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Shimochi S, Ihalainen J, Parikka V, Kudomi N, Tolvanen T, Hietanen A, Kokkomäki E, Johansson S, Tsuji M, Kanaya S, Yatkin E, Grönroos TJ, Iida H. Small animal PET with spontaneous inhalation of 15O-labelled oxygen gases: Longitudinal assessment of cerebral oxygen metabolism in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:1024-1038. [PMID: 38112197 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231220691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the leading cause of irreversible brain damage resulting in serious neurological dysfunction among neonates. We evaluated the feasibility of positron emission tomography (PET) methodology with 15O-labelled gases without intravenous or tracheal cannulation for assessing temporal changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) in a neonatal HIE rat model. Sequential PET scans with spontaneous inhalation of 15O-gases mixed with isoflurane were performed over 14 days after the hypoxic-ischaemic insult in HIE pups and age-matched controls. CBF and CMRO2 in the injured hemispheres of HIE pups remarkably decreased 2 days after the insult, gradually recovering over 14 days in line with their increase found in healthy controls according to their natural maturation process. The magnitude of hemispheric tissue loss histologically measured after the last PET scan was significantly correlated with the decreases in CBF and CMRO2.This fully non-invasive imaging strategy may be useful for monitoring damage progression in neonatal HIE and for evaluating potential therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeka Shimochi
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma City, Japan
| | - Jukka Ihalainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Vilhelmiina Parikka
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nobuyuki Kudomi
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Tuula Tolvanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari Hietanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Kokkomäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Masahiro Tsuji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Emrah Yatkin
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tove J Grönroos
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hidehiro Iida
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma City, Japan
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Baldari B, De Simone S, Cipolloni L, Frisoni P, Alfieri L, D’Errico S, Fineschi V, Turillazzi E, Greco P, Vitagliano A, Scutiero G, Neri M. Oxidative Stress Markers in Human Brain and Placenta May Reveal the Timing of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury: Evidence from an Immunohistochemical Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12221. [PMID: 37569597 PMCID: PMC10418753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as crucial signaling molecules for fetoplacental circulatory physiology. Oxidative stress is thought to sustain the pathogenesis and progression of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). A retrospective study was performed on the brains and placentas of fetuses and newborns between 36-42 weeks of gestation (Group_1: Fetal intrauterine deaths, Group_2: Intrapartum deaths, Group_3: Post-partum deaths, Control group sudden neonatal death); all groups were further divided into two subgroups (Subgroup_B [brain] and Subgroup_P [placenta]), and the study was conducted through the immunohistochemical investigations of markers of oxidative stress (NOX2, 8-OHdG, NT, iNOS), IL-6, and only on the brain samples, AQP4. The results for the brain samples suggest that NOX2, 8-OHdG, NT, iNOS, and IL-6 were statistically significantly expressed above the controls. iNOS was more expressed in the fetal intrauterine death (Group_1) and less expressed in post-partum death (Group_3), while in intrapartum death (Group_2), the immunoreactivity was very low. IL-6 showed the highest expression in the brain cortex of the fetal intrauterine death (Group_1), while intrapartum death (Group_2) and post-partum death (Group_3) showed weak immunoreactivity. Post-partum death (Group_3) placentas showed the highest immunoreactivity to NOX2, which was almost double that of the fetal intrauterine death (Group_1) and intrapartum death (Group_2) placentas. Placental tissues of fetal intrauterine death (Group_1) and intrapartum death (Group_2) showed higher expression of iNOS than post-partum death (Group_3), while the IL-6 expression was higher in the fetal intrauterine death (Group_1) than the post-partum death (Group_3). The AQP4 was discarded as a possible marker because the immunohistochemical reaction in the three groups of cases and the control group was negative. The goal of this study, from the point of view of forensic pathology, is to provide scientific evidence in cases of medical liability in the Obstetric field to support the clinical data of the timing of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Baldari
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (V.F.)
| | - Stefania De Simone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Europa 12, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (S.D.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Europa 12, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (S.D.S.); (L.C.)
| | - Paolo Frisoni
- Unit of Legal Medicine, Azienda USL di Ferrara, Via Arturo Cassoli 30, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Letizia Alfieri
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Stefano D’Errico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.B.); (V.F.)
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 55/57, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Pantaleo Greco
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (P.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Amerigo Vitagliano
- 1st Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Human Oncological Science (DIMO), University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Gennaro Scutiero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (P.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Margherita Neri
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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Roumes H, Goudeneche P, Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK. Resveratrol and Some of Its Derivatives as Promising Prophylactic Treatments for Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183793. [PMID: 36145168 PMCID: PMC9501144 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rate of occurrence of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, its neuronal sequelae, and the lack of effective therapies, the development of new neuroprotective strategies is required. Polyphenols (including resveratrol) are molecules whose anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties could be effective against the damage induced by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. In this review article, very recent data concerning the neuroprotective role of polyphenols and the mechanisms at play are detailed, including a boost in brain energy metabolism. The results obtained with innovative approaches, such as maternal supplementation at nutritional doses, suggest that polyphenols could be a promising prophylactic treatment for neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Roumes
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Sysytèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, University of Bordeaux and CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierre Goudeneche
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Sysytèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, University of Bordeaux and CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Luc Pellerin
- Ischémie Reperfusion, Métabolisme et Inflammation Stérile en Transplantation (IRMETIST), Inserm U1313, University of Poitiers and CHU Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Sysytèmes Biologiques (CRMSB), UMR 5536, University of Bordeaux and CNRS, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Lyu H, Sun DM, Ng CP, Chen JF, He YZ, Lam SY, Zheng ZY, Askarifirouzjaei H, Wang CC, Young W, Poon WS. A new Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy model in neonatal rats. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08646. [PMID: 35024484 PMCID: PMC8723992 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) occurs when an infant's brain does not receive adequate blood and oxygen supply, resulting in ischemic and hypoxic brain damage during delivery. Currently, supportive care and hypothermia have been the standard treatment for HIE. However, there are still a 20% mortality and most of the survivors are associated with significant neurodevelopmental disability. HIE animal model was first established by Vannucci et al., in 1981, and has been used extensively to explore the mechanisms of brain damage and its potential treatment. The Vannucci model involves the unilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by 90 min hypoxia (8% oxygen). The purpose of this study is to define and validate a modified HIE model which mimics closely that of the human neonatal HIE. METHOD The classic Vannucci HIE model occludes one common carotid artery followed by 90 min hypoxia. In the new model, common carotid arteries were occluded bilaterally followed by breathing 8% oxygen in a hypoxic chamber for 90, 60 and 30 min, followed by the release of the common carotid artery ligatures, mimicking a reperfusion. RESULT We studied 110 neonatal rats in detail, following the modified in comparison with the classical Vannucci models. The classical Vannucci model has a consistent surgical mortality of 18% and the new modified models have a 20%-46%. While mortality depended on the duration of hypoxia, fifty-two animals survived for behavioral assessments and standard histology. The modified HIE model with 60 min of transient carotid occlusion is associated with a moderate brain damage, and has a 30% surgical mortality. This modified experimental model is regarded closer to the human situation than the classical Vannucci model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lyu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Dong Ming Sun
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Chi Ping Ng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Fan Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Zhong He
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Yu Lam
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi Yuan Zheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hadi Askarifirouzjaei
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Wai Sang Poon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Drug delivery platforms for neonatal brain injury. J Control Release 2021; 330:765-787. [PMID: 33417984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), initiated by the interruption of oxygenated blood supply to the brain, is a leading cause of death and lifelong disability in newborns. The pathogenesis of HIE involves a complex interplay of excitotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress that results in acute to long term brain damage and functional impairments. Therapeutic hypothermia is the only approved treatment for HIE but has limited effectiveness for moderate to severe brain damage; thus, pharmacological intervention is explored as an adjunct therapy to hypothermia to further promote recovery. However, the limited bioavailability and the side-effects of systemic administration are factors that hinder the use of the candidate pharmacological agents. To overcome these barriers, therapeutic molecules may be packaged into nanoscale constructs to enable their delivery. Yet, the application of nanotechnology in infants is not well examined, and the neonatal brain presents unique challenges. Novel drug delivery platforms have the potential to magnify therapeutic effects in the damaged brain, mitigate side-effects associated with high systemic doses, and evade mechanisms that remove the drugs from circulation. Encouraging pre-clinical data demonstrates an attenuation of brain damage and increased structural and functional recovery. This review surveys the current progress in drug delivery for treating neonatal brain injury.
