:36-58. [PMID: 32880969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the recruitment of circulating blood-borne innate and adaptive immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). These leukocytes sustain the detrimental response in the CNS by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators that induce activation of local glial cells, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural cell death. However, infiltrating peripheral immune cells could also dampen CNS inflammation and support tissue repair. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism demonstrate the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the activation and functionality of such innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In particular, an increasing body of evidence suggests that the activity of metabolites and metabolic enzymes could influence the pathogenic potential of immune cells during neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of intracellular metabolic cues in regulating leukocyte-mediated CNS damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke, highlighting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting metabolic pathways for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Britto FA, Dumas K, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Ollendorff V, Favier FB. Is REDD1 a metabolic double agent? Lessons from physiology and pathology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C807-C824. [PMID: 32877205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00340.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway governs macromolecule synthesis, cell growth, and metabolism in response to nutrients and growth factors. Regulated in development and DNA damage response (REDD)1 is a conserved and ubiquitous protein, which is transiently induced in response to multiple stimuli. Acting like an endogenous inhibitor of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, REDD1 protein has been shown to regulate cell growth, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Recent studies also indicate that timely REDD1 expression limits Akt/mTOR-dependent synthesis processes to spare energy during metabolic stresses, avoiding energy collapse and detrimental consequences. In contrast to this beneficial role for metabolic adaptation, REDD1 chronic expression appears involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Indeed, REDD1 expression is found as an early biomarker in many pathologies including inflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, depression, diabetes, and obesity. Moreover, prolonged REDD1 expression is associated with cell apoptosis, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammation activation leading to tissue damage. In this review, we decipher several mechanisms that make REDD1 a likely metabolic double agent depending on its duration of expression in different physiological and pathological contexts. We also discuss the role played by REDD1 in the cross talk between the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the energetic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karine Dumas
- Université Cote d'Azur, INSERM, UMR1065, C3M, Nice, France
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16
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Bond S, Lopez-Lloreda C, Gannon PJ, Akay-Espinoza C, Jordan-Sciutto KL. The Integrated Stress Response and Phosphorylated Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α in Neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:123-143. [PMID: 31913484 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposed molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative pathogenesis are varied, precluding the development of effective therapies for these increasingly prevalent disorders. One of the most consistent observations across neurodegenerative diseases is the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). eIF2α is a translation initiation factor, involved in cap-dependent protein translation, which when phosphorylated causes global translation attenuation. eIF2α phosphorylation is mediated by 4 kinases, which, together with their downstream signaling cascades, constitute the integrated stress response (ISR). While the ISR is activated by stresses commonly observed in neurodegeneration, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, it is a canonically adaptive signaling cascade. However, chronic activation of the ISR can contribute to neurodegenerative phenotypes such as neuronal death, memory impairments, and protein aggregation via apoptotic induction and other maladaptive outcomes downstream of phospho-eIF2α-mediated translation inhibition, including neuroinflammation and altered amyloidogenic processing, plausibly in a feed-forward manner. This review examines evidence that dysregulated eIF2a phosphorylation acts as a driver of neurodegeneration, including a survey of observations of ISR signaling in human disease, inspection of the overlap between ISR signaling and neurodegenerative phenomenon, and assessment of recent encouraging findings ameliorating neurodegeneration using developing pharmacological agents which target the ISR. In doing so, gaps in the field, including crosstalk of the ISR kinases and consideration of ISR signaling in nonneuronal central nervous system cell types, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bond
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Lopez-Lloreda
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Gannon
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cagla Akay-Espinoza
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly L Jordan-Sciutto
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (SB); Department of Neuroscience (CL-L); Department of Pharmacology (PG), Perelman School of Medicine; Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (CA-E); and Department of Basic and Translational Sciences (KLJ-S), School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Antia, a Natural Antioxidant Product, Attenuates Cognitive Dysfunction in Streptozotocin-Induced Mouse Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease by Targeting the Amyloidogenic, Inflammatory, Autophagy, and Oxidative Stress Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4386562. [PMID: 32655767 PMCID: PMC7320293 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4386562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, antioxidant therapy has been suggested for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Objective We investigated the ability of the antioxidant Antia to exert a protective effect against sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) induced in mice. Antia is a natural product that is extracted from the edible yamabushitake mushroom, the gotsukora and kothala himbutu plants, diosgenin (an extract from wild yam tubers), and amla (Indian gooseberry) after treatment with MRN-100. Methods Single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (3 mg/kg) was used for induction of SAD in mice. Antia was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) in 3 doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. Neurobehavioral tests were conducted within 24 h after the last day of injection. Afterwards, mice were sacrificed and their hippocampi were rapidly excised, weighed, and homogenized to be used for measuring biochemical parameters. Results Treatment with Antia significantly improved mice performance in the Morris water maze. In addition, biochemical analysis showed that Antia exerted a protective effect for several compounds, including GSH, MDA, NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, and amyloid β. Further studies with western blot showed the protective effect of Antia for the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Conclusions Antia exerts a significant protection against cognitive dysfunction induced by ICV-STZ injection. This effect is achieved through targeting of the amyloidogenic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress pathways. The JAK2/STAT3 pathway plays a protective role for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as SAD.
