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Howatt BC, Young ME. The effects of sound in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:3433-3445. [PMID: 36127564 PMCID: PMC10107752 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of pairing sounds with positive and negative outcomes in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). A number of published studies using the BART incorporate sounds into the task, where a slot machine or cash register sound is produced when rewards are collected and a popping sound is produced when balloons pop. However, some studies do not use sound, and other studies do not specify whether sound was used. Given that sensory information contributes to the intensity of experiences, it is possible that outcome-related sounds in the BART influence risk-taking behaviors, and inconsistent use of sounds across the many BART variations may affect how results are interpreted. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sounds paired with outcomes in the BART, and whether the presence or valence of a sound would systematically alter participants' risk-taking. Across two experiments using Bayesian censored regressions, we show that sounds, regardless of the outcomes they were paired with or their valence, did not affect risk-taking in an adult, non-clinical sample. We consider the implications of these results within methodological and theoretical contexts and encourage researchers to continue dissociating the role of auditory stimuli in feedback processing and subsequent responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Howatt
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5302, USA.
| | - Michael E Young
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, 492 Bluemont Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506-5302, USA
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Compagne C, Mayer JT, Gabriel D, Comte A, Magnin E, Bennabi D, Tannou T. Adaptations of the balloon analog risk task for neuroimaging settings: a systematic review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1237734. [PMID: 37790591 PMCID: PMC10544912 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1237734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART), a computerized behavioral paradigm, is one of the most common tools used to assess the risk-taking propensity of an individual. Since its initial behavioral version, the BART has been adapted to neuroimaging technique to explore brain networks of risk-taking behavior. However, while there are a variety of paradigms adapted to neuroimaging to date, no consensus has been reached on the best paradigm with the appropriate parameters to study the brain during risk-taking assessed by the BART. In this review of the literature, we aimed to identify the most appropriate BART parameters to adapt the initial paradigm to neuroimaging and increase the reliability of this tool. Methods A systematic review focused on the BART versions adapted to neuroimaging was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results A total of 105 articles with 6,879 subjects identified from the PubMed database met the inclusion criteria. The BART was adapted in four neuroimaging techniques, mostly in functional magnetic resonance imaging or electroencephalography settings. Discussion First, to adapt the BART to neuroimaging, a delay was included between each trial, the total number of inflations was reduced between 12 and 30 pumps, and the number of trials was increased between 80 and 100 balloons, enabling us to respect the recording constraints of neuroimaging. Second, explicit feedback about the balloon burst limited the decisions under ambiguity associated with the first trials. Third, employing an outcome index that provides more informative measures than the standard average pump score, along with a model incorporating an exponential monotonic increase in explosion probability and a maximum explosion probability between 50 and 75%, can yield a reliable estimation of risk profile. Additionally, enhancing participant motivation can be achieved by increasing the reward in line with the risk level and implementing payment based on their performance in the BART. Although there is no universal adaptation of the BART to neuroimaging, and depending on the objectives of a study, an adjustment of parameters optimizes its evaluation and clinical utility in assessing risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Compagne
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Juliana Teti Mayer
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Centre Département de Psychiatrie de l’Adulte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CIC-1431 INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
- Plateforme de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle Neuraxess, Besançon, France
| | - Alexandre Comte
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Centre Département de Psychiatrie de l’Adulte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- CHU Département de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Djamila Bennabi
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Centre Département de Psychiatrie de l’Adulte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
- Centre Expert Dépression Résistante Fondamentale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Besançon, France
| | - Thomas Tannou
- UR LINC, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Plateforme de Neuroimagerie Fonctionnelle Neuraxess, Besançon, France
- CIUSS Centre-Sud de l’Ile de Montréal, Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Kallen AM, Patrick CJ, Bartholow BD, Hajcak G. Drinking alcohol by mid-adolescence is related to reduced reward reactivity: Novel evidence of positive valence system alterations in early initiating female youth. Biol Psychol 2023; 181:108597. [PMID: 37268265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Initiation of alcohol use at younger ages is prognostic of later drinking problems. Reward system dysfunction is theorized to contribute to early initiation and escalation of drinking, but existing evidence supports both hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity as risk-markers; research employing effective indices of reward processing is needed for clarification. The reward positivity (RewP) is a well-established neurophysiological index of hedonic "liking," an important aspect of reward processing. Adult research has yielded conflicting findings, with different studies reporting reduced, enhanced, or null associations of RewP with engagement in or risk for harmful alcohol use. No study has examined relations between RewP and multiple indices of drinking in youth. Here, we examined how RewP measured in a gain/loss feedback task related to self-reported drinking initiation and past-month drinking, when accounting for age along with depression and externalizing symptoms, in 250 mid-adolescent females. Analyses showed that (1) compared to not-yet drinkers, adolescents endorsing drinking initiation responded less strongly to monetary gain (RewP) but not loss feedback (FN), and (2) past-month drinking was unrelated to both RewP and FN magnitude. These findings provide evidence for reduced hedonic "liking" as a concomitant of early drinking initiation in adolescent females and warrant further research with mixed-sex adolescent samples exhibiting greater drinking variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Kallen
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | | | - Bruce D Bartholow
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Greg Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, USA
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4
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Xu S. Self-other discrepancies in electrophysiological response to outcome evaluation in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 170:6-11. [PMID: 34592342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The topic of self-other differences in decision-making has gained considerable attention in recent years. Despite a broad range of behavior studies that have shown self-other discrepancy in decision-making, few neuroimaging studies with event-related potentials (ERPs) have directly compared decisions made for oneself with those made for others. It remains controversial whether self-other differences of outcome evaluations in gambling tasks can also be shown in brain potentials. In this study, we used event-related potentials with a Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) paradigm, a sequential, dynamic decision-making task to examine the effects of self-other differences on evaluation outcome in brain activity. Feedback Related Negativity (FRN) and P300 components were analyzed with respect to feedback valence (win vs. loss) and beneficiary (self vs. stranger). The ERP results showed that when making decisions for oneself, the negative outcome feedback evoked a larger P300 compared to making decisions for a stranger. However, there was no significant effect of self-other differences when the outcome feedback was positive. In contrast, regardless of whether the feedback was positive or negative, the FRN amplitude was insensitive to the self-other manipulation. Furthermore, we found that both components were modulated by the valence of the feedback. More pronounced FRN and P300 were induced when the feedback was negative, relative to when the feedback was positive. Our findings indicate that brain responses to outcome evaluation on the BART may be divided into an early semi-automatic processing stage and a later cognitive appraisal stage and that the self-other differences in sequential, dynamic decision-making tasks under uncertainty mainly affect the allocation of attention resources in the late cognitive processing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Xu
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China; College of International Business, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Morie KP, Wu J, Potenza MN, Krishnan-Sarin S, Mayes LC, Hammond CJ, Crowley MJ. Daily cannabis use in adolescents who smoke tobacco is associated with altered late-stage feedback processing: A high-density electrical mapping study. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 139:82-90. [PMID: 34052575 PMCID: PMC8314801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in feedback processing, often associated with risk-taking behavior, may have implications for development of substance abuse in adolescents. The most commonly used substances by adolescents include tobacco and cannabis, with some individuals using both substances, potentially heightening risk. Our objective was to examine feedback processing and impulsivity in adolescents who smoke cigarettes and use cannabis daily (N = 21), comparing them with adolescents who smoke cigarettes daily and use cannabis occasionally (N = 18) and non-smoking (N = 27) adolescents. To do this, the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART) with concurrent EEG was used to measure risk-related feedback processing, and impulsivity was measured using the Barratt's impulsiveness scale (BIS-11). It was found that adolescent daily tobacco/cannabis smoking was associated with higher BIS-11 scores, shortened feedback-related-negativity (FRN) latencies and reduced P300 amplitudes. In addition, FRN latencies during win conditions were inversely associated with tobacco-use severity, indicated by scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and with BIS-11 scores. Adolescents with concurrent tobacco and cannabis use show altered feedback processing and higher impulsivity. Future work should disentangle whether the effect reflects risk, consequences of use or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - Jia Wu
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Linda C Mayes
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Michael J Crowley