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Bell AH, Miller SL, Castillo-Melendez M, Malhotra A. The Neurovascular Unit: Effects of Brain Insults During the Perinatal Period. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1452. [PMID: 32038147 PMCID: PMC6987380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a relatively recent concept in neuroscience that broadly describes the relationship between brain cells and their blood vessels. The NVU incorporates cellular and extracellular components involved in regulating cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier function. The NVU within the adult brain has attracted strong research interest and its structure and function is well described, however, the NVU in the developing brain over the fetal and neonatal period remains much less well known. One area of particular interest in perinatal brain development is the impact of known neuropathological insults on the NVU. The aim of this review is to synthesize existing literature to describe structure and function of the NVU in the developing brain, with a particular emphasis on exploring the effects of perinatal insults. Accordingly, a brief overview of NVU components and function is provided, before discussion of NVU development and how this may be affected by perinatal pathologies. We have focused this discussion around three common perinatal insults: prematurity, acute hypoxia, and chronic hypoxia. A greater understanding of processes affecting the NVU in the perinatal period may enable application of targeted therapies, as well as providing a useful basis for research as it expands further into this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H. Bell
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne L. Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margie Castillo-Melendez
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Sadeghnia A, Mohammadpoor S. The Investigation of Rate of Birth Asphyxia and its Relationship with Delivery Mode at Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Isfahan during 2013, 2014, and 2015. Int J Prev Med 2019; 10:23. [PMID: 30820310 PMCID: PMC6390421 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_383_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birth asphyxia is considered as one of the biggest challenges faced by perinatal care experts. According to the WHO, in 2005, one-fourth of infant mortality cases occurred due to birth asphyxia. METHODS This study is a retrospective study done on the newborn population with gestational ages of 36 weeks or higher during the years 2013, 2014, and 2015 to find the relationship between the number of birth asphyxia cases and the years. As a secondary objective, the relationship between the mode of delivery and the cases of birth asphyxia were investigated using logistic regression test. The inclusion criteria consisted of three cases, namely, gestational age of 36 weeks or higher, 5 min Apgar of <5, and umbilical cord pH of <7.1. The exclusion criteria involved hydrops fetalis, cyanotic heart disease, chromosomal abnormality, and congenital infections. RESULTS From the two independent variables of the study, only the variable "year" showed a significant difference between the years 2013 and 2015 (P < 0.01). The delivery mode did not have any statistically significant influence on the newborns' affliction with birth asphyxia (P = 0.993). CONCLUSIONS According to the results, there is a significant difference between the rate of birth asphyxia in Iran and its global rate in 2015, and regarding its multiple growth from 2013 to 2015, conducting a more comprehensive and extensive research on birth asphyxia risk factors at a delivery time seems justified and inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sadeghnia
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Mohammadpoor
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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Bajnok A, Berta L, Orbán C, Veres G, Zádori D, Barta H, Méder Ü, Vécsei L, Tulassay T, Szabó M, Toldi G. Distinct cytokine patterns may regulate the severity of neonatal asphyxia-an observational study. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:244. [PMID: 29233180 PMCID: PMC5727967 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation and a systemic inflammatory reaction are important features of perinatal asphyxia. Neuroinflammation may have dual aspects being a hindrance, but also a significant help in the recovery of the CNS. We aimed to assess intracellular cytokine levels of T-lymphocytes and plasma cytokine levels in moderate and severe asphyxia in order to identify players of the inflammatory response that may influence patient outcome. METHODS We analyzed the data of 28 term neonates requiring moderate systemic hypothermia in a single-center observational study. Blood samples were collected between 3 and 6 h of life, at 24 h, 72 h, 1 week, and 1 month of life. Neonates were divided into a moderate (n = 17) and a severe (n = 11) group based on neuroradiological and amplitude-integrated EEG characteristics. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assessed with flow cytometry. Cytokine plasma levels were measured using Bioplex immunoassays. Components of the kynurenine pathway were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The prevalence and extravasation of IL-1b + CD4 cells were higher in severe than in moderate asphyxia at 6 h. Based on Receiver operator curve analysis, the assessment of the prevalence of CD4+ IL-1β+ and CD4+ IL-1β+ CD49d+ cells at 6 h appears to be able to predict the severity of the insult at an early stage in asphyxia. Intracellular levels of TNF-α in CD4 cells were increased at all time points compared to 6 h in both groups. At 1 month, intracellular levels of TNF-α were higher in the severe group. Plasma IL-6 levels were higher at 1 week in the severe group and decreased by 1 month in the moderate group. Intracellular levels of IL-6 peaked at 24 h in both groups. Intracellular TGF-β levels were increased from 24 h onwards in the moderate group. CONCLUSIONS IL-1β and IL-6 appear to play a key role in the early events of the inflammatory response, while TNF-α seems to be responsible for prolonged neuroinflammation, potentially contributing to a worse outcome. The assessment of the prevalence of CD4+ IL-1β+ and CD4+ IL-1β+ CD49d+ cells at 6 h appears to be able to predict the severity of the insult at an early stage in asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bajnok
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Baross str. 27, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary.,First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János str. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - László Berta
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János str. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Csaba Orbán
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János str. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Gábor Veres
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis str. 6, 5th floor, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis str. 6, 5th floor, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Barta
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János str. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Ünőke Méder
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János str. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis str. 6, 5th floor, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tivadar Tulassay
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János str. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.,MTA-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Szabó
- First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János str. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.,MTA-SE Pediatrics and Nephrology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Toldi
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Baross str. 27, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary. .,First Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János str. 53-54, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary. .,Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Neonatal Unit, Birmingham, UK.
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Nemeth CL, Drummond GT, Mishra MK, Zhang F, Carr P, Garcia MS, Doman S, Fatemi A, Johnston MV, Kannan RM, Kannan S, Wilson MA. Uptake of dendrimer-drug by different cell types in the hippocampus after hypoxic-ischemic insult in neonatal mice: Effects of injury, microglial activation and hypothermia. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2359-2369. [PMID: 28669854 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) can result in neurodevelopmental disability, including cerebral palsy. The only treatment, hypothermia, provides incomplete neuroprotection. Hydroxyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are being explored for targeted delivery of therapy for HIE. Understanding the biodistribution of dendrimer-conjugated drugs into microglia, neurons and astrocytes after brain injury is essential for optimizing drug delivery. We conjugated N-acetyl-L-cysteine to Cy5-labeled PAMAM dendrimer (Cy5-D-NAC) and used a mouse model of perinatal HIE to study effects of timing of administration, hypothermia, brain injury, and microglial activation on uptake. Dendrimer conjugation delivered therapy most effectively to activated microglia but also targeted some astrocytes and injured neurons. Cy5-D-NAC uptake was correlated with brain injury in all cell types and with activated morphology in microglia. Uptake was not inhibited by hypothermia, except in CD68+ microglia. Thus, dendrimer-conjugated drug delivery can target microglia, astrocytes and neurons and can be used in combination with hypothermia for treatment of HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Nemeth
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Gabrielle T Drummond
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Patrice Carr
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maxine S Garcia
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sydney Doman
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael V Johnston
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Nanomedicine at the Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, 1800 Orleans Street, Suite 6318D, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Mary Ann Wilson
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Millar LJ, Shi L, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Neonatal Hypoxia Ischaemia: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Challenges. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 28533743 PMCID: PMC5420571 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is the most common cause of death and disability in human neonates, and is often associated with persistent motor, sensory, and cognitive impairment. Improved intensive care technology has increased survival without preventing neurological disorder, increasing morbidity throughout the adult population. Early preventative or neuroprotective interventions have the potential to rescue brain development in neonates, yet only one therapeutic intervention is currently licensed for use in developed countries. Recent investigations of the transient cortical layer known as subplate, especially regarding subplate's secretory role, opens up a novel set of potential molecular modulators of neonatal HI injury. This review examines the biological mechanisms of human neonatal HI, discusses evidence for the relevance of subplate-secreted molecules to this condition, and evaluates available animal models. Neuroserpin, a neuronally released neuroprotective factor, is discussed as a case study for developing new potential pharmacological interventions for use post-ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancelot J. Millar
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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11
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Urinary Levels of IL-1 β and GDNF in Preterm Neonates as Potential Biomarkers of Motor Development: A Prospective Study. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8201423. [PMID: 28553016 PMCID: PMC5434239 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To evaluate the association between inflammatory biomarkers, neurotrophic factors, birth conditions, and the presence of motor development abnormalities in preterm neonates. Methods. Plasma and urinary levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, and IL-12p70), chemokines (CXCL8/IL-8, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL5/RANTES, CXCL10/IP-10, and CXCL9/MIG), and neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF) were evaluated in 40 preterm neonates born between 28 and 32 incomplete weeks of gestation, at four distinct time points: at birth (umbilical cord blood) (T0), at 48 (T1), at 72 hours (T2), and at 3 weeks after birth (T3). Biomarkers levels were compared between different time points and then associated with Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) percentiles. Results. Maternal age, plasma, and urinary concentrations of inflammatory molecules and neurotrophic factors were significantly different between groups with normal versus lower than expected motor development. Higher levels of GDNF were found in the group with lower than expected motor development, while IL-1β and CXCL8/IL-8 values were higher in the group with typical motor development. Conclusion. Measurements of cytokines and neurotrophic factors in spot urine may be useful in the follow-up of motor development in preterm neonates.
