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Adejare A, Oloyo A, Dahud Y, Adeshina M, Agbaje A, Ejim C, Ismail-Badmus K, Jaja S. Renal denervation ameliorated salt-induced hypertension by improving cardiac work, cardiac enzyme and oxidative balance in Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY. CARDIOVASCULAR RISK AND PREVENTION 2024; 21:200290. [PMID: 38828466 PMCID: PMC11139768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcrp.2024.200290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Hypertension is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, dysregulation of the antioxidant system and alteration of the level of some enzymes in the metabolic pathway. The possible modulatory effect of acute renal denervation (ARD) on cardiovascular function and the antioxidant system is still a subject of intense debate. This study sought to ascertain the ameliorative effects of ARD on cardiovascular parameters, antioxidant system, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels. Methods Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats (5-6 weeks old) were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each consisting of Normal Salt, High Salt, Normal Salt + Sham Denervation, High Salt + Sham Denervation, Normal Salt + Renal Denervation and High Salt + Renal Denervation. Induction of hypertension with 8 % salt in the diet lasted for 8 weeks. Renal or Sham denervation was thereafter done on selected groups. At the end of the experimental period, cardiovascular parameters, plasma antioxidant status, plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were assessed. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results Salt-loading significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), rate pressure product (RPP) while reducing superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT). Acute renal denervation significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced SBP, DBP, MABP, RPP, LDH and norepinephrine level while increasing SOD, GSH and CAT. ARD did not significantly alter CK level. Conclusion Acute renal denervation, by reducing sympathetic activity, ameliorates cardiovascular and antioxidant functions as well as reduces LDH level without significantly altering CK level in salt-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Adejare
- Cardiovascular-Renal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Oloyo
- Cardiovascular-Renal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Dahud
- Cardiovascular-Renal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Morufat Adeshina
- Cardiovascular-Renal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abiola Agbaje
- Cardiovascular-Renal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Clinton Ejim
- Cardiovascular-Renal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Khadijah Ismail-Badmus
- Cardiovascular-Renal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Smith Jaja
- Cardiovascular-Renal Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Zheng X, Berg Sen J, Li Z, Sabouri M, Samarah L, Deacon CS, Bernardo J, Machin DR. High-salt diet augments systolic blood pressure and induces arterial dysfunction in outbred, genetically diverse mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H473-H483. [PMID: 36735405 PMCID: PMC10010918 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00415.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Excess salt consumption contributes to hypertension and arterial dysfunction in humans living in industrialized societies. However, this arterial phenotype is not typically observed in inbred, genetically identical mouse strains that consume a high-salt (HS) diet. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of HS diet consumption on systolic blood pressure (BP) and arterial function in UM-HET3 mice, an outbred, genetically diverse strain of mice. Male and female UM-HET3 mice underwent a low-salt [LS (1% NaCl)] or HS (4% NaCl) diet for 12 wk. Systolic BP and aortic stiffness, determined by pulse wave velocity (PWV), were increased in HS after 2 and 4 wk, respectively, compared with baseline and continued to increase through week 12 (P < 0.05). Systolic BP was higher from weeks 2-12 and PWV was higher from weeks 4-12 in HS compared with LS mice (P < 0.05). Aortic collagen content was ∼81% higher in HS compared with LS (P < 0.05), whereas aortic elastin content was similar between groups (P > 0.05). Carotid artery endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) was ∼10% lower in HS compared with LS (P < 0.05), endothelium-independent dilation was similar between groups (P > 0.05). Finally, there was a strong relationship between systolic BP and PWV (r2 = 0.40, P < 0.05), as well as inverse relationship between EDD and systolic BP (r2 = 0.21, P < 0.05) or PWV (r2 = 0.20, P < 0.05). In summary, HS diet consumption in UM-HET3 mice increases systolic BP, which is accompanied by aortic stiffening and impaired EDD. These data suggest that outbred, genetically diverse mice may provide unique translational insight into arterial adaptations of humans that consume an HS diet.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Excess salt consumption is a contributor to hypertension and arterial dysfunction in humans living in industrialized societies, but this phenotype is not observed in inbred, genetically identical mice that consume a high-salt (HS) diet. This study reveals that a HS diet in outbred, genetically diverse mice progressively increases systolic blood pressure and induce arterial dysfunction. These data suggest that genetically diverse mice may provide translational insight into arterial adaptations in humans that consume an HS diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Jennifer Berg Sen
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Zhuoxin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Mostafa Sabouri
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Luaye Samarah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Christina S Deacon
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Joseph Bernardo
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Daniel R Machin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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3
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Lukaszewicz K, Falck JR, Lombard J. Effect of Chronically Suppressed Plasma Angiotensin II on Regulation of the CYP4A/20-HETE Pathway in the Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rat. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040783. [PMID: 37107157 PMCID: PMC10135295 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats, impaired vascular relaxation can be restored by: (1) minipump infusion of a low (sub-pressor) dose of angiotensin II (ANG II) to restore physiological levels of plasma ANG II, (2) inhibition of 20-HETE production, and (3) introgression of a normally functioning renin allele from the Brown Norway rat (SS-13BN consomic rat). Unlike SS rats, SS-13BN rats have normal levels of ANG II on a normal-salt diet and suppressed ANG II on a high-salt (HS) diet. This study tested whether chronically low ANG II levels in SS rats upregulate cytochrome P450-4A (CYP4A) increasing the production of the vasoconstrictor 20-HETE. Although salt-induced suppression of ANG II levels increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in basilar arteries from SS-13BN rats in previous studies, this study showed no change in vascular 20-HETE levels in response to ANGII suppression. CYP4A inhibition significantly reduced vascular ROS levels and restored endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of SS rats and HS-fed SS-13BN rats. These data demonstrate that both the renin-angiotensin system and the CYP4A/20-HETE pathway play a direct role in the vascular dysfunction of the Dahl SS rat but are independent of each other, even though they may both contribute to vascular dysfunction through ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Julian Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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4
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Dunaway LS, Cook AK, Botta D, Molina PA, d’Uscio LV, Katusic ZS, Pollock DM, Inscho EW, Pollock JS. Endothelial Histone Deacetylase 1 Activity Impairs Kidney Microvascular NO Signaling in Rats fed a High Salt Diet. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.08.531731. [PMID: 36945391 PMCID: PMC10028933 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Aim We aimed to identify new mechanisms by which a high salt diet (HS) decreases NO production in kidney microvascular endothelial cells. Specifically, we hypothesized HS impairs NO signaling through a histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1)-dependent mechanism. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed normal salt diet (NS; 0.49% NaCl) or high salt diet (4% NaCl) for two weeks. NO signaling was assessed by measuring L-NAME induced vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole using the blood perfused juxtamedullary nephron (JMN) preparation. In this preparation, kidneys were perfused with blood from a donor rat on a matching or different diet to that of the kidney donor. Kidney endothelial cells were isolated with magnetic activated cell sorting and HDAC1 activity was measured. Results We found that HS impaired NO signaling in the afferent arteriole. This was restored by inhibition of HDAC1 with MS-275. Consistent with these findings, HDAC1 activity was increased in kidney endothelial cells. We further found the loss of NO to be dependent upon the diet of the blood donor rather than the diet of the kidney donor and the plasma from HS fed rats to be sufficient to induce dysfunction suggesting a humoral factor, we termed Plasma Derived Endothelial-dysfunction Mediator (PDEM), mediates the endothelial dysfunction. The antioxidants, PEG-SOD and PEG-catalase, as well as the NOS cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, restored NO signaling. Conclusion We conclude that HS activates endothelial HDAC1 through PDEM leading to decreased NO signaling. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms by which a HS decreases renal microvascular endothelial NO signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S. Dunaway
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Anthony K. Cook
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Davide Botta
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patrick A. Molina
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Livius V. d’Uscio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Zvonimir S. Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - David M. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Edward W. Inscho
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Jennifer S. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Lobene AJ, Smiljanec K, Axler MR, Ramos-Gonzalez M, Lennon SL. Greater adherence to healthy dietary patterns is associated with lower diastolic blood pressure and augmentation index in healthy, young adults. Nutr Res 2022; 106:60-71. [PMID: 36126530 PMCID: PMC10335482 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
More than two-thirds of cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths worldwide are attributable to dietary factors. Blood pressure variability (BPV), endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffness are important CVD risk factors. Although studies show a link between consuming a healthy diet and lower BPV and stiffness and improved endothelial function, research in young, healthy adults is scarce. We hypothesized that, in young, healthy adults, diet quality would be inversely associated with BPV and arterial stiffness and positively associated with endothelial function. This cross-sectional study included 56 healthy young adults (34 women/22 men, age 26.7 ± 0.8 years, body mass index 23.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2, blood pressure [BP] 113/69 mmHg). Three-day diet records were used to calculate two Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet scores, the alternative Mediterranean Diet (aMED) score, and the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) based on the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP data were used to calculate average real variability of systolic and diastolic BP. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation, and arterial stiffness was assessed by pulse wave velocity and augmentation index (AIx). Overall, the HEI-2015 was inversely associated with 24-hour diastolic BP (DBP) and daytime DBP, and the aMED score was inversely associated with AIx. In our exploratory analyses, the Fung DASH score was inversely associated with 24-hour DBP and daytime DBP in women, but not men. These findings suggest that consuming a diet that aligns with the DASH diet, the Mediterranean diet, and/or the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans is associated with cardiovascular benefits in healthy, young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Lobene
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713.
| | - Katarina Smiljanec
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713.
| | - Michael R Axler
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713.
| | - Macarena Ramos-Gonzalez
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713.
| | - Shannon L Lennon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19713.