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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Hammond CJ, Wu J, Krishnan-Sarin S, Mayes LC, Potenza MN, Crowley MJ. Co-occurring tobacco and cannabis use in adolescents: Dissociable relationships with mediofrontal electrocortical activity during reward feedback processing. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 30:102592. [PMID: 33667977 PMCID: PMC7932890 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Differences in corticostriatal neural activity during feedback processing of rewards and losses have been separately related to cannabis and tobacco use but remain understudied relative to co-use in adolescents. Using high-density EEG (128 electrode system, 1000 Hz sampling), we examined event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by monetary reward, neutral, and loss feedback during performance on a non-learning four-choice guessing task in a sample of non-deprived daily-cigarette-smoking adolescents (n = 36) who used tobacco and cannabis regularly (TC adolescents), and non-smoking healthy control adolescents (HCs) (n = 29). Peak amplitudes and latencies of mediofrontal ERPs indexing feedback-related negativities (FRNs) were used as outcomes in repeated-measures ANOVAs. No differences in FRNs were observed between TC and HC adolescents. Within TC adolescents, cannabis-use and tobacco-use variables had distinct relationships with the FRN, with cannabis-related problem severity being positively correlated with FRN amplitude during reward feedback and tobacco-related problem severity being negatively correlated with FRN latency during non-loss feedback (i.e., reward and neutral). These findings suggest that co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use may have dissociable relationships with feedback processing relating to each drug and support an incentive salience model of addiction severity related to cannabis use in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Hammond
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Jia Wu
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Linda C Mayes
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, United States; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael J Crowley
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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7
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Freeman C, Dirks M, Weinberg A. Neural response to rewards predicts risk-taking in late but not early adolescent females. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100808. [PMID: 32658759 PMCID: PMC7358180 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-taking peaks in adolescence and reflects, in part, hyperactivity of the brain's reward system. However, it has not been established whether the association between reward-related brain activity and risk-taking varies across adolescence. The present study investigated how neural reward sensitivity is associated with laboratory risk-taking in a sample of female adolescents as a function of age. Sixty-three female adolescents ages 10-19 completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task, a laboratory measure of risk-taking behavior, as well as a forced choice monetary gambling task while an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. This gambling task elicits the reward positivity (RewP), a frontocentral event-related potential component that is sensitive to feedback signaling reward. We observed a negative quadratic association between age and risk-taking, such that those in early and late adolescence had lower relative risk-taking compared to mid-adolescence, with risk-taking peaking at around 15 years of age. In predicting risk-taking, we observed an interaction between age and RewP, such that reward-related brain activity was not associated with risk-taking in early adolescence but was associated with a greater propensity for risk in later adolescence. These findings suggest that for females, neural response to rewards is an important factor in predicting risk-taking only in later adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Freeman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal QC H3A, Canada.
| | - Melanie Dirks
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal QC H3A, Canada.
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College, Montreal QC H3A, Canada.
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Abstract
In the present project, we reexamined the balloon analogue risk task (BART) by evaluating three variations on the task: one that does not require pumping, one that controls for trial duration, and another that withholds feedback on popping until the end of each trial. To accurately assess the censored data produced by the BART, performance was compared across these variations using Bayesian analysis with censored regression. The first experiment compared a task that required pumping to one that did not, and revealed that the tendency to respond earlier than is optimal does not reflect an avoidance of effort. The second experiment included a condition in which the duration of each trial was held constant by continuing to automatically inflate a balloon to its maximum size after a cash-in response; feedback on the pop time was withheld until the end of each trial. This condition revealed that the tendency to respond earlier is not driven by a desire to finish the task quickly by cashing in early, but the results also strongly suggested that the immediate experience of popping created a greater aversion to risk (although this condition difference was inconsequential by the end of the experiment). The article concludes by considering the implications of these results for cognitive neuroscience approaches to understanding performance on the BART.
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Sehrig S, Weiss A, Miller GA, Rockstroh B. Decision- and feedback-related brain potentials reveal risk processing mechanisms in patients with alcohol use disorder. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13450. [PMID: 31380569 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are aware of the risks of alcohol abuse yet continue risky drinking. Research indicates that dysfunctional decision processes and trait variables such as impulsivity contribute to this awareness-behavior discrepancy. The present study focused on decision-related versus feedback-related processes as potential contributors to decision making in AUD by examining the relationship between decision choices and decision- and feedback-related ERP phenomena in the balloon analogue risk task (BART). N = 39 AUD and n = 35 healthy comparison participants (HC) performed the BART modified for EEG assessment. In each of 100 runs, participants made a series of choices about whether to pump up a virtual balloon, which popped pseudorandomly, ending the run. Alternatively, participants ended the run by pressing a "cash-out" button. Each pump not producing a pop provided .05 €; popping resulted in loss of the run's accumulated gain. Groups made similar choices, though AUD responded more slowly. The decision P3 200-400 ms after decision prompt (balloon) was larger in AUD than in HC, and decision P3 enhancement on high-risk trials predicted choices to pump. Feedback-related negativity (FRN) after loss (relative to cash out) feedback was smaller in AUD than in HC, suggesting indifference to negative feedback. In AUD, high impulsivity was associated with risk-modulated decision P3 but not FRN. Results indicate atypical decision- and feedback-related processes that could contribute to difficulties in engaging with daily challenges effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sehrig
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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de Groot K, van Strien JW. Event-related potentials in response to feedback following risk-taking in the hot version of the Columbia Card Task. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13390. [PMID: 31069812 PMCID: PMC6850144 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of risk-taking in individuals' personal and professional life, several behavioral tasks for measuring the construct have been developed. Recently, a new task was introduced, the Columbia Card Task (CCT). This task measures participants' risk levels and establishes how sensitive participants are to gains, losses, and probabilities when taking risk. So far, the CCT has been examined in behavioral studies and in combination with several (neuro)biological techniques. However, no electroencephalography (EEG) research has been done on the task. The present study fills this gap and helps to validate this relatively new experimental task. To this end, n = 126 students were asked to complete self-reports (reward responsiveness, impulsiveness, and sensation-seeking) and to perform the CCT (and other risk tasks) in an EEG setup. The results show that feedback appraisal after risky decision-making in the CCT was accompanied by a feedback-related negativity (FRN) and a P300, which were stronger in response to negative than positive feedback. Correlations between the FRN and P300 difference wave on the one hand and risk-related self-reports and behavior on the other were nonsignificant and small, but were mostly in the expected direction. This pattern did not change after excluding participants with psychiatric/neurological disorders and outliers. Excluding participants with reversed (positive > negative) difference waves strengthened FRN correlations. The impact such individuals can have on the data should be taken into account in future studies. Regarding the CCT in particular, future studies should also address its oddball structure and its masking of true values (censoring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel de Groot
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behaviour and Biology (EURIBEB), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Psychology, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W van Strien
- Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behaviour and Biology (EURIBEB), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Psychology, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Predicting risk decisions in a modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task: Conventional and single-trial ERP analyses. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:99-116. [PMID: 29204798 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) has the potential to reveal the temporal neurophysiological dynamics of risk decision-making, but this potential has not been fully explored in previous studies. When predicting risk decision with ERPs, most studies focus on between-trial analysis that reflects feedback learning, while within-trial analysis that could directly link option assessment with behavioral output has been largely ignored. Suitable task design is crucial for applying within-trial prediction. In this study, we used a modified version of the classic Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). In each trial of the task, participants made multiple rounds of decisions between a risky option (pump up the balloon) and a safe option (cash out). Behavioral results show that as the level of economic risk increased, participants were less willing to make a risky decision and also needed a longer response time to do so. In general, the ERP results showed distinct characteristics compared with previous findings based on between-trial prediction, particularly about the role of the P1 component. Specifically, both the P1 (amplitude and latency) and P3 (amplitude) components evoked by current outcomes predicted subsequent decisions. We suggest that these findings indicate the importance of selective attention (indexed by the P1) and motivational functions (indexed by the P3), which may help clarify the cognitive mechanism of risk decision-making. The theoretical significance of these findings is discussed.