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12
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Mori H, Momosaki K, Kido J, Naramura T, Tanaka K, Matsumoto S, Nakamura K, Mitsubuchi H, Endo F, Iwai M. Amelioration by glycine of brain damage in neonatal rat brain following hypoxia-ischemia. Pediatr Int 2017; 59:321-327. [PMID: 27613478 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycine protected adult brains against injury in an experimental model of stroke, but, because the ischemic response of neonatal brains differs from that of adult brains, we examined the neuroprotective efficacy of glycine and associated mechanisms in an experimental model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) encephalopathy. METHODS Neonatal (postnatal day 7) Wistar rats were randomly divided into an untreated group (non-HI) and two HI groups that were treated with left common carotid artery ligation and saline control or glycine. After recovery, pups that received surgery were injected i.p. with saline or glycine (800 mg/kg; optimal dose determined in pilot experiments) and were placed in a controlled 8% O2 chamber for 120 min. Brains were harvested at various times after return to normoxia (several hours-days after HI) for analysis of infarct area, glial activation, cell apoptosis, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression on histology and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Glycine injections induced large (approx. 15-fold) but brief (approx. 2 h) increases in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations. In particular, the glycine group had a >70% decrease in infarct areas compared with controls at 7 days after HI. Glycine also significantly reduced astrocyte reactive transformation, microglia activation, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive (apoptotic) cell numbers in peri-lesional areas at 3 days after HI, and TNF-α mRNA expression in the injured hemisphere at 12 and 24 h after HI. CONCLUSION Glycine protected neonatal rat brains against HI, in part by inhibiting TNF-α-induced inflammation and gliosis. Hence, systemic glycine infusions may have clinical utility for the treatment of HI injury in human newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ken Momosaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun Kido
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Naramura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitsubuchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Iwai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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13
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Barkhuizen M, van den Hove DLA, Vles JSH, Steinbusch HWM, Kramer BW, Gavilanes AWD. 25 years of research on global asphyxia in the immature rat brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:166-182. [PMID: 28161509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy remains a common cause of brain damage in neonates. Preterm infants have additional complications, as prematurity by itself increases the risk of encephalopathy. Currently, therapy for this subset of asphyxiated infants is limited to supportive care. There is an urgent need for therapies in preterm infants - and for representative animal models for preclinical drug development. In 1991, a novel rodent model of global asphyxia in the preterm infant was developed in Sweden. This method was based on the induction of asphyxia during the birth processes itself by submerging pups, still in the uterine horns, in a water bath followed by C-section. This insult occurs at a time-point when the rodent brain maturity resembles the brain of a 22-32 week old human fetus. This model has developed over the past 25 years as an established model of perinatal global asphyxia in the early preterm brain. Here we summarize the knowledge gained on the short- and long-term neuropathological and behavioral effects of asphyxia on the immature central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barkhuizen
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; DST/NWU Preclinical Drug Development Platform, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - D L A van den Hove
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - J S H Vles
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Child Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H W M Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B W Kramer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A W D Gavilanes
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Institute of Biomedicine, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Ecuador.
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14
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Arteaga O, Álvarez A, Revuelta M, Santaolalla F, Urtasun A, Hilario E. Role of Antioxidants in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: New Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E265. [PMID: 28134843 PMCID: PMC5343801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage is an alarming health and economic problem in spite of the advances in neonatal care. It can cause mortality or detrimental neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, motor impairment and cognitive deficits in neonates. When hypoxia-ischemia occurs, a multi-faceted cascade of events starts out, which can eventually cause cell death. Lower levels of oxygen due to reduced blood supply increase the production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to oxidative stress, a higher concentration of free cytosolic calcium and impaired mitochondrial function, triggering the activation of apoptotic pathways, DNA fragmentation and cell death. The high incidence of this type of lesion in newborns can be partly attributed to the fact that the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Since antioxidants can safely interact with free radicals and terminate that chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged, exogenous antioxidant therapy may have the potential to diminish cellular damage caused by hypoxia-ischemia. In this review, we focus on the neuroprotective effects of antioxidant treatments against perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, in the light of the most recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Antonia Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Francisco Santaolalla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basurto University Hospital, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Andoni Urtasun
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Neurogenomiks Laboratory, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48170 Zamudio, Spain.
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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15
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Atef RM, Agha AM, Abdel-Rhaman ARA, Nassar NN. The Ying and Yang of Adenosine A 1 and A 2A Receptors on ERK1/2 Activation in a Rat Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1284-1298. [PMID: 28120151 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine impacts cerebral ischemia reperfusion (IR) through the inhibitory A1 and the excitatory A2 receptors. The present study aimed at investigating the contrasting role of pERK1/2 in mediating adenosine A1R (protective) versus A2AR (deleterious) effects in IR. Male Wistar rats subjected to bilateral carotid occlusion (45 min) followed by reperfusion (24 h) exhibited increased pERK1/2 activity, downstream from DAG pathway, along with increases in hippocampal glutamate, c-Fos, NF-κB, TNF-α, iNOS, TBARS, cytochrome c, caspase-3, BDNF, Nrf2, and IL-10 contents. Further, hippocampal microglial reactivity, glial TNF-α, and BDNF expression were observed. Although unilateral intrahippocampal injection of either the A1R agonist CHA or the A2AR agonist CGS21680 increased pERK1/2, only CHA mitigated histopathological and behavioral deficits along with reducing glutamate, microglial activation, c-Fos, TNF-α, iNOS, TBARS, cytochrome c and caspase-3 and elevating Nrf2 and IL-10 levels in IR rats. These results yield insight into the double-faceted nature of pERK1/2 in mediating protective and deleterious effects of A1R and A2AR signaling, respectively, against IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham M Atef
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Azza M Agha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman A Abdel-Rhaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Noha N Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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16
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Deng CB, Li J, Li LY, Sun FJ. Protective effect of novel substituted nicotine hydrazide analogues against hypoxic brain injury in neonatal rats via inhibition of caspase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3195-3201. [PMID: 27216999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In hypoxic-ischemic injury of the brain of neonates, the level of caspase-3 was found to be aberrantly activated. Its overexpression leads to the alteration of cytoskeleton protein fodrin and loss of DNA repair enzyme which ultimately results in neurological impairment and disability. Concerning this, the present study was intended to develop novel nicotine hydrazide analogues as caspase inhibitors via efficient synthetic route. These compounds were subsequently tested for inhibitory activity against caspase-3 and -7 where they exhibit highly potent activity against caspase-3 revealing compound 5k as most potent inhibitor (IC50=19.4±2.5μM). In Western blot analysis, 5k considerably inhibits the overexpression of caspase-3. The aryl nicotinate of compound 5k, as indicated by molecular docking was found to engage His121 and critical enzyme thiols, i.e., Cys163 of caspase-3 for its potent activity. Moreover, histopathological examination of brain tissues and hippocampus neurons showed that compound 5k considerably improves the brain injury and exert neuroprotective effects in hypoxic-ischemic (HI). In brain homogenate, 5k significantly improves the activity of MDA, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and T-AOC to exert its beneficial effect against oxidative stress induced by HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Bo Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Lu-Yi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
| | - Feng-Jie Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China
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17
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Logica T, Riviere S, Holubiec MI, Castilla R, Barreto GE, Capani F. Metabolic Changes Following Perinatal Asphyxia: Role of Astrocytes and Their Interaction with Neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:116. [PMID: 27445788 PMCID: PMC4921470 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal Asphyxia (PA) represents an important cause of severe neurological deficits including delayed mental and motor development, epilepsy, major cognitive deficits and blindness. The interaction between neurons, astrocytes and endothelial cells plays a central role coupling energy supply with changes in neuronal activity. Traditionally, experimental research focused on neurons, whereas astrocytes have been more related to the damage mechanisms of PA. Astrocytes carry out a number of functions that are critical to normal nervous system function, including uptake of neurotransmitters, regulation of pH and ion concentrations, and metabolic support for neurons. In this work, we aim to review metabolic neuron-astrocyte interactions with the purpose of encourage further research in this area in the context of PA, which is highly complex and its mechanisms and pathways have not been fully elucidated to this day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Logica
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), UBA-CONICET, CABA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stephanie Riviere
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), UBA-CONICET, CABA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana I Holubiec
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), UBA-CONICET, CABA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Castilla
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), UBA-CONICET, CABA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Francisco Capani
- Laboratorio de Citoarquitectura y Plasticidad Neuronal, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini (ININCA), UBA-CONICET, CABABuenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Universidad Argentina JF KennedyBuenos Aires, Argentina; Investigador Asociado, Universidad Autónoma de ChileSantiago, Chile
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18
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Diaz R, Miguel PM, Deniz BF, Confortim HD, Barbosa S, Mendonça MCP, Cruz‐Höfling MA, Pereira LO. Environmental enrichment attenuates the blood brain barrier dysfunction induced by the neonatal hypoxia‐ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 53:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Diaz
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Patrícia Maidana Miguel
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Bruna Ferrary Deniz
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Heloísa Deola Confortim
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Sílvia Barbosa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
- Departamento de Ciências MorfológicasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasSPBrazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia TecidualInstituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasSPBrazil
| | - Maria Alice Cruz‐Höfling
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasSPBrazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia TecidualInstituto de Biologia (IB), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasSPBrazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em NeurociênciasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
- Departamento de Ciências MorfológicasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazil
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19
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Revuelta M, Arteaga O, Alvarez A, Martinez-Ibargüen A, Hilario E. Characterization of Gene Expression in the Rat Brainstem After Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischemic Injury and Antioxidant Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1129-1143. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Mohamed RA, Agha AM, Abdel-Rahman AA, Nassar NN. Role of adenosine A2A receptor in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury: Signaling to phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (pERK1/2). Neuroscience 2015; 314:145-59. [PMID: 26642806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following brain ischemia reperfusion (IR), the dramatic increase in adenosine activates A2AR to induce further neuronal damage. Noteworthy, A2A antagonists have proven efficacious in halting IR injury, however, the detailed downstream signaling remains elusive. To this end, the present study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK1/2) pathway in mediating protection afforded by the central A2A blockade. Male Wistar rats (250-270 g) subjected to bilateral carotid occlusion for 45 min followed by a 24-h reperfusion period showed increased infarct size corroborating histopathological damage, memory impairment and motor incoordination as well as increased locomotor activity. Those events were mitigated by the unilateral intrahippocampal administration of the selective A2A antagonist SCH58261 via a decrease in pERK1/2 downstream from diacyl glycerol (DAG) signaling. Consequent to pERK1/2 inhibition, reduced hippocampal microglial activation, glial tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression, glutamate (Glu), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evident in animals receiving SCH58261. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased following nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf-2). Taken all together, these events suppressed apoptotic pathways via a reduction in cytochrome c (Cyt. c) as well as caspase-3 supporting a crucial role for pERK1/2 inhibition in consequent reduction of inflammatory and excitotoxic cascades as well as correction of the redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - A M Agha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - A A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, NC, USA.