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18
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Uddin MS, Rahman MA, Kabir MT, Behl T, Mathew B, Perveen A, Barreto GE, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Multifarious roles of mTOR signaling in cognitive aging and cerebrovascular dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1843-1855. [PMID: 32472959 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Age-related cognitive failure is a main devastating incident affecting even healthy people. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the utmost common form of dementia among the geriatric community. In the pathogenesis of AD, cerebrovascular dysfunction is revealed before the beginning of the cognitive decline. Mounting proof shows a precarious impact of cerebrovascular dysregulation in the development of AD pathology. Recent studies document that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) acts as a crucial effector of cerebrovascular dysregulation in AD. The mTOR contributes to brain vascular dysfunction and subsequence cerebral blood flow deficits as well as cognitive impairment. Furthermore, mTOR causes the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in AD models. Inhibition of mTOR hyperactivity protects the BBB integrity in AD. Furthermore, mTOR drives cognitive defect and cerebrovascular dysfunction, which are greatly prevalent in AD, but the central molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations are obscure. This review represents the crucial and current research findings regarding the role of mTOR signaling in cognitive aging and cerebrovascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Pain S, Deguil J, Belin J, Barraud P, Ragot S, Houeto JL. Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Apoptosis in Lymphocytes of Parkinson Patients: The Effect of Dopaminergic Treatment. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 19:178-183. [PMID: 32146463 DOI: 10.1159/000505750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, presumably due to increased apoptosis. In previous studies, we showed altered expression of proteins involved in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) antiapoptotic and double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) apoptotic pathways of translational control in experimental cellular and animal models of PD. RESULTS In this work, our results showed clear modifications in the expression of kinases involved in mTOR and PKR apoptosis pathways, in lymphocytes of PD patients treated or not with anti-PD treatment (levodopa), which confirmed the role played by apoptosis in the pathogenesis of this disease and the positive effect of treatment with medication on this parameter. Others proteins involved in apo-ptosis were also evaluated in lymphocytes of patients as the expression of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor and caspase-3. CONCLUSION Translational control is altered in PD and hence its evaluation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells may serve as an early marker of apoptosis and indicate the efficacy of the dopaminergic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pain
- INSERM U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, LNEC, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France, .,Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France,
| | - Julie Deguil
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jeremie Belin
- Centre Expert Parkinson, Service de Neurologie, CHU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Pauline Barraud
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Stéphanie Ragot
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM, CIC 1402, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service de Neurologie, CHU Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM, CIC 1402, Poitiers, France
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20
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yang G. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy: Its Role in the Therapy of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:720-739. [PMID: 31934838 PMCID: PMC7536828 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200114163636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of progressive dementia that is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ)-containing neuritic plaques and intracellular Tau protein tangles. This distinctive pathology indicates that the protein quality control is compromised in AD. Autophagy functions as a "neuronal housekeeper" that eliminates aberrant protein aggregates by wrapping then into autophagosomes and delivering them to lysosomes for degradation. Several studies have suggested that autophagy deficits in autophagy participate in the accumulation and propagation of misfolded proteins (including Aβ and Tau). In this review, we summarize current knowledge of autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD, as well as some pathways targeting the restoration of autophagy. Moreover, we discuss how these aspects can contribute to the development of disease-modifying therapies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guofeng Yang
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Geriatrics, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China; Tel: +86-311-66636243; E-mail:
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21
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Klinedinst BS, Pappas C, Le S, Yu S, Wang Q, Wang L, Allenspach-Jorn K, Mochel JP, Willette AA. Aging-related changes in fluid intelligence, muscle and adipose mass, and sex-specific immunologic mediation: A longitudinal UK Biobank study. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 82:396-405. [PMID: 31513875 PMCID: PMC7755032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity in midlife and early late-life is associated with worse normal cognitive aging. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) suggests that visceral adipose mass (VAM) plays a predominant role, whereas non-visceral adipose mass (NVAM) and lean muscle mass (LMM) have shown conflicting relationships. It is unknown how longitudinal, cognitive changes in age-sensitive domains like fluid intelligence (FI) correspond to VAM, NVAM, and LMM in women and men. Furthermore, changes over time in blood leukocyte sub-populations may partially or fully account for sex-specific associations. METHODS Data on 4431 late middle-aged, cognitively unimpaired adults (mean = 64.5 y) was obtained from the UK Biobank prospective cohort across 22 centers. FI scores, blood leukocyte counts, and covariates (age, social class, education) were measured at three 2-year intervals over 6 years. DEXA collection overlapped with these intervals. Sex-stratified growth curves, structural equations, and Preacher-Hayes mediation were used to estimate direct and indirect effects. β-weights were standardized. RESULTS More LMM predicted gains in FI scores among women (β = 0.130, p < .001) and men (β = 0.089, p < .001). Conversely, more VAM and NVAM independently predicted FI decline equally among sexes (e.g., NVAM: women: β = -0.082, p < .001; men: β = -0.076, p < .001). Among women, FI associations were fully mediated by higher eosinophil counts via VAM (λ = 30.8%, p = .028) and lower lymphocyte counts via LMM (λ = 69.2%, p = .021). Among men, FI associations were partially mediated by lower basophils counts via LMM (λ = 4.5%, p = .042) and higher counts via VAM (λ = 50%, p = .037). CONCLUSION The proportion of LMM and VAM equally influenced male FI changes over 6 years, whereas higher LMM among women appeared to more strongly influence. FI changes. Leukocyte counts strongly mediated VAM- and LMM-related FI changes in a sex-specific manner, but not for NVAM. For clinical translation, exercise studies in older adults may benefit from assessing sex-specific values of DEXA-based tissue mass, FI, and leukocyte sub-populations to gauge potential cognitive benefits of less VAM and more LMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S. Klinedinst
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Colleen Pappas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Scott Le
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Auriel A. Willette
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Interdisciplinary Graduate Studies Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA,Send Correspondence to: Auriel A. Willette, 1109 HNSB, 2302 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1078, Phone: (515) 294-3110,
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22
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Chen J, Long Z, Li Y, Luo M, Luo S, He G. Alteration of the Wnt/GSK3β/β‑catenin signalling pathway by rapamycin ameliorates pathology in an Alzheimer's disease model. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:313-323. [PMID: 31115485 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is one of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which results in amyloid β‑peptide (Aβ) plaque overproduction, Tau hyperphosphorylation and neuronal loss. A number of studies have reported that the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) contributes to the generation and deposition of Aβ, as well as to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) by inhibiting autophagy. GSK3β is also involved in the mTOR signalling pathway. However, whether the inhibition of the activation of mTOR via the regulation of the function of GSK3β affects the pathology of AD remains unclear. In this study, we intraperitoneally injected amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin‑1 (PS1) transgenic mice with rapamycin, a known activator of autophagy that inhibits mTOR. Our results revealed that rapamycin treatment decreased senile plaque deposition by reducing APP generation, and downregulating β‑ and γ‑secretase activity. Rapamycin also increased Aβ clearance by promoting autophagy and reduced Tau hyperphosphorylation by upregulating the levels of insulin‑degrading enzyme. Additionally, rapamycin markedly promoted the proliferation of differentiated SH‑SY5Y cells stably transfected with the APPswe gene and prevented neuronal loss in the brains of mice in a model of AD. Moreover, rapamycin induced autophagy and promoted autolysosome degradation. In this study, we provide evidence that rapamycin inhibits GSK3β activation and elevates β‑catenin expression by improving the Wnt3a expression levels, which facilitates the amelioration of AD pathology. On the whole, our findings indicate that rapamycin inhibits the activation of mTOR and alters the Wnt/GSK3β/β‑catenin signalling pathway; thus, it may serve as a therapeutic target in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfei Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Long