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Morie KP, Crowley MJ, Mayes LC, Potenza MN. Prenatal drug exposure from infancy through emerging adulthood: Results from neuroimaging. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 198:39-53. [PMID: 30878766 PMCID: PMC6688747 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure may have important repercussions across the lifespan for cognition and behavior. While alcohol is a recognized teratogen, the influences of other substances may also be substantial. The neural underpinnings of the influences of prenatal drug exposure have been examined using longitudinal approaches and multiple imaging techniques. Here we review the existing literature on the neural correlates of prenatal drug exposure. We focused the review on studies that have employed functional neuroimaging and electroencephalography and on substances other than alcohol. We also framed the review through the lens of four developmental life stages (infancy, childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood). We included papers that have examined any drug use, including tobacco, opiates, cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamines, or polysubstance use. Data suggest that prenatal drug exposure has long-lasting, deleterious influences on cognition and reward processing in infancy and childhood that persist into adolescence and emerging adulthood and may underlie some behavioral tendencies, such as increased externalizing and risk-taking behaviors, seen in these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P. Morie
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St., #901, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. (K.P. Morie)
| | - Michael J. Crowley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, 06109, USA
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13
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Huggins AA, Weinberg A, Gorka SM, Shankman SA. Blunted neural response to gains versus losses associated with both risk-prone and risk-averse behavior in a clinically diverse sample. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13342. [PMID: 30719737 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reduced responsiveness to reward has been associated with both risk-prone and risk-averse behavior, common features of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology, respectively. Thus, evidence has suggested a potential quadratic relationship (i.e., inverted U) between reward sensitivity and risk-taking propensity. Blunted response to reward compared to loss may therefore demonstrate transdiagnostic utility as it relates to different patterns of maladaptive risk behavior. The current study sought to disentangle the relationship between risk and reward in a clinically diverse sample. In a sample of 210 adults (aged 18-30), the RewP (an ERP indexing differentiation between rewards and losses) was measured during a monetary guessing game, and risk-taking propensity was measured with a behavioral task (i.e., BART) that simulates real-world risk taking. Participants also completed clinical assessments to assess for lifetime psychopathology. Results indicated that there was no linear association between the RewP and risk-taking propensity; however, there was a significant quadratic relationship. Thus, a reduced sensitivity to reward receipt was associated with both risk-prone and risk-averse behavior. There was also a significant quadratic relationship between the RewP and money won during the BART, indicating that being too risk prone or risk averse is disadvantageous and leads to missed reward. Overall, these findings suggested that blunted neural differentiation between gains and losses may contribute to deficits in effectively weighing reward and loss and result in maladaptive risk-taking behavior. These findings support continued examination of reward dysfunction dimensionally in order to better characterize behavioral profiles implicated in clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Huggins
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Anna Weinberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Gorka
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Stewart A Shankman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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14
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Pincham HL, Bryce D, Fonagy P, Fearon RMP. Psychosocial intervention in at-risk adolescents: using event-related potentials to assess changes in decision making and feedback processing. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:223-236. [PMID: 29802517 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-018-1167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decision making and feedback processing are two important cognitive processes that are impacted by social context, particularly during adolescence. The current study examined whether a psychosocial intervention could improve psychological wellbeing in at-risk adolescent boys, thereby improving their decision making and feedback processing skills. Two groups of at-risk adolescents were compared: those who were relatively new to a psychosocial intervention, and those who had engaged over a longer time period. Electroencephalography was recorded while the young people participated in a modified version of the Taylor Aggression Paradigm. The late positive potential (LPP) was measured during the decision phase of the task (where participants selected punishments for their opponents). The feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P3 components were measured during the task's outcome phase (where participants received 'win' or 'lose' feedback). Adolescents who were new to the intervention (the minimal-intervention group) were harsher in their punishment selections than those who had been engaged in the program for much longer. The minimal-intervention group also showed an enhanced LPP during the decision phase of the task, which may be indicative of immature decision making in that group. Analysis of the FRN and P3 amplitudes revealed that the minimal-intervention group was physiologically hypo-sensitive to feedback, compared with the extended-intervention group. Overall, these findings suggest that long-term community-based psychosocial intervention programs are beneficial for at-risk adolescents, and that event-related potentials can be employed as biomarkers of therapeutic change. However, because participants were not randomly allocated to treatment groups, alternative explanations cannot be excluded until further randomized controlled trials are undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Pincham
- Developmental Neuroscience Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK
| | - D Bryce
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Fonagy
- Developmental Neuroscience Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK.,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - R M Pasco Fearon
- Developmental Neuroscience Unit, Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families, London, UK. .,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK.
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15
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Micali N, Berchio C. Towards robust biomarkers of psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:153-154. [PMID: 30684087 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Micali
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Department of Pediatrics, Gyneacology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Cristina Berchio
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Mood Disorders Unit, Service of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Hill KE, Ait Oumeziane B, Novak KD, Rollock D, Foti D. Variation in reward- and error-related neural measures attributable to age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 132:353-364. [PMID: 29274364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) have been widely applied to the study of individual differences in reward and error processing, including recent proposals of several ERPs as possible biomarkers of mental illness. A criterion for all biomarkers, however, is that they be generalizable across the relevant populations, something which has yet to be demonstrated for many commonly studied reward- and error-related ERPs. The aim of this study was to examine variation in reward and error-related ERPs across core demographic variables: age, gender, race, and ethnicity. Data was drawn from three studies with relatively large samples (N range 207-527). Results demonstrated that ERPs varied across the demographic variables of interest. Several examples include attenuated reward-related ERPs with increasing age, larger error-related ERPs for men than women, and larger ERPs to feedback after losses for individuals who identified as Hispanic/Latino. Overall, these analyses suggest systematic variation in ERPs that is attributable to core demographic variables, which could give rise to seemingly inconsistent results across studies to the extent that these sample characteristics differ. Future psychophysiological studies should include these analyses as standard practice and assess how these differences might exacerbate, mask, or confound relationships of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dan Foti
- Purdue University, United States
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17
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Moser JS, Fisher M, Hicks BM, Zucker RA, Durbin CE. Feedback-related neurophysiology in children and their parents: Developmental differences, familial transmission, and relationship to error-monitoring. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 132:338-352. [PMID: 30184462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The feedback negativity (FN) and reward positivity (RewP) are event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that follow the presentation of negative and positive feedback information, respectively, and have become the focus of recent research on psychopathology because of their associations with symptom severity of and risk for depression. We advanced our understanding of these feedback-related ERPs by examining developmental differences, familial transmission, and associations with error-monitoring ERPs. Parents and their children completed parallel, developmentally-tailored guessing and go/no-go tasks while feedback- and error-related ERPs were measured. We found that the Δ FN and RewP amplitudes increased with age and were larger in males than females among the child participants. The RewP also demonstrated familial transmission between fathers and their children. Finally, the FN and RewP were associated with error-related ERPs in children and adults, albeit in different ways. The current findings demonstrate that the FN and RewP have promise as developmentally-sensitive neural markers of reward and action monitoring processes associated with risk for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Moser
- Michigan State University, United States of America.