| | - N N Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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21
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Arteaga O, Revuelta M, Urigüen L, Álvarez A, Montalvo H, Hilario E. Pretreatment with Resveratrol Prevents Neuronal Injury and Cognitive Deficits Induced by Perinatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142424. [PMID: 26544861 PMCID: PMC4636303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in neonatal care, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is still a serious clinical problem, which is responsible for many cases of perinatal mortality, cerebral palsy, motor impairment and cognitive deficits. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with important anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is present in grapevines, peanuts and pomegranates. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the possible neuroprotective effect of resveratrol when administered before or immediately after a hypoxic-ischemic brain event in neonatal rats by analyzing brain damage, the mitochondrial status and long-term cognitive impairment. Our results indicate that pretreatment with resveratrol protects against brain damage, reducing infarct volume, preserving myelination and minimizing the astroglial reactive response. Moreover its neuroprotective effect was found to be long lasting, as behavioral outcomes were significantly improved at adulthood. We speculate that one of the mechanisms for this neuroprotection may be related to the maintenance of the mitochondrial inner membrane integrity and potential, and to the reduction of reactive oxygen species. Curiously, none of these protective features was observed when resveratrol was administered immediately after hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatz Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Leyre Urigüen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Haizea Montalvo
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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22
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Hypoxia-Induced Iron Accumulation in Oligodendrocytes Mediates Apoptosis by Eliciting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4713-27. [PMID: 26319559 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the role of increased iron accumulation in oligodendrocytes and its role in their apoptosis in the periventricular white matter damage (PWMD) following a hypoxic injury to the neonatal brain. In response to hypoxia, in the PWM, there was increased expression of proteins involved in iron acquisition, such as iron regulatory proteins (IRP1, IRP2) and transferrin receptor in oligodendrocytes. Consistent with this, following a hypoxic exposure, there was increased accumulation of iron in primary cultured oligodendrocytes. The increased concentration of iron within hypoxic oligodendrocytes was found to elicit ryanodine receptor (RyR) expression, and the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers such as binding-immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE)-1α. Associated with ER stress, there was reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels within hypoxic oligodendrocytes. However, treatment with deferoxamine reduced the increased expression of RyR, BiP, and IRE-1α and increased ATP levels in hypoxic oligodendrocytes. Parallel to ER stress there was enhanced reactive oxygen species production within mitochondria of hypoxic oligodendrocytes, which was attenuated when these cells were treated with deferoxamine. At the ultrastructural level, hypoxic oligodendrocytes frequently showed dilated ER and disrupted mitochondria, which became less evident in those treated with deferoxamine. Associated with these subcellular changes, the apoptosis of hypoxic oligodendrocytes was evident with an increase in p53 and caspase-3 expression, which was attenuated when these cells were treated with deferoxamine. Thus, the present study emphasizes that the excess iron accumulated within oligodendrocytes in hypoxic PWM could result in their death by eliciting ER stress and mitochondrial disruption.
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Revuelta M, Arteaga O, Montalvo H, Alvarez A, Hilario E, Martinez-Ibargüen A. Antioxidant Treatments Recover the Alteration of Auditory-Evoked Potentials and Reduce Morphological Damage in the Inferior Colliculus after Perinatal Asphyxia in Rat. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:186-98. [PMID: 25990815 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturation of the auditory pathway is dependent on the central nervous system myelination and it can be affected by pathologies such as neonatal hypoxic ischemic (HI) encephalopathy. Our aim was to evaluate the functional integrity of the auditory pathway and to visualize, by histological and cellular methods, the damage to the brainstem using a neonatal rat model of HI brain injury. To carry out this morphofunctional evaluation, we studied the effects of the administration of the antioxidants nicotine, melatonin, resveratrol and docosahexaenoic acid after hypoxia-ischemia on the inferior colliculus and the auditory pathway. We found that the integrity of the auditory pathway in the brainstem was altered as a consequence of the HI insult. Thus, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) showed increased I-V and III-V wave latencies. At a histological level, HI altered the morphology of the inferior colliculus neurons, astrocytes and oligodendricytes, and at a molecular level, the mitochondria membrane potential and integrity was altered during the first hours after the HI and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity is increased 12 h after the injury in the brainstem. Following antioxidant treatment, ABR interpeak latency intervals were restored and the body and brain weight was recovered as well as the morphology of the inferior colliculus that was similar to the control group. Our results support the hypothesis that antioxidant treatments have a protective effect on the functional changes of the auditory pathway and on the morphological damage which occurs after HI insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Revuelta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Olatz Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Haizea Montalvo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Antonia Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Agustin Martinez-Ibargüen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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24
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Alvarez FJ, Revuelta M, Santaolalla F, Alvarez A, Lafuente H, Arteaga O, Alonso-Alconada D, Sanchez-del-Rey A, Hilario E, Martinez-Ibargüen A. Effect of neonatal asphyxia on the impairment of the auditory pathway by recording auditory brainstem responses in newborn piglets: a new experimentation model to study the perinatal hypoxic-ischemic damage on the auditory system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126885. [PMID: 26010092 PMCID: PMC4444324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major perinatal problem that results in severe damage to the brain impairing the normal development of the auditory system. The purpose of the present study is to study the effect of perinatal asphyxia on the auditory pathway by recording auditory brain responses in a novel animal experimentation model in newborn piglets. METHOD Hypoxia-ischemia was induced to 1.3 day-old piglets by clamping 30 minutes both carotid arteries by vascular occluders and lowering the fraction of inspired oxygen. We compared the Auditory Brain Responses (ABRs) of newborn piglets exposed to acute hypoxia/ischemia (n = 6) and a control group with no such exposure (n = 10). ABRs were recorded for both ears before the start of the experiment (baseline), after 30 minutes of HI injury, and every 30 minutes during 6 h after the HI injury. RESULTS Auditory brain responses were altered during the hypoxic-ischemic insult but recovered 30-60 minutes later. Hypoxia/ischemia seemed to induce auditory functional damage by increasing I-V latencies and decreasing wave I, III and V amplitudes, although differences were not significant. CONCLUSION The described experimental model of hypoxia-ischemia in newborn piglets may be useful for studying the effect of perinatal asphyxia on the impairment of the auditory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jose Alvarez
- Research Unit on Experimental Perinatal Physiopathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, 48080, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Miren Revuelta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Francisco Santaolalla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basurto University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail: (FS); (EH)
| | - Antonia Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Hector Lafuente
- Research Unit on Experimental Perinatal Physiopathology, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, 48080, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Olatz Arteaga
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Daniel Alonso-Alconada
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Sanchez-del-Rey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basurto University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Enrique Hilario
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail: (FS); (EH)
| | - Agustin Martinez-Ibargüen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Basurto University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, 48940, Bizkaia, Spain
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25
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Esiaba I, Angeles DM, Holden MS, Tan JBC, Asmerom Y, Gollin G, Boskovic DS. Urinary Allantoin Is Elevated in Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Preterm Newborn. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 7:97-102. [PMID: 25994284 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is the most common type of intracranial hemorrhage observed in preterm neonates. It is a precursor of poor neurocognitive development, cerebral palsy, and death. The pathophysiology is not well defined, but damage to the fragile germinal matrix vasculature may be due to free radicals generated during inflammation and as a consequence of ischemia followed by reperfusion. Assessment of the oxidative stress status in these infants is therefore important. Urinary allantoin concentration was measured in preterm neonates as a marker of oxidative stress associated with IVH. Urine was collected from 44 preterm neonates at four time points between 24 and 72 hours of life (HOL), and the allantoin content was determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Records were retrospectively reviewed, and the incidence and severity of IVH was categorized as follows: no IVH (n = 24), mild (grade 1-2) IVH (n = 13), and severe (grade 3-4) IVH (n = 7). Neonates with severe IVH showed significantly elevated allantoin levels vs subjects with no IVH from 36 HOL (0.098 ± 0.013 μmol and 0.043 ± 0.007 μmol, respectively, p = 0.002). The allantoin concentration remained elevated even at 72 HOL (0.079 ± 0.014 μmol and 0.033 ± 0.008 μmol, respectively, p = 0.021). There were no significant differences in allantoin levels in the no IVH and mild IVH groups. IVH was diagnosed by head imaging on average at about 11th postnatal day. Urinary allantoin levels were significantly elevated during the first 3 days of life in the neonates subsequently diagnosed with severe IVH, suggesting that oxidative stress might be a crucial factor in IVH pathogenesis. Further studies are needed to assess the usefulness of urinary allantoin in early identification of preterm infants at risk for or with severe IVH and monitoring of the response to interventions designed to prevent or treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Esiaba
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Danilyn M Angeles
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Megan S Holden
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - John B C Tan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.,Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Yayesh Asmerom
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Gerald Gollin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
| | - Danilo S Boskovic
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. .,Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA.