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Krajina I, Stupin A, Šola M, Mihalj M. Oxidative Stress Induced by High Salt Diet—Possible Implications for Development and Clinical Manifestation of Cutaneous Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction in Psoriasis vulgaris. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071269. [PMID: 35883760 PMCID: PMC9311978 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although oxidative stress is recognized as an important effector mechanism of the immune system, uncontrolled formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species promotes excessive tissue damage and leads to disease development. In view of this, increased dietary salt intake has been found to damage redox systems in the vessel wall, resulting in endothelial dysfunction associated with NO uncoupling, inflammation, vascular wall remodeling and, eventually, atherosclerosis. Several studies have reported increased systemic oxidative stress accompanied by reduced antioxidant capacity following a high salt diet. In addition, vigorous ionic effects on the immune mechanisms, such as (trans)differentiation of T lymphocytes are emerging, which together with the evidence of NaCl accumulation in certain tissues warrants a re-examination of the data derived from in vitro research, in which the ionic influence was excluded. Psoriasis vulgaris (PV), as a primarily Th17-driven inflammatory skin disease with proven inflammation-induced accumulation of sodium chloride in the skin, merits our interest in the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PV, as well as in the possible beneficial effects that could be achieved through modulation of dietary salt intake and antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Krajina
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Šola
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (M.Š.); (M.M.); Tel.: +385-31-512-800 (M.M.)
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Institute and Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (M.Š.); (M.M.); Tel.: +385-31-512-800 (M.M.)
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7
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Forte M, Bianchi F, Cotugno M, Marchitti S, Stanzione R, Maglione V, Sciarretta S, Valenti V, Carnevale R, Versaci F, Frati G, Volpe M, Rubattu S. An interplay between UCP2 and ROS protects cells from high-salt-induced injury through autophagy stimulation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:919. [PMID: 34625529 PMCID: PMC8501098 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) plays a protective function in the vascular disease of both animal models and humans. UCP2 downregulation upon high-salt feeding favors vascular dysfunction in knock-out mice, and accelerates cerebrovascular and renal damage in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Overexpression of UCP2 counteracts the negative effects of high-salt feeding in both animal models. We tested in vitro the ability of UCP2 to stimulate autophagy and mitophagy as a mechanism mediating its protective effects upon high-salt exposure in endothelial and renal tubular cells. UCP2 silencing reduced autophagy and mitophagy, whereas the opposite was true upon UCP2 overexpression. High-salt exposure increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), UCP2, autophagy and autophagic flux in both endothelial and renal tubular cells. In contrast, high-salt was unable to induce autophagy and autophagic flux in UCP2-silenced cells, concomitantly with excessive ROS accumulation. The addition of an autophagy inducer, Tat-Beclin 1, rescued the viability of UCP2-silenced cells even when exposed to high-salt. In summary, UCP2 mediated the interaction between high-salt-induced oxidative stress and autophagy to preserve viability of both endothelial and renal tubular cells. In the presence of excessive ROS accumulation (achieved upon UCP2 silencing and high-salt exposure of silenced cells) autophagy was turned off. In this condition, an exogenous autophagy inducer rescued the cellular damage induced by excess ROS level. Our data confirm the protective role of UCP2 toward high-salt-induced vascular and renal injury, and they underscore the role of autophagy/mitophagy as a mechanism counteracting the high-salt-induced oxidative stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Carnevale
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Frati
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.,Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy. .,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Kidambi S, Pan X, Yang C, Liu P, Roberts ML, Li Y, Wang T, Laud PW, Liu Y, Rubens M, Thomas R, Widlansky ME, Beyer AM, Liu Y, Cowley AW, Kotchen TA, Munyura Y, Moosreiner A, Mattson DL, Liang M. Dietary Sodium Restriction Results in Tissue-Specific Changes in DNA Methylation in Humans. Hypertension 2021; 78:434-446. [PMID: 34120454 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.17351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Kidambi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (S.K., M.R., R.T., T.A.K., Y.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, China (X.P.)
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (P.L., Yi Liu)
| | - Michelle L Roberts
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Yingchuan Li
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China (Y. Li)
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity (T.W., P.W.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Purushottam W Laud
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity (T.W., P.W.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Yi Liu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, China (P.L., Yi Liu)
| | - Merrill Rubens
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (S.K., M.R., R.T., T.A.K., Y.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Richard Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (S.K., M.R., R.T., T.A.K., Y.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Michael E Widlansky
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (M.E.W., A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (M.E.W., A.M.B.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theodore A Kotchen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (S.K., M.R., R.T., T.A.K., Y.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Yannick Munyura
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (S.K., M.R., R.T., T.A.K., Y.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Andrea Moosreiner
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute (A.M.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta (D.L.M.)
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Center of Systems Molecular Medicine (X.P., C.Y., P.L., M.L.R., Y. Li, A.M.B., Yong Liu, A.W.C., D.L.M., M.L.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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9
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Wu J, Fang S, Lu KT, Wackman K, Schwartzman ML, Dikalov SI, Grobe JL, Sigmund CD. EP3 (E-Prostanoid 3) Receptor Mediates Impaired Vasodilation in a Mouse Model of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Hypertension 2021; 77:1399-1411. [PMID: 33641369 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (J.W., S.F., K.-T.L., K.W., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Shi Fang
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (J.W., S.F., K.-T.L., K.W., J.L.G., C.D.S.).,Department of Pharmacology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa (S.F.)
| | - Ko-Ting Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (J.W., S.F., K.-T.L., K.W., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Kelsey Wackman
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (J.W., S.F., K.-T.L., K.W., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Michal L Schwartzman
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College School of Medicine, Valhalla (M.L.S.)
| | - Sergey I Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (S.D.)
| | - Justin L Grobe
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (J.W., S.F., K.-T.L., K.W., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (J.W., S.F., K.-T.L., K.W., J.L.G., C.D.S.)
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10
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Lobov GI, Ivanova GT. Regulation of Arterial Tone in Rats
Fed a Long-Term High-Salt Diet. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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β-blockade prevents coronary macro- and microvascular dysfunction induced by a high salt diet and insulin resistance in the Goto-Kakizaki rat. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:327-346. [PMID: 33480422 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A high salt intake exacerbates insulin resistance, evoking hypertension due to systemic perivascular inflammation, oxidative-nitrosative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to abolish inflammation and redox stress but only partially restore endothelial function in mesenteric vessels. We investigated whether sympatho-adrenal overactivation evokes coronary vascular dysfunction when a high salt intake is combined with insulin resistance in male Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and Wistar rats treated with two different classes of β-blocker or vehicle, utilising synchrotron-based microangiography in vivo. Further, we examined if chronic carvedilol (CAR) treatment preserves nitric oxide (NO)-mediated coronary dilation more than metoprolol (MET). A high salt diet (6% NaCl w/w) exacerbated coronary microvessel endothelial dysfunction and NO-resistance in vehicle-treated GK rats while Wistar rats showed modest impairment. Microvascular dysfunction was associated with elevated expression of myocardial endothelin, inducible NO synthase (NOS) protein and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). Both CAR and MET reduced basal coronary perfusion but restored microvessel endothelium-dependent and -independent dilation indicating a role for sympatho-adrenal overactivation in vehicle-treated rats. While MET treatment reduced myocardial nitrates, only MET treatment completely restored microvessel dilation to dobutamine (DOB) stimulation in the absence of NO and prostanoids (combined inhibition), indicating that MET restored the coronary flow reserve attributable to endothelium-derived hyperpolarisation (EDH). In conclusion, sympatho-adrenal overactivation caused by high salt intake and insulin resistance evoked coronary microvessel endothelial dysfunction and diminished NO sensitivity, which were restored by MET and CAR treatment in spite of ongoing inflammation and oxidative-nitrosative stress presumably caused by uninhibited renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) overactivation.
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Mechanisms of Dietary Sodium-Induced Impairments in Endothelial Function and Potential Countermeasures. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010270. [PMID: 33477837 PMCID: PMC7832854 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of efforts to reduce sodium intake, excess dietary sodium remains commonplace, and contributes to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality independent of its effects on blood pressure. An increasing amount of research suggests that high-sodium diets lead to reduced nitric oxide-mediated endothelial function, even in the absence of a change in blood pressure. As endothelial dysfunction is an early step in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, the endothelium presents a target for interventions aimed at reducing the impact of excess dietary sodium. In this review, we briefly define endothelial function and present the literature demonstrating that excess dietary sodium results in impaired endothelial function. We then discuss the mechanisms through which sodium impairs the endothelium, including increased reactive oxygen species, decreased intrinsic antioxidant defenses, endothelial cell stiffening, and damage to the endothelial glycocalyx. Finally, we present selected research findings suggesting that aerobic exercise or increased intake of dietary potassium may counteract the deleterious vascular effects of a high-sodium diet.