| | - Megan Fisher
- Michigan State University, United States of America
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18
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Tenenbaum RB, Musser ED, Raiker JS, Coles EK, Gnagy EM, Pelham WE. Specificity of Reward Sensitivity and Parasympathetic-Based Regulation among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 46:965-977. [PMID: 28875352 PMCID: PMC5839917 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with disruptionsin reward sensitivity and regulatory processes. However, it is unclear whether thesedisruptions are better explained by comorbid disruptive behavior disorder (DBD)symptomology. This study sought to examine this question using multiple levels ofanalysis (i.e., behavior, autonomic reactivity). One hundred seventeen children (aged 6 to 12 years; 72.6% male; 69 with ADHD) completed theBalloon-Analogue Risk Task (BART) to assess external reward sensitivity behaviorally.Sympathetic-based internal reward sensitivity and parasympathetic-based regulationwere indexed via cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia(RSA), respectively. Children with ADHD exhibited reduced internal reward sensitivity (i.e.,lengthened PEP; F(1,112)=4.01, p=0.047) compared to healthy controls and werecharacterized by greater parasympathetic-based dysregulation (i.e., reduced RSAaugmentation F(1,112)=10.12, p=0.002). However, follow-up analyses indicated theADHD effect was better accounted for by comorbid DBD diagnoses; that is, childrenwith ADHD and comorbid ODD were characterized by reduced internal rewardsensitivity (i.e., lengthened PEP; t=2.47, p=0.046) and by parasympathetic-baseddysregulation (i.e., reduced RSA augmentation; t=3.51, p=0.002) in response to rewardwhen compared to typically developing youth. Furthermore, children with ADHD and comorbid CD exhibited greater behaviorally-based external reward sensitivity (i.e.,more total pops; F(3,110)= 5.96, p=0.001) compared to children with ADHD only (t=3.87, p=0.001) and children with ADHD and ODD (t=3.56, p=0.003). Results suggest that disruptions in sensitivity to reward may be betteraccounted for, in part, by comorbid DBD.Key Words: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autonomic nervous system,disruptive behavior disorders, reward sensitivityPowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Tenenbaum
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - Erica D Musser
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA.
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - Erika K Coles
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gnagy
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
| | - William E Pelham
- Department of Psychology, Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC 4 455, Miami, FL, 33100, USA
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19
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Morie KP, Wu J, Landi N, Potenza MN, Mayes LC, Crowley MJ. Feedback processing in adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure: an electrophysiological investigation. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:183-197. [PMID: 29461102 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1439945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired cognitive control is a consequence of cocaine exposure. Difficulty with feedback processing may underlie this impairment. We examined neural correlates of feedback processing using event-related potentials (ERPs) in 49 prenatally cocaine-exposed (PCE) and 34 nondrug exposed (NDE) adolescents. Adolescents performed a reward-feedback task with win/no-win feedback in a chance-based task. We investigated amplitude and latency of the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 ERP components and source-based estimates elicited during feedback processing. PCE adolescents had smaller P300 amplitudes for no-win feedback, and source analysis in the P300 time window revealed differences between groups localized to the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Morie
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jia Wu
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Nicole Landi
- d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,g Haskins Laboratories , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,b National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,c Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,e Department of Neuroscience , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,f Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Linda C Mayes
- c Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Michael J Crowley
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry, Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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20
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van Noordt S, Wu J, Venkataraman A, Larson MJ, South M, Crowley MJ. Inter-trial Coherence of Medial Frontal Theta Oscillations Linked to Differential Feedback Processing in Youth and Young Adults with Autism. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2017; 37:1-10. [PMID: 28983326 PMCID: PMC5624320 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment in prediction and appreciation for choice outcomes could contribute to several core symptoms of ASD. We examined electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations in 27 youth and young adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 22 IQ-matched neurotypical controls while they performed a chance-based reward prediction task. METHOD We re-analyzed our previously published ERP data (Larson et al., 2011) and examined theta band oscillations (4-8 Hz) at frontal midline sites, within a timing window that overlaps with the feedback-related negativity (FRN). We focused on event-related changes after presentation of feedback for reward (WIN) and punitive (LOSE) outcomes, both for spectral power and inter-trial phase coherence. RESULTS In our reward prediction task, for both groups, medial frontal theta power and phase coherence were greater following LOSE compared to WIN feedback. However, compared to controls, inter-trial coherence of medial frontal theta was significantly lower overall (across both feedback types) for individuals with ASD. Our results indicate that while individuals with ASD are sensitive to the valence of reward feedback, comparable to their neurotypical peers, they have reduced synchronization of medial frontal theta activity during feedback processing. CONCLUSIONS This finding are consistent with previous studies showing neural variability in ASD and suggest that the processes underlying decision-making and reinforcement learning may be atypical and less efficient in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefon van Noordt
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine 230 South Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jia Wu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine 230 South Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Archana Venkataraman
- Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael J. Larson
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Mikle South
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Michael J. Crowley
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine 230 South Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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21
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Xia L, Gu R, Zhang D, Luo Y. Anxious Individuals Are Impulsive Decision-Makers in the Delay Discounting Task: An ERP Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:5. [PMID: 28174528 PMCID: PMC5258725 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity, which is linked to a wide range of psychiatric disorders, is often characterized by a preference for immediate but smaller rewards over delayed but larger rewards. However, debate exists on the relationship between anxiety and impulsivity. Here we use event-related potential (ERP) components as biomarkers in the temporal discounting task to examine the effect of anxiety on inter-temporal decision-making. Our behavioral results indicated that the high trait anxiety (HTA) group made significantly more immediate choices than the low trait anxiety (LTA) group. Compared with the LTA group, shorter response time was associated with immediate rewards in the HTA group. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated three ERP components that are associated with impulsivity and/or delay discounting. First, the N1 is an early sensory component involved in selective attention and attention processing for goal-directed actions. Second, the reward positivity (RewP) reflects reward-related dopaminergic activity and encodes reward values. Third, the P3 is regarded as a measure of motivational significance in the decision-making literature. Accordingly, this study found in the immediate-option-evoked ERPs that the HTA group had a larger N1 than the LTA group did. For the delayed-option-evoked ERPs, the HTA group had larger N1 and RewP for the immediate choice than the LTA group did, while the LTA group had a larger P3 for the delayed choice than the HTA group did. These results support the notion that anxiety individuals are impulsive decision-makers in the Delay Discounting Task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xia
- College of Information Engineering, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
- Department of Psychology, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhen, China
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22
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Kessler L, Hewig J, Weichold K, Silbereisen RK, Miltner WHR. Feedback negativity and decision-making behavior in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) in adolescents is modulated by peer presence. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:260-269. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Kessler
- Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Johannes Hewig
- Department of Psychology I; Julius Maximilians University Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Karina Weichold
- Department of Psychology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Rainer K. Silbereisen
- Center for Applied Developmental Science, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Wolfgang H. R. Miltner
- Department for Biological and Clinical Psychology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
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23
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Banz BC, Wu J, Crowley MJ, Potenza MN, Mayes LC. Gender-related Differences in Inhibitory Control and Sustained Attention among Adolescents with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:143-51. [PMID: 27354841 PMCID: PMC4918878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence and prenatal cocaine exposure can impact risk-taking. In this study, we evaluated risk-taking and gender-related differences in adolescents with prenatal cocaine exposure in terms of electrophysiological correlates of inhibitory control and sustained attention. No differences related to gender were found within measures of risk-taking, or electrophysiological response relating to risk-taking. Greater responses during inhibition versus attention trials support previous studies, with boys showing the largest responses. Gender-related differences were found when comparing the trials before and after frustration was induced, with greater initial attention indices for girls in both trial types and greater sustained attention for both genders during inhibition trials and for boys during attention trials. These data suggest neural correlates of response inhibition show important gender-related differences in this population. Considering these relationships allows us to further understand underlying processes among adolescents who, as a group, tend to be more inclined toward greater risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C. Banz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CTN,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Barbara C. Banz, Church Street 7th Floor, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510
| | - Jia Wu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Developmental Electrophysiology Laboratory, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Michael J. Crowley
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Developmental Electrophysiology Laboratory, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT,Program for Anxiety Disorders, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT,Center for Translational Developmental Neuroscience, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CTN,Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Neuroscience and CASAColumbia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Linda C. Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Developmental Electrophysiology Laboratory, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT
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24
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Kiat J, Straley E, Cheadle JE. Escalating risk and the moderating effect of resistance to peer influence on the P200 and feedback-related negativity. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:377-86. [PMID: 26416785 PMCID: PMC4769624 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Young people frequently socialize together in contexts that encourage risky decision making, pointing to a need for research into how susceptibility to peer influence is related to individual differences in the neural processing of decisions during sequentially escalating risk. We applied a novel analytic approach to analyze EEG activity from college-going students while they completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), a well-established risk-taking propensity assessment. By modeling outcome-processing-related changes in the P200 and feedback-related negativity (FRN) sequentially within each BART trial as a function of pump order as an index of increasing risk, our results suggest that analyzing the BART in a progressive fashion may provide valuable new insights into the temporal neurophysiological dynamics of risk taking. Our results showed that a P200, localized to the left caudate nucleus, and an FRN, localized to the left dACC, were positively correlated with the level of risk taking and reward. Furthermore, consistent with our hypotheses, the rate of change in the FRN was higher among college students with greater self-reported resistance to peer influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kiat