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Sexual dimorphism and brain lateralization impact behavioral and histological outcomes following hypoxia-ischemia in P3 and P7 rats. Neuroscience 2015; 290:581-93. [PMID: 25620049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a major cause of neurological disorders and the most common cause of death and permanent disability worldwide, affecting 1-2/1000 live term births and up to 60% of preterm births. The Levine-Rice is the main experimental HI model; however, critical variables such as the age of animals, sex and hemisphere damaged still receive little attention in experimental design. We here investigated the influence of sex and hemisphere injured on the functional outcomes and tissue damage following early (hypoxia-ischemia performed at postnatal day 3 (HIP3)) and late (hypoxia-ischemia performed at postnatalday 7 (HIP7)) HI injury in rats. Male and female 3- (P3) or 7-day-old (P7) Wistar rats had their right or left common carotid artery occluded and exposed to 8% O2 for 1.5h. Sham animals had their carotids exposed but not occluded nor submitted to the hypoxic atmosphere. Behavioral impairments were assessed in the open field arena, in the Morris water maze and in the inhibitory avoidance task; volumetric extent of tissue damage was assessed using cresyl violet staining at adult age, after completing behavioral assessment. The overall results demonstrate that: (1) HI performed at the two distinct ages cause different behavioral impairments and histological damage in adult rats (2) behavioral deficits following neonatal HIP3 and HIP7 are task-specific and dependent on sex and hemisphere injured (3) HIP7 animals presented the expected motor and cognitive deficits (4) HIP3 animals displayed discrete but significant cognitive impairments in the left hemisphere-injured females (5) HI brain injury and its consequences are determined by animal's sex and the damaged hemisphere, markedly in HIP3-injured animals.
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27
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Albertsson AM, Zhang X, Leavenworth J, Bi D, Nair S, Qiao L, Hagberg H, Mallard C, Cantor H, Wang X. The effect of osteopontin and osteopontin-derived peptides on preterm brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:197. [PMID: 25465048 PMCID: PMC4266908 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteopontin (OPN) is a highly phosphorylated sialoprotein and a soluble cytokine that is widely expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain. OPN and OPN-derived peptides have been suggested to have potential neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury, but their role in preterm brain injury is unknown. Methods We used a hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced preterm brain injury model in postnatal day 5 mice. OPN and OPN-derived peptides were given intracerebroventricularly and intranasally before HI. Brain injury was evaluated at 7 days after the insults. Results There was a significant increase in endogenous OPN mRNA and OPN protein in the mouse brain after the induction of HI at postnatal day 5. Administration of full-length OPN protein and thrombin-cleaved OPN did not affect preterm brain injury. This was demonstrated with both intracerebroventricular and intranasal administration of OPN as well as in OPN-deficient mice. Interestingly, both N134–153 and C154–198 OPN-derived peptides increased the severity of brain injury in this HI-induced preterm brain injury model. Conclusions The neuroprotective effects of OPN are age-dependent, and, in contrast to the more mature brain, OPN-derived peptides potentiate injury in postnatal day 5 mice. Intranasal administration is an efficient way of delivering drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) in neonatal mice and is likely to be an easy and noninvasive method of drug delivery to the CNS in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maj Albertsson
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jianmei Leavenworth
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Dan Bi
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lili Qiao
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, Song Jiang Central Hospital, 746 Songjiang Zhongshan West Rd, 201600, Shanghai, China.
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Perinatal Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Journalvägen 6, 41685, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
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Cui H, Han W, Yang L, Chang Y. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 in cultured brain slices after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:328-37. [PMID: 25206673 PMCID: PMC4107529 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 expressed in oligodendrocytes may trigger the repair of neuronal myelin impairment, and play a crucial role in myelin repair. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, a transcription factor, is of great significance in premature infants with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. There is little evidence of direct regulatory effects of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α on oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1. In this study, brain slices of Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured and subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Then, slices were transfected with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α or oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1. The expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 were significantly up-regulated in rat brains prior to transfection, as detected by immunohistochemical staining. Eight hours after transfection of slices with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 expression was upregulated, and reached a peak 24 hours after transfection. Oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 transfection induced no significant differences in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α levels in rat brain tissues with oxygen-glucose deprivation. These experimental findings indicate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α can regulate oligodendrocyte lineage gene-1 expression in hypoxic brain tissue, thus repairing the neural impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cui
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, China ; Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Weijuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, China
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29
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Fathali N, Ostrowski RP, Hasegawa Y, Lekic T, Tang J, Zhang JH. Splenic immune cells in experimental neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 4:208-19. [PMID: 23626659 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune processes contribute to hypoxic-ischemic damage in the immature brain and may play a role in the progression of particular variants of neonatal encephalopathy. The present study was designed to elucidate molecular mediators of interactions between astrocytes, neurons and infiltrating peripheral immune cells after experimental neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Splenectomy was performed on postnatal day-7 Sprague-Dawley rats 3 days prior to HI surgery; in which the right common carotid artery was permanently ligated followed by 2 hours of hypoxia (8% O2). Quantitative analysis showed that natural killer (NK) and T cell expression was reduced in spleen but increased in the brain following HI. Elevations in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression after HI by immune cells promoted interleukin-15 expression in astrocytes and infiltration of inflammatory cells to site of injury; additionally, down-regulated the pro-survival protein, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, resulting in caspase-3 mediated neuronal death. The removal of the largest pool of peripheral immune cells in the body by splenectomy, COX-2 inhibitors, as well as rendering NK cells inactive by CD161 knockdown, significantly ameliorated cerebral infarct volume at 72 hours, diminished body weight loss and brain and systemic organ atrophy, and reduced neurobehavioral deficits at 3 weeks. Herein we demonstrate with the use of surgical approach (splenectomy), with pharmacological loss-gain function approach using COX-2 inhibitors/agonists, as well as with NK cell-type specific siRNA that after neonatal HI, the infiltrating peripheral immune cells may modulate downstream targets of cell death and neuroinflammation by COX-2 regulated signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Fathali
- Department of Human Anatomy and Pathology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Smith AL, Hill CA, Alexander M, Szalkowski CE, Chrobak JJ, Rosenkrantz TS, Fitch RH. Spatial working memory deficits in male rats following neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injury can be attenuated by task modifications. Brain Sci 2014; 4:240-72. [PMID: 24961760 PMCID: PMC4101476 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci4020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI; reduction in blood/oxygen supply) is common in infants with serious birth complications, such as prolonged labor and cord prolapse, as well as in infants born prematurely (<37 weeks gestational age; GA). Most often, HI can lead to brain injury in the form of cortical and subcortical damage, as well as later cognitive/behavioral deficits. A common domain of impairment is working memory, which can be associated with heightened incidence of developmental disorders. To further characterize these clinical issues, the current investigation describes data from a rodent model of HI induced on postnatal (P)7, an age comparable to a term (GA 36–38) human. Specifically, we sought to assess working memory using an eight-arm radial water maze paradigm. Study 1 used a modified version of the paradigm, which requires a step-wise change in spatial memory via progressively more difficult tasks, as well as multiple daily trials for extra learning opportunity. Results were surprising and revealed a small HI deficit only for the final and most difficult condition, when a delay before test trial was introduced. Study 2 again used the modified radial arm maze, but presented the most difficult condition from the start, and only one daily test trial. Here, results were expected and revealed a robust and consistent HI deficit across all weeks. Combined results indicate that male HI rats can learn a difficult spatial working memory task if it is presented in a graded multi-trial format, but performance is poor and does not appear to remediate if the task is presented with high initial memory demand. Male HI rats in both studies displayed impulsive characteristics throughout testing evidenced as reduced choice latencies despite more errors. This aspect of behavioral results is consistent with impulsiveness as a core symptom of ADHD—a diagnosis common in children with HI insult. Overall findings suggest that task specific behavioral modifications are crucial to accommodating memory deficits in children suffering from cognitive impairments following neonatal HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Smith
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Courtney A Hill
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Michelle Alexander
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
| | - Caitlin E Szalkowski
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - James J Chrobak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Ted S Rosenkrantz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - R Holly Fitch
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Effects of antenatal magnesium sulfate treatment on cerebral blood flow velocities in preterm neonates. J Perinatol 2014; 34:192-6. [PMID: 24480905 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2013.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocities in preterm neonates. STUDY DESIGN In this prospective case-control study, we included 53 neonates born between 26 and 34 weeks of gestation. Twenty neonates were exposed to MgSO4 antenatally and 33 were not. Serial daily Doppler flow measurements of middle cerebral artery (MCA) were performed. RESULT Significantly increased MCA mean velocities were found in the MgSO4 group. A progressive increase in serial Doppler measurements of MCA mean velocity from day 1 to day 5 of life was detected in both groups. CONCLUSION There is significant increase in MCA mean velocities in preterm neonates receiving antenatal MgSO4. This increment in CBF velocities might explain the protective role of MgSO4 in ischemic events and hypoxic brain damage.