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13
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Silva-Couto S, Correia-Santos AM, Vicente GC, Castro CLC, Barreto VDLM, Martins JEC, Lenzi Q, Boaventura GT, Chagas MA. Maternal Intake of Flaxseed During Lactation and Exercise Training Protect Against Salt Overload-Induced Aortic Remodeling in Adult Offspring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.36660/ijcs.20190165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Grotle AK, Macefield VG, Farquhar WB, O'Leary DS, Stone AJ. Recent advances in exercise pressor reflex function in health and disease. Auton Neurosci 2020; 228:102698. [PMID: 32861944 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2020.102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Autonomic alterations at the onset of exercise are critical to redistribute cardiac output towards the contracting muscles while preventing a fall in arterial pressure due to excessive vasodilation within the contracting muscles. Neural mechanisms responsible for these adjustments include central command, the exercise pressor reflex, and arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflexes. The exercise pressor reflex evokes reflex increases in sympathetic activity to the heart and systemic vessels and decreases in parasympathetic activity to the heart, which increases blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and total peripheral resistance through vasoconstriction of systemic vessels. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in our understanding of exercise pressor reflex function in health and disease. Specifically, we discuss emerging evidence suggesting that sympathetic vasoconstrictor drive to the contracting and non-contracting skeletal muscle is differentially controlled by central command and the metaboreflex in healthy conditions. Further, we discuss evidence from animal and human studies showing that cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure, lead to an altered exercise pressor reflex function. We also provide an update on the mechanisms thought to underlie this altered exercise pressor reflex function in each of these diseases. Although these mechanisms are complex, multifactorial, and dependent on the etiology of the disease, there is a clear consensus that several mechanisms are involved. Ultimately, approaches targeting these mechanisms are clinically significant as they provide alternative therapeutic strategies to prevent adverse cardiovascular events while also reducing symptoms of exercise intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Grotle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | | | - William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Donal S O'Leary
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - Audrey J Stone
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America.
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15
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Smiljanec K, Mbakwe A, Ramos Gonzalez M, Farquhar WB, Lennon SL. Dietary Potassium Attenuates the Effects of Dietary Sodium on Vascular Function in Salt-Resistant Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051206. [PMID: 32344796 PMCID: PMC7281996 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of dietary sodium and potassium on blood pressure (BP) has been extensively studied, however their impact on endothelial function, particularly any interactive effects, has received less attention. The purpose of this study was to determine if dietary potassium can offset the deleterious effect of high dietary sodium on endothelial function independent of BP. Thirty-three adults with salt-resistant BP (16 M and 17 F; 27 ± 1 year) completed seven days each of the following diets in a random order: a moderate potassium/low sodium diet (65 mmol potassium/50 mmol sodium; MK/LS), a moderate potassium/high sodium diet (65mmol potassium/300 mmol sodium; MK/HS) and a high potassium/high sodium (120 mmol potassium/300 mmol sodium; HK/HS). On day seven of each diet, 24-h ambulatory BP and a urine collection were performed. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured in response to reactive hyperemia. Between diets, 24-h BP was unchanged confirming salt resistance (p > 0.05). Sodium excretion increased on both HS diets compared to MK/LS (p < 0.05) and potassium excretion was increased on the HK diet compared to MK/LS and MK/HS (p < 0.05) confirming diet compliance. FMD was lower in MK/HS (5.4 ± 0.5%) compared to MK/LS (6.7 ± 0.5%; p < 0.05) and HK/HS (6.4 ± 0.5%), while there was no difference between the MK/LS and HK/HS diets (p > 0.05). These data suggest that dietary potassium provides vascular protection against the deleterious effects of high dietary sodium by restoring conduit artery function.
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16
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Barić L, Drenjančević I, Mihalj M, Matić A, Stupin M, Kolar L, Mihaljević Z, Mrakovčić-Šutić I, Šerić V, Stupin A. Enhanced Antioxidative Defense by Vitamins C and E Consumption Prevents 7-Day High-Salt Diet-Induced Microvascular Endothelial Function Impairment in Young Healthy Individuals. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030843. [PMID: 32244956 PMCID: PMC7141509 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether the oral supplementation of vitamins C and E during a seven-day high salt diet (HS; ~14 g salt/day) prevents microvascular endothelial function impairment and changes oxidative status caused by HS diet in 51 (26 women and 25 men) young healthy individuals. Laser Doppler flowmetry measurements demonstrated that skin post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH), and acetylcholine-induced dilation (AChID) were significantly impaired in the HS group, but not in HS+C+E group, while sodium nitroprusside-induced dilation remained unaffected by treatments. Serum oxidative stress markers: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-iso prostaglandin-F2α, and leukocytes’ intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production were significantly increased, while ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and catalase concentrations were decreased in the HS group. All these parameters remained unaffected by vitamins supplementation. Matrix metalloproteinase 9, antioxidant enzymes Cu/Zn SOD and glutathione peroxidase 1, and leukocytes’ intracellular superoxide production remained unchanged after the protocols in both HS and HS+C+E groups. Importantly, multiple regression analysis revealed that FRAP was the most powerful predictor of AChID, while PORH was strongly predicted by both FRAP and renin-angiotensin system activity. Hereby, we demonstrated that oxidative dis-balance has the pivotal role in HS diet-induced impairment of endothelial and microvascular function in healthy individuals which could be prevented by antioxidative vitamins consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Barić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
| | - Ines Drenjančević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Matić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zrinka Mihaljević
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Mrakovčić-Šutić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, Ul. Braće Branchetta 20/1, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Vatroslav Šerić
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (L.B.); (I.D.); (M.M.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (Z.M.)
- Scientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, Hr-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-31-512-800
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Sukumaran V, Tsuchimochi H, Sonobe T, Waddingham MT, Shirai M, Pearson JT. Liraglutide treatment improves the coronary microcirculation in insulin resistant Zucker obese rats on a high salt diet. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:24. [PMID: 32093680 PMCID: PMC7038553 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, hypertension and prediabetes contribute greatly to coronary artery disease, heart failure and vascular events, and are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed societies. Salt sensitivity exacerbates endothelial dysfunction. Herein, we investigated the effect of chronic glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activation on the coronary microcirculation and cardiac remodeling in Zucker rats on a high-salt diet (6% NaCl). METHODS Eight-week old Zucker lean (+/+) and obese (fa/fa) rats were treated with vehicle or liraglutide (LIRA) (0.1 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured using tail-cuff method in conscious rats. Myocardial function was assessed by echocardiography. Synchrotron contrast microangiography was then used to investigate coronary arterial vessel function (vessels 50-350 µm internal diameter) in vivo in anesthetized rats. Myocardial gene and protein expression levels of vasoactive factors, inflammatory, oxidative stress and remodeling markers were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS We found that in comparison to the vehicle-treated fa/fa rats, rats treated with LIRA showed significant improvement in acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in the small arteries and arterioles (< 150 µm diameter). Neither soluble guanylyl cyclase or endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mRNA levels or total eNOS protein expression in the myocardium were significantly altered by LIRA. However, LIRA downregulated Nox-1 mRNA (p = 0.030) and reduced ET-1 protein (p = 0.044) expression. LIRA significantly attenuated the expressions of proinflammatory and profibrotic associated biomarkers (NF-κB, CD68, IL-1β, TGF-β1, osteopontin) and nitrotyrosine in comparison to fa/fa-Veh rats, but did not attenuate perivascular fibrosis appreciably. CONCLUSIONS In a rat model of metabolic syndrome, chronic LIRA treatment improved the capacity for NO-mediated dilation throughout the coronary macro and microcirculations and partially normalized myocardial remodeling independent of changes in body mass or blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Sukumaran
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. .,Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Hirotsugu Tsuchimochi
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Mark T Waddingham
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medical Research in Pulmonary Hypertension, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - James T Pearson
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
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18
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Adejare A, Oloyo A, Anigbogu C, Jaja S. l-arginine Supplementation Increased Only Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed a High-Salt Diet by Enhancing Abdominal Aorta Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2020; 14:1179546820902843. [PMID: 32063725 PMCID: PMC6990607 DOI: 10.1177/1179546820902843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormal vascular reactivity and reduced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene are hallmark of salt-induced hypertension in rats. Although l-arginine is an established vasodilator, the mechanism by which it modulates vascular reactivity in salt-induced hypertension is not clearly understood. Objectives This study was designed to investigate the mechanism by which oral l-arginine supplementation modulates vascular reactivity and eNOS gene expression in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-salt diet. Methods Forty-eight weaned male Sprague-Dawley rats of weight range 90 to 110 g were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 rats per group. Group I was fed normal rat chow ad libitum and served as the Normal Diet group. Group II was fed a diet that contained 8% NaCl. Groups III and IV took normal and high-salt diet, respectively, and then received oral l-arginine supplementation (100 mg/kg/day), while groups V and VI took normal and high-salt diet, respectively, and then were co-administered with both l-arginine and l-nitro-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 100 mg/kg/day and 40 mg/kg/day, respectively) orally. At the end of 12-week experimental period, the animals were sacrificed to assess vascular reactivity and gene expression level. Results Our results show that high-salt diet significantly reduced (P < .05) endothelium-dependent relaxation response to acetylcholine and qualitatively reduced eNOS gene expression in the abdominal aorta of the rats. However, l-arginine supplementation improved the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation and nitric oxide level while ameliorating the reduced eNOS gene expressions. Conclusion This study suggests that oral supplementation of l-arginine enhances endothelial-dependent relaxation in rats fed a high-salt diet by ameliorating eNOS gene expression in the abdominal aorta of the rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Adejare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Oloyo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chikodi Anigbogu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Smith Jaja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