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Min Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shifang Luo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guiqiong He
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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23
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Kou X, Chen D, Chen N. Physical Activity Alleviates Cognitive Dysfunction of Alzheimer's Disease through Regulating the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071591. [PMID: 30934958 PMCID: PMC6479697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common aging-related progressive neurodegenerative disorders, and can result in great suffering for a large portion of the aged population. Although the pathogenesis of AD is being elucidated, the exact mechanisms are still unclear, thereby impeding the development of effective drugs, supplements, and other interventional strategies for AD. In recent years, impaired autophagy associated with microRNA (miRNA) dysfunction has been reported to be involved in aging and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, miRNA-mediated regulation for the functional status of autophagy may become one of the potent interventional strategies for AD. Mounting evidence from in vivo AD models has demonstrated that physical activity can exert a neuroprotective role in AD. In addition, autophagy is strictly regulated by the mTOR signaling pathway. In this article, the regulation of the functional status of autophagy through the mTOR signaling pathway during physical activity is systematically discussed for the prevention and treatment of AD. This concept will be beneficial to developing novel and effective targets that can create a direct link between pharmacological intervention and AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjuan Kou
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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24
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Gal-Ben-Ari S, Barrera I, Ehrlich M, Rosenblum K. PKR: A Kinase to Remember. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:480. [PMID: 30686999 PMCID: PMC6333748 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for many diseases including metabolic syndrome, cancer, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Identifying mechanistic common denominators underlying the impact of aging is essential for our fundamental understanding of age-related diseases and the possibility to propose new ways to fight them. One can define aging biochemically as prolonged metabolic stress, the innate cellular and molecular programs responding to it, and the new stable or unstable state of equilibrium between the two. A candidate to play a role in the process is protein kinase R (PKR), first identified as a cellular protector against viral infection and today known as a major regulator of central cellular processes including mRNA translation, transcriptional control, regulation of apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Prolonged imbalance in PKR activation is both affected by biochemical and metabolic parameters and affects them in turn to create a feedforward loop. Here, we portray the central role of PKR in transferring metabolic information and regulating cellular function with a focus on cancer, inflammation, and brain function. Later, we integrate information from open data sources and discuss current knowledge and gaps in the literature about the signaling cascades upstream and downstream of PKR in different cell types and function. Finally, we summarize current major points and biological means to manipulate PKR expression and/or activation and propose PKR as a therapeutic target to shift age/metabolic-dependent undesired steady states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunit Gal-Ben-Ari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iliana Barrera
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Laboratory of Intracellular Trafficking and Signaling, School of Molecular Cell Biology & Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kobi Rosenblum
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Learning and Memory, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Center for Gene Manipulation in the Brain, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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25
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Hugon J, Mouton-Liger F, Cognat E, Dumurgier J, Paquet C. Blood-Based Kinase Assessments in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:338. [PMID: 30487744 PMCID: PMC6246745 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is marked by memory disturbances followed by aphasia, apraxia and agnosia. Brain lesions include the accumulation of the amyloid peptide in extracellular plaques, neurofibrillary tangles with abnormally phosphorylated tau protein and synaptic and neuronal loss. New findings have suggested that brain lesions could occur one or two decades before the first clinical signs. This asymptomatic preclinical phase could be an opportunity to put in place a secondary prevention but the detection of these brain lesions can only be achieved so far by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation or molecular amyloid and tau PET imaging. There is an urgent need to find out simple and easily accessible new biomarkers to set up an efficient screening in adult and aging population. Neuropathological and biochemical studies have revealed that abnormal accumulations of potentially toxic kinases are present in the brains of AD patients. Kinase activation leads to abnormal tau phosphorylation, amyloid production, apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Increased levels of these kinases are present in the CSF of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients. Over the last years the search for abnormal kinase levels was performed in the blood of patients. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK 3), protein kinase R (PKR), mamalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DIRK1A), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), protein 70 kD ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K), ERK2 and other kinase concentrations were evaluated and abnormal levels were found in many studies. For example, GSK3 levels are increased in MCI and AD patients. PKR levels are also augmented in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of AD patients. In the future, the assessment of several blood kinase levels in large cohorts of patients will be needed to confirm the usefulness of this test at an early phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Hugon
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,INSERM U 942, Paris, France
| | - François Mouton-Liger
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,INSERM U 942, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Cognat
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,INSERM U 942, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,INSERM U 942, Paris, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal Hospital, APHP, University Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,INSERM U 942, Paris, France
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26
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Van Skike CE, Jahrling JB, Olson AB, Sayre NL, Hussong SA, Ungvari Z, Lechleiter JD, Galvan V. Inhibition of mTOR protects the blood-brain barrier in models of Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H693-H703. [PMID: 29351469 PMCID: PMC5966773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00570.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits entry of proinflammatory and neurotoxic blood-derived factors into the brain parenchyma. The BBB is damaged in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which contributes significantly to the progression of AD pathologies and cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB breakdown in AD remain elusive, and no interventions are available for treatment or prevention. We and others recently established that inhibition of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway with rapamycin yields significant neuroprotective effects, improving cerebrovascular and cognitive function in mouse models of AD. To test whether mTOR inhibition protects the BBB in neurological diseases of aging, we treated hAPP(J20) mice modeling AD and low-density lipoprotein receptor-null (LDLR-/-) mice modeling vascular cognitive impairment with rapamycin. We found that inhibition of mTOR abrogates BBB breakdown in hAPP(J20) and LDLR-/- mice. Experiments using an in vitro BBB model indicated that mTOR attenuation preserves BBB integrity through upregulation of specific tight junction proteins and downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. Together, our data establish mTOR activity as a critical mediator of BBB breakdown in AD and, potentially, vascular cognitive impairment and suggest that rapamycin and/or rapalogs could be used for the restoration of BBB integrity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report establishes mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin as a critical mediator of blood-brain barrier breakdown in models of Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment and suggests that drugs targeting the target of rapamycin pathway could be used for the restoration of blood-brain barrier integrity in disease states.