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Park CH, Kim YS. Effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix on Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment of ICH-Induced Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.6116/kjh.2014.29.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sex differences in behavioral outcome following neonatal hypoxia ischemia: insights from a clinical meta-analysis and a rodent model of induced hypoxic ischemic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:54-67. [PMID: 24434477 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia ischemia (HI; reduced oxygen and/or blood flow to the brain) is one of the most common injuries among preterm infants and term infants with birth complications. Both populations show cognitive/behavioral deficits, including impairments in sensory, learning/memory, and attention domains. Clinical data suggests a sex difference in HI outcomes, with males exhibiting more severe cognitive/behavioral deficits relative to matched females. Our laboratory has also reported more severe behavioral deficits among male rats with induced HI relative to females with comparable injury (Hill et al., 2011a,b). The current study initially examined published clinical studies from the past 20years where long-term IQ outcome scores for matched groups of male and female premature infants were reported separately (IQ being the most common outcome measure). A meta-analysis revealed a female "advantage," as indicated by significantly better scores on performance and full scale IQ (but not verbal IQ) for premature females. We then utilized a rodent model of neonatal HI injury to assess sham and postnatal day 7 (P7) HI male and female rats on a battery of behavioral tasks. Results showed expected deficits in HI male rats, but also showed task-dependent sex differences, with HI males having significantly larger deficits than HI females on some tasks but equivalent deficits on other tasks. In contrast to behavioral results, post mortem neuropathology associated with HI was comparable across sex. These findings suggest: 1) neonatal female "protection" in some behavioral domains, as indexed by superior outcome following early injury relative to males; and 2) female protection may entail sex-specific plasticity or compensation, rather than a reduction in gross neuropathology. Further exploration of the mechanisms underlying this sex effect could aid in neuroprotection efforts for at-risk neonates in general, and males in particular. Moreover, our current report of comparable anatomical damage coupled with differences in cognitive outcomes (by sex) provides a framework for future studies to examine neural mechanisms underlying sex differences in cognition and behavior in general.
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Rathnasamy G, Ling EA, Kaur C. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α mediates iron uptake which induces inflammatory response in amoeboid microglial cells in developing periventricular white matter through MAP kinase pathway. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:428-40. [PMID: 24184387 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation occurs in tissues such as periventricular white matter (PWM) in response to hypoxic injuries, and microglial cells sequester excess iron following hypoxic exposure. As hypoxia has a role in altering the expression of proteins involved in iron regulation, this study was aimed at examining the interaction between hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and proteins involved in iron transport in microglial cells, and evaluating the mechanistic action of deferoxamine and KC7F2 (an inhibitor of HIF-1α) in iron mediated hypoxic injury. Treating the microglial cultures with KC7F2, led to decreased expression of transferrin receptor and divalent metal transporter-1. Administration of deferoxamine or KC7F2 to hypoxic microglial cells enhanced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation (p-ERK), but decreased the phosphorylation of p38 (p-p38). The increased p-ERK further phosphorylated the cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) which in turn may have resulted in the increased mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 1 (MKP1), known to dephosphorylate MAPKs. Consistent with the decrease in p-p38, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β was reduced in hypoxic microglia treated with deferoxamine and SB 202190, an inhibitor for p38. This suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect exhibited by deferoxamine is by inhibition of p-p38 induced inflammation through the pERK-pCREB-MKP1 pathway, whereas that of KC7F2 requires further investigation. The present results suggest that HIF-1α may mediate iron accumulation in hypoxic microglia and KC7F2, similar to deferoxamine, might provide limited protection against iron induced PWMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurugirijha Rathnasamy
- Department of Anatomy, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore.
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Creeley CE, Dikranian KT, Johnson SA, Farber NB, Olney JW. Alcohol-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the fetal macaque brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:23. [PMID: 24252271 PMCID: PMC3893424 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In utero exposure of the fetal non-human primate (NHP) brain to alcohol on a single occasion during early or late third-trimester gestation triggers widespread acute apoptotic death of cells in both gray and white matter (WM) regions of the fetal brain. In a prior publication, we documented that the dying gray matter cells are neurons, and described the regional distribution and magnitude of this cell death response. Here, we present new findings regarding the magnitude, identity and maturational status of the dying WM cells in these alcohol-exposed fetal NHP brains. Results Our findings document that the dying WM cells belong to the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage. OLs become vulnerable when they are just beginning to generate myelin basic protein in preparation for myelinating axons, and they remain vulnerable throughout later stages of myelination. We found no evidence linking astrocytes, microglia or OL progenitors to this WM cell death response. The mean density (profiles per mm3) of dying WM cells in alcohol-exposed brains was 12.7 times higher than the mean density of WM cells dying by natural apoptosis in drug-naive control brains. Conclusions In utero exposure of the fetal NHP brain to alcohol on a single occasion triggers widespread acute apoptotic death of neurons (previous study) and of OLs (present study) throughout WM regions of the developing brain. The rate of OL apoptosis in alcohol-exposed brains was 12.7 times higher than the natural OL apoptosis rate. OLs become sensitive to the apoptogenic action of alcohol when they are just beginning to generate constituents of myelin in their cytoplasm, and they remain vulnerable throughout later stages of myelination. There is growing evidence for a similar apoptotic response of both neurons and OLs following exposure of the developing brain to anesthetic and anticonvulsant drugs. Collectively, this body of evidence raises important questions regarding the role that neuro and oligo apoptosis may play in the human condition known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), and also poses a question whether other apoptogenic drugs, although long considered safe for pediatric/obstetric use, may have the potential to cause iatrogenic FASD-like developmental disability syndromes.
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Shrivastava K, Llovera G, Recasens M, Chertoff M, Giménez-Llort L, Gonzalez B, Acarin L. Temporal expression of cytokines and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 activation after neonatal hypoxia/ischemia in mice. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:212-25. [PMID: 23571161 DOI: 10.1159/000348432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia/ischemia (HI) is a prevalent reason for neonatal brain injury with inflammation being an inevitable phenomenon following such injury; but there is a scarcity of data regarding the signaling pathway involved and the effector molecules. The signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) is known to modulate injury following imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral and central nervous system injury making it a potential molecule for study. The current study investigates the temporal expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) after carotid occlusion and hypoxia (8% O2, 55 min) in postnatal day 7 C57BL/6 mice from 3 h to 21 days after hypoxia. Protein array illustrated notable changes in cytokines expressed in both hemispheres in a time-dependent manner. The major pro-inflammatory cytokines showing immediate changes between ipsi- and contralateral hemispheres were IL-6 and IL-1β. The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 demonstrated a delayed augmentation with no prominent differences between hemispheres, while IL-1ra showed two distinct peaks of expression spread over time. We also illustrate for the first time the spatiotemporal activation of pSTAT3 (Y705 phosphorylation) after a neonatal HI in mice brain. The main regions expressing pSTAT3 were the hippocampus and the corpus callosum. pSTAT3+ cells were mostly a subpopulation of activated astrocytes (GFAP+) and microglia/macrophages (F4/80+) seen only in the ipsilateral hemisphere at most time points studied (till 7 days after hypoxia). The highest expression of pSTAT3+ cells was observed to be around 24-48 h, where the presence of pSTAT3+ astrocytes and pSTAT3+ microglia/macrophages was seen by confocal micrographs. In conclusion, our study highlights a synchronized expression of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, especially in the long term not previously defined. It also points towards a significant role of STAT3 signaling following micro- and astrogliosis in the pathophysiology of neonatal HI-related brain injury. In the study, a shift from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine profile was also noted as the injury progressed. We suggest that while designing efficient neuroprotective therapies using inflammatory molecules, the time of intervention and balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shrivastava
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Honoré JC, Kooli A, Hamel D, Alquier T, Rivera JC, Quiniou C, Hou X, Kermorvant-Duchemin E, Hardy P, Poitout V, Chemtob S. Fatty acid receptor Gpr40 mediates neuromicrovascular degeneration induced by transarachidonic acids in rodents. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:954-61. [PMID: 23520164 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nitro-oxidative stress exerts a significant role in the genesis of hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. We previously reported that the ω-6 long chain fatty acids, transarachidonic acids (TAAs), which are nitrative stress-induced nonenzymatically generated arachidonic acid derivatives, trigger selective microvascular endothelial cell death in neonatal neural tissue. The primary molecular target of TAAs remains unidentified. GPR40 is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by long chain fatty acids, including ω-6; it is highly expressed in brain, but its functions in this tissue are largely unknown. We hypothesized that TAAs play a significant role in neonatal HI-induced cerebral microvascular degeneration through GPR40 activation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Within 24 hours of a HI insult to postnatal day 7 rat pups, a cerebral infarct and a 40% decrease in cerebrovascular density was observed. These effects were associated with an increase in nitrative stress markers (3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity and TAA levels) and were reduced by treatment with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. GPR40 was expressed in rat pup brain microvasculature. In vitro, in GPR40-expressing human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, [(14)C]-14E-AA (radiolabeled TAA) bound specifically, and TAA induced calcium transients, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, and proapoptotic thrombospondin-1 expression. In vivo, intracerebroventricular injection of TAAs triggered thrombospondin-1 expression and cerebral microvascular degeneration in wild-type mice, but not in GPR40-null congeners. Additionally, HI-induced neurovascular degeneration and cerebral infarct were decreased in GPR40-null mice. CONCLUSIONS GPR40 emerges as the first identified G protein-coupled receptor conveying actions of nonenzymatically generated nitro-oxidative products, specifically TAAs, and is involved in (neonatal) HI encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Honoré