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Guers JJ, Farquhar WB, Edwards DG, Lennon SL. Voluntary Wheel Running Attenuates Salt-Induced Vascular Stiffness Independent of Blood Pressure. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:1162-1169. [PMID: 31401651 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess dietary salt can lead to the development of arterial stiffness and high blood pressure (BP). Regular physical activity can protect against arterial stiffening and lower BP. Less is known regarding the role of exercise on the vasculature independent of BP under high salt (HS) conditions. The aim of the study was to determine whether wheel running protects against the development of dietary salt-induced arterial stiffness independent of BP. METHODS Rats were maintained on either normal salt (NS; 0.49% NaCl) or HS (4.0% NaCl) diet for 6 weeks and further divided into a voluntary wheel running (NS-VWR, HS-VWR) or cage control group (NS, HS). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured using applanation tonometry at baseline (BSL) and 6 weeks. RESULTS BP was measured weekly and remained unchanged among groups throughout the 6 weeks (P > 0.05). PWV was elevated at 6 weeks in HS compared to baseline (HS-BSL, 3.27 ± 0.17 vs. HS-6 week, 4.13 ± 0.26 m/s; P < 0.05) and was lower at 6 weeks in both VWR groups (NS-VWR, 2.98 ± 0.29, HS-VWR, 3.11 ± 0.23 m/s) when compared to HS at 6 weeks (P < 0.05). This was supported by a significant increase in aortic collagen I in the HS group alone and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was greater in the HS group compared to both NS groups (P < 0.05). Wheel running resulted in a greater aortic phosphorylated eNOS and SOD-2 in HS-WVR (P < 0.05) compared to HS. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that VWR may protect against collagen accumulation through a TGF-β-mediated pathway by improving nitric oxide bioavailability and redox balance in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Guers
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Shannon L Lennon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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L-arginine supplementation lowers blood pressure, protein excretion and plasma lipid profile in experimental salt-induced hypertension in pregnancy: Relevance to preeclampsia. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2019; 26:191-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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21
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Alba BK, Stanhewicz AE, Dey P, Bruno RS, Kenney WL, Alexander LM. Controlled Feeding of an 8-d, High-Dairy Cheese Diet Prevents Sodium-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in the Cutaneous Microcirculation of Healthy, Older Adults through Reductions in Superoxide. J Nutr 2019; 150:55-63. [PMID: 31504721 PMCID: PMC8659358 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While excess dietary sodium impairs vascular function by increasing oxidative stress, the dietary incorporation of dairy foods improves vascular health. We demonstrated that single-meal cheese consumption ameliorates acute, sodium-induced endothelial dysfunction. However, controlled feeding studies examining the inclusion of cheese, a dairy product that contains both bioactive constituents and sodium, are lacking. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that microcirculatory endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) would be impaired by a high-sodium diet, but a sodium-matched diet high in dairy cheese would preserve EDD through oxidant stress mechanisms. METHODS We gave 11 adults without salt-sensitive blood pressure (<10 mmHg Δ mean arterial pressure; 64 ± 2 y) 4 separate 8-d controlled dietary interventions in a randomized, crossover design: a low-sodium, no-dairy intervention (LNa; 1500 mg/d sodium); a low-sodium, high-cheese intervention (LNaC; 1500 mg/d sodium, 170 g/d cheese); a high-sodium, no-dairy intervention (HNa; 5500 mg/d sodium); and a high-sodium, high-cheese intervention (HNaC; 5500 mg/d sodium, 170 g/d cheese). On Day 8 of each diet, EDD was assessed through a localized infusion (intradermal microdialysis) of acetylcholine (ACh), both alone and during coinfusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NO synthase inhibitor), L-ascorbate (nonspecific antioxidant), apocynin [NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor], or tempol (superoxide scavenger). RESULTS Compared with LNa, microvascular responsiveness to ACh was attenuated during HNa (LNa: -4.82 ± 0.20 versus HNa: -3.21 ± 0.55 M logEC50; P = 0.03) but not LNaC (-5.44 ± 0.20 M logEC50) or HNaC (-4.46 ± 0.50 M logEC50). Further, ascorbate, apocynin, and tempol administration each increased ACh-induced vasodilation during HNa only (Ringer's: 38.9 ± 2.4; ascorbate: 48.0 ± 2.5; tempol: 45.3 ± 2.7; apocynin: 48.5 ± 2.6% maximum cutaneous vascular conductance; all P values < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that incorporating dairy cheese into a high-sodium diet preserves EDD by decreasing the concentration of superoxide radicals. Consuming sodium in cheese, rather than in nondairy sources of sodium, may be an effective strategy to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in salt-insensitive, older adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03376555.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie K Alba
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA,Address correspondence to BKA (E-mail: )
| | - Anna E Stanhewicz
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Priyankar Dey
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Richard S Bruno
- Human Nutrition Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Larry Kenney
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lacy M Alexander
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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22
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Ramick MG, Brian MS, Matthews EL, Patik JC, Seals DR, Lennon SL, Farquhar WB, Edwards DG. Apocynin and Tempol ameliorate dietary sodium-induced declines in cutaneous microvascular function in salt-resistant humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H97-H103. [PMID: 31074652 PMCID: PMC6692730 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00786.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that high dietary salt impairs vascular function independent of changes in blood pressure. Rodent studies suggest that NADPH-derived reactive oxygen species mediate the deleterious effect of high salt on the vasculature, and here we translate these findings to humans. Twenty-nine healthy adults (34 ± 2 yr) participated in a controlled feeding study. Participants completed 7 days of a low-sodium diet (LS; 20 mmol sodium/day) and 7 days of a high-sodium diet (HS; 300 mmol sodium/day) in random order. All participants were salt resistant, defined as a ≤5-mmHg change in 24-h mean BP determined while on the LS and HS diets. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to assess cutaneous vasodilation in response to local heating (42°C) during local delivery of Ringer's (n = 29), 20 mM ascorbic acid (AA; n = 29), 10 µM Tempol (n = 22), and 100 µM apocynin (n = 22). Additionally, endothelial cells were obtained in a subset of participants from an antecubital vein and stained for nitrotyrosine (n = 14). Cutaneous vasodilation was attenuated by the HS diet compared with LS [LS 93.0 ± 2.2 vs. HS 86.8 ± 2.0 percentage of maximal cutaneous vascular conductance (%CVCmax); P < 0.05] and was restored by AA during the HS diet (AA 90.7 ± 1.2 %CVCmax; P < 0.05 vs. HS). Cutaneous vasodilation was also restored with the local infusion of both apocynin (P < 0.01) and Tempol (P < 0.05) on the HS diet. Nitrotyrosine expression was increased on the HS diet compared with LS (P < 0.05). These findings provide direct evidence of dietary sodium-induced endothelial cell oxidative stress and suggest that NADPH-derived reactive oxygen species contribute to sodium-induced declines in microvascular function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-sodium diets have deleterious effects on vascular function, likely mediating, in part, the increased cardiovascular risk associated with a high sodium intake. Local infusion of apocynin and Tempol improved microvascular function in salt-resistant adults on a high-salt diet, providing evidence that reactive oxygen species contribute to impairments in microvascular function from high salt. This study provides insight into the blood pressure-independent mechanisms by which dietary sodium impairs vascular function. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/dietary-sodium-oxidative-stress-and-microvascular-function/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan G Ramick
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
- Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University , West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael S Brian
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Plymouth State University , Plymouth, New Hampshire
| | - Evan L Matthews
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
- Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, Montclair State University , Montclair, New Jersey
| | - Jordan C Patik
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Shannon L Lennon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
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23
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Priestley JRC, Fink KE, McCord JM, Lombard JH. NRF2 activation with Protandim attenuates salt-induced vascular dysfunction and microvascular rarefaction. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12575. [PMID: 31132190 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS This study tested the hypothesis that dietary activation of the master antioxidant and cell protective transcription factor nuclear factor, erythroid -2-like 2 (NRF2), protects against salt-induced vascular dysfunction by restoring redox homeostasis in the vasculature. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats and Syrian hamsters were fed a HS (4.0% NaCl) diet containing ~60 mg/kg/day Protandim supplement for 2 weeks and compared to controls fed HS diet alone. RESULTS Protandim supplementation restoredendothelium-dependent vasodilation in response to acetylcholine (ACh) in middle cerebral arteries (MCA)of HS-fed rats and hamster cheek pouch arterioles, and increased microvessel density in the cremastermuscle of HS-fed rats. The restored dilation to ACh in MCA of Protandim-treated rats was prevented by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with L-NAME [100 μM] and was absent in MCA from Nrf2(-/-) knockout rats fed HS diet. Basilar arteries from HS-fed rats treated with Protandim exhibited significantly lower staining for mitochondrial oxidizing species than untreated animals fed HS diet alone; and Protandim treatment increased MnSOD (SOD2) protein expression in mesenteric arteries of HS-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that dietary activation of NRF2 protects against salt-induced vascular dysfunction, vascular oxidative stress, and microvascular rarefaction by upregulating antioxidant defenses and reducing mitochondrial ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie E Fink
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Joe M McCord
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine Research, University of Colorado at Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julian H Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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24
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Effects of direct high sodium exposure at endothelial cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:1257-1263. [PMID: 31113617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that high sodium affects the migratory phenotype of endothelial cells (EC) and investigates mechanisms involved independently of hemodynamic factors. Cell migration was evaluated by Wound-Healing at conditions: High Sodium (HS; 160 mM) and Control (CT; 140 mM). O2- production was evaluated by DHE. NADPH oxidase activity was determined by chemiluminescence assay. Expression of adhesion molecules was analyzed by RT-PCR. Shear Stress was performed using a rhythmic shake. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reaction. HS-induced impairment in EC migration while both Candesartan and DPI prevented it. HS increased NADPH oxidase activity, which was blocked by Candesartan. Also, HS increased O2- production that was inhibited by Candesartan. HS decreased adhesion molecules expression via ROS (Integrin Alpha 5, Integrin Beta 1, Integrin Beta 3, VE-Cadherin and PECAM) and via AT1R (PECAM). The nitric oxide production induced by shear stress was decreased after EC exposure to HS while both Candesartan and DPI prevented it. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that HS reduced EC migration by AT1R and ROS derived from NADPH Oxidase and mitochondria. The HS reduction in adhesion molecules expression modulated by ROS and AT1R may help to explain the impairment in migration capacity. Also, HS affected EC functionality by reducing their nitric oxide production in response to shear stress.