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MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy
- Alzheimer Disease/enzymology
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Alzheimer Disease/psychology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/enzymology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cognition
- Dementia, Vascular/drug therapy
- Dementia, Vascular/enzymology
- Dementia, Vascular/pathology
- Dementia, Vascular/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tight Junction Proteins/metabolism
- Tight Junctions/drug effects
- Tight Junctions/enzymology
- Tight Junctions/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice E Van Skike
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jordan B Jahrling
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Angela B Olson
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Naomi L Sayre
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stacy A Hussong
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, South Texas Research Facility Neuroscience Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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27
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Braidy N, Essa MM, Poljak A, Selvaraju S, Al-Adawi S, Manivasagm T, Thenmozhi AJ, Ooi L, Sachdev P, Guillemin GJ. Consumption of pomegranates improves synaptic function in a transgenic mice model of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64589-64604. [PMID: 27486879 PMCID: PMC5323101 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular plaques containing abnormal Amyloid Beta (Aβ) aggregates, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein, microglia-dominated neuroinflammation, and impairments in synaptic plasticity underlying cognitive deficits. Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD are currently limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of 4% pomegranate extract to a standard chow diet on neuroinflammation, and synaptic plasticity in APPsw/Tg2576 mice brain. Treatment with a custom mixed diet (pellets) containing 4% pomegranate for 15 months ameliorated the loss of synaptic structure proteins, namely PSD-95, Munc18-1, and SNAP25, synaptophysin, phosphorylation of Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase IIα (p-CaMKIIα/ CaMKIIα), and phosphorylation of Cyclic AMP-Response Element Binding Protein (pCREB/CREB), inhibited neuroinflammatory activity, and enhanced autophagy, and activation of the phophoinositide-3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. These neuroprotective effects were associated with reduced β-site cleavage of Amyloid Precursor Protein in APPsw/Tg2576 mice. Therefore, long-term supplementation with pomegranates can attenuate AD pathology by reducing inflammation, and altering APP-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Subash Selvaraju
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,Ageing and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Oman
| | | | | | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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28
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Hugon J, Mouton-Liger F, Dumurgier J, Paquet C. PKR involvement in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:83. [PMID: 28982375 PMCID: PMC5629792 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain lesions in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by Aβ accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic and neuronal vanishing. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, Aβ1-42 oligomers could trigger a neurotoxic cascade with kinase activation that leads to tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration. Detrimental pathways that are associated with kinase activation could also be linked to the triggering of direct neuronal death, the production of free radicals, and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Among these kinases, PKR (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinase 2) is a pro-apoptotic enzyme that inhibits translation and that has been implicated in several molecular pathways that lead to AD brain lesions and disturbed memory formation. PKR accumulates in degenerating neurons and is activated by Aβ1-42 neurotoxicity. It might modulate Aβ synthesis through BACE 1 induction. PKR is increased in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment and can induce the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways leading to TNFα and IL1-β production. In addition, experimentally, PKR seems to down-regulate the molecular processes of memory consolidation. This review highlights the major findings linking PKR and abnormal brain metabolism associated with AD lesions. CONCLUSIONS Studying the detrimental role of PKR signaling in AD could pave the way for a neuroprotective strategy in which PKR inhibition could reduce neuronal demise and alleviate cognitive decline as well as the cumbersome burden of AD for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Hugon
- Center of Cognitive Neurology and Inserm U942 Lariboisière Hospital AP-HP University Paris Diderot, 75010, Paris, France. .,Center of Cognitive Neurology, Lariboisière FW Hospital, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint Denis, 75010, Paris, France.
| | | | - Julien Dumurgier
- Center of Cognitive Neurology and Inserm U942 Lariboisière Hospital AP-HP University Paris Diderot, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Claire Paquet
- Center of Cognitive Neurology and Inserm U942 Lariboisière Hospital AP-HP University Paris Diderot, 75010, Paris, France
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29
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RHEB1 insufficiency in aged male mice is associated with stress-induced seizures. GeroScience 2017; 39:557-570. [PMID: 28891034 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein kinase, is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology. Protein mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) functions as a major sensor for the nutrient, energy, and redox state of a cell and is activated by ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB1), a GTP-binding protein. Increased activation of mTORC1 pathway has been associated with developmental abnormalities, certain form of epilepsy (tuberous sclerosis), and cancer. Clinically, those mTOR-related disorders are treated with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and its rapalogs. Because the effects of chronic interference with mTOR signaling in the aged brain are yet unknown, we used a genetic strategy to interfere with mTORC1 signaling selectively by introducing mutations of Rheb1 into the mouse. We created conventional knockout (Rheb1 +/- ) and gene trap (Rheb1 Δ/+ ) mutant mouse lines. Rheb1-insufficient mice with different combinations of mutant alleles were monitored over a time span of 2 years. The mice did not show any behavioral/neurological changes during the first 18 months of age. However, after aging (> 18 months of age), both the Rheb1 +/- and Rheb1 Δ /- hybrid males developed rare stress-induced seizures, whereas Rheb1 +/- and Rheb1 Δ /- females and Rheb1 Δ/+ and Rheb1 Δ/Δ mice of both genders did not show any abnormality. Our findings suggest that chronic intervention with mTORC1 signaling in the aged brain might be associated with major adverse events.