- Department of Psychology, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 34 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-, USA and
| | - Elizabeth Straley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 34 Burnett Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-, USA and
| | - Jacob E Cheadle
- Department of Sociology, The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 737 Oldfather Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0324, USA
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25
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Hammerslag LR, Gulley JM. Sex differences in behavior and neural development and their role in adolescent vulnerability to substance use. Behav Brain Res 2016; 298:15-26. [PMID: 25882721 PMCID: PMC4603997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents are especially prone to risky behavior and to the emergence of psychological disorders like substance abuse, anxiety and depression. However, there is a sex (or gender) difference in this vulnerability, with females being more prone to developing internalizing disorders and males being more likely to engage in risky behavior and drug use. While several researchers have proposed that there is a relationship between corticolimbic circuit development and adolescent vulnerability, the current proposed models do not take sex differences into account. In this review, we explore recent findings from both human and rodent studies of sex differences during adolescence. In particular, we consider epidemiological studies on the factors that contribute to the development of substance abuse and internalizing disorders, laboratory studies on reward-related and decision-making behavior, and neuroanatomical studies on the development of several structures in the corticolimbic circuit (i.e., prefrontal cortex [PFC], amygdala and striatum). We then integrate these recent findings into models of adolescent vulnerability to substance use that have previously not addressed sex differences. Lastly, we discuss methodological considerations for the interpretation and design of studies on sex (or gender) differences during adolescence while highlighting some opportunities for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Gulley
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA; Department of Psychology University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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26
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Sukhodolsky DG, Wyk BCV, Eilbott JA, McCauley SA, Ibrahim K, Crowley MJ, Pelphrey KA. Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Aggression in Children and Adolescents: Design of a Randomized Controlled Trial Within the National Institute for Mental Health Research Domain Criteria Construct of Frustrative Non-Reward. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:38-48. [PMID: 26784537 PMCID: PMC4779273 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present the rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for aggression in children and adolescents, which is conducted in response to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach initiative. Specifically, the study is focused on the brain-behavior associations within the RDoC construct of frustrative non-reward. On the behavioral level, this construct is defined by reactions elicited in response to withdrawal or prevention of reward, most notably reactive aggression. This study is designed to test the functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) and electrophysiological (EEG) correlates of aggression and its reduction after CBT. METHODS Eighty children and adolescents with high levels of aggression across multiple traditional diagnostic categories, ages 8-16, will be randomly assigned to receive 12 sessions of CBT or 12 sessions of supportive psychotherapy. Clinical outcomes will be measured by the ratings of aggressive behavior collected at baseline, midpoint, and endpoint evaluations, and by the Improvement Score of the Clinical Global Impressions Scale assigned by an independent evaluator (blinded rater). Subjects will also perform a frustration-induction Go-NoGo task and a task of emotional face perception during fMRI scanning and EEG recording at baseline and endpoint. RESULTS Consistent with the NIMH strategic research priorities, if functional neuroimaging and EEG variables can identify subjects who respond to CBT for aggression, this can provide a neuroscience-based classification scheme that will improve treatment outcomes for children and adolescents with aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS Demonstrating that a change in the key nodes of the emotion regulation circuitry is associated with a reduction of reactive aggression will provide evidence to support the validity of the frustrative non-reward construct.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent C. Vander Wyk
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jeffrey A. Eilbott
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Spencer A. McCauley
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Karim Ibrahim
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael J. Crowley
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kevin A. Pelphrey
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Elsey JWB, Crowley MJ, Mencl WE, Lacadie CM, Mayes LC, Potenza MN. Relationships Between Impulsivity, Anxiety, and Risk-Taking and the Neural Correlates of Attention in Adolescents. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:38-58. [PMID: 27135550 PMCID: PMC5006681 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1167212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although impulsivity, anxiety, and risk-taking may relate to attentional processes, little research has directly investigated how each may be associated with specific facets of attentional processes and their underlying neural correlates. Nineteen adolescents performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging task involving simple, selective, and divided attention. Out-of-scanner-assessed impulsivity, anxiety, and risk-taking scores were not correlated with each other and showed task-phase-specific patterns of association. Results are discussed in light of research and theory suggesting a relationship between these domains and attention and may serve to focus future research aiming to understand these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W B Elsey
- a Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut
- b Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Crowley
- a Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut
| | - W Einar Mencl
- c Haskins Laboratories , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut
| | - Cheryl M Lacadie
- d Department of Diagnostic Radiology , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut
| | - Linda C Mayes
- a Child Study Center , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut
- e Departments of Epidemiology, Pediatrics and Psychology , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut
| | - Marc N Potenza
- f Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology and CASAColumbia , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut
- g Connecticut Mental Health Center , New Haven , Connecticut
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28
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Sheffield JG, Crowley MJ, Bel-Bahar T, Desatnik A, Nolte T, Fonagy P, Fearon RMP. Reward-Related Neural Activity and Adolescent Antisocial Behavior in a Community Sample. Dev Neuropsychol 2015; 40:363-78. [PMID: 26491989 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2015.1101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral research has found evidence supporting reward dominance in adolescence with externalizing disorders, but findings from neuroimaging studies have been largely heterogeneous. We examined the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN) and P3b in relation to self-reported externalizing behavior among 78 adolescents (11-18 yrs) during a monetary gambling task with concurrent high-density electroencephalogram. As expected, the P3b and the FRN demonstrated greater evoked activity to reward and punishment, respectively. Further, high externalizing behavior was associated with greater P3b difference and reduced FRN difference in response to reward and punishment, suggesting that externalizing behaviors may be associated with both reward dominance and reduced feedback-monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Sheffield
- a Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology , University College London , London , United Kingdom.,b Developmental Neuroscience Unit , Anna Freud Centre , London , United Kingdom
| | | | - Tarik Bel-Bahar
- d Department of Anaesthesiology , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , Michigan
| | - Alexander Desatnik
- a Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology , University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Nolte
- e Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging , University College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fonagy
- a Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology , University College London , London , United Kingdom.,b Developmental Neuroscience Unit , Anna Freud Centre , London , United Kingdom
| | - R M Pasco Fearon
- a Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology , University College London , London , United Kingdom.,b Developmental Neuroscience Unit , Anna Freud Centre , London , United Kingdom
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29
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Ba Y, Zhang W, Peng Q, Salvendy G, Crundall D. Risk-taking on the road and in the mind: behavioural and neural patterns of decision making between risky and safe drivers. ERGONOMICS 2015; 59:27-38. [PMID: 26230746 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1056236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drivers' risk-taking is a key issue of road safety. This study explored individual differences in drivers' decision-making, linking external behaviours to internal neural activity, to reveal the cognitive mechanisms of risky driving. Twenty-four male drivers were split into two groups (risky vs. safe drivers) via the Drivier Behaviour Questionnaire-violation. The risky drivers demonstrated higher preference for the risky choices in the paradigms of Iowa Gambling Task and Balloon Analogue Risk Task. More importantly, the risky drivers showed lower amplitudes of feedback-related negativity (FRN) and loss-minus-gain FRN in both paradigms, which indicated their neural processing of error-detection. A significant difference of P300 amplitudes was also reported between groups, which indicated their neural processing of reward-evaluation and were modified by specific paradigm and feedback. These results suggested that the neural basis of risky driving was the decision patterns less revised by losses and more motivated by rewards. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY Risk-taking on the road is largely determined by inherent cognitive mechanisms, which can be indicated by the behavioural and neural patterns of decision-making. In this regard, it is feasible to quantize drivers’ riskiness in the cognitive stage before actual risky driving or accidents, and intervene accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Ba
- a State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - QiJia Peng
- a State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Gavriel Salvendy
- a State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy, Department of Industrial Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - David Crundall
- b Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , UK
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30
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Yau YH, Potenza MN, Mayes LC, Crowley MJ. Blunted feedback processing during risk-taking in adolescents with features of problematic Internet use. Addict Behav 2015; 45:156-63. [PMID: 25679363 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the conceptualization of problematic Internet use (PIU) as a "behavioral addiction" resembling substance-use disorders is debated, the neurobiological underpinnings of PIU remain understudied. This study examined whether adolescents displaying features of PIU (at-risk PIU; ARPIU) are more impulsive and exhibit blunted responding in the neural mechanisms underlying feedback processing and outcome evaluation during risk-taking. Event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by positive (i.e. reward) and negative (i.e. loss) feedback were recorded during performance on a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) among ARPIU (n=39) and non-ARPIU subjects (n=27). Compared to non-ARPIU, ARPIU adolescents displayed higher levels of urgency and lack of perseverance on the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. Although no between-group difference in BART performance was observed, ERPs demonstrated overall decreased sensitivity to feedback in ARPIU compared to non-ARPIU adolescents, as indexed by blunted feedback-related negativity (FRN) and P300 amplitudes to both negative and positive feedback. The present study provides evidence for feedback processing during risk-taking as a neural correlate of ARPIU. Given recent concerns regarding the growing prevalence of PIU as a health concern, future work should examine the extent to which feedback processing may represent a risk factor for PIU, a consequence of PIU, or possibly both.
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31
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Feng X, Gu R, Liang F, Broster LS, Liu Y, Zhang D, Luo YJ. Depressive states amplify both upward and downward counterfactual thinking. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 97:93-8. [PMID: 25937345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Depression has been linked to counterfactual thinking in many behavioral studies, but the direction of this effect remains disputed. In the current study, the relationship between depression and counterfactual thinking was examined using the event-related potential (ERP) technique. In a binary choice gambling task, outcome feedback of the chosen option and that of the alternative option were both provided, so as to elicit the process of counterfactual comparison. By investigating ERP signals in response to outcome presentation, we discovered that when the fictive outcome was better or worse than the factual outcome, the amplitude of the P3 component was positively correlated with individual levels of depression, but not levels of anxiety. These results indicate that depression strengthens both upward counterfactual thinking and downward counterfactual thinking. The implication of this finding to clinical research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Fucheng Liang
- Academic Administration Section, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Lucas S Broster
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Yunzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yue-jia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Sichuan Research Center of Applied Psychology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
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32
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Crowley MJ, van Noordt SJR, Wu J, Hommer RE, South M, Fearon RMP, Mayes LC. Reward feedback processing in children and adolescents: medial frontal theta oscillations. Brain Cogn 2014; 89:79-89. [PMID: 24360036 PMCID: PMC4062620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined event-related electroencephalography (EEG) oscillations, including event-related spectral perturbations (ERSP) and intertrial coherence (ITC), to compare feedback processing during a chance-based reward vs. non-reward task in groups of 10-12-year-old (n=42), 13-14-year-old (n=34) and 15-17-year-olds (n=32). Because few, if any studies have applied these analytic methods to examine feedback processing in children or adolescents, we used a fine-grained approach that explored one half hertz by 16ms increments during feedback (no win vs. win events) in the theta (4-8Hz) frequency band. Complex wavelet frequency decomposition revealed that no win feedback was associated with enhanced theta power and phase coherence. We observed condition and age-based differences for both ERSP and ITC, with stronger effects for ITC. The transition from childhood to early adolescence (13-14yrs.) was a point of increased differentiation of ITC favoring no win vs. wins feedback and also compared to children or older adolescents, a point of heightened ITC for no win feedback (quadratic effect).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Crowley
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Translational Developmental Neuroscience, Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Stefon J R van Noordt
- Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Brock University, ON, Canada
| | - Jia Wu
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rebecca E Hommer
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mikle South
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - R M P Fearon
- Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Linda C Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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33
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Grose-Fifer J, Migliaccio R, Zottoli TM. Feedback processing in adolescence: an event-related potential study of age and gender differences. Dev Neurosci 2014; 36:228-38. [PMID: 24853058 DOI: 10.1159/000358917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence has frequently been characterized as a period of increased risk taking, which may be largely driven by maturational changes in neural areas that process incentives. To investigate age- and gender-related differences in reward processing, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from 80 participants in a gambling game, in which monetary wins and losses were either large or small. We measured two ERP components: the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the feedback P3 (fP3). The FRN was sensitive to the size of a win in both adult (aged 23-35 years) and adolescent (aged 13-17 years) males, but not in females. Small wins appeared to be less rewarding for males than for females, which may in part explain more approach-driven behavior in males in general. Furthermore, adolescent boys showed both delayed FRNs to high losses and less differentiation in FRN amplitude between wins and losses in comparison to girls. The fP3, which is thought to index the salience of the feedback at a more conscious level than the FRN, was also larger in boys than in girls. Taken together, these results imply that higher levels of risk taking that are commonly reported in adolescent males may be driven both by hypersensitivity to high rewards and insensitivity to punishment or losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Grose-Fifer
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, N.Y., USA
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34
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Vaca FE, Walthall JM, Ryan S, Moriarty-Daley A, Riera A, Crowley MJ, Mayes LC. Adolescent Balloon Analog Risk Task and Behaviors that Influence Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash Injury. ANNALS OF ADVANCES IN AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE. ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE. ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE 2014; 57:77-88. [PMID: 24406948 PMCID: PMC3861840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Risk-taking propensity is a pivotal facet of motor vehicle crash involvement and subsequent traumatic injury in adolescents. Clinical encounters are important opportunities to identify teens with high risk-taking propensity who may later experience serious injury. Our objective was to compare self-reports of health risk behavior with performance on the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART), a validated metric of risk-taking propensity, in adolescents during a clinical encounter. 100 adolescent patients from a hospital emergency department and adolescent health clinic completed a computer-based survey of self-reported risk behaviors including substance use behaviors and behaviors that influence crash involvement. They then completed the BART, a validated laboratory-based risk task in which participants earn points by pumping up a computer-generated balloon with greater pumps leading to increased chance of balloon explosion. 20 trials were undertaken. Mean number of pumps on the BART showed a correlation of .243 (p=.015) with self-reported driver/passenger behaviors and attitudes towards driving that influence risk of crash injury. Regression analyses showed that self-reports of substance use and mean number of pumps on the BART uniquely predict self-reports of behaviors influencing the risk of crash injury. The BART is a promising correlate of real-world risk-taking behavior related to traffic safety. It remains a valid predictor of behaviors influencing risk of crash injury when using just 10 trials, suggesting its utility as a quick and effective screening measure for use in busy clinical environments. This tool may be an important link to prevention interventions for those most at-risk for future motor vehicle crash involvement and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico E. Vaca
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale School of Medicine, Child Study Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Sheryl Ryan
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Antonio Riera
- Yale School of Medicine, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Linda C. Mayes
- Yale School of Medicine, Child Study Center, New Haven, Connecticut
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35
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Allen JWP, Bennett DS, Carmody DP, Wang Y, Lewis M. Adolescent risk-taking as a function of prenatal cocaine exposure and biological sex. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 41:65-70. [PMID: 24334262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and biological sex on adolescent risk-taking while controlling for early environmental risk. METHODS Adolescents (n=114, mean age=16) were grouped according to high and low risk-taking propensity as measured by the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Prenatal cocaine exposure was assessed at birth, while environmental risk was assessed at three points during early childhood. RESULTS A binary regression analysis indicated that males were 3.5 times more likely than females to be high risk-takers. Biological sex and prenatal cocaine exposure interacted such that exposed males were most likely to be high risk-takers while exposed females were the least likely to be high risk-takers. This pattern held after controlling for prenatal alcohol exposure and early environmental risk. Early environmental risk did not predict adolescent risk-taking. CONCLUSIONS These findings complement and extend earlier research demonstrating that prenatal cocaine exposure interacts with biological sex in domains related to inhibitory control, emotion regulation, antisocial behavior, and health risk behaviors during preadolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David S Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Yiping Wang
- Institute for the Study of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- Institute for the Study of Child Development, Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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36
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Blunted feedback processing during risky decision making in adolescents with a parental history of substance use disorders. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:1119-36. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579413000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRisky decision making, a hallmark phenotype of substance use disorders (SUD), is thought to be associated with deficient feedback processing. Whether these aberrations are present prior to SUD onset or reflect merely a consequence of chronic substance use on the brain remains unclear. The present study investigated whether blunted feedback processing during risky decision making reflects a biological predisposition to SUD. We assessed event-related potentials elicited by positive and negative feedback during performance of a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) among high-risk adolescents with a parental history of SUD (HR; n = 61) and normal-risk controls (NR; n = 91). HR males made significantly more risky and faster decisions during the BART than did NR controls. Moreover, HR adolescents showed significantly reduced P300 amplitudes in response to both positive and negative feedback as compared to NR controls. These differences were not secondary to prolonged substance use exposure. Results are discussed in terms of feedback-specific processes. Reduced P300 amplitudes in the BART may reflect poor processing of feedback at the level of overall salience, which may keep people from effectively predicting the probability of future gains and losses. Though conclusions are tentative, blunted feedback processing during risky decision making may represent a promising endophenotypic vulnerability marker for SUD.
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Euser AS, Evans BE, Greaves-Lord K, Huizink AC, Franken IHA. Parental rearing behavior prospectively predicts adolescents' risky decision-making and feedback-related electrical brain activity. Dev Sci 2013; 16:409-27. [PMID: 23587039 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the role of parental rearing behavior in adolescents' risky decision-making and the brain's feedback processing mechanisms. Healthy adolescent participants (n = 110) completed the EMBU-C, a self-report questionnaire on perceived parental rearing behaviors between 2006 and 2008 (T1). Subsequently, after an average of 3.5 years, we assessed (a) risky decision-making during performance of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART); (b) event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by positive (gain) and negative feedback (loss) during the BART; and (c) self-reported substance use behavior (T2). Age-corrected regression analyses showed that parental rejection at T1 accounted for a unique and significant proportion of the variance in risk-taking during the BART; the more adolescents perceived their parents as rejecting, the more risky decisions were made. Higher levels of perceived emotional warmth predicted increased P300 amplitudes in response to positive feedback at T2. Moreover, these larger P300 amplitudes (gain) significantly predicted risky decision-making during the BART. Parental rearing behaviors during childhood thus seem to be significant predictors of both behavioral and electrophysiological indices of risky decision-making in adolescence several years later. This is in keeping with the notion that environmental factors such as parental rearing are important in explaining adolescents' risk-taking propensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja S Euser
- Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Feedback-related negativity (FRN) is an electrophysiological index associated with impulsivity. However, the age and sex effects on FRN are not well understood. Using the single-outcome gambling task, this study investigated age-related and sex-related differences between the FRN in middle and late adolescents and adults. Forty healthy adolescents (15-17 years old) and 28 healthy adults (20-25 years old) were recruited in the event-related potentials study. The electrophysiological response to gains and losses of low and high magnitude were recorded during the single-outcome gambling task. The FRN significantly delayed in middle and late adolescents compared with adults (232.875 vs. 211.714 ms). Adults are more sensitive to the magnitude of feedback (larger amounts: 50 cents vs. small amounts: 10 cents) than valence (gain: +50/10 vs. loss: -50/10). However, middle and late adolescents are neither sensitive to magnitude nor to valence. Men showed significantly more negative FRN amplitude than women both in adolescents and adults. In addition, the hostility subscore of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire was negatively correlated with FRN amplitude. The results of this study suggested that the age-related differences did exist between the FRN in adolescents and those in adults. Men require more neural activity than women to achieve similar feedback both in adolescents and adults.
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Richards JM, Plate RC, Ernst M. A systematic review of fMRI reward paradigms used in studies of adolescents vs. adults: the impact of task design and implications for understanding neurodevelopment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:976-91. [PMID: 23518270 PMCID: PMC3809756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The neural systems underlying reward-related behaviors across development have recently generated a great amount of interest. Yet, the neurodevelopmental literature on reward processing is marked by inconsistencies due to the heterogeneity of the reward paradigms used, the complexity of the behaviors being studied, and the developing brain itself as a moving target. The present review will examine task design as one source of variability across findings by compiling this literature along three dimensions: (1) task structures, (2) cognitive processes, and (3) neural systems. We start with the presentation of a heuristic neural systems model, the Triadic Model, as a way to provide a theoretical framework for the neuroscience research on motivated behaviors. We then discuss the principles guiding reward task development. Finally, we review the extant developmental neuroimaging literature on reward-related processing, organized by reward task type. We hope that this approach will help to clarify the literature on the functional neurodevelopment of reward-related neural systems, and to identify the role of the experimental parameters that significantly influence these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Richards
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland College Park, 2103R Cole Field House, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20741, USA
| | - Rista C. Plate
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Waisman Center, Room 387, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Monique Ernst
- National Institute of Mental Health, NIMH-Building 15-K, Room 110, MSC-2670, Bethesda, MD 20817-2670, USA
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40
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Crowley MJ, Wu J, Hommer RE, South M, Molfese PJ, Fearon RMP, Mayes LC. A developmental study of the feedback-related negativity from 10-17 years: age and sex effects for reward versus non-reward. Dev Neuropsychol 2013; 38:595-612. [PMID: 24219697 PMCID: PMC3992989 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2012.694512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We employed event-related potentials to examine the feedback-related negativity (FRN), during a non-learning reward versus non-reward task. We compared 10-12-year-old, 13-14-year-old, and 15-17-year-old youth (n = 91). Age effects included a larger FRN for younger age groups, regardless of feedback type, and a decrease in peak latency for feedback, across age groups as a linear trend. Males showed larger responses irrespective of feedback type and longer latency for rewarded feedback. Source modeling revealed reward/non-reward differences in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and orbitofrontal cortex, most strongly in the subgenual ACC. Males showed more subgenual ACC activity for feedback overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Crowley
- a Yale Child Study Center , Yale School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut
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Abstract
Converging evidence, including observations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), suggests that dopamine plays a role in impulsivity. This multi-faceted construct includes considerations of both time and risk; determining how these more specific processes are affected by PD and dopaminergic treatment can inform neurobiological models. We examined the effects of PD and its treatment on temporal discounting and risky decision-making in a cohort of 23 mild-moderate PD patients and 20 healthy participants. Patients completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task and a temporal discounting paradigm both on and off their usual dopamine replacement therapy. PD patients did not differ from controls in their initial risk-taking on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task, but took progressively more risks across trials when on medication. A subset of patients and controls was tested again, 1.5-3 years later, to explore the effects of disease progression. On follow-up, baseline risk-taking diminished in patients, but the tendency to take increasing risks across trials persisted. Neither disease progression nor its treatment affected the temporal discounting rate. These findings suggest a different neural basis for temporal discounting and risk-taking, and demonstrate that risk-taking can be further decomposed into initial and trial-by-trial effects, with dopamine affecting only the latter.
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An electrophysiological monetary incentive delay (e-MID) task: A way to decompose the different components of neural response to positive and negative monetary reinforcement. J Neurosci Methods 2012; 209:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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McPartland JC, Crowley MJ, Perszyk DR, Mukerji CE, Naples AJ, Wu J, Mayes LC. Preserved reward outcome processing in ASD as revealed by event-related potentials. J Neurodev Disord 2012; 4:16. [PMID: 22958616 PMCID: PMC3436639 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Problems with reward system function have been posited as a primary difficulty in autism spectrum disorders. The current study examined an electrophysiological marker of feedback monitoring, the feedback-related negativity (FRN), during a monetary reward task. The study advanced prior understanding by focusing exclusively on a developmental sample, applying rigorous diagnostic characterization and introducing an experimental paradigm providing more subtly different feedback valence (reward versus non-reward instead of reward versus loss). Methods Twenty-six children with autism spectrum disorder and 28 typically developing peers matched on age and full-scale IQ played a guessing game resulting in monetary gain (“win”) or neutral outcome (“draw”). ERP components marking early visual processing (N1, P2) and feedback appraisal (FRN) were contrasted between groups in each condition, and their relationships to behavioral measures of social function and dysfunction, social anxiety, and autism symptomatology were explored. Results FRN was observed on draw trials relative to win trials. Consistent with prior research, children with ASD exhibited a FRN to suboptimal outcomes that was comparable to typical peers. ERP parameters were unrelated to behavioral measures. Conclusions Results of the current study indicate typical patterns of feedback monitoring in the context of monetary reward in ASD. The study extends prior findings of normative feedback monitoring to a sample composed exclusively of children and demonstrates that, as in typical development, individuals with autism exhibit a FRN to suboptimal outcomes, irrespective of neutral or negative valence. Results do not support a pervasive problem with reward system function in ASD, instead suggesting any dysfunction lies in more specific domains, such as social perception, or in response to particular feedback-monitoring contexts, such as self-evaluation of one’s errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C McPartland
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Bogg T, Fukunaga R, Finn PR, Brown JW. Cognitive control links alcohol use, trait disinhibition, and reduced cognitive capacity: Evidence for medial prefrontal cortex dysregulation during reward-seeking behavior. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 122:112-8. [PMID: 21992873 PMCID: PMC3258478 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guided by the prediction of response-outcome theory of cognitive control (Alexander and Brown, 2010a), the present study examined reward-seeking medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity as a common neuro-functional marker of excessive alcohol consumption, trait disinhibition, and reduced cognitive capacity; all of which have shown consistent patterns of covariation in previous psychometric research (e.g., Bogg and Finn, 2010). METHODS A sample of 18-23-year-old university students with a heterogeneous prevalence of alcohol dependence was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while completing a version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (Lejuez et al., 2002). A follow-back typical weekly alcohol consumption interview, self-report measures of trait disinhibition and IQ, and a complex span working memory task also were administered. RESULTS Correlational region-of-interest analyses showed greater typical weekly alcohol consumption, greater trait disinhibition, and lower IQ were associated with greater reductions in mPFC activity during reward-seeking behaviors (successive inflation choices). The results also showed greater typical weekly alcohol consumption, greater trait disinhibition, and lower IQ were associated with greater increases in mPFC activity during reward-seeking outcomes (successive successful inflation outcomes). No significant relations with the measure of working memory were found. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest mPFC activity during risk/reward appraisal and performance monitoring is a common neuro-functional feature of co-varying expressions of excessive alcohol consumption, trait disinhibition, and lower IQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bogg
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 5057 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Rena Fukunaga
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Peter R. Finn
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Joshua W. Brown
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN 47405
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Cohen MX, Wilmes KA, van de Vijver I. Cortical electrophysiological network dynamics of feedback learning. Trends Cogn Sci 2011; 15:558-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zottoli TM, Grose-Fifer J. The feedback-related negativity (FRN) in adolescents. Psychophysiology 2011; 49:413-20. [PMID: 22091835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined age-related differences in the ERP correlates of external feedback processing (i.e., the feedback-related negativity [FRN]) in adolescent and young adult males, using a simple gambling task involving unpredictable monetary losses and gains of low and high magnitude. The FRN was larger after losses than gains, and was modulated by the magnitude of gains, but not the magnitude of losses, for all participants regardless of age. FRN amplitude was larger in adolescents than adults and also discriminated relatively less strongly between gains and losses in adolescents. In addition, the morphology of the waveform after high losses suggests that feedback in this condition may have been processed less efficiently by adolescents. Our results suggest that, although the FRN in adults and adolescents share some common characteristics, the neural processes that generate the FRN are still developing in midadolescence. These findings are discussed in the context of adolescent risk taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Zottoli
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center and John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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Santesso DL, Dzyundzyak A, Segalowitz SJ. Age, sex and individual differences in punishment sensitivity: factors influencing the feedback-related negativity. Psychophysiology 2011; 48:1481-1489. [PMID: 21711354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is central to evaluating performance outcomes and has been linked to individual differences in affective responses to feedback. We used electrophysiological source localization to examine the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and related ACC activity during a gambling task in relation to punishment and reward sensitivity among 16- to 17-year-old adolescents (n=20) and 18- to 29-year-old adults (n=30). The FRN was larger for monetary loss compared to win feedback and larger for high relative to low monetary value feedback, with no age differences in the FRN for win or loss feedback. Self-reported sensitivity to punishment accounted for unique variance (over sex and sensitivity to reward) in FRNs, with higher scores relating to larger FRNs and increased rostral ACC activity. These results support the ACC role in experiencing negative performance feedback, especially for individuals highly sensitive to punishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Santesso
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Dzyundzyak
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Larson MJ, South M, Krauskopf E, Clawson A, Crowley MJ. Feedback and reward processing in high-functioning autism. Psychiatry Res 2011; 187:198-203. [PMID: 21122921 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with high-functioning autism often display deficits in social interactions and high-level cognitive functions. Such deficits may be influenced by poor ability to process feedback and rewards. The feedback-related negativity (FRN) is an event-related potential (ERP) that is more negative following losses than gains. We examined FRN amplitude in 25 individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 25 age- and IQ-matched typically developing control participants who completed a guessing task with monetary loss/gain feedback. Both groups demonstrated a robust FRN that was more negative to loss trials than gain trials; however, groups did not differ in FRN amplitude as a function of gain or loss trials. N1 and P300 amplitudes did not differentiate groups. FRN amplitude was positively correlated with age in individuals with ASD, but not measures of intelligence, anxiety, behavioral inhibition, or autism severity. Given previous findings of reduced-amplitude error-related negativity (ERN) in ASD, we propose that individuals with ASD may process external, concrete, feedback similar to typically developing individuals, but have difficulty with internal, more abstract, regulation of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Jentsch JD, Woods JA, Groman SM, Seu E. Behavioral characteristics and neural mechanisms mediating performance in a rodent version of the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1797-806. [PMID: 20375994 PMCID: PMC3055471 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The tendency for some individuals to partake in high-risk behaviors (eg, substance abuse, gambling, risky sexual activities) is a matter of great public health concern, yet the characteristics and neural bases of this vulnerability are largely unknown. Recent work shows that this susceptibility can be partially predicted by laboratory measures of reward seeking under risk, including the Balloon Analog Risk Task. Rats were trained to respond on two levers: one of which (the 'add lever') increased the size of a potential food reward and a second (the 'cash-out lever') that led to delivery of accrued reward. Crucially, each add-lever response was also associated with a risk that the trial would fail and no reward would be delivered. The relative probabilities that each add-lever press would lead to an addition food pellet or to trial failure (risk) were orthogonally varied. Rats exhibited a pattern of responding characteristic of incentive motivation and risk aversion, with a subset of rats showing traits of high-risk taking and/or suboptimal responding. Neural inactivation studies suggest that the orbitofrontal cortex supports greater reward seeking in the presence or absence of risk, whereas the medial prefrontal cortex is required for optimization of patterns of responding. These findings provide new information about the neural circuitry of decision making under risk and reveal new insights into the biological determinants of risk-taking behaviors that may be useful in developing biomarkers of vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James David Jentsch
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
| | - Jason A Woods
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie M Groman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emanuele Seu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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