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25
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Li SC, Wang QH, Chen LF, Feng SY, Wu YX, Yan XW. High Sodium Intake Impairs Small Artery Vasoreactivity in vivo in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats. J Vasc Res 2019; 56:65-76. [PMID: 31079107 DOI: 10.1159/000498895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of high sodium intake on the functionality of resistance arteries have been repeatedly studied in vitro, but no study has focused on salt-sensitive hypertension in vivo. We studied the in vivo reactivity of mesenteric small arteries (MSAs) to vasoactive agents in Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats with various sodium diets. Twenty-four male DS rats were randomized into 3 groups: LS (0.3% NaCl diet), NS (0.6% NaCl diet), and HS (8% NaCl diet). After a 12-week intervention, the diameter changes of the MSAs after noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh) exposure were detected by a microscope, and changes in blood perfusion through the MSAs were measured by full-field laser perfusion imaging. HS enhanced the constrictive response of the MSAs to NA and attenuated the relaxing response to ACh. Low sodium intake reduced the response of the MSAs to NA and promoted ACh-induced vasodilatation. HS also aggravated NA-induced blood perfusion reduction and impaired ACh-induced hyperperfusion of the MSAs. Pathologically, HS was associated with arteriolar structural damage and fibrosis of the MSAs. We conclude that sodium intake affects the responsiveness of the MSAs to vasoactive agents in DS rats and might play important roles in modulating blood pressure in hypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Hai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
| | - Lian-Feng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Yi Feng
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China,
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26
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Allen LA, Schmidt JR, Thompson CT, Carlson BE, Beard DA, Lombard JH. High salt diet impairs cerebral blood flow regulation via salt-induced angiotensin II suppression. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12518. [PMID: 30481399 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to determine whether salt-induced ANG II suppression contributes to impaired CBF autoregulation. METHODS Cerebral autoregulation was evaluated with LDF during graded reductions of blood pressure. Autoregulatory responses in rats fed HS (4% NaCl) diet vs LS (0.4% NaCl) diet were analyzed using linear regression analysis, model-free analysis, and a mechanistic theoretical model of blood flow through cerebral arterioles. RESULTS Autoregulation was intact in LS-fed animals as MAP was reduced via graded hemorrhage to approximately 50 mm Hg. Short-term (3 days) and chronic (4 weeks) HS diet impaired CBF autoregulation, as evidenced by progressive reductions of laser Doppler flux with arterial pressure reduction. Chronic low dose ANG II infusion (5 mg/kg/min, i.v.) restored CBF autoregulation between the pre-hemorrhage MAP and 50 mm Hg in rats fed short-term HS diet. Mechanistic-based model analysis showed a reduced myogenic response and reduced baseline VSM tone with short-term HS diet, which was restored by ANG II infusion. CONCLUSIONS Short-term and chronic HS diet lead to impaired autoregulation in the cerebral circulation, with salt-induced ANG II suppression as a major factor in the initiation of impaired CBF regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Allen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James R Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Christopher T Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Brian E Carlson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel A Beard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Julian H Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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27
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Guers JJ, Kasecky-Lardner L, Farquhar WB, Edwards DG, Lennon SL. Voluntary wheel running prevents salt-induced endothelial dysfunction: role of oxidative stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:502-510. [PMID: 30571282 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00421.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets high in salt can lead to endothelial dysfunction, a nontraditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Exercise is known to reduce CVD risk; however, it remains unknown whether chronic physical activity can attenuate salt-induced endothelial dysfunction independent of blood pressure (BP) and whether these changes are due to an upregulation in endogenous antioxidants. Eight-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a normal (NS; 0.49%)- or a high (HS; 4.0%)-salt diet and further divided into voluntary wheel running (NS-VWR, HS-VWR) and sedentary (NS, HS) groups for 6 wk. BP was measured weekly and remained unchanged within groups ( P = 0.373). Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) was impaired in the femoral artery of HS compared with NS (38.6 ± 4.0% vs. 65.0 ± 3.6%; P = 0.013) animals, whereas it was not different between NS and HS-VWR (73.4 ± 6.4%; P = 0.273) animals. Incubation with the antioxidants TEMPOL ( P = 0.024) and apocynin ( P = 0.013) improved EDR in HS animals, indicating a role for reactive oxygen species (ROS). Wheel running upregulated the antioxidant superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD-2) ( P = 0.011) under HS conditions and lowered NOX4 and Gp91-phox, two subunits of NADPH oxidase. Wheel running elevated phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) ( P = 0.014) in HS-fed rats, demonstrating a role for physical activity and eNOS activity under HS conditions. Finally, there was a reduction in EDR ( P = 0.038) when femoral arteries from NS-VWR animals were incubated with TEMPOL or apocynin, suggesting there may be a critical level of ROS needed to maintain endothelial function. In summary, physical activity protected HS-fed rats from reductions in endothelial function, likely through increased SOD-2 levels and reduced oxidative stress. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data suggest that voluntary wheel running can prevent impairments in endothelium-dependent relaxation in the femoral artery of rats fed a high-salt diet. This appears to be independent of blood pressure and mediated through a decrease in expression of NADPH oxidases as a result of physical activity. These data suggest that increased chronic physical activity can protect the vasculature from a diet high in salt, likely through a reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Guers
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | | | - William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
| | - Shannon L Lennon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware
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28
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Matic A, Jukic I, Stupin A, Baric L, Mihaljevic Z, Unfirer S, Tartaro Bujak I, Mihaljevic B, Lombard JH, Drenjancevic I. High salt intake shifts the mechanisms of flow-induced dilation in the middle cerebral arteries of Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H718-H730. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00097.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to examine the effect of 1 wk of high salt (HS) intake and the role of oxidative stress in changing the mechanisms of flow-induced dilation (FID) in isolated pressurized middle cerebral arteries of male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 15–16 rats/group). Reduced FID in the HS group was restored by intake of the superoxide scavenger tempol (HS + tempol in vivo group). The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, and selective inhibitor of microsomal cytochrome P-450 epoxidase activity N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-(2-propynyloxy)-benzenehexanamide significantly reduced FID in the low salt diet-fed group, whereas FID in the HS group was mediated by NO only. Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA (but not protein) expression was decreased in the HS and HS + tempol in vivo groups. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and VEGF protein levels were increased in the HS group but decreased in the HS + tempol in vivo group. Assessment by direct fluorescence of middle cerebral arteries under flow revealed significantly reduced vascular NO levels and increased superoxide/reactive oxygen species levels in the HS group. These results suggest that HS intake impairs FID and changes FID mechanisms to entirely NO dependent, in contrast to the low-salt diet-fed group, where FID is NO, prostanoid, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid dependent. These changes were accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation products in the plasma of HS diet-fed rats, increased vascular superoxide/reactive oxygen species levels, and decreased NO levels, together with increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and VEGF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-salt (HS) diet changes the mechanisms of flow-induced dilation in rat middle cerebral arteries from a combination of nitric oxide-, prostanoid-, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-dependent mechanisms to, albeit reduced, a solely nitric oxide-dependent dilation. In vivo reactive oxygen species scavenging restores flow-induced dilation in HS diet-fed rats and ameliorates HS-induced increases in the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and expression of its downstream target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Matic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jukic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Baric
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Mihaljevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Sanela Unfirer
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivana Tartaro Bujak
- Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Mihaljevic
- Radiation Chemistry and Dosimetry Laboratory, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Julian H. Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
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29
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Relationship between high sodium and low PUFA intake and carotid atherosclerosis in elderly women. Exp Gerontol 2018; 108:256-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Kopple JD, Fouque D. Opponent's comments. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 33:384-387. [PMID: 29165660 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx294a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Kopple
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Denis Fouque
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Univ Lyon, UCBL, Carmen, Pierre-Bénite, France
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31
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Curcumin prevents strokes in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats by improving vascular endothelial function. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018; 18:43. [PMID: 29490624 PMCID: PMC5831583 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants have shown great promise in stroke prevention. Diarylheptanoids (also known as diphenylheptanoids) are a small class of plant secondary metabolites that possess antioxidant activity greater than that of α-tocopherol. Curcumin is the best known member and is mainly extracted from turmeric. This study aimed to explore whether curcumin has a preventive effect on stroke. METHODS Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRsp) were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) and curcumin group (n = 10), and saline or curcumin (100 mg/kg/day) was administrated daily. Vascular endothelial function was examined by the relaxation of the artery in response to acetylcholine (ACH). The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by using dihydroethidium (DHE) and 4, 5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2 DA), respectively. The expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was examined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. RESULTS Administration of curcumin significantly delayed the onset of stroke and increased the survival of SHRsp, which was ascribed to decreased ROS and improved endothelial dependent relaxation of carotid arteries. In the presence of UCP2 inhibitor genipin, both curcumin-mediated decrease of ROS and increase of NO production were blocked. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that curcumin exerts a stroke preventive effect by attenuating oxidative stress to improve vascular endothelial function, which might be associated with UCP2 signaling.