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30
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Management of Alzheimer’s disease—An insight of the enzymatic and other novel potential targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 97:700-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Does any drug to treat cancer target mTOR and iron hemostasis in neurodegenerative disorders? Biometals 2016; 30:1-16. [PMID: 27853903 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-016-9981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are increased by age. Alleviation of their symptoms and protection of normal neurons against degeneration are the main aspects of the research to establish novel therapeutic strategies. Iron as the one of most important cation not only play important role in the structure of electron transport chain proteins but also has pivotal duties in cellular activities. But disruption in iron hemostasis can make it toxin to neurons which causes lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and etc. In patients with Alzheimer and Parkinson misbalancing in iron homeostasis accelerate neurodegeneration and cause neuroinflmmation. mTOR as the common signaling pathway between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders controls iron uptake and it is in active form in both diseases. Anti-cancer drugs which target mTOR causes iron deficiency and dual effects of mTOR inhibitors can candidate them as a therapeutic strategy to alleviate neurodegeneration/inflammation because of iron overloading.
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32
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Lista S, O'Bryant SE, Blennow K, Dubois B, Hugon J, Zetterberg H, Hampel H. Biomarkers in Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:291-317. [PMID: 26401553 DOI: 10.3233/jad-143006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are sporadic (sAD) or inherited in a non-Mendelian fashion, and less than 1% of cases are autosomal-dominant. Forms of sAD do not exhibit familial aggregation and are characterized by complex genetic and environmental interactions. Recently, the expansion of genomic methodologies, in association with substantially larger combined cohorts, has resulted in various genome-wide association studies that have identified several novel genetic associations of AD. Currently, the most effective methods for establishing the diagnosis of AD are defined by multi-modal pathways, starting with clinical and neuropsychological assessment, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and brain-imaging procedures, all of which have significant cost- and access-to-care barriers. Consequently, research efforts have focused on the development and validation of non-invasive and generalizable blood-based biomarkers. Among the modalities conceptualized by the systems biology paradigm and utilized in the "exploratory biomarker discovery arena", proteome analysis has received the most attention. However, metabolomics, lipidomics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics have recently become key modalities in the search for AD biomarkers. Interestingly, biomarker changes for familial AD (fAD), in many but not all cases, seem similar to those for sAD. The integration of neurogenetics with systems biology/physiology-based strategies and high-throughput technologies for molecular profiling is expected to help identify the causes, mechanisms, and biomarkers associated with the various forms of AD. Moreover, in order to hypothesize the dynamic trajectories of biomarkers through disease stages and elucidate the mechanisms of biomarker alterations, updated and more sophisticated theoretical models have been proposed for both sAD and fAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research & Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile-de-France, Groupe Hospitalier Saint Louis Lariboisière - Fernand Widal, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 07, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin (IFM), Inserm UMR_S 839, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,University College London Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
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Kim Y, Kim C, Son SM, Song H, Hong HS, Han SH, Mook-Jung I. The novel RAGE interactor PRAK is associated with autophagy signaling in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:4. [PMID: 26758977 PMCID: PMC4709948 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been found to interact with amyloid β (Aβ). Although RAGE does not have any kinase motifs in its cytosolic domain, the interaction between RAGE and Aβ triggers multiple cellular signaling involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism of signal transduction by RAGE remains still unknown. Therefore, identifying binding proteins of RAGE may provide novel therapeutic targets for AD. RESULTS In this study, we identified p38-regulated/activated protein kinase (PRAK) as a novel RAGE interacting molecule. To investigate the effect of Aβ on PRAK mediated RAGE signaling pathway, we treated SH-SY5Y cells with monomeric form of Aβ. We demonstrated that Aβ significantly increased the phosphorylation of PRAK as well as the interaction between PRAK and RAGE. We showed that knockdown of PRAK rescued mTORC1 inactivation induced by Aβ treatment and decreased the formation of Aβ-induced autophagosome. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that PRAK plays a critical role in AD pathology as a key interactor of RAGE. Thus, our data suggest that PRAK might be a potential therapeutic target of AD involved in RAGE-mediated cell signaling induced by Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Chaeyoung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Sung Min Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Hyundong Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Hyun Seok Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Sun-ho Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, 110-799, Korea.
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Maiese K. Targeting molecules to medicine with mTOR, autophagy and neurodegenerative disorders. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 82:1245-1266. [PMID: 26469771 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are significantly increasing in incidence as the age of the global population continues to climb with improved life expectancy. At present, more than 30 million individuals throughout the world are impacted by acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders with limited treatment strategies. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as the mammalian target of rapamycin, is a 289 kDa serine/threonine protein kinase that offers exciting possibilities for novel treatment strategies for a host of neurodegenerative diseases that include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, epilepsy, stroke and trauma. mTOR governs the programmed cell death pathways of apoptosis and autophagy that can determine neuronal stem cell development, precursor cell differentiation, cell senescence, cell survival and ultimate cell fate. Coupled to the cellular biology of mTOR are a number of considerations for the development of novel treatments involving the fine control of mTOR signalling, tumourigenesis, complexity of the apoptosis and autophagy relationship, functional outcome in the nervous system, and the intimately linked pathways of growth factors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase B (Akt), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), silent mating type information regulation two homologue one (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1) and others. Effective clinical translation of the cellular signalling mechanisms of mTOR offers provocative avenues for new drug development in the nervous system tempered only by the need to elucidate further the intricacies of the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey, 07101, USA.
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Ye X, Luo H, Chen Y, Wu Q, Xiong Y, Zhu J, Diao Y, Wu Z, Miao J, Wan J. MicroRNAs 99b-5p/100-5p Regulated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress are Involved in Abeta-Induced Pathologies. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:210. [PMID: 26635599 PMCID: PMC4649061 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Amyloid β (Abeta, Aβ) deposition and intracellular tangles are the pathological hallmarks of AD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which have been found to play very important roles, and have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers during neuronal pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to determine the roles of miR-99b-5p and miR-100-5p in Aβ-induced neuronal pathologies. We detected the expression levels of miR-99b-5p and miR-100-5p in the brains of APPswe/PS1ΔE9 double-transgenic mice (APP/PS1 mice) at different age stages and found that both miRNAs were decreased at early stages while increased at late stages of APP/PS1 mice when compared with the age-matched wild type (WT) mice. Similar phenomenon was also observed in Aβ-treated cultured cells. We also confirmed that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is one of the targets of miR-99b-5p/100-5p, which is consistent with previous studies in cancer. MiR-99b-5p/100-5p has been found to promote cell apoptosis with the Aβ treatment. This effect may be induced via the mTOR pathway. In our study, we find both miR-99b-5p and miR-100-5p affect neuron survival by targeting mTOR. We also speculate that dynamic change of miR-99b-5p/100-5p levels during Aβ-associated pathologies might be attributed to Aβ-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), suggesting the potential role of the "ER stress-miRNAs-mTOR" axis in Aβ-related AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen , China
| | - Hongxue Luo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yan Chen
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , China
| | - Qi Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen , China
| | - Jinyong Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yarui Diao
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Zhenguo Wu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jianting Miao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an City , China
| | - Jun Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center , Shenzhen , China ; Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , China
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Paquet C, Dumurgier J, Hugon J. Pro-Apoptotic Kinase Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid as Potential Future Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2015; 6:168. [PMID: 26300842 PMCID: PMC4523792 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of Aβ peptides, hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, and neuronal loss in the brain of affected patients. The causes of neurodegeneration in AD are not clear, but apoptosis could be one of the cell death mechanisms. According to the amyloid hypothesis, abnormal aggregation of Aβ leads to altered kinase activities inducing tau phosphorylation and neuronal degeneration. Several studies have shown that pro-apoptotic kinases could be a link between Aβ and tau anomalies. Here, we present recent evidences from AD experimental models and human studies that three pro-apoptotic kinases (double-stranded RNA kinase (PKR), glycogen synthase kinase-3β, and C-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) could be implicated in AD physiopathology. These kinases are detectable in human fluids and the analysis of their levels could be used as potential surrogate markers to evaluate cell death and clinical prognosis. In addition to current biomarkers (Aβ1–42, tau, and phosphorylated tau), these new evaluations could bring about valuable information on potential innovative therapeutic targets to alter the clinical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Paquet
- INSERM UMR-S942, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile de France, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Julien Dumurgier
- INSERM UMR-S942, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile de France, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Jacques Hugon
- INSERM UMR-S942, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherche (CMRR) Paris Nord Ile de France, Groupe Hospitalier Lariboisière Fernand-Widal Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment in clinical presentation, and by β-amyloid (Aβ) production and the hyper-phosphorylation of tau in basic research. More highlights demonstrate that the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) enhances Aβ generation and deposition by modulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism and upregulating β- and γ-secretases. mTOR, an inhibitor of autophagy, decreases Aβ clearance by scissoring autophagy function. mTOR regulates Aβ generation or Aβ clearance by regulating several key signaling pathways, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 [GSK-3], AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). The activation of mTOR is also a contributor to aberrant hyperphosphorylated tau. Rapamycin, the inhibitor of mTOR, may mitigate cognitive impairment and inhibit the pathologies associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles by promoting autophagy. Furthermore, the upstream and downstream components of mTOR signaling are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD. Hence, inhibiting the activation of mTOR may be an important therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Abstract
A significant portion of the world's population suffers from sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) with available present therapies limited to symptomatic care that does not alter disease progression. Over the next decade, advancing age of the global population will dramatically increase the incidence of AD and severely impact health care resources, necessitating novel, safe, and efficacious strategies for AD. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its protein complexes mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2) offer exciting and unique avenues of intervention for AD through the oversight of programmed cell death pathways of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. mTOR modulates multi-faceted signal transduction pathways that involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase B (Akt), hamartin (tuberous sclerosis 1)/ tuberin (tuberous sclerosis 2) (TSC1/TSC2) complex, proline-rich Akt substrate 40 kDa (PRAS40), and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) and can interface with the neuroprotective pathways of growth factors, sirtuins, wingless, forkhead transcription factors, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. With the ability of mTOR to broadly impact cellular function, clinical strategies for AD that implement mTOR must achieve parallel objectives of protecting neuronal, vascular, and immune cell survival in conjunction with preserving networks that determine memory and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling , Newark, New Jersey 07101 , USA
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Wang Y, Wang YX, Liu T, Law PY, Loh HH, Qiu Y, Chen HZ. μ-Opioid receptor attenuates Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity through mTOR signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:8-14. [PMID: 25146548 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) exerts many functions such as antinociception, neuroprotection, and hippocampal plasticity. A body of evidence has shown that OPRM1 activation could stimulate downstream effectors of mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, it is not clear whether OPRM1 protects neurons against β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) neurotoxicity through mTOR signaling. METHODS The effects of OPRM1 activation on Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity were assessed by cell viability and neurite outgrowth assay in primary cultured cortical neurons. The activities of mTOR, protein kinase B (Akt) and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70 S6k) upon OPRM1 activation by morphine were measured by immunoblotting their phosphorylation status. RESULTS Morphine dose-dependently attenuated Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity. Aβ oligomers downregulated mTOR signaling. Morphine significantly rescued mTOR signaling by reversal of Aβ oligomers' effect on mTOR and its upstream signaling molecule Akt, as well as its downstream molecule p70 S6k. Moreover, the neuroprotective effect of morphine could be reversed by OPRM1 selective antagonist and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), Akt and mTOR inhibitors. Furthermore, endogenous opioids-enkaphalins also attenuated Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated OPRM1 activation attenuated Aβ oligomers-induced neurotoxicity through mTOR signaling. It may provide new insight into the pathological process and useful strategy for therapeutic interventions against Aβ neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Silva T, Reis J, Teixeira J, Borges F. Alzheimer's disease, enzyme targets and drug discovery struggles: from natural products to drug prototypes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:116-45. [PMID: 24726823 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incapacitating neurodegenerative disease that slowly destroys brain cells. This disease progressively compromises both memory and cognition, culminating in a state of full dependence and dementia. Currently, AD is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and its prevalence in the developed world is increasing rapidly. Classic drugs, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), fail to decline disease progression and display several side effects that reduce patient's adhesion to pharmacotherapy. The past decade has witnessed an increasing focus on the search for novel AChEIs and new putative enzymatic targets for AD, like β- and γ-secretases, sirtuins, caspase proteins and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In addition, new mechanistic rationales for drug discovery in AD that include autophagy and synaptogenesis have been discovered. Herein, we describe the state-of-the-art of the development of recent enzymatic inhibitors and enhancers with therapeutic potential on the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Marchal JA, Lopez GJ, Peran M, Comino A, Delgado JR, García-García JA, Conde V, Aranda FM, Rivas C, Esteban M, Garcia MA. The impact of PKR activation: from neurodegeneration to cancer. FASEB J 2014; 28:1965-74. [PMID: 24522206 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An inverse association between cancer and neurodegeneration is plausible because these biological processes share several genes and signaling pathways. Whereas uncontrolled cell proliferation and decreased apoptotic cell death governs cancer, excessive apoptosis contributes to neurodegeneration. Protein kinase R (PKR), an interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA protein kinase, is involved in both diseases. PKR activation blocks global protein synthesis through eIF2α phosphorylation, leading to cell death in response to a variety of cellular stresses. However, PKR also has the dual role of activating the nuclear factor κ-B pathway, promoting cell proliferation. Whereas PKR is recognized for its negative effects on neurodegenerative diseases, in part, inducing high level of apoptosis, the role of PKR activation in cancer remains controversial. In general, PKR is considered to have a tumor suppressor function, and some clinical data show a correlation between suppressed or inactivated PKR and a poor prognosis for several cancers. However, other studies show high PKR expression and activation levels in various cancers, suggesting that PKR might contribute to neoplastic progression. Understanding the cellular factors and signals involved in the regulation of PKR in these age-related diseases is relevant and may have important clinical implications. The present review highlights the current knowledge on the role of PKR in neurodegeneration and cancer, with special emphasis on its regulation and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Marchal
- 1University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Azpitarte sn., Granada E-18012, Spain.
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Vaughn LS, Snee B, Patel RC. Inhibition of PKR protects against tunicamycin-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Gene 2013; 536:90-6. [PMID: 24334130 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction is thought to play a significant role in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, and the prion diseases. ER dysfunction can be mimicked by cellular stress signals such as disruption of calcium homeostasis, inhibition of protein glycosylation, and reduction of disulfide bonds, which results in accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER and leads to cell death by apoptosis. Tunicamycin, which is an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, induces ER stress and apoptosis. In this study, we examined the involvement of double stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase PKR in tunicamycin-induced apoptosis. We used overexpression of the trans-dominant negative, catalytically inactive mutant K296R to inhibit PKR activity in neuroblastoma cells. We demonstrate that inhibition of PKR activation in response to tunicamycin protects neuronal cells from undergoing apoptosis. Furthermore, K296R overexpressing cells show defective PKR activation, delayed eIF2α phosphorylation, dramatically delayed ATF4 expression. In addition, both caspase-3 activation and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP, also known as GADD153) induction, which are markers of apoptotic cells, are absent from K296R overexpression cells in response to tunicamycin. These results establish that PKR activation plays a major regulatory role in induction of apoptosis in response to ER stress and indicates the potential of PKR as possible target for neuroprotective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Brittany Snee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Rekha C Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Badía MC, Giraldo E, Dasí F, Alonso D, Lainez JM, Lloret A, Viña J. Reductive stress in young healthy individuals at risk of Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:274-9. [PMID: 23665394 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD) but this has not been studied in young healthy persons at risk of the disease. Carrying an Apo ε4 allele is the major genetic risk factor for AD. We have observed that lymphocytes from young, healthy persons carrying at least one Apo ε4 allele suffer from reductive rather than oxidative stress, i.e., lower oxidized glutathione and P-p38 levels and higher expression of enzymes involved in antioxidant defense, such as glutamylcysteinyl ligase and glutathione peroxidase. In contrast, in the full-blown disease, the situation is reversed and oxidative stress occurs, probably because of the exhaustion of the antioxidant mechanisms just mentioned. These results provide insights into the early events of the progression of the disease that may allow us to find biomarkers of AD at its very early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Carmen Badía
- Department of Physiology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, and Fundacion Investigacion Hospital Clinico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Yates SC, Zafar A, Hubbard P, Nagy S, Durant S, Bicknell R, Wilcock G, Christie S, Esiri MM, Smith AD, Nagy Z. Dysfunction of the mTOR pathway is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:3. [PMID: 24252508 PMCID: PMC3776211 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer’s disease is hampered by our lack of understanding of the early pathogenic mechanisms and the lack of early biomarkers and risk factors. We have documented the expression pattern of mTOR regulated genes in the frontal cortex of Alzheimer’s disease patients. We have also examined the functional integrity of mTOR signaling in peripheral lymphocytes in Alzheimer’s disease patients relative to healthy controls. Results In the brain mTOR is seen to control molecular functions related to cell cycle regulation, cell death and several metabolic pathways. These downstream elements of the mTOR signaling cascade are deregulated in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients well before the development of pathology. This dysregulation of the mTOR downstream signaling cascade is not restricted to the brain but appears to be systemic and can be detected in peripheral lymphocytes as a reduced Rapamycin response. Conclusions The dysfunction of the signaling pathways downstream of mTOR may represent a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and is independent of the ApoE status of the patients. We have also identified the molecular substrates of the beneficial effects of Rapamycin on the nervous system. We believe that these results can further inform the development of clinical predictive tests for the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
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mTOR: on target for novel therapeutic strategies in the nervous system. Trends Mol Med 2012; 19:51-60. [PMID: 23265840 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the key component of the protein complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2, plays a critical role in cellular development, tissue regeneration, and repair. mTOR signaling can govern not only stem cell development and quiescence but also cell death during apoptosis or autophagy. Recent studies highlight the importance of both traditional and newly recognized interactors of mTOR, such as p70S6K, 4EBP1, GSK-3β, REDD1/RTP801, TSC1/TSC2, growth factors, wingless, and forkhead transcription factors, that influence Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, tuberous sclerosis, and epilepsy. Targeting mTOR in the nervous system can offer exciting new avenues of drug discovery, but crucial to this premise is elucidating the complexity of mTOR signaling for robust and safe clinical outcomes.
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Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S, Maiese K. A Critical Kinase Cascade in Neurological Disorders: PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012; 7:733-748. [PMID: 23144589 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders lead to disability and death in a significant proportion of the world's population. However, many disorders of the nervous system remain with limited effective treatments. Kinase pathways in the nervous system that involve phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), protein kinase B (Akt), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) offer exciting prospects for the understanding of neurodegenerative pathways and the development of new avenues of treatment. PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR pathways are vital cellular components that determine cell fate during acute and chronic disorders, such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke, and trauma. Yet, the elaborate relationship among these kinases and the variable control of apoptosis and autophagy can lead to unanticipated biological and clinical outcomes. Crucial for the successful translation of PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR into robust and safe clinical strategies will be the further elucidation of the complex roles that these kinase pathways hold in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101 ; New Jersey Health Sciences University, Newark, New Jersey 07101
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47
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Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S, Maiese K. Shedding new light on neurodegenerative diseases through the mammalian target of rapamycin. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:128-48. [PMID: 22980037 PMCID: PMC3479314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders affect a significant portion of the world's population leading to either disability or death for almost 30 million individuals worldwide. One novel therapeutic target that may offer promise for multiple disease entities that involve Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, trauma, stroke, and tumors of the nervous system is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR signaling is dependent upon the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes that are composed of mTOR and several regulatory proteins including the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1, hamartin/TSC2, tuberin). Through a number of integrated cell signaling pathways that involve those of mTORC1 and mTORC2 as well as more novel signaling tied to cytokines, Wnt, and forkhead, mTOR can foster stem cellular proliferation, tissue repair and longevity, and synaptic growth by modulating mechanisms that foster both apoptosis and autophagy. Yet, mTOR through its proliferative capacity may sometimes be detrimental to central nervous system recovery and even promote tumorigenesis. Further knowledge of mTOR and the critical pathways governed by this serine/threonine protein kinase can bring new light for neurodegeneration and other related diseases that currently require new and robust treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New Jersey 07101
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey 07101
- New Jersey Health Sciences University Newark, New Jersey 07101
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48
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Wang S, Shang YC. Oxidant stress and signal transduction in the nervous system with the PI 3-K, Akt, and mTOR cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203037 PMCID: PMC3509553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131113830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress impacts multiple systems of the body and can lead to some of the most devastating consequences in the nervous system especially during aging. Both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as diabetes mellitus, cerebral ischemia, trauma, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and tuberous sclerosis through programmed cell death pathways of apoptosis and autophagy can be the result of oxidant stress. Novel therapeutic avenues that focus upon the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-K), Akt (protein kinase B), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade and related pathways offer exciting prospects to address the onset and potential reversal of neurodegenerative disorders. Effective clinical translation of these pathways into robust therapeutic strategies requires intimate knowledge of the complexity of these pathways and the ability of this cascade to influence biological outcome that can vary among disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail:
| | - Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; E-Mails: (Z.Z.C.); (S.W.); (Y.C.S.)
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, 205 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
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Russo E, Citraro R, Constanti A, De Sarro G. The mTOR Signaling Pathway in the Brain: Focus on Epilepsy and Epileptogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:662-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Increased cerebrospinal fluid levels of double-stranded RNA-dependant protein kinase in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:829-35. [PMID: 22281122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include accumulation of amyloid-β (Aß) peptide forming extracellular senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated tau protein with neuronal loss. Aβ peptide (1-42), total tau (T-tau), and phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 (p181tau) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are now validated biomarkers. The proapoptotic kinase R (PKR), is activated by Aβ accumulates in degenerating neurons in AD brains and controls protein synthesis and indirectly tau phosphorylation. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, the CSF of 91 patients were studied (AD: 45; amnestic mild cognitive impairment: 11; neurological disease control subjects [NDC]: 35). The levels of total PKR (T-PKR), phosphorylated PKR (pPKR), Aß 1-42, T-tau, and p181tau were assessed by immunoblotting or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Receivers operating characteristic curves were used to examine the discriminatory power of T-PKR, pPKR, and pPKR/T-PKR ratio between AD and NDC patients. RESULTS Total PKR and pPKR concentrations were elevated in AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment subjects. We have determined a pPKR value (optical density units) that could discriminate AD patients from control subjects with a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 94.3%. Among AD patients, T-PKR and pPKR levels correlate with CSF p181tau levels. Some AD patients with normal CSF Aß, T-tau, or p181tau levels had abnormal T-PKR and pPKR levels. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of CSF T-PKR and pPKR can discriminate between AD patients and NDC and could help to improve the biochemical diagnosis of AD.
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