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Smith AM, Ray TJ, Hulitt AA, Vita SM, Warrington JP, Santos CDSE, Grayson BE. High-fat diet consumption negatively influences closed-head traumatic brain injury in a pediatric rodent model. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114888. [PMID: 39009176 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of emergency room visits in children, and it is a leading cause of death in juveniles in the United States. Similarly, a high proportion of this population consumes diets that are high in saturated fats, and millions of children are overweight or obese. The goal of the present study was to assess the relationship between diet and TBI on cognitive and cerebrovascular outcomes in juvenile rats. In the current study, groups of juvenile male Long Evans rats were subjected to either mild TBI via the Closed-Head Injury Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA) or underwent sham procedures. The animals were provided with either a combination of high-fat diet and a mixture of high-fructose corn syrup (HFD/HFCS) or a standard chow diet (CH) for 9 days prior to injury. Prior to injury, the animals were trained on the Morris water maze for three consecutive days, and they underwent a post-injury trial on the day of the injury. Immediately after TBI, the animals' righting reflexes were tested. Four days post-injury, the animals were euthanized, and brain samples and blood plasma were collected for qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and triglyceride assays. Additional subsets of animals were used to investigate cerebrovascular perfusion using Laser Speckle and perform immunohistochemistry for endothelial cell marker RECA. Following TBI, the righting reflex was significantly increased in TBI rats, irrespective of diet. The TBI worsened the rats' performance in the post-injury trial of the water maze at 3 h, p(injury) < 0.05, but not at 4 days post-injury. Reduced cerebrovascular blood flow using Laser Speckle was demonstrated in the cerebellum, p(injury) < 0.05, but not foci of the cerebral cortices or superior sagittal sinus. Immunoreactive staining for RECA in the cortex and corpus callosum was significantly reduced in HFD/HFCS TBI rats, p < 0.05. qRT-PCR showed significant increases in APOE, CREB1, FCGR2B, IL1B, and IL6, particularly in the hippocampus. The results from this study offer robust evidence that HFD/HFCS negatively influences TBI outcomes with respect to cognition and cerebrovascular perfusion of relevant brain regions in the juvenile rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie M Smith
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | - Trenton J Ray
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | - Alicia A Hulitt
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | - Sydney M Vita
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70116, United States of America.
| | - Junie P Warrington
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
| | | | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America; Department of Population Health Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, United States of America.
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2
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Massé I, Moquin L, Bouchard C, Gratton A, De Beaumont L. Uninterrupted in vivo cerebral microdialysis measures of the acute neurochemical response to a single or repeated concussion in a rat model combining force and rotation. Brain Res 2024; 1838:148998. [PMID: 38754802 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Altered extracellular amino acid concentrations following concussion or mild traumatic brain injury can result in delayed neuronal damage through overactivation of NMDA glutamatergic receptors. However, the consequences of repeated concussions prior to complete recovery are not well understood. In this study, we utilized in vivo cerebral microdialysis and a weight-drop model to investigate the acute neurochemical response to single and repeated concussions in adult rats that were fully conscious. A microdialysis probe was inserted into the hippocampus and remained in place during impact. Primary outcomes included concentrations of glutamate, GABA, taurine, glycine, glutamine, and serine, while secondary outcomes were righting times and excitotoxic indices. Compared to sham injury, the first concussion resulted in significant increases in glutamate, GABA, taurine, and glycine levels, longer righting times, and higher excitotoxic indices. Following the second concussion, righting times were significantly longer, suggesting cumulative effects of repeated concussion while only partial increases were observed in glutamate and taurine levels. GABA and glycine levels, and excitotoxic indices were comparable to sham injury. These findings suggest that single and repeated concussions may induce acute increases in several amino acids, while repeated concussions could exacerbate neurological symptoms despite less pronounced neurochemical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Massé
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Ouest Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4J 1C5, Canada.
| | - Luc Moquin
- Research Center, Douglas Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Caroline Bouchard
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Ouest Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Alain Gratton
- Research Center, Douglas Institute, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Louis De Beaumont
- Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Gouin Ouest Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H4J 1C5, Canada; Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Clay AM, Carr RL, DuBien JL, To F. Short-term behavioral and histological findings following a single concussive and repeated subconcussive brain injury in a rodent model. Brain Inj 2024; 38:827-834. [PMID: 38704844 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2349144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE It is unclear of the correlation between a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and repeated subconcussive (RSC) impacts with respect to injury biomechanics. Thus, the present study was designed to determine the behavioral and histological differences between a single mTBI impact and RSC impacts with subdivided cumulative kinetic energies of the single mTBI impact. RESEARCH DESIGN Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a single mTBI impact, RSC impact, sham, or repeated sham groups. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Following a weight drop injury, anxiety-like behavior and general locomotive activity and were assessed using the open field test, while motor coordination was evaluated using a rotarod unit. Neuronal loss, astrogliosis, and microgliosis were assessed using NeuN, GFAP and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry. All assessments were undertaken at 3- and 7-days post impact. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS No behavioral disturbances were observed in injury groups, however, both injury groups did lead to microgliosis following 3-days post-impact. CONCLUSIONS No pathophysiological differences were observed between a single mTBI impact and RSC impacts of the same energy input. Even though a cumulative injury threshold for RSC impacts was not determined, a threshold still may exist where no pathodynamic shift occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie Clay
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Russell L Carr
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Janice L DuBien
- Department of Statistics, Mississippi University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Filip To
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
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4
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Ortiz JB, Tellez S, Rampal G, Mannino GS, Couillard N, Mendez M, Green TRF, Murphy SM, Rowe RK. Diffuse traumatic brain injury substantially alters plasma growth hormone in the juvenile rat. J Endocrinol 2024; 260:e230157. [PMID: 37855319 PMCID: PMC10692649 DOI: 10.1530/joe-23-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can damage the hypothalamus and cause improper activation of the growth hormone (GH) axis, leading to growth hormone deficiency (GHD). GHD is one of the most prevalent endocrinopathies following TBI in adults; however, the extent to which GHD affects juveniles remains understudied. We used postnatal day 17 rats (n = 83), which model the late infantile/toddler period, and assessed body weights, GH levels, and number of hypothalamic somatostatin neurons at acute (1, 7 days post injury (DPI)) and chronic (18, 25, 43 DPI) time points. We hypothesized that diffuse TBI would alter circulating GH levels because of damage to the hypothalamus, specifically somatostatin neurons. Data were analyzed with generalized linear and mixed effects models with fixed effects interactions between the injury and time. Despite similar growth rates over time with age, TBI rats weighed less than shams at 18 DPI (postnatal day 35; P = 0.03, standardized effect size [d] = 1.24), which is around the onset of puberty. Compared to shams, GH levels were lower in the TBI group during the acute period (P = 0.196; d = 12.3) but higher in the TBI group during the chronic period (P = 0.10; d = 52.1). Although not statistically significant, TBI-induced differences in GH had large standardized effect sizes, indicating biological significance. The mean number of hypothalamic somatostatin neurons (an inhibitor of GH) positively predicted GH levels in the hypothalamus but did not predict GH levels in the somatosensory cortex. Understanding TBI-induced alterations in the GH axis may identify therapeutic targets to improve the quality of life of pediatric survivors of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bryce Ortiz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Sebastian Tellez
- Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Giri Rampal
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Grant S Mannino
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole Couillard
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Matias Mendez
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Tabitha R F Green
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean M Murphy