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32
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Lukaszewicz KM, Paudyal MP, Falck JR, Lombard JH. Role of vascular reactive oxygen species in regulating cytochrome P450-4A enzyme expression in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Microcirculation 2018; 23:540-548. [PMID: 27537772 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potential contribution of CYP4A enzymes to endothelial dysfunction in Dahl salt-sensitive rats was determined by comparison to SS-5BN consomic rats having chromosome 5 carrying CYP4A alleles from the BN rat introgressed into the SS genetic background. METHODS The following experiments were performed in cerebral arteries from HS-fed SS and SS-5BN rats ± the SOD inhibitor DETC and/or the superoxide scavenger Tempol: (i) endothelial function was determined via video microscopy ± acute addition of the CYP4A inhibitor DDMS or Tempol; (ii) vascular oxidative stress was assessed with DHE fluorescence ± acute addition of DDMS, l-NAME, or PEG-SOD; and (iii) CYP4A protein levels were compared by western blotting. RESULTS In DETC-treated SS-5BN and HS-fed SS rats, (i) DDMS or Tempol ameliorated vascular dysfunction, (ii) DDMS reduced vascular oxidative stress to control levels, (iii) chronic Tempol treatment reduced vascular CYP4A protein expression, and (iv) combined treatment with Tempol and l-NAME prevented the reduction in CYP4A protein expression in MCA of HS-fed SS rats. CONCLUSION The CYP4A pathway plays a role in vascular dysfunction in SS rats and there appears to be a direct role of reduced NO availability due to salt-induced oxidant stress in upregulating CYP4A enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahesh P Paudyal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John R Falck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Julian H Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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33
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Muth BJ, Brian MS, Chirinos JA, Lennon SL, Farquhar WB, Edwards DG. Central systolic blood pressure and aortic stiffness response to dietary sodium in young and middle-aged adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:627-634. [PMID: 28830669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High dietary sodium intake can lead to hypertension and increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine the effect of short-term dietary sodium loading on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in young (YG; 22-40 years) and middle-aged (MA; 41-60 years) normotensive adults. YG (n = 49; age: 27 ± 1 years) and MA (n = 36; age: 52 ± 1 years) subjects were randomized, in a cross-over design, to 7 days of low-sodium (LS; 20 mmol/d) or high-sodium (HS; 300 mmol/d) diet. On the last day of each diet, central pressures, forward and reflected wave amplitudes (via radial artery applanation tonometry), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity were assessed. Central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) was greater after HS in both YG (LS: 96 ± 1 vs. HS: 99 ± 1 mm Hg; P = .012) and MA (LS: 106 ± 2 vs. HS: 115 ± 3 mm Hg; P < .001). However, the increase in cSBP was greater in MA (YG: 4 ± 1 vs. MA: 9 ± 2; P = .02). In MA subjects, HS elicited greater forward (LS: 25 ± 1 vs. HS: 29 ± 1 mm Hg; P < .001) and reflected (LS: 19 ± 1 vs. HS: 23 ± 1 mm Hg; P < .001) wave amplitudes. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was also greater in MA on HS but after adjustment for mean arterial pressure, the difference was no longer significant. Our data indicate that HS intake leads to a greater increase in cSBP in MA adults, which may be the result of increased forward and reflected wave amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce J Muth
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Michael S Brian
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Julio A Chirinos
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shannon L Lennon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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Yu L, Li S, Zhao J, Zhang J, Wang L, Wang K. Secular trends in salt and soy sauce intake among Chinese adults, 1997–2011. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:215-222. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1344203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianlong Yu
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Suyun Li
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Liansen Wang
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
| | - Kebo Wang
- Institution of Food and Nutrition, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ji'nan, China
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Oloyo AK, Sofola OA, Yakubu MA. Orchidectomy attenuates high-salt diet-induced increases in blood pressure, renovascular resistance, and hind limb vascular dysfunction: role of testosterone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:825-33. [PMID: 27197589 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormone-dependent vascular reactivity is an underlying factor contributing to sex differences in salt-dependent hypertension. This study evaluated the role of androgens (testosterone) in high salt-induced increase in blood pressure (BP) and altered vascular reactivity in renal blood flow and perfused hind limb preparation. Weanling male rats (8 weeks old, 180-200 g) were bilaterally orchidectomised or sham operated with or without testosterone replacement (Sustanon 250, 10 mg/kg intramuscularly once in 3 weeks) and placed on a normal (0.3%) or high (4.0%) NaCl diet for 6 weeks. The high-salt diet (HSD) increased arterial BP, renal vascular resistance (RVR) and positive fluid balance (FB). These changes were accompanied by decreased plasma nitric oxide levels. The increased BP, RVR and FB observed in the rats fed a HSD were reversed by orchidectomy while testosterone replacement prevented the reversal. Phenylephrine (PE)-induced increased vascular resistance in the perfused hind limb vascular bed was enhanced by HSD, the enhanced vascular resistance was prevented by orchidectomy and testosterone replacement reversed orchidectomy effect. Vasorelaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were impaired in HSD groups, orchidectomy attenuated the impairment, while testosterone replacement prevented the orchidectomy attenuation. These data suggested that eNOS-dependent and independently-mediated pathways were equally affected by HSD in vascular function impairment and this effect is testosterone-dependent in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Oloyo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Surulere, Nigeria.,Vascular Biology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olusoga A Sofola
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Surulere, Nigeria
| | - Momoh A Yakubu
- Vascular Biology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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Wu J, Li N, Liu Y, Li W, He A, Zhu D, Feng X, Liu B, Shi R, Zhang Y, Lv J, Xu Z. Maternal high salt diet altered Adenosine-mediated vasodilatation via PKA/BK channel pathway in offspring rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28133948 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE High salt (HS) diets are related to cardiovascular diseases, and prenatal HS was suggested to increase risks of coronary artery diseases in the offspring. This study tested the hypothesis that prenatal HS may influence Adenosine-induced vasodilatation via protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in coronary arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with 8% salt diet for gestation, the control was fed with 0.3% salt diet. Coronary arteries from male adult offspring were tested for K+ channels and Adenosine signal pathways. Adenosine-mediated vasodilatation was reduced in coronary arteries in HS. There was no difference in gene expression of A2A receptors between the two groups. After pretreatment with PKA inhibitor, vasodilatation to Adenosine was decreased to a smaller extent in HS than that in control. Forskolin (activator of adenylate cyclase)-mediated vasodilatation was decreased in HS. Iberiotoxin (large-conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channel [BK channel] inhibitor) attenuated Forskolin-induced vasodilatation in control, not in HS group. Currents of BK channels decreased in coronary artery smooth muscle cells, and PKA-modulated BK channel functions were declined. Protein levels of BK β1 and PKA C-subunits in coronary arteries of HS offspring were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal HS diets altered Adenosine-mediated coronary artery vasodilatation in the offspring, which was linked to downregulation of cAMP/PKA/BK channel pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Male
- Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sodium Chloride, Dietary/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Wu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Li
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Axin He
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Feng
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruixiu Shi
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juanxiu Lv
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center for Prenatal Biology, Loma Linda University, CA 92350, USA
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Raffai G, Lombard JH. Angiotensin-(1-7) Selectively Induces Relaxation and Modulates Endothelium-Dependent Dilation in Mesenteric Arteries of Salt-Fed Rats. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:105-118. [PMID: 27676088 DOI: 10.1159/000448714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 on active tone and vasodilator responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine in isolated mesenteric arteries from Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-salt (HS; 4% NaCl) versus a normal salt (NS; 0.4% NaCl) diet. Angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 elicited relaxation, and angiotensin-(1-7) unmasked vasodilator responses to bradykinin in arteries from HS-fed rats. These effects of angiotensin-(1-7) and AVE0991 were inhibited by endothelium removal, A779, PD123319, HOE140 and L-NAME. Angiotensin-(1-7) also restored the acetylcholine-induced relaxation that was suppressed by the HS diet. Vasodilator responses to bradykinin and acetylcholine in the presence of angiotensin-(1-7) were mimicked by captopril and the AT2 receptor agonist CGP42112 in arteries from HS-fed rats. Thus, in contrast to salt-induced impairment of vascular relaxation in response to vasodilator stimuli, angiotensin-(1-7) induces endothelium-dependent and NO-mediated relaxation, unmasks bradykinin responses via activation of mas and AT2 receptors, and restores acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in HS-fed rats. AT2 receptor activation and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition shared the ability of angiotensin-(1-7) to enhance bradykinin and acetylcholine responses in HS-fed rats. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential for mas and/or AT2 receptor activation and ACE inhibition in restoring endothelial function impaired by elevated dietary salt intake or other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Raffai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wis., USA
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Dairy cheese consumption ameliorates single-meal sodium-induced cutaneous microvascular dysfunction by reducing ascorbate-sensitive oxidants in healthy older adults. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:658-65. [PMID: 27363679 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516002579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic dairy product intake is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes, whereas high dietary Na impairs endothelial function through increased oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of acute cheese consumption with consumption of Na from non-dairy sources on microvascular function. We hypothesised that dairy cheese ingestion would augment NO-dependent vasodilation compared with Na from non-dairy sources. On five visits, fourteen subjects (61 (sem 2) years, eight male/six female) consumed either 85 g dairy cheese (560 mg Na), 85 g soya cheese (560 mg Na), 65 g pretzels (560 mg Na), 170 g dairy cheese (1120 mg Na) or 130 g pretzels (1120 mg Na). Two intradermal microdialysis fibres were inserted in the ventral forearm for delivery of lactated Ringer's solution or 10 mm-ascorbate (antioxidant) during local skin heating (approximately 50 min). Erythrocyte flux was measured continuously by laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC=LDF/mean arterial pressure) was normalised as %CVCmax (28 mm-sodium nitroprusside). Following a plateau in CVC, 15 mm-N G -nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester was perfused to quantify NO-dependent vasodilation (approximately 45 min). NO-dependent vasodilation was greater following consumption of dairy products (560 mg Na 57 (sem 3) %) (1120 mg Na 55 (sem 5) %) compared with soya (560 mg Na 42 (sem 3) %; P=0·002) or pretzels (560 mg Na 43 (sem 4) %; P=0·004) (1120 mg Na 46 (sem 3) %; P=0·04). Ascorbate augmented NO-dependent vasodilation following intake of soya (control: 42 (sem 3) v. ascorbate: 54 (sem 3) %; P=0·01) or pretzels (560 mg Na; control: 43 (sem 4) v. ascorbate: 56 (sem 3) %; P=0·006) (1120 mg Na; control: 46 (sem 5) v. ascorbate: 56 (sem 3) %; P=0·02), but not dairy products. Na ingestion via dairy products was associated with greater NO-dependent vasodilation compared with non-dairy products, a difference that was ameliorated with ascorbate perfusion. The antioxidant properties of dairy proteins may protect against Na-induced reductions in NO-dependent dilation.
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Whidden MA, Basgut B, Kirichenko N, Erdos B, Tümer N. Altered potassium ATP channel signaling in mesenteric arteries of old high salt-fed rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2016; 20:58-64. [PMID: 27508155 PMCID: PMC4977904 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2016.06.20.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Both aging and the consumption of a high salt diet are associated with clear changes in the vascular system that can lead to the development of cardiovascular disease; however the mechanisms are not clearly understood. Therefore, we examined whether aging and the consumption of excess salt alters the function of potassium ATP-dependent channel signaling in mesenteric arteries [Methods] Young (7 months) and old (29 months) Fischer 344 x Brown Norway rats were fed a control or a high salt diet (8% NaCl) for 12 days and mesenteric arteries were utilized for vascular reactivity measurements. [Results] Acetylcholine-induced endothelium relaxation was significantly reduced in old arteries (81 ± 4%) when compared with young arteries (92 ± 2%). Pretreatment with the potassium-ATP channel blocker glibenclamide reduced relaxation to acetylcholine in young arteries but did not alter dilation in old arteries. On a high salt diet, endothelium dilation to acetylcholine was significantly reduced in old salt arteries (60 ± 3%) when compared with old control arteries (81 ± 4%). Glibenclamide reduced acetylcholine-induced dilation in young salt arteries but had no effect on old salt arteries. Dilation to cromakalim, a potassium-ATP channel opener, was reduced in old salt arteries when compared with old control arteries. [Conclusion] These findings demonstrate that aging impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation in mesenteric arteries. Furthermore, a high salt diet alters the function of potassium-ATP-dependent channel signaling in old isolated mesenteric arteries and affects the mediation of relaxation stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Whidden
- Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, West Chester USA
| | - Bilgen Basgut
- Department of Pharmacology, Near East University, Northern Cyprus Turkey
| | - Nataliya Kirichenko
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center GainesvilleUSA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, GainesvilleUSA
| | - Benedek Erdos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington USA
| | - Nihal Tümer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center GainesvilleUSA; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, GainesvilleUSA
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Baldo MP, Rodrigues SL, Mill JG. High salt intake as a multifaceted cardiovascular disease: new support from cellular and molecular evidence. Heart Fail Rev 2016; 20:461-74. [PMID: 25725616 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-015-9478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scientists worldwide have disseminated the idea that increased dietary salt increases blood pressure. Currently, salt intake in the general population is ten times higher than that consumed in the past and at least two times higher than the current recommendation. Indeed, a salt-rich diet increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. For a long time, however, the deleterious effects associated with high salt consumption were only related to the effect of salt on blood pressure. Currently, several other effects have been reported. In some cases, the deleterious effects of high salt consumption are independently associated with other common risk factors. In this article, we gather data on the effects of increased salt intake on the cardiovascular system, from infancy to adulthood, to describe the route by which increased salt intake leads to cardiovascular diseases. We have reviewed the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which a high intake of salt acts on the cardiovascular system to lead to the progressive failure of a healthy heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Perim Baldo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av Marechal Campos 1468, Maruipe, Vitória, ES, 29042-755, Brazil,
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Farquhar WB, Edwards DG, Jurkovitz CT, Weintraub WS. Dietary sodium and health: more than just blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 65:1042-50. [PMID: 25766952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium is essential for cellular homeostasis and physiological function. Excess dietary sodium has been linked to elevations in blood pressure (BP). Salt sensitivity of BP varies widely, but certain subgroups tend to be more salt sensitive. The mechanisms underlying sodium-induced increases in BP are not completely understood but may involve alterations in renal function, fluid volume, fluid-regulatory hormones, the vasculature, cardiac function, and the autonomic nervous system. Recent pre-clinical and clinical data support that even in the absence of an increase in BP, excess dietary sodium can adversely affect target organs, including the blood vessels, heart, kidneys, and brain. In this review, the investigators review these issues and the epidemiological research relating dietary sodium to BP and cardiovascular health outcomes, addressing recent controversies. They also provide information and strategies for reducing dietary sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology & Applied Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Claudine T Jurkovitz
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Christiana Care Outcomes Research Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware
| | - William S Weintraub
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Christiana Care Outcomes Research Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware.
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Boegehold MA, Drenjancevic I, Lombard JH. Salt, Angiotensin II, Superoxide, and Endothelial Function. Compr Physiol 2015; 6:215-54. [PMID: 26756632 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proper function of the vascular endothelium is essential for cardiovascular health, in large part due to its antiproliferative, antihypertrophic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Crucial to the protective role of the endothelium is the production and liberation of nitric oxide (NO), which not only acts as a potent vasodilator, but also reduces levels of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion (O2•-). Superoxide anion is highly injurious to the vasculature because it not only scavenges NO molecules, but has other damaging effects, including direct oxidative disruption of normal signaling mechanisms in the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. The renin-angiotensin system plays a crucial role in the maintenance of normal blood pressure. This function is mediated via the peptide hormone angiotensin II (ANG II), which maintains normal blood volume by regulating Na+ excretion. However, elevation of ANG II above normal levels increases O2•- production, promotes oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, and plays a major role in multiple disease conditions. Elevated dietary salt intake also leads to oxidant stress and endothelial dysfunction, but these occur in the face of salt-induced ANG II suppression and reduced levels of circulating ANG II. While the effects of abnormally high levels of ANG II have been extensively studied, far less is known regarding the mechanisms of oxidant stress and endothelial dysfunction occurring in response to chronic exposure to abnormally low levels of ANG II. The current article focuses on the mechanisms and consequences of this less well understood relationship among salt, superoxide, and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Julian H Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Low-salt diet increases NO bioavailability and COX-2 vasoconstrictor prostanoid production in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2015; 145:66-73. [PMID: 26685759 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The ability of dietary sodium restriction to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular mortality and improve vascular function in hypertension still remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to observe the effects of a long period of salt restriction on the vascular reactivity of mesenteric resistance arteries of SHRs. METHODS Male SHRs received either standard-salt diet (0.3% NaCl) or low-salt diet (0.03% NaCl) for 28weeks. Vascular reactivity was studied in mesenteric artery segments and the influence of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and participation of the renin-angiotensin system were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Decreased salt intake did not affect phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction but increased acetylcholine-induced vasodilatation and also increased the response to phenylephrine after inhibition of NO synthase by L-NAME (100μM) and iNOS protein expression was elevated. Cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10μM) and COX-2 inhibitor NS 398 (1μM) decreased the reactivity to phenylephrine in low-salt-treated group, and COX-2 protein expression was elevated in low-salt group. The effects of apocynin (10μM); superoxide anion scavenger, tiron (1mM); hydrogen peroxide scavenger, catalase (1000UmL(-1)); and ACE and AT1 receptor blockers, enalapril (10μM) and losartan (10μM) on vascular reactivity were not different between two groups. The levels of AT1 protein expression were similar in both groups. SIGNIFICANCE Low-salt diet modulates mesenteric vascular responses via increased NO bioavailability suggested by increased iNOS protein expression and vasoconstrictor prostanoid production via COX-2 pathway, in SHRs. Neither ROS nor the local renin-angiotensin system is involved in these responses.
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Priestley JRC, Kautenburg KE, Casati MC, Endres BT, Geurts AM, Lombard JH. The NRF2 knockout rat: a new animal model to study endothelial dysfunction, oxidant stress, and microvascular rarefaction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H478-87. [PMID: 26637559 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00586.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 (NRF2) is a master antioxidant and cell protective transcription factor that upregulates antioxidant defenses. In this study we developed a strain of Nrf2 null mutant rats to evaluate the role of reduced NRF2-regulated antioxidant defenses in contributing to endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenic responses during salt-induced ANG II suppression. Nrf2(-/-) mutant rats were developed using transcription activator-like effector nuclease technology in the Sprague-Dawley genetic background, and exhibited a 41-bp deletion that included the start codon for Nrf2 and an absence of immunohistochemically detectable NRF2 protein. Expression of mRNA for the NRF2-regulated indicator enzymes heme oxygenase-1, catalase, superoxide dismutase 1, superoxide dismutase 2, and glutathione reductase was significantly lower in livers of Nrf2(-/-) mutant rats fed high salt (HS; 4% NaCl) for 2 wk compared with wild-type controls. Endothelium-dependent dilation to acetylcholine was similar in isolated middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of Nrf2(-/-) mutant rats and wild-type littermates fed low-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet, and was eliminated by short-term (3 days) HS diet in both strains. Low-dose ANG II infusion (100 ng/kg sc) reversed salt-induced endothelial dysfunction in MCA and prevented microvessel rarefaction in wild-type rats fed HS diet, but not in Nrf2(-/-) mutant rats. The results of this study indicate that suppression of NRF2 antioxidant defenses plays an essential role in the development of salt-induced oxidant stress, endothelial dysfunction, and microvessel rarefaction in normotensive rats and emphasize the potential therapeutic benefits of directly upregulating NRF2-mediated antioxidant defenses to ameliorate vascular oxidant stress in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katie E Kautenburg
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Marc C Casati
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Bradley T Endres
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Julian H Lombard
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
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Devarajan S, Yahiro E, Uehara Y, Habe S, Nishiyama A, Miura SI, Saku K, Urata H. Depressor effect of chymase inhibitor in mice with high salt-induced moderate hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1987-96. [PMID: 26432844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00721.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether long-term high salt intake in the drinking water induces hypertension in wild-type (WT) mice and whether a chymase inhibitor or other antihypertensive drugs could reverse the increase of blood pressure. Eight-week-old male WT mice were supplied with drinking water containing 2% salt for 12 wk (high-salt group) or high-salt drinking water plus an oral chymase inhibitor (TPC-806) at four different doses (25, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg), captopril (75 mg/kg), losartan (100 mg/kg), hydrochlorothiazide (3 mg/kg), eplerenone (200 mg/kg), or amlodipine (6 mg/kg). Control groups were given normal water with or without the chymase inhibitor. Blood pressure and heart rate gradually showed a significant increase in the high-salt group, whereas a dose-dependent depressor effect of the chymase inhibitor was observed. There was also partial improvement of hypertension in the losartan- and eplerenone-treated groups but not in the captopril-, hydrochlorothiazide-, and amlodipine-treated groups. A high salt load significantly increased chymase-dependent ANG II-forming activity in the alimentary tract. In addition, the relative contribution of chymase to ANG II formation, but not actual average activity, showed a significant increase in skin and skeletal muscle, whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme-dependent ANG II-forming activity and its relative contribution were reduced by high salt intake. Plasma and urinary renin-angiotensin system components were significantly increased in the high-salt group but were significantly suppressed in the chymase inhibitor-treated group. In conclusion, 2% salt water drinking for 12 wk caused moderate hypertension and activated the renin-angiotensin system in WT mice. A chymase inhibitor suppressed both the elevation of blood pressure and heart rate, indicating a definite involvement of chymase in salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Devarajan
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Yahiro
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Uehara
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Habe
- Department of Parasitology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan; and
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Miura
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keijiro Saku
- Department of Cardiology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Urata
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan;
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Imaizumi Y, Eguchi K, Murakami T, Arakawa K, Tsuchihashi T, Kario K. High Salt Intake Is Independently Associated With Hypertensive Target Organ Damage. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2015; 18:315-21. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Imaizumi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
| | - Kazuo Eguchi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
| | | | - Kimika Arakawa
- Division of Clinical Research Institute; National Kyushu Medical Center; Fukuoka Japan
| | | | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine; Department of Medicine; Jichi Medical University; Shimotsuke Tochigi Japan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High dietary salt intake is detrimental in hypertensive and salt-sensitive individuals; however, there are a large number of normotensive salt-resistant individuals for whom dietary salt may also be harmful as a result of the blood pressure-independent effects of salt. This review will focus on the growing evidence that salt has adverse effects on the vasculature, independent of blood pressure. RECENT FINDINGS Data from both animal and human studies provide evidence that salt impairs endothelial function and increases arterial stiffness, independent of blood pressure. High dietary salt results in oxidative stress and increased endothelial cell stiffness, which impair endothelial function, whereas transforming growth factor beta promotes increased arterial stiffness in the presence of endothelial dysfunction. SUMMARY Health policies and most clinical research are focused on the adverse effects of dietary salt on blood pressure; however, there is an increasing body of evidence to support a deleterious effect of dietary salt on endothelial function and arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure. Endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness are predictors of cardiovascular disease; therefore, reducing excess dietary salt should be considered important for overall vascular health in addition to blood pressure.
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Gao TC, Cho JY, Feng LY, Chanmuang S, Pongworn S, Jaiswal L, Auh CK, Pai TK, Ham KS. Heat-Treated Solar Sea Salt Has Antioxidant Activity In Vitro
and Produces Less Oxidative Stress in Rats Compared with Untreated Solar Sea Salt. J Food Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Cheng Gao
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
- College of Marine Science & Engineering; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin 300-457 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Chemistry; Tianjin 300-457 China
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Ling-Yun Feng
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Saoraya Chanmuang
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Suthipong Pongworn
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Lily Jaiswal
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Chung-Kyoon Auh
- Department of Biological Science; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
| | - Tong-Kun Pai
- Department of Food and Nutrition; Anyang University; Gyonggi Korea
| | - Kyung-Sik Ham
- Department of Food Engineering & Solar Salt Research Center; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Korea
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49
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Downregulation of Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Pathway Is Involved in Mitochondrion-Related Endothelial Cell Apoptosis Induced by High Salt. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:754670. [PMID: 26078816 PMCID: PMC4442413 DOI: 10.1155/2015/754670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. The study aimed to investigate whether endogenous H2S pathway was involved in high-salt-stimulated mitochondria-related vascular endothelial cell (VEC) apoptosis. Methods. Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in the study. H2S content in the supernatant was detected. Western blot was used to detect expression of cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), cleaved-caspase-3, and mitochondrial and cytosolic cytochrome c (cytc). Fluorescent probes were used to quantitatively detect superoxide anion generation and measure the in situ superoxide anion generation in HUVEC. Mitochondrial membrane pore opening, mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase-9 activities were measured. The cell apoptosis was detected by cell death ELISA and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) methods. Results. High-salt treatment downregulated the endogenous VEC H2S/CSE pathway, in association with increased generation of oxygen free radicals, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, enhanced the opening of mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore and leakage of mitochondrial cytc, activated cytoplasmic caspase-9 and caspase-3 and subsequently induced VEC apoptosis. However, supplementation of H2S donor markedly inhibited VEC oxidative stress and mitochondria-related VEC apoptosis induced by high salt. Conclusion. H2S/CSE pathway is an important endogenous defensive system in endothelial cells antagonizing high-salt insult. The protective mechanisms for VEC damage might involve inhibiting oxidative stress and protecting mitochondrial injury.
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Matthews EL, Brian MS, Ramick MG, Lennon-Edwards S, Edwards DG, Farquhar WB. High dietary sodium reduces brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in humans with salt-sensitive and salt-resistant blood pressure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1510-5. [PMID: 26078434 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00023.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that high dietary sodium (HS) impairs endothelial function in those with salt-resistant (SR) blood pressure (BP). The effect of HS on endothelial function in those with salt-sensitive (SS) BP is not currently known. We hypothesized that HS would impair brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) to a greater extent in SS compared with SR adults. Ten SR (age 42 ± 5 yr, 5 men, 5 women) and 10 SS (age 39 ± 5 yr, 5 men, 5 women) healthy, normotensive participants were enrolled in a controlled feeding study consisting of a run-in diet followed by a 7-day low dietary sodium (LS) (20 mmol/day) and a 7-day HS (300 mmol/day) diet in random order. Brachial artery FMD and 24-h BP were assessed on the last day of each diet. SS BP was individually assessed and defined as a change in 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP) of >5 mmHg between the LS and HS diets (ΔMAP: SR -0.6 ± 1.2, SS 7.7 ± 0.4 mmHg). Brachial artery FMD was lower in both SS and SR individuals during the HS diet (P < 0.001), and did not differ between groups (P > 0.05) (FMD: SR LS 10.6 ± 1.3%, SR HS 7.2 ± 1.5%, SS LS 12.5 ± 1.7%, SS HS 7.8 ± 1.4%). These data indicate that an HS diet impairs brachial artery FMD to a similar extent in adults with SS BP and SR BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Matthews
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
| | - Michael S Brian
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
| | - Meghan G Ramick
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
| | - Shannon Lennon-Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
| | - William B Farquhar
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware; and
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