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Center-CHU Ste-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Sivakumar V, Foulds WS, Luu CD, Ling EA, Kaur C. Hypoxia-induced retinal ganglion cell damage through activation of AMPA receptors and the neuroprotective effects of DNQX. Exp Eye Res 2013; 109:83-97. [PMID: 23375774 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced glutamate accumulation in neural tissues results in damage to neurons through excitotoxic mechanisms via activation of glutamate receptors (GluRs). Here we examine whether hypoxia in the developing retina would cause activation of the ionotropic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propioate (AMPA) GluRs and increase in Ca(2+) influx into retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that might ultimately lead to their death. Neonatal Wistar rats were subjected to hypoxia for 2h and then sacrificed at various time points after the exposure together with normal age matched control rats. Primary cultures of RGCs were also prepared and subjected to hypoxia. Expression of AMPA glutamate receptor (GluR) 1-4 was examined in the retina. Additionally, expression of GluRs, intracellular Ca(2+) influx, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell death were investigated in cultured RGCs. GluR1-4 mRNA and protein expression showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) over control values after the hypoxic exposure both in vivo and in vitro. Cells expressing GluR1-4 in the retina were identified as RGCs by double immunofluorescence labeling with Thy1.1. Increased intracellular Ca(2+) in cultured RGCs following hypoxic exposure was reduced (P < 0.01) by 10 μM AMPA antagonist 6, 7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX). Our results suggest that following a hypoxic insult, an increased amount of glutamate accumulates in the neonatal retina. This would then activate AMPA receptors which may damage RGCs through increased Ca(2+) accumulation and ROS generation. The involvement of AMPA receptors in damaging the RGCs is evidenced by suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) influx by DNQX which also decreased ROS generation and cell death by 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sivakumar
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Pathipati P, Müller S, Jiang X, Ferriero D. Phenotype and Secretory Responses to Oxidative Stress in Microglia. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:241-54. [DOI: 10.1159/000346159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Rosenkranz K, May C, Meier C, Marcus K. Proteomic analysis of alterations induced by perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5794-803. [PMID: 23153068 DOI: 10.1021/pr3005869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is an important cause of neurological deficits still causing mortality and morbidity in the early period of life. As efficient clinical or pharmaceutical strategies to prevent or reduce the outcome of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage are limited, the development of new therapies is of utmost importance. To evolve innovative therapeutic concepts, elucidation of the mechanisms contributing to the neurological impairments upon hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is necessary. Therefore, we aimed for the identification of proteins that are affected by hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats. To assess changes in protein expression two days after induction of brain damage, a 2D-DIGE based proteome analysis was performed. Among the proteins altered after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, Calcineurin A, Coronin-1A, as well as GFAP were identified, showing higher expression in lesioned hemispheres. Validation of the changes in Calcineurin A expression by Western Blot analysis demonstrated several truncated forms of this protein generated by limited proteolysis after hypoxia-ischemia. Further analysis revealed activation of calpain, which is involved in the limited proteolysis of Calcineurin. Active forms of Calcineurin are associated with the dephosphorylation of Darpp-32, an effect that was also demonstrated in lesioned hemispheres after perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rosenkranz
- Department of Functional Proteomics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany.
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Baburamani AA, Ek CJ, Walker DW, Castillo-Melendez M. Vulnerability of the developing brain to hypoxic-ischemic damage: contribution of the cerebral vasculature to injury and repair? Front Physiol 2012; 3:424. [PMID: 23162470 PMCID: PMC3493883 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As clinicians attempt to understand the underlying reasons for the vulnerability of different regions of the developing brain to injury, it is apparent that little is known as to how hypoxia-ischemia may affect the cerebrovasculature in the developing infant. Most of the research investigating the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury following hypoxia-ischemia has focused on excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and an inflammatory response, with the response of the developing cerebrovasculature receiving less attention. This is surprising as the presentation of devastating and permanent injury such as germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage (GM-IVH) and perinatal stroke are of vascular origin, and the origin of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) may also arise from poor perfusion of the white matter. This highlights that cerebrovasculature injury following hypoxia could primarily be responsible for the injury seen in the brain of many infants diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Interestingly the highly dynamic nature of the cerebral blood vessels in the fetus, and the fluctuations of cerebral blood flow and metabolic demand that occur following hypoxia suggest that the response of blood vessels could explain both regional protection and vulnerability in the developing brain. However, research into how blood vessels respond following hypoxia-ischemia have mostly been conducted in adult models of ischemia or stroke, further highlighting the need to investigate how the developing cerebrovasculature responds and the possible contribution to perinatal brain injury following hypoxia. This review discusses the current concepts on the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury, the development of the fetal cerebrovasculature and the blood brain barrier (BBB), and key mediators involved with the response of cerebral blood vessels to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University Göteborg, Sweden
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Costantine MM, Clark EAS, Lai Y, Rouse DJ, Spong CY, Mercer BM, Sorokin Y, Thorp JM, Ramin SM, Malone FD, Carpenter M, Miodovnik M, O'Sullivan MJ, Peaceman AM, Caritis SN. Association of polymorphisms in neuroprotection and oxidative stress genes and neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120:542-50. [PMID: 22914463 PMCID: PMC3904537 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0b013e318265f232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the associations between polymorphisms in neuronal homeostasis, neuroprotection, and oxidative stress candidate genes and neurodevelopmental disability. METHODS This was a nested case-control analysis of a randomized trial of magnesium sulfate administered to women at imminent risk for early (before 32 weeks) preterm birth for the prevention of death or cerebral palsy in their offspring. We evaluated 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 17 genes associated with neuronal homeostasis, neuroprotection, or oxidative stress in umbilical cord blood. Cases included infant deaths (n=43) and children with cerebral palsy (n=24), mental delay (Bayley Mental Developmental Index less than 70; n=109), or psychomotor delay (Bayley Psychomotor Developmental Index less than 70; n=91) diagnosed. Controls were race-matched and sex-matched children with normal neurodevelopment. Associations between each SNP and each outcome were assessed in logistic regression models assuming an additive genetic pattern, conditional on maternal race and infant sex, and adjusting for study drug assignment, gestational age at birth, and maternal education. RESULTS The odds of cerebral palsy were increased more than 2.5 times for each copy of the minor allele of vasoactive intestinal polypeptipe (VIP, rs17083008) (adjusted odds ratio 2.67, 95% confidence interval 1.09-6.55, P=.03) and 4.5 times for each copy of the minor allele of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 3A (GRIN3A, rs3739722) (adjusted odds ratio 4.67, 95% CI 1.36-16.01, P=.01). The association between the advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (AGER, rs3134945) SNP and mental delay was modulated by study drug allocation (P=.02). CONCLUSION Vasoactive intestinal polypeptipe and GRIN3A SNPs may be associated with cerebral palsy at age 2 in children born preterm.
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MESH Headings
- Case-Control Studies
- Cerebral Palsy/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Developmental Disabilities/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/genetics
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/mortality
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Logistic Models
- Male
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Psychological Tests
- Psychomotor Disorders/genetics
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged M Costantine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Lara-Celador I, Castro-Ortega L, Alvarez A, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Lacalle J, Hilario E. Endocannabinoids reduce cerebral damage after hypoxic-ischemic injury in perinatal rats. Brain Res 2012; 1474:91-9. [PMID: 22841538 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult during the perinatal period remains as one of the most common causes of brain injury and produces long-term neurological deficits, and there is a growing need for effective therapies. The aim of the present work was to perform a prospective study designed to assess the possible protector effect of two endocannabinoids: 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) and anandamide (AEA) in the brain after HI injury in perinatal rat model. We evaluate their effects on cell death and check several cellular parameters. 7-days-old Wistar rats were assigned to four different experimental groups (n=7-10): Sham, HI, and HI treated with 2AG or AEA. The injury was induced by the left carotid artery ligature and subsequent exposure to 8% O(2) for 120 min. Immediately after the injury, treated groups received a single dose of 2AG (1mg/kg) or AEA (5mg/kg) and then animals were sacrificed 24, 72 h or 7 days after the HI event. Brains fixed by perfusion were stained with Nissl for morphological studies, and non-fixed brains were dissociated and analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify apoptosis, mitochondrial state, intracellular calcium and reactive oxygen species. Our results show that both 2AG and AEA have beneficial effects after HI injury in this rat model, producing a remarkable amelioration of brain injury, reducing apoptotic cell death, contributing to the maintenance of mitochondrial functionality, and improving cellular parameters such as the influx of calcium and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Lara-Celador
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
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Short and long-term analysis and comparison of neurodegeneration and inflammatory cell response in the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere of the neonatal mouse brain after hypoxia/ischemia. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:781512. [PMID: 22701792 PMCID: PMC3372286 DOI: 10.1155/2012/781512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic is essential for novel neuroprotective approaches. We describe the neuropathology and glial/inflammatory response, from 3 hours to 100 days, after carotid occlusion and hypoxia (8% O2, 55 minutes) to the C57/BL6 P7 mouse. Massive tissue injury and atrophy in the ipsilateral (IL) hippocampus, corpus callosum, and caudate-putamen are consistently shown. Astrogliosis peaks at 14 days, but glial scar is still evident at day 100. Microgliosis peaks at 3–7 days and decreases by day 14. Both glial responses start at 3 hours in the corpus callosum and hippocampal fissure, to progressively cover the degenerating CA field. Neutrophils increase in the ventricles and hippocampal vasculature, showing also parenchymal extravasation at 7 days. Remarkably, delayed milder atrophy is also seen in the contralateral (CL) hippocampus and corpus callosum, areas showing astrogliosis and microgliosis during the first 72 hours. This detailed and long-term cellular response characterization of the ipsilateral and contralateral hemisphere after H/I may help in the design of better therapeutic strategies.
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Kakita H, Hussein MH, Kato S, Yamada Y, Nagaya Y, Asai H, Goto T, Ito K, Sugiura T, Daoud GAH, Ito T, Kato I, Togari H. Hypothermia attenuates the severity of oxidative stress development in asphyxiated newborns. J Crit Care 2012; 27:469-73. [PMID: 22361164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This retrospective case-control study aimed to examine the development of oxidative stress in asphyxiated infants delivered at more than 37 weeks of gestation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-seven neonates were stratified into 3 groups: the first group experienced hypothermia (n = 6); the second received hypothermia cooling cup treatment for 3 days, normothermia (n = 16); and the third was the control group (n = 15). Serum total hydroperoxide (TH), biological antioxidant potential, and oxidative stress index (OSI) (calculated as TH/biological antioxidant potential) were measured within 3 hours after birth. RESULTS Serum TH and OSI levels gradually increased after birth in hypothermia and normothermia cases. At all time points, serum TH and OSI levels were higher in hypothermia and normothermia cases than in control cases. Serum TH and OSI levels were higher in normothermia cases than in hypothermia cases at days 3, 5, and 7. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that hypothermia attenuated the development of systemic oxidative stress in asphyxiated newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kakita
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Lafuente H, Alvarez FJ, Pazos MR, Alvarez A, Rey-Santano MC, Mielgo V, Murgia-Esteve X, Hilario E, Martinez-Orgado J. Cannabidiol reduces brain damage and improves functional recovery after acute hypoxia-ischemia in newborn pigs. Pediatr Res 2011; 70:272-7. [PMID: 21654550 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182276b11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Newborn piglets exposed to acute hypoxia-ischemia (HI) received i.v. cannabidiol (HI + CBD) or vehicle (HI + VEH). In HI + VEH, 72 h post-HI brain activity as assessed by amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) had only recovered to 42 ± 9% of baseline, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) parameters remained lower than normal, and neurobehavioral performance was abnormal (27.8 ± 2.3 points, normal 36). In the brain, there were fewer normal and more pyknotic neurons, while astrocytes were less numerous and swollen. Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of neuronal-specific enolase (NSE) and S100β protein and brain tissue percentage of TNFα(+) cells were all higher. In contrast, in HI + CBD, aEEG had recovered to 86 ± 5%, NIRS parameters increased, and the neurobehavioral score normalized (34.3 ± 1.4 points). HI induced histological changes, and NSE and S100β concentration and TNFα(+) cell increases were suppressed by CBD. In conclusion, post-HI administration of CBD protects neurons and astrocytes, leading to histological, functional, biochemical, and neurobehavioral improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Lafuente
- Research Unit on Experimental Perinatal Physiopathology, Gurutzetako Ospitalea, Barakaldo, 48080-Bizkaia, Spain
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Allen KA, Brandon DH. Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy: Pathophysiology and Experimental Treatments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 11:125-133. [PMID: 21927583 DOI: 10.1053/j.nainr.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a serious birth complication affecting full term infants: 40-60% of affected infants die by 2 years of age or have severe disabilities. The majority of the underlying pathologic events of HIE are a result of impaired cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain with resulting primary and secondary energy failure. In the past, treatment options were limited to supportive medical therapy. Currently, several experimental treatments are being explored in neonates and animal models to ameliorate the effects of secondary energy failure. This review discusses the underlying pathophysiologic effects of a hypoxic-ischemic event and experimental treatment modalities being explored to manage infants with HIE. Further research is needed to better understand if the long-term impact of the experimental treatments and whether the combinations of experimental treatments can improve outcomes in infants with HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Allen
- Duke University School of Nursing, DUMC 3322, 307 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710
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Holopainen IE, Laurén HB. Glutamate signaling in the pathophysiology and therapy of prenatal insults. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:825-34. [PMID: 21443898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Birth asphyxia and hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are important factors affecting the normal development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS). Depending on the maturity of the brain, HI-induced damage at different ages is region-selective, the white matter (WM) peripheral to the lateral ventricles being selectively vulnerable to damage in premature infants. As a squeal of primary or secondary HI in the preterm infant, the brain injury comprises periventricular leukomalasia (PVL), accompanied by neuronal and axonal damage, which affects several brain regions. Premature delivery and improved neonatal intensive care have led to a survival rate of about 75% to 90% of infants weighting under 1500g both in Europe and in the United States. However, about 5-10% of these survivors exhibit cerebral palsy (CP), and many have cognitive, behavioral, attentional or socialization deficits. In this review, we first shortly discuss developmental changes in the expression of the excitatory glutamate receptors (GluRs), and then in more detail elucidate the contribution of GluRs to oligodendrocyte (OL) damage both in experimental models and in preterm human infants. Finally, therapeutic interventions targeted at GluRs at the young age are discussed in the light of results obtained from recent experimental HI animal models and from humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma E Holopainen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, and Medicity Research Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, 4th floor, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Rosenkranz K, Meier C. Umbilical cord blood cell transplantation after brain ischemia--from recovery of function to cellular mechanisms. Ann Anat 2011; 193:371-9. [PMID: 21514122 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation has been proposed as a potential approach to the treatment of neurological disorders. One cell population of interest consists of human umbilical cord blood (hUCB) cells, which have previously been shown to be useful for reparative medicine in haematological diseases. However, hUCB cells are also capable of differentiating into various non-haematopoietic cells, including those of the neural lineage. Moreover, hUCB cells can secrete numerous neurotrophic factors and modulate immune function and inflammatory reaction. Several studies on animal models of ischemic brain injury have demonstrated the potential of hUCB cells to minimize damage and promote recovery after ischemic brain injury.This review focuses on the treatment of both stroke and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury using hUCB cells. We discuss the therapeutic effects demonstrated after hUCB cell transplantation and emphasize possible mechanisms counteracting pathophysiological events of ischemia, thus leading to the generation of a regenerative environment that allows neural plasticity and functional recovery. The therapeutic functional effects of hUCB cells observed in animal models make the transplantation of hUCB cells a promising experimental approach in the treatment of ischemic brain injury. Together with its availability, low risk of transplantation, immaturity of cells, and simple route of application, hUCB transplantation may stand a good chance of being translated into a clinical setting for the therapy of ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rosenkranz
- Department of Functional Proteomics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Normoxic versus hyperoxic resuscitation in pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest: effects on oxidative stress. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:335-43. [PMID: 21057313 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181ffda0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of normoxic vs. hyperoxic resuscitation on oxidative stress in a model of pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest. DESIGN Prospective, interventional study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Postnatal day 16-18 rats (n = 5 per group). INTERVENTIONS Rats underwent asphyxial cardiac arrest for 9 min. Rats were randomized to receive 100% oxygen, room air, or 100% oxygen with polynitroxyl albumin (10 mL·kg⁻¹ intravenously, 0 and 30 min after resuscitation) for 1 hr from the start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Shams recovered in 100% oxygen or room air after surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Physiological variables were recorded at baseline to 1 hr after resuscitation. At 6 hrs after asphyxial cardiac arrest, levels of reduced glutathione and protein-thiols (fluorescent assay), activities of total superoxide dismutase and mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (cytochrome c reduction method), manganese superoxide dismutase expression (Western blot), and lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxynonenal Michael adducts) were evaluated in brain tissue homogenates. Hippocampal 3-nitrotyrosine levels were determined by immunohistochemistry 72 hrs after asphyxial cardiac arrest. Survival did not differ among groups. At 1 hr after resuscitation, Pao2, pH, and mean arterial pressure were decreased in room air vs. 100% oxygen rats (59 ± 3 vs. 465 ± 46 mm Hg, 7.36 ± 0.05 vs. 7.42 ± 0.03, 35 ± 4 vs. 45 ± 5 mm Hg; p < .05). Rats resuscitated with 100% oxygen had decreased hippocampal reduced glutathione levels vs. sham (15.3 ± 0.4 vs. 20.9 ± 4.1 nmol·mg protein⁻¹; p < .01). Hippocampal manganese superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased in 100% oxygen rats vs. sham (14 ± 2.4 vs. 9.5 ± 1.6 units·mg protein⁻¹, p < .01), with no difference in protein expression of manganese superoxide dismutase. Room air and 100% oxygen plus polynitroxyl albumin groups had hippocampal reduced glutathione and manganese superoxide dismutase activity levels comparable with sham. Protein thiol levels were unchanged across groups. Compared with all other groups, rats receiving 100% oxygen had increased immunopositivity for 3-nitrotyrosine in the hippocampus and increased lipid peroxidation in the cortex. CONCLUSIONS Resuscitation with 100% oxygen leads to increased oxidative stress in a model that mimics pediatric cardiac arrest. This may be prevented by using room air or giving an antioxidant with 100% oxygen resuscitation.
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