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Hoogenboom WS, Rubin TG, Ambadipudi K, Cui MH, Ye K, Foster H, Elkouby E, Liu J, Branch CA, Lipton ML. Evolving brain and behaviour changes in rats following repetitive subconcussive head impacts. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad316. [PMID: 38046094 PMCID: PMC10691880 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern that repetitive subconcussive head impacts, independent of concussion, alter brain structure and function, and may disproportionately affect the developing brain. Animal studies of repetitive subconcussive head impacts are needed to begin to characterize the pathological basis and mechanisms underlying imaging and functional effects of repetitive subconcussive head impacts seen in humans. Since repetitive subconcussive head impacts have been largely unexplored in animals, we aimed to characterize the evolution of imaging, behavioural and pathological effects of repetitive subconcussive head impacts in awake adolescent rodents. Awake male and female Sprague Dawley rats (postnatal Day 35) received 140 closed-head impacts over the course of a week. Impacted and sham-impacted animals were restrained in a plastic cone, and unrestrained control animals were included to account for effects of restraint and normal development. Animals (n = 43) underwent repeated diffusion tensor imaging prior to and over 1 month following the final impact. A separate cohort (n = 53) was assessed behaviourally for fine motor control, emotional-affective behaviour and memory at acute and chronic time points. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses, which were exploratory in nature due to smaller sample sizes, were completed at 1 month following the final impact. All animals tolerated the protocol with no overt changes in behaviour or stigmata of traumatic brain injury, such as alteration of consciousness, intracranial haemorrhage or skull fracture. We detected longitudinal, sex-dependent diffusion tensor imaging changes (fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity decline) in corpus callosum and external capsule of repetitive subconcussive head impact animals, which diverged from both sham and control. Compared to sham animals, repetitive subconcussive head impact animals exhibited acute but transient mild motor deficits. Repetitive subconcussive head impact animals also exhibited chronic anxiety and spatial memory impairment that differed from the control animals, but these effects were not different from those seen in the sham condition. We observed trends in the data for thinning of the corpus callosum as well as regions with elevated Iba-1 in the corpus callosum and cerebral white matter among repetitive subconcussive head impact animals. While replication with larger study samples is needed, our findings suggest that subconcussive head impacts cause microstructural tissue changes in the developing rat brain, which are detectable with diffusion tensor imaging, with suggestion of correlates in tissue pathology and behaviour. The results point to potential mechanisms underpinning consequences of subconcussive head impacts that have been described in humans. The congruence of our imaging findings with human subconcussive head impacts suggests that neuroimaging could serve as a translational bridge to advance study of injury mechanisms and development of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter S Hoogenboom
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Todd G Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NewYork, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kamalakar Ambadipudi
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Min-Hui Cui
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kenny Ye
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Henry Foster
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
| | - Esther Elkouby
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
| | - Craig A Branch
- The Gruss Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10641, USA
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael L Lipton
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, NewYork, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, NewYork, NY 10032, USA
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6
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Liu Y, Fan Z, Wang J, Dong X, Ouyang W. Modified mouse model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury through a thinned-skull window and fluid percussion. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1633-1650. [PMID: 37382058 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a clinically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder, none of the existing animal models can replicate the entire sequelae. This study aimed to develop a modified closed head injury (CHI) model of repeated mTBI (rmTBI) for investigating Ca2+ fluctuations of the affected neural network, the alternations of electrophysiology, and behavioral dysfunctions. The transcranial Ca2+ study protocol includes AAV-GCaMP6s infection in the right motor cortex, thinned-skull preparation, and two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) imaging. The CHI rmTBI model is fabricated using the thinned-skull site and applying 2.0 atm fluid percussion with 48-h interval. The neurological dysfunction, minor motor performance, evident mood, spatial working, and reference deficits we found in this study mimic the clinically relevant syndromes after mTBI. Besides, our study revealed that there was a trend of transition from Ca2+ singlepeak to multipeak and plateau, and the total Ca2+ activities of multipeaks and plateaus (p < .001 vs. pre-rmTBI value) were significantly increased in ipsilateral layer 2/3 motor neurons after rm TBI. In parallel, there is a low-frequency power shift from delta to theta band (p < .01 vs. control) in the ipsilateral layer 2/3 of motor cortex of the rmTBI mice, and the overall firing rates significantly increased (p < .01 vs. control). Moreover, rmTBI causes slight cortical and hippocampal neuron damage and possibly induces neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). The alternations of Ca2+ and electrophysiological characteristics in layer 2/3 neuronal network, histopathological changes, and possible neurogenesis may play concertedly and partially contribute to the functional outcome post-rmTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Liu
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhiheng Fan
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xuefen Dong
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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7
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McNerney MW, Gurkoff GG, Beard C, Berryhill ME. The Rehabilitation Potential of Neurostimulation for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Animal and Human Studies. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1402. [PMID: 37891771 PMCID: PMC10605899 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurostimulation carries high therapeutic potential, accompanied by an excellent safety profile. In this review, we argue that an arena in which these tools could provide breakthrough benefits is traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a major health problem worldwide, with the majority of cases identified as mild TBI (mTBI). MTBI is of concern because it is a modifiable risk factor for dementia. A major challenge in studying mTBI is its inherent heterogeneity across a large feature space (e.g., etiology, age of injury, sex, treatment, initial health status, etc.). Parallel lines of research in human and rodent mTBI can be collated to take advantage of the full suite of neuroscience tools, from neuroimaging (electroencephalography: EEG; functional magnetic resonance imaging: fMRI; diffusion tensor imaging: DTI) to biochemical assays. Despite these attractive components and the need for effective treatments, there are at least two major challenges to implementation. First, there is insufficient understanding of how neurostimulation alters neural mechanisms. Second, there is insufficient understanding of how mTBI alters neural function. The goal of this review is to assemble interrelated but disparate areas of research to identify important gaps in knowledge impeding the implementation of neurostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Windy McNerney
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (M.W.M.); (C.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gene G. Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553, USA
| | - Charlotte Beard
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA; (M.W.M.); (C.B.)
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marian E. Berryhill
- Programs in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, and Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Panchenko PE, Hippauf L, Konsman JP, Badaut J. Do astrocytes act as immune cells after pediatric TBI? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 185:106231. [PMID: 37468048 PMCID: PMC10530000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are in contact with the vasculature, neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia, forming a local network with various functions critical for brain homeostasis. One of the primary responders to brain injury are astrocytes as they detect neuronal and vascular damage, change their phenotype with morphological, proteomic and transcriptomic transformations for an adaptive response. The role of astrocytic responses in brain dysfunction is not fully elucidated in adult, and even less described in the developing brain. Children are vulnerable to traumatic brain injury (TBI), which represents a leading cause of death and disability in the pediatric population. Pediatric brain trauma, even with mild severity, can lead to long-term health complications, such as cognitive impairments, emotional disorders and social dysfunction later in life. To date, the underlying pathophysiology is still not fully understood. In this review, we focus on the astrocytic response in pediatric TBI and propose a potential immune role of the astrocyte in response to trauma. We discuss the contribution of astrocytes in the local inflammatory cascades and secretion of various immunomodulatory factors involved in the recruitment of local microglial cells and peripheral immune cells through cerebral blood vessels. Taken together, we propose that early changes in the astrocytic phenotype can alter normal development of the brain, with long-term consequences on neurological outcomes, as described in preclinical models and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Hippauf
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jerome Badaut
- CNRS UMR 5536 RMSB-University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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9
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Flavin WP, Hosseini H, Ruberti JW, Kavehpour HP, Giza CC, Prins ML. Traumatic brain injury and the pathways to cerebral tau accumulation. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1239653. [PMID: 37638180 PMCID: PMC10450935 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1239653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau is a protein that has received national mainstream recognition for its potential negative impact to the brain. This review succinctly provides information on the structure of tau and its normal physiological functions, including in hibernation and changes throughout the estrus cycle. There are many pathways involved in phosphorylating tau including diabetes, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), brain injury, aging, and drug use. The common mechanisms for these processes are put into context with changes observed in mild and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). The phosphorylation of tau is a part of the progression to pathology, but the ability for tau to aggregate and propagate is also addressed. Summarizing both the functional and dysfunctional roles of tau can help advance our understanding of this complex protein, improve our care for individuals with a history of TBI, and lead to development of therapeutic interventions to prevent or reverse tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Flavin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Helia Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Ruberti
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - H. Pirouz Kavehpour
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher C. Giza
- Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mayumi L. Prins
- Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Department of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Raghupathi R, Prasad R, Fox D, Huh JW. Repeated mild closed head injury in neonatal rats results in sustained cognitive deficits associated with chronic microglial activation and neurodegeneration. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:707-721. [PMID: 37390808 PMCID: PMC10357947 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abusive head trauma in infants is a consequence of multiple episodes of abuse and results in axonal injury, brain atrophy, and chronic cognitive deficits. Anesthetized 11-day-old rats, neurologically equivalent to infants, were subjected to 1 impact/day to the intact skull for 3 successive days. Repeated, but not single impact(s) resulted in spatial learning deficits (p < 0.05 compared to sham-injured animals) up to 5 weeks postinjury. In the first week following single or repetitive brain injury, axonal and neuronal degeneration, and microglial activation were observed in the cortex, white matter, thalamus, and subiculum; the extent of the histopathologic damage was significantly greater in the repetitive-injured animals compared to single-injured animals. At 40 days postinjury, loss of cortical, white matter and hippocampal tissue was evident only in the repetitive-injured animals, along with evidence of microglial activation in the white matter tracts and thalamus. Axonal injury and neurodegeneration were evident in the thalamus up to 40 days postinjury in the repetitive-injured rats. These data demonstrate that while single closed head injury in the neonate rat is associated with pathologic alterations in the acute post-traumatic period, repetitive closed head injury results in sustained behavioral and pathologic deficits reminiscent of infants with abusive head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Raghupathi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rupal Prasad
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas Fox
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jimmy W Huh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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Chapman DP, Vicini S, Burns MP, Evans R. Single Neuron Modeling Identifies Potassium Channel Modulation as Potential Target for Repetitive Head Impacts. Neuroinformatics 2023; 21:501-516. [PMID: 37294503 PMCID: PMC10833395 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-023-09633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and repetitive head impacts can result in a wide range of neurological symptoms. Despite being the most common neurological disorder in the world, repeat head impacts and TBI do not have any FDA-approved treatments. Single neuron modeling allows researchers to extrapolate cellular changes in individual neurons based on experimental data. We recently characterized a model of high frequency head impact (HFHI) with a phenotype of cognitive deficits associated with decreases in neuronal excitability of CA1 neurons and synaptic changes. While the synaptic changes have been interrogated in vivo, the cause and potential therapeutic targets of hypoexcitability following repetitive head impacts are unknown. Here, we generated in silico models of CA1 pyramidal neurons from current clamp data of control mice and mice that sustained HFHI. We use a directed evolution algorithm with a crowding penalty to generate a large and unbiased population of plausible models for each group that approximated the experimental features. The HFHI neuron model population showed decreased voltage gated sodium conductance and a general increase in potassium channel conductance. We used partial least squares regression analysis to identify combinations of channels that may account for CA1 hypoexcitability after HFHI. The hypoexcitability phenotype in models was linked to A- and M-type potassium channels in combination, but not by any single channel correlations. We provide an open access set of CA1 pyramidal neuron models for both control and HFHI conditions that can be used to predict the effects of pharmacological interventions in TBI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Chapman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark P Burns
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Rebekah Evans
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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12
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El-Demerdash N, Pan T, Choi O, Saraswati M, Koehler RC, Robertson CL, Savonenko A. Importance of Control Groups for Evaluating Long-Term Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes of Controlled Cortical Impact in Immature Rats. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:1197-1215. [PMID: 36416234 PMCID: PMC10259614 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies are limited for pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially for the very young who can experience long-term consequences to learning, memory, and social behavior. Animal models of pediatric TBI have yielded mechanistic insights, but demonstration of clinically relevant long-term behavioral and/or cognitive deficits has been challenging. We characterized short- and long-term outcomes in a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of pediatric TBI using a panel of tests between 2 weeks and ∼4 months after injury. Male rats with CCI at postnatal Day (PND) 10 were compared with three control groups: Naïve, Anesthesia, and Craniotomy. Motor testing (PND 25-33), novel object recognition (NOR; PND 40-50), and multiple tasks in water maze (WM; PND 65-100) were followed by social interaction tests (PND 120-140). Anesthesia rats performed the same as Naïve rats in all tasks. TBI rats, when compared with Naïve controls, had functional impairments across most tests studied. The most sensitive cognitive processes affected by TBI included those that required fast one-trial learning (NOR, WM), flexibility of acquired memory traces (reversals in WM), response strategies (WM), or recognition memory in the setting of reciprocal social interactions. Both TBI and Craniotomy groups demonstrated increased rates of decision making across several WM tasks, suggesting disinhibition of motor responses. When the TBI group was compared with the Craniotomy group, however, deficits were detected in a limited number of outcomes. The latter included learning speed (WM), cognitive flexibility (WM), and social recognition memory. Notably, effects of craniotomy, when compared with Naïve controls, spanned across multiple tasks, and in some tasks, could reach the effect sizes observed in TBI. These results highlight the importance of appropriate control groups in pediatric CCI models. In addition, the study demonstrates the high sensitivity of comprehensive cognitive testing to detect long-term effects of early-age craniotomy and TBI and provides a template for future testing of experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagat El-Demerdash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tiffany Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Olivia Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Manda Saraswati
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond C. Koehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Courtney L. Robertson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alena Savonenko
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Lins BR, Anyaegbu CC, Hellewell SC, Papini M, McGonigle T, De Prato L, Shales M, Fitzgerald M. Cannabinoids in traumatic brain injury and related neuropathologies: preclinical and clinical research on endogenous, plant-derived, and synthetic compounds. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:77. [PMID: 36935484 PMCID: PMC10026409 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is common, and often results in debilitating consequences. Even mild traumatic brain injury leaves approximately 20% of patients with symptoms that persist for months. Despite great clinical need there are currently no approved pharmaceutical interventions that improve outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Increased understanding of the endocannabinoid system in health and disease has accompanied growing evidence for therapeutic benefits of Cannabis sativa. This has driven research of Cannabis' active chemical constituents (phytocannabinoids), alongside endogenous and synthetic counterparts, collectively known as cannabinoids. Also of therapeutic interest are other Cannabis constituents, such as terpenes. Cannabinoids interact with neurons, microglia, and astrocytes, and exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects which are highly desirable for the management of traumatic brain injury. In this review, we comprehensively appraised the relevant scientific literature, where major and minor phytocannabinoids, terpenes, synthetic cannabinoids, and endogenous cannabinoids were assessed in TBI, or other neurological conditions with pathology and symptomology relevant to TBI, as well as recent studies in preclinical TBI models and clinical TBI populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney R Lins
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chidozie C Anyaegbu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Sarah C Hellewell
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Melissa Papini
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
| | - Terence McGonigle
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
| | - Luca De Prato
- MediCann Health Aust Pty Ltd, Osborne Park, 6017, Australia
| | - Matthew Shales
- MediCann Health Aust Pty Ltd, Osborne Park, 6017, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, 6009, Australia
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14
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Wilson RJ, Bell MR, Giordano KR, Seyburn S, Kozlowski DA. Repeat subconcussion in the adult rat gives rise to behavioral deficits similar to a single concussion but different depending upon sex. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114206. [PMID: 36356721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although concussions are a popular focus of neurotrauma research, subconcussions occur with higher frequency but are less well-studied. A subconcussion is an impact to the head that does not result in immediately diagnosable concussion but can result in later neurological consequences. Repeat subconcussions can produce behavioral impairments and neuropathology that is similar to or worse than those seen following a single concussion. The current study modified a previously established closed head injury model of concussion to create a subconcussion model and examines sex differences in behavioral responses to repeated subconcussion in the adult rat. Rats received a single concussion, single or repeat subconcussions, or no impact and behavior was monitored from 2 h through 31 days post-injury. A single concussion or repeat subconcussion resulted in deficits in locomotion, righting reflexes, and recognition memory. The degree of deficit induced by repeat subconcussions were either similar (righting reflexes) or greater/more persistent (locomotor deficits and recognition memory) than that of a concussion. Single subconcussion resulted in acute deficits that were mild and limited to righting reflexes and locomotion. Sex differences were observed in responses to repeat subconcussion: females showed greater deficits in righting reflexes, locomotion, and vestibular function, while males showed greater alterations in anxiety and depressive-like behavior. This study established a model of subconcussive impact where a single subconcussive impact resulted in minimal behavioral deficits but repeat subconcussions resulted in deficits similar to or worse than a single concussion. Our data also suggest sex differences in behavioral responses to both concussive and subconcussive impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325 N. Clifton, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Margaret R Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325 N. Clifton, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, 1110 W. Belden, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Katherine R Giordano
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325 N. Clifton, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Serena Seyburn
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325 N. Clifton, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Dorothy A Kozlowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325 N. Clifton, Chicago, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, DePaul University, 2325 N. Clifton, Chicago, IL, USA.
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15
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Macdonald ND, Baumann O. Predictors of concussion reporting intentions in adolescent hockey players. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 43:1-7. [PMID: 36819751 PMCID: PMC9918826 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Young athletes who do not report a concussion injury are at greater risk for a prolonged recovery time and further neurocognitive impairments. Despite the seriousness of the issue and the scale of the problem, not enough is known about the behavioural underpinnings of concussion underreporting in minor athletes. This paper aims to apply the Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviour (KAB) framework to the issue of injury reporting in adolescents, with the specific purpose of exploring to which degree concussion knowledge, concussion attitudes, and gender affect concussion reporting intentions of both male and female athletes. We recruited 97 young athletes between the ages of 14 and 19 (M = 16.22, SD = 11.06) from the Okanagan Hockey Academy (Canada) and employed a self-administered supervised survey approach to measuring the target variables. A hierarchical multiple regression was conducted, and consistent with the prior literature, females were more likely to report a sport-related concussion than males. It was further found that attitudes around concussions (i.e., taking concussions seriously) were significant predictors of concussion reporting intention. At the same time, there was no significant relationship between concussion knowledge and concussion reporting intention. These results highlight that knowledge about concussion symptoms is insufficient to warrant proper injury reporting. It will therefore be essential to work on changing the attitudes of young athletes regarding the significance of concussions to achieve meaningful behavioural change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Baumann
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD Australia
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16
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Dhote VV, Samundre P, Upaganlawar AB, Ganeshpurkar A. Gene Therapy for Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges in Resolving Long-term Consequences of Brain Damage. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:3-19. [PMID: 34814817 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666211123101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gene therapy is alluring not only for CNS disorders but also for other pathological conditions. Gene therapy employs the insertion of a healthy gene into the identified genome to replace or replenish genes responsible for pathological disorder or damage due to trauma. The last decade has seen a drastic change in the understanding of vital aspects of gene therapy. Despite the complexity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), the advent of gene therapy in various neurodegenerative disorders has reinforced the ongoing efforts of alleviating TBI-related outcomes with gene therapy. The review highlights the genes modulated in response to TBI and evaluates their impact on the severity and duration of the injury. We have reviewed strategies that pinpointed the most relevant gene targets to restrict debilitating events of brain trauma and utilize vector of choice to deliver the gene of interest at the appropriate site. We have made an attempt to summarize the long-term neurobehavioral consequences of TBI due to numerous pathometabolic perturbations associated with a plethora of genes. Herein, we shed light on the basic pathological mechanisms of brain injury, genetic polymorphism in individuals susceptible to severe outcomes, modulation of gene expression due to TBI, and identification of genes for their possible use in gene therapy. The review also provides insights on the use of vectors and challenges in translations of this gene therapy to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin V Dhote
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP, 462044, India
| | - Prem Samundre
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP, 462044, India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- SNJB's Shree Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Chandwad, Nasik, Maharashtra, 423101, India
| | - Aditya Ganeshpurkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri Ram Institute of Technology, Jabalpur, MP, India
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17
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Fronczak KM, Roberts A, Svirsky S, Parry M, Holets E, Henchir J, Dixon CE, Carlson SW. Assessment of behavioral, neuroinflammatory, and histological responses in a model of rat repetitive mild fluid percussion injury at 2 weeks post-injury. Front Neurol 2022; 13:945735. [PMID: 36341117 PMCID: PMC9630846 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.945735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) is a prominent public health concern, with linkage to debilitating chronic sequelae. Developing reliable and well-characterized preclinical models of rmTBI is imperative in the investigation of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, as models can have varying parameters, affecting the overall pathology of the resulting injury. The lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) model is a reliable and frequently used method of TBI replication in rodent subjects, though it is currently relatively underutilized in rmTBI research. In this study, we have performed a novel description of a variation of the lateral repetitive mild FPI (rmFPI) model, showing the graded acute behavioral impairment and histopathology occurring in response to one, two or four mild FPI (1.25 atm) or sham surgeries, implemented 24h apart. Beam walking performance revealed significant motor impairment in injured animals, with dysfunction increasing with additional injury. Based upon behavioral responses and histological observations, we further investigated the subacute pathophysiological outcomes of the dual FPI (dFPI). Immunoreactivity assessments showed that dFPI led to regionally-specific reductions in the post-synaptic protein neurogranin and increased subcortical white matter staining of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin at 2 weeks following dFPI. Immunohistochemical assessments of the microglial marker Iba-1 showed a striking increase in in several brain regions, and assessment of the astrocytic marker GFAP showed significantly increased immunoreactivity in the subcortical white matter and thalamus. With this study, we have provided a novel account of the subacute post injury outcomes occurring in response to a rmFPI utilizing these injury and frequency parameters, and thereby also demonstrating the reliability of the lateral FPI model in rmTBI replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Roberts
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Svirsky
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Madison Parry
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Erik Holets
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jeremy Henchir
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Shaun W. Carlson
- Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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18
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Toman E, Hodgson S, Riley M, Welbury R, Di Pietro V, Belli A. Concussion in the UK: a contemporary narrative review. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2022; 7:e000929. [PMID: 36274785 PMCID: PMC9582316 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2022-000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussion has been receiving an increasing amount of media exposure following several high-profile professional sports controversies and multimillion-dollar lawsuits. The potential life-changing sequalae of concussion and the rare, but devasting, second impact syndrome have also gained much attention. Despite this, our knowledge of the pathological processes involved is limited and often extrapolated from research into more severe brain injuries. As there is no objective diagnostic test for concussion. Relying on history and examination only, the diagnosis of concussion has become the rate-limiting step in widening research into the disease. Clinical study protocols therefore frequently exclude the most vulnerable groups of patients such as those with existing cognitive impairment, concurrent intoxication, mental health issues or learning difficulties. This up-to-date narrative review aims to summarize our current concussion knowledge and provides an insight into promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Toman
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sam Hodgson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Max Riley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard Welbury
- School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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19
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Defining Experimental Variability in Actuator-Driven Closed Head Impact in Rats. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:1187-1202. [PMID: 35994166 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a world-wide health challenge that lacks tools for diagnosis and treatment. There is a need for translational preclinical models to effectively design clinical tools, however, the diversity of models is a barrier to reproducible studies. Actuator-driven closed head impact (AD-CHI) models have translational advantages in replicating the pathophysiological and behavioral outcomes resulting from impact TBI. The main advantages of AD-CHI protocols include versatility of impact parameters such as impact angle, velocity, depth, and dwell time with the ability to interchange tip types, leading to consistent outcomes without the need for craniectomy. Sources of experimental variability within AD-CHI rat models are identified within this review with the aim of supporting further characterization to improve translational value. Primary areas of variability may be attributed to lack of standardization of head stabilization methods, reporting of tip properties, and performance of acute neurological assessments. AD-CHI models were also found to be more prevalently used among pediatric and repeated TBI paradigms. As this model continues to grow in use, establishing the relationships between impact parameters and associated injury outcomes will reduce experimental variability between research groups and encourage meaningful discussions as the community moves towards common data elements.
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20
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Exploring Vestibular/Ocular and Cognitive Dysfunction as Prognostic Factors for Protracted Recovery in Sports-Related Concussion Patients Aged 8 to 12 Years. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:408-414. [PMID: 34516435 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the prognostic ability of the vestibular/ocular motor screening (VOMS), King-Devick (K-D) Test, and C3 Logix Trails A and B to identify protracted recovery from sports-related concussion (SRC) in patients aged 8 to 12 years. DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING Specialty pediatric sports concussion clinic. PARTICIPANTS A total of 114 youth athletes aged 8 to 12 years who were diagnosed with an SRC within 7 days of injury. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES A positive screen on the VOMS, K-D, and C3 Logix Trails A and Trails B. Combined positive screens on multiple tests (ie, 2, 3, or all 4 positive screens of 4 possible). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Recovery time in days and protracted recovery (recovery time ≥30-days) were the primary outcomes of interest. RESULTS A positive VOMS screen was associated with 1.31 greater days to SRC recovery ( P = 0.02) than a negative VOMS screen. The K-D and C3 Logix tests were not significantly associated with recovery time, nor were any combinations of tests ( P > 0.05). The VOMS demonstrated moderate prognostic ability to predict normal recovery (negative predictive value = 80.78% [95% CI = 63.73-90.95]). Overall predictive accuracy of normal versus protracted recovery was strongest when a participant screened positive on all 4 tests (Accuracy = 76.32% [95% CI = 67.45-83.78]). CONCLUSIONS The VOMS was associated with overall recovery time and proved to be a useful test to identify those who would experience a normal recovery time. Combining the 4 tests improved the prognostic accuracy of the protocol in predicting protracted versus normal recovery. These findings suggest that combining multiple, varied assessments of cognition and vestibular/ocular functions may better explain factors contributing to protracted recovery.
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21
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McCorkle TA, Romm ZL, Raghupathi R. Repeated Mild TBI in Adolescent Rats Reveals Sex Differences in Acute and Chronic Behavioral Deficits. Neuroscience 2022; 493:52-68. [PMID: 35469970 PMCID: PMC10074545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High school students who participate in contact sports are vulnerable to sustaining multiple concussions and exhibit deficits in cognitive function in both the acute and chronic phases and in emotional behavior in the chronic phase. Further, boys are more likely to suffer cognitive problems whereas girls tend to report depression and anxiety. The effects of repetitive mild TBI in adolescent (35-40-day old) male and female Sprague-Dawley rats on object location and spatial working memory (hippocampal-dependent) and object recognition memory (hippocampal-independent) at 1-and-4-weeks post-injury along with trait-dependent anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors at 5 weeks were examined. Compared to sham-injured rats, male brain-injured rats demonstrated significant impairment in both hippocampal-dependent and -independent memory tasks at both time points, whereas female brain-injured rats only exhibited impairment in these tests at the 4-week time point. In contrast, depressive-like behaviors were present in the forced swim test in only the female brain-injured animals at 5 weeks post-injury; anxiety-like behaviors were not evident in either male or female brain-injured animals. Histological analysis at 6 weeks after injury revealed that repeated mild TBI in male and female adolescent rats resulted in increased reactivity of astrocytes and microglia within the corpus callosum below the impact site and in the stratum oriens and stratum pyramidale of the CA2 region of the dorsal hippocampus. Together, these data are indicative of the differences in the temporal pattern of post-traumatic behavioral deficits between male and female animals and that female animals may be more likely to develop deficits in the chronic post-traumatic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A McCorkle
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - Z L Romm
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - R Raghupathi
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States.
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22
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Brothers RO, Bitarafan S, Pybus AF, Wood LB, Buckley EM. Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/61504. [PMID: 35695529 PMCID: PMC9199585 DOI: 10.3791/61504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a significant public health problem. Repeated exposure to mTBI can lead to cumulative, long-lasting functional deficits. Numerous studies by our group and others have shown that mTBI stimulates cytokine expression and activates microglia, decreases cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and impairs cerebrovascular reactivity. Moreover, several works have reported an association between derangements in these neuroinflammatory and hemodynamic markers and cognitive impairments. Herein we detail methods to characterize the neuroinflammatory and hemodynamic tissue response to mTBI in mice. Specifically, we describe how to perform a weight-drop model of mTBI, how to longitudinally measure cerebral blood flow using a non-invasive optical technique called diffuse correlation spectroscopy, and how to perform a Luminex multiplexed immunoassay on brain tissue samples to quantify cytokines and immunomodulatory phospho-proteins (e.g., within the MAPK and NFκB pathways) that respond to and regulate activity of microglia and other neural immune cells. Finally, we detail how to integrate these data using a multivariate systems analysis approach to understand the relationships between all of these variables. Understanding the relationships between these physiologic and molecular variables will ultimately enable us to identify mechanisms responsible for mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan O Brothers
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Alyssa F Pybus
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology
| | - Levi B Wood
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology;
| | - Erin M Buckley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Children's Research Scholar, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta;
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23
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Chapman DP, Sloley SS, Caccavano AP, Vicini S, Burns MP. High-Frequency Head Impact Disrupts Hippocampal Neural Ensemble Dynamics. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:763423. [PMID: 35115908 PMCID: PMC8806157 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.763423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that the cognitive impairments in a mouse model of high-frequency head impact (HFHI) are caused by chronic changes to synaptic physiology. To better understand these synaptic changes occurring after repeat head impact, we used Thy1-GcCAMP6f mice to study intracellular and intercellular calcium dynamics and neuronal ensembles in HFHI mice. We performed simultaneous calcium imaging and local field potential (LFP) recordings of the CA1 field during an early-LTP paradigm in acute hippocampal slice preparations 24 h post-impact. As previously reported, HFHI causes a decrease in early-LTP in the absence of any shift in the input-output curve. Calcium analytics revealed that HFHI hippocampal slices have similar numbers of active ROIs, however, the number of calcium transients per ROI was significantly increased in HFHI slices. Ensembles consist of coordinated activity between groups of active ROIs. We exposed the CA1 ensemble to Schaffer-collateral stimulation in an abbreviated LTP paradigm and observed novel coordinated patterns of post stimulus calcium ensemble activity. HFHI ensembles displayed qualitatively similar patterns of post-stimulus ensemble activity to shams but showed significant changes in quantitative ensemble inactivation and reactivation. Previous in vivo and in vitro reports have shown that ensemble activity frequently occurs through a similar set of ROIs firing in a repeating fashion. HFHI slices showed a decrease in such coordinated firing patterns during post stimulus ensemble activity. The present study shows that HFHI alters synaptic activity and disrupts neuronal organization of the ensemble, providing further evidence of physiological synaptic adaptation occurring in the brain after a high frequency of non-pathological head impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Chapman
- Georgetown Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Stephanie S. Sloley
- Georgetown Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Adam P. Caccavano
- Georgetown Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Stefano Vicini
- Georgetown Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mark P. Burns
- Georgetown Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark P. Burns,
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24
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Green TRF, Murphy SM, Ortiz JB, Rowe RK. Age-At-Injury Influences the Glial Response to Traumatic Brain Injury in the Cortex of Male Juvenile Rats. Front Neurol 2022; 12:804139. [PMID: 35111130 PMCID: PMC8802670 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.804139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Few translational studies have examined how age-at-injury affects the glial response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that rats injured at post-natal day (PND) 17 would exhibit a greater glial response, that would persist into early adulthood, compared to rats injured at PND35. PND17 and PND35 rats (n = 75) received a mild to moderate midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery. In three cortical regions [peri-injury, primary somatosensory barrel field (S1BF), perirhinal], we investigated the glial response relative to age-at-injury (PND17 or PND35), time post-injury (2 hours, 1 day, 7 days, 25 days, or 43 days), and post-natal age, such that rats injured at PND17 or PND35 were compared at the same post-natal-age (e.g., PND17 + 25D post-injury = PND42; PND35 + 7D post-injury = PND42). We measured Iba1 positive microglia cells (area, perimeter) and quantified their activation status using skeletal analysis (branch length/cell, mean processes/cell, cell abundance). GFAP expression was examined using immunohistochemistry and pixel analysis. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multivariate multi-level models. Independent of age-at-injury, TBI activated microglia (shorter branches, fewer processes) in the S1BF and perirhinal cortex with more microglia in all regions compared to uninjured shams. TBI-induced microglial activation (shorter branches) was sustained in the S1BF into early adulthood (PND60). Overall, PND17 injured rats had more microglial activation in the perirhinal cortex than PND35 injured rats. Activation was not confounded by age-dependent cell size changes, and microglial cell body sizes were similar between PND17 and PND35 rats. There were no differences in astrocyte GFAP expression. Increased microglial activation in PND17 brain-injured rats suggests that TBI upregulates the glial response at discrete stages of development. Age-at-injury and aging with an injury are translationally important because experiencing a TBI at an early age may trigger an exaggerated glial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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25
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Ogino Y, Bernas T, Greer JE, Povlishock JT. Axonal injury following mild traumatic brain injury is exacerbated by repetitive insult and is linked to the delayed attenuation of NeuN expression without concomitant neuronal death in the mouse. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13034. [PMID: 34729854 PMCID: PMC8877729 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) affects brain structure and function and can lead to persistent abnormalities. Repetitive mTBI exacerbates the acute phase response to injury. Nonetheless, its long‐term implications remain poorly understood, particularly in the context of traumatic axonal injury (TAI), a player in TBI morbidity via axonal disconnection, synaptic loss and retrograde neuronal perturbation. In contrast to the examination of these processes in the acute phase of injury, the chronic‐phase burden of TAI and/or its implications for retrograde neuronal perturbation or death have received little consideration. To critically assess this issue, murine neocortical tissue was investigated at acute (24‐h postinjury, 24hpi) and chronic time points (28‐days postinjury, 28dpi) after singular or repetitive mTBI induced by central fluid percussion injury (cFPI). Neurons were immunofluorescently labeled for NeuroTrace and NeuN (all neurons), p‐c‐Jun (axotomized neurons) and DRAQ5 (cell nuclei), imaged in 3D and quantified in automated manner. Single mTBI produced axotomy in 10% of neurons at 24hpi and the percentage increased after repetitive injury. The fraction of p‐c‐Jun+ neurons decreased at 28dpi but without neuronal loss (NeuroTrace), suggesting their reorganization and/or repair following TAI. In contrast, NeuN+ neurons decreased with repetitive injury at 24hpi while the corresponding fraction of NeuroTrace+ neurons decreased over 28dpi. Attenuated NeuN expression was linked exclusively to non‐axotomized neurons at 24hpi which extended to the axotomized at 28dpi, revealing a delayed response of the axotomized neurons. Collectively, we demonstrate an increased burden of TAI after repetitive mTBI, which is most striking in the acute phase response to the injury. Our finding of widespread axotomy in large fields of intact neurons contradicts the notion that repetitive mTBI elicits progressive neuronal death, rather, emphasizing the importance of axotomy‐mediated change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Ogino
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Tytus Bernas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John E Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Surgery, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - John T Povlishock
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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26
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Anderson LM, Samineni S, Wilder DM, Lara M, Eken O, Urioste R, Long JB, Arun P. The Neurobehavioral Effects of Buprenorphine and Meloxicam on a Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Model in the Rat. Front Neurol 2021; 12:746370. [PMID: 34712199 PMCID: PMC8545992 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.746370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings have indicated that pain relieving medications such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be neuroprotective after traumatic brain injury in rodents, but only limited studies have been performed in a blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) model. In addition, many pre-clinical TBI studies performed in rodents did not use analgesics due to the possibility of neuroprotection or other changes in cognitive, behavioral, and pathology outcomes. To examine this in a pre-clinical setting, we examined the neurobehavioral changes in rats given a single pre-blast dose of meloxicam, buprenorphine, or no pain relieving medication and exposed to tightly-coupled repeated blasts in an advanced blast simulator and evaluated neurobehavioral functions up to 28 days post-blast. A 16.7% mortality rate was recorded in the rats treated with buprenorphine, which might be attributed to the physiologically depressive side effects of buprenorphine in combination with isoflurane anesthesia and acute brain injury. Rats given buprenorphine, but not meloxicam, took more time to recover from the isoflurane anesthesia given just before blast. We found that treatment with meloxicam protected repeated blast-exposed rats from vestibulomotor dysfunctions up to day 14, but by day 28 the protective effects had receded. Both pain relieving medications seemed to promote short-term memory deficits in blast-exposed animals, whereas vehicle-treated blast-exposed animals showed only a non-significant trend toward worsening short-term memory by day 27. Open field exploratory behavior results showed that blast exposed rats treated with meloxicam engaged in significantly more locomotor activities and possibly a lesser degree of responses thought to reflect anxiety and depressive-like behaviors than any of the other groups. Rats treated with analgesics to alleviate possible pain from the blast ate more than their counterparts that were not treated with analgesics, which supports that both analgesics were effective in alleviating some of the discomfort that these rats potentially experienced post-blast injury. These results suggest that meloxicam and, to a lesser extent buprenorphine alter a variety of neurobehavioral functions in a rat bTBI model and, because of their impact on these neurobehavioral changes, may be less than ideal analgesic agents for pre-clinical studies evaluating these neurobehavioral responses after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Anderson
- Veterinary Services Program, Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sridhar Samineni
- Veterinary Services Program, Center for Enabling Capabilities, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Donna M Wilder
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Marisela Lara
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ondine Eken
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Rodrigo Urioste
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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27
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Traumatic Brain Injury: An Age-Dependent View of Post-Traumatic Neuroinflammation and Its Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101624. [PMID: 34683918 PMCID: PMC8537402 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability all over the world. TBI leads to (1) an inflammatory response, (2) white matter injuries and (3) neurodegenerative pathologies in the long term. In humans, TBI occurs most often in children and adolescents or in the elderly, and it is well known that immune responses and the neuroregenerative capacities of the brain, among other factors, vary over a lifetime. Thus, age-at-injury can influence the consequences of TBI. Furthermore, age-at-injury also influences the pharmacological effects of drugs. However, the post-TBI inflammatory, neuronal and functional consequences have been mostly studied in experimental young adult animal models. The specificity and the mechanisms underlying the consequences of TBI and pharmacological responses are poorly understood in extreme ages. In this review, we detail the variations of these age-dependent inflammatory responses and consequences after TBI, from an experimental point of view. We investigate the evolution of microglial, astrocyte and other immune cells responses, and the consequences in terms of neuronal death and functional deficits in neonates, juvenile, adolescent and aged male animals, following a single TBI. We also describe the pharmacological responses to anti-inflammatory or neuroprotective agents, highlighting the need for an age-specific approach to the development of therapies of TBI.
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28
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Zanini G, De Gaetano A, Selleri V, Savino G, Cossarizza A, Pinti M, Mattioli AV, Nasi M. Mitochondrial DNA and Exercise: Implications for Health and Injuries in Sports. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102575. [PMID: 34685555 PMCID: PMC8533813 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several studies have highlighted the tight connection between mitochondria and physical activity. Mitochondrial functions are important in high-demanding metabolic activities, such as endurance sports. Moreover, regular training positively affects metabolic health by increasing mitochondrial oxidative capacity and regulating glucose metabolism. Exercise could have multiple effects, also on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and vice versa; some studies have investigated how mtDNA polymorphisms can affect the performance of general athletes and mtDNA haplogroups seem to be related to the performance of elite endurance athletes. Along with several stimuli, including pathogens, stress, trauma, and reactive oxygen species, acute and intense exercise also seem to be responsible for mtDNA release into the cytoplasm and extracellular space, leading to the activation of the innate immune response. In addition, several sports are characterized by a higher frequency of injuries, including cranial trauma, associated with neurological consequences. However, with regular exercise, circulating cell-free mtDNA levels are kept low, perhaps promoting cf-mtDNA removal, acting as a protective factor against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Zanini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Valentina Selleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Gustavo Savino
- Department of Public Healthcare, Sports Medicine Service, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (G.Z.); (A.D.G.); (V.S.); (M.P.)
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research-INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.C.); (A.V.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-205-5422
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29
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Dhote VV, Raja MKMM, Samundre P, Sharma S, Anwikar S, Upaganlawar AB. Sports Related Brain Injury and Neurodegeneration in Athletes. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:51-76. [PMID: 34515018 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210910114324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sports deserve a special place in human life to impart healthy and refreshing wellbeing. However, sports activities, especially contact sports, renders athlete vulnerable to brain injuries. Athletes participating in a contact sport like boxing, rugby, American football, wrestling, and basketball are exposed to traumatic brain injuries (TBI) or concussions. The acute and chronic nature of these heterogeneous injuries provides a spectrum of dysfunctions that alters the neuronal, musculoskeletal, and behavioral responses of an athlete. Many sports-related brain injuries go unreported, but these head impacts trigger neurometabolic disruptions that contribute to long-term neuronal impairment. The pathophysiology of post-concussion and its underlying mechanisms are undergoing intense research. It also shed light on chronic disorders like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. In this review, we examined post-concussion neurobehavioral changes, tools for early detection of signs, and their impact on the athlete. Further, we discussed the role of nutritional supplements in ameliorating neuropsychiatric diseases in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin V Dhote
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
| | | | - Prem Samundre
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
| | - Shraddha Anwikar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
| | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, VNS Group of Institutions, Bhopal, MP,462044. India
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30
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Dunn C, Sturdivant N, Venier S, Ali S, Wolchok J, Balachandran K. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown and Astrocyte Reactivity Evident in the Absence of Behavioral Changes after Repeated Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:399-410. [PMID: 34901939 PMCID: PMC8655814 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) cause debilitating effects. Without understanding the acute effects of repeated TBIs, treatment options to halt further degeneration and damage cannot be developed. This study sought to examine the acute effects of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, edema, inflammation and behavioral changes after either a single or double TBI using a C57BL/6 mouse model. We examined the effects of one or two TBIs, of either a mild or moderate severity. Double injuries were spaced 7 days apart, and all analysis was performed 24 h post-injury. To examine edema and inflammation, protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100 calcium-binding protein B, interleukin-6, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) were analyzed. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were analyzed to observe BBB dysfunction. Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) was analyzed to observe microglial activation. Rotarod, beam walking, and grip strength tests were used to measure changes in physical behavior post-injury. A sample size of ≥5 was used for all analysis. Double injuries led to an increase in BBB breakdown, as indicated by altered MMP-9, AQP4, and ZO-1 protein expression. Single injuries showed an increase in microglial activation, astrocyte activation, and BBB breakdown. Behavioral tasks showed no significant differences between injured and control groups. Based on our findings, we suggest that behavioral studies should not be used as the sole clinical indicator on brain tissue recovery. Analysis of markers such as IBA1, GFAP, MMP-9, AQP4, and ZO-1 provide valuable insight on pathophysiological response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Dunn
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nasya Sturdivant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sara Venier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, NCTR/FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jeffery Wolchok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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31
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Serpa RO, Ferguson L, Larson C, Bailard J, Cooke S, Greco T, Prins ML. Pathophysiology of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:696510. [PMID: 34335452 PMCID: PMC8319243 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.696510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The national incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) exceeds that of any other disease in the pediatric population. In the United States the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports 697,347 annual TBIs in children ages 0–19 that result in emergency room visits, hospitalization or deaths. There is a bimodal distribution within the pediatric TBI population, with peaks in both toddlers and adolescents. Preclinical TBI research provides evidence for age differences in acute pathophysiology that likely contribute to long-term outcome differences between age groups. This review will examine the timecourse of acute pathophysiological processes during cerebral maturation, including calcium accumulation, glucose metabolism and cerebral blood flow. Consequences of pediatric TBI are complicated by the ongoing maturational changes allowing for substantial plasticity and windows of vulnerabilities. This review will also examine the timecourse of later outcomes after mild, repeat mild and more severe TBI to establish developmental windows of susceptibility and altered maturational trajectories. Research progress for pediatric TBI is critically important to reveal age-associated mechanisms and to determine knowledge gaps for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka O Serpa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lindsay Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cooper Larson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julie Bailard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha Cooke
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tiffany Greco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mayumi L Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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32
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Weil ZM, Karelina K, Whitehead B, Velazquez-Cruz R, Oliverio R, Pinti M, Nwafor DC, Nicholson S, Fitzgerald JA, Hollander J, Brown CM, Zhang N, DeVries AC. Mild traumatic brain injury increases vulnerability to cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113765. [PMID: 33992581 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that TBI is an independent risk factor for subsequent stroke. Here, we tested the hypothesis that TBI would exacerbate experimental stroke outcomes via alternations in neuroimmune and neurometabolic function. We performed a mild closed-head TBI and then one week later induced an experimental stroke in adult male mice. Mice that had previously experienced TBI exhibited larger infarcts, greater functional deficits, and more pronounced neuroinflammatory responses to stroke. We hypothesized that impairments in central metabolic physiology mediated poorer outcomes after TBI. To test this, we treated mice with the insulin sensitizing drug pioglitazone (Pio) after TBI. Pio prevented the exacerbation of ischemic outcomes induced by TBI and also blocked the induction of insulin insensitivity by TBI. However, tissue respiratory function was not improved by Pio. Finally, TBI altered microvascular responses including promoting vascular accumulation of serum proteins and significantly impairing blood flow during the reperfusion period after stroke, both of which were reversed by treatment with Pio. Thus, TBI appears to exacerbate ischemic outcomes by impairing metabolic and microvascular physiology. These data have important implications because TBI patients experience strokes at greater rates than individuals without a history of head injury, but these data suggest that those strokes may also cause greater tissue damage and functional impairments in that population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Weil
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Bailey Whitehead
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ruth Velazquez-Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Robin Oliverio
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mark Pinti
- Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Mitochondria, Metabolism, & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Divine C Nwafor
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Samuel Nicholson
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julie A Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John Hollander
- Department of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Mitochondria, Metabolism, & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Candice M Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Medicine, WVU Cancer Institute, WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, BMRC, 1 Medical Center Dr., PO Box 9303, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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High-frequency head impact causes chronic synaptic adaptation and long-term cognitive impairment in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2613. [PMID: 33972519 PMCID: PMC8110563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeated head impact exposure can cause memory and behavioral impairments. Here, we report that exposure to non-damaging, but high frequency, head impacts can alter brain function in mice through synaptic adaptation. High frequency head impact mice develop chronic cognitive impairments in the absence of traditional brain trauma pathology, and transcriptomic profiling of mouse and human chronic traumatic encephalopathy brain reveal that synapses are strongly affected by head impact. Electrophysiological analysis shows that high frequency head impacts cause chronic modification of the AMPA/NMDA ratio in neurons that underlie the changes to cognition. To demonstrate that synaptic adaptation is caused by head impact-induced glutamate release, we pretreated mice with memantine prior to head impact. Memantine prevents the development of the key transcriptomic and electrophysiological signatures of high frequency head impact, and averts cognitive dysfunction. These data reveal synapses as a target of high frequency head impact in human and mouse brain, and that this physiological adaptation in response to head impact is sufficient to induce chronic cognitive impairment in mice.
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Ferguson L, Giza CC, Serpa RO, Greco T, Folkerts M, Prins ML. Recovery From Repeat Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Adolescent Rats Is Dependent on Pre-injury Activity State. Front Neurol 2021; 11:616661. [PMID: 33488505 PMCID: PMC7820072 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.616661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults have the highest incidence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); sport-related activities are a major contributor. Roughly a third of these patients diagnosed with mTBI are estimated to have received a subsequent repeat mTBI (rTBI). Previously, animal studies have only modeled mTBI in sedentary animals. This study utilizes physical activity as a dependent variable prior to rTBI in adolescent rats by allowing voluntary exercise in males, establishing the rat athlete (rathlete). Rats were given access to locked or functional running wheels for 10 d prior to sham or rTBI injury. Following rTBI, rathletes were allowed voluntary access to running wheels beginning on different days post-injury: no run (rTBI+no run), immediate run (rTBI+Immed), or 3 day delay (rTBI+3dd). Rats were tested for motor and cognitive-behavioral (anxiety, social, memory) and mechanosensory (allodynia) dysfunction using a novel rat standardized concussion assessment tool on post-injury days 1,3,5,7, and 10. Protein expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and proliferator-activated gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) was measured in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, and gastrocnemius muscle. Sedentary shams displayed lower anxiety-like behaviors compared to rathlete shams on all testing days. BDNF and PGC1α levels increased in the parietal cortex and hippocampus with voluntary exercise. In rTBI rathletes, the rTBI+Immed group showed impaired social behavior, memory impairment in novel object recognition, and increased immobility compared to rathlete shams. All rats showed greater neuropathic mechanosensory sensitivity than previously published uninjured adults, with rTBI+3dd showing greatest sensitivity. These results demonstrate that voluntary exercise changes baseline functioning of the brain, and that among rTBI rathletes, delayed return to activity improved cognitive recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ferguson
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,University of California Los Angeles, Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher C Giza
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,University of California Los Angeles, Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rebecka O Serpa
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,University of California Los Angeles, Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tiffany Greco
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,University of California Los Angeles, Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael Folkerts
- Department of Psychology, Seaver College, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, United States
| | - Mayumi L Prins
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,University of California Los Angeles, Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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35
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Ondek K, Pevzner A, Tercovich K, Schedlbauer AM, Izadi A, Ekstrom AD, Cowen SL, Shahlaie K, Gurkoff GG. Recovery of Theta Frequency Oscillations in Rats Following Lateral Fluid Percussion Corresponds With a Mild Cognitive Phenotype. Front Neurol 2020; 11:600171. [PMID: 33343499 PMCID: PMC7746872 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.600171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether from a fall, sports concussion, or even combat injury, there is a critical need to identify when an individual is able to return to play or work following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Electroencephalogram (EEG) and local field potentials (LFP) represent potential tools to monitor circuit-level abnormalities related to learning and memory: specifically, theta oscillations can be readily observed and play a critical role in cognition. Following moderate traumatic brain injury in the rat, lasting changes in theta oscillations coincide with deficits in spatial learning. We hypothesized, therefore, that theta oscillations can be used as an objective biomarker of recovery, with a return of oscillatory activity corresponding with improved spatial learning. In the current study, LFP were recorded from dorsal hippocampus and anterior cingulate in awake, behaving adult Sprague Dawley rats in both a novel environment on post-injury days 3 and 7, and Barnes maze spatial navigation on post-injury days 8–11. Theta oscillations, as measured by power, theta-delta ratio, peak theta frequency, and phase coherence, were significantly altered on day 3, but had largely recovered by day 7 post-injury. Injured rats had a mild behavioral phenotype and were not different from shams on the Barnes maze, as measured by escape latency. Injured rats did use suboptimal search strategies. Combined with our previous findings that demonstrated a correlation between persistent alterations in theta oscillations and spatial learning deficits, these new data suggest that neural oscillations, and particularly theta oscillations, have potential as a biomarker to monitor recovery of brain function following TBI. Specifically, we now demonstrate that oscillations are depressed following injury, but as oscillations recover, so does behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn Ondek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aleksandr Pevzner
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kayleen Tercovich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amber M Schedlbauer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ali Izadi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Arne D Ekstrom
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Stephen L Cowen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,McKnight Brain Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kiarash Shahlaie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gene G Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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36
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Keating CE, Cullen DK. Mechanosensation in traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 148:105210. [PMID: 33259894 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is distinct from other neurological disorders because it is induced by a discrete event that applies extreme mechanical forces to the brain. This review describes how the brain senses, integrates, and responds to forces under both normal conditions and during injury. The response to forces is influenced by the unique mechanical properties of brain tissue, which differ by region, cell type, and sub-cellular structure. Elements such as the extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, transmembrane receptors, and cytoskeleton influence its properties. These same components also act as force-sensors, allowing neurons and glia to respond to their physical environment and maintain homeostasis. However, when applied forces become too large, as in TBI, these components may respond in an aberrant manner or structurally fail, resulting in unique pathological sequelae. This so-called "pathological mechanosensation" represents a spectrum of cellular responses, which vary depending on the overall biomechanical parameters of the injury and may be compounded by repetitive injuries. Such aberrant physical responses and/or damage to cells along with the resulting secondary injury cascades can ultimately lead to long-term cellular dysfunction and degeneration, often resulting in persistent deficits. Indeed, pathological mechanosensation not only directly initiates secondary injury cascades, but this post-physical damage environment provides the context in which these cascades unfold. Collectively, these points underscore the need to use experimental models that accurately replicate the biomechanics of TBI in humans. Understanding cellular responses in context with injury biomechanics may uncover therapeutic targets addressing various facets of trauma-specific sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Keating
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, USA.
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37
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Hoffman J, Yu J, Kirstein C, Kindy MS. Combined Effects of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Alcohol Drinking on the Neuroinflammatory Cytokine Response and Cognitive Behavioral Outcomes. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110876. [PMID: 33228251 PMCID: PMC7699568 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between alcohol consumption and traumatic brain injury (TBI) often focuses on alcohol consumption increasing the likelihood of incurring a TBI, rather than alcohol use outcomes after TBI. However, patients without a history of an alcohol use disorder can also show increased problem drinking after single or multiple TBIs. Alcohol and mild TBI share diffuse deleterious neurological impacts and cognitive impairments; therefore, the purpose of these studies was to determine if an interaction on brain and behavior outcomes occurs when alcohol is consumed longitudinally after TBI. To examine the impact of mild repetitive TBI (rmTBI) on voluntary alcohol consumption, mice were subjected to four mild TBI or sham procedures over a 2 week period, then offered alcohol (20% v/v) for 2 weeks using the two-bottle choice, drinking in the dark protocol. Following the drinking period, mice were evaluated for neuroinflammatory cytokine response or tested for cognitive and behavioral deficits. Results indicate no difference in alcohol consumption or preference following rmTBI as compared to sham; however, increases in the neuroinflammatory cytokine response due to alcohol consumption and some mild cognitive behavioral deficits after rmTBI and alcohol consumption were observed. These data suggest that the cytokine response to alcohol drinking and rmTBI + alcohol drinking is not necessarily aggregate, but the combination does result in an exacerbation of cognitive behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (M.S.K.); Tel.: +1-919-843-4389 (J.H.)
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Cheryl Kirstein
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Mark S. Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (M.S.K.); Tel.: +1-919-843-4389 (J.H.)
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Shultz SR, McDonald SJ, Corrigan F, Semple BD, Salberg S, Zamani A, Jones NC, Mychasiuk R. Clinical Relevance of Behavior Testing in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2381-2400. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Department of Anatomy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bridgette D. Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabrina Salberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ondek K, Lucero S, Zwienenberg M, Gurkoff G. An implantable helmet for studying repeat TBI. MethodsX 2020; 7:101142. [PMID: 33318954 PMCID: PMC7726661 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 3.8 million traumatic brain injuries (TBI) occur each year, the majority classified as mild. Interest in models of mild and repeat mild TBI has grown due to reports of lasting morbidity following sports- or combat-related injury. There remains a paucity of data linking cellular or systems-related mechanisms to behavioral outcomes following repeat mild TBI, particularly in adolescent and adult rats. It is critical, therefore, to develop flexible models to evaluate which parameters of injury are associated with brain vulnerability or poor chronic outcome compared to normal recovery. While there are several existing models of repeat mild TBI in rodents, studying the effects of multiple hits has been complicated by the need for multiple survival surgeries, extensive pre-injury anesthesia time, and limitations due to animal skull thickness.•We developed a chronic "helmet" implant by combining aspects of the Impact Acceleration and Controlled Cortical Impact models.•Implants were performed days before injury, allowing us to decouple surgery from TBI. Critically, by pre-implanting the animals, only minimal anesthesia was required to position them under the impactor.•The implant allows for flexibility in the number and severity of injuries and interval between impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn Ondek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 1515 Newton Ct, Davis, CA 95618, United States
| | - Steven Lucero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, United States
| | - Marike Zwienenberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 1515 Newton Ct, Davis, CA 95618, United States
| | - Gene Gurkoff
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 1515 Newton Ct, Davis, CA 95618, United States
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40
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Mason SJ, Davidson BS, Lehto M, Ledreux A, Granholm AC, Gorgens KA. A Cohort Study of the Temporal Stability of ImPACT Scores Among NCAA Division I Collegiate Athletes: Clinical Implications of Test-Retest Reliability for Enhancing Student Athlete Safety. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 35:1131–1144. [PMID: 32853329 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study we examined the temporal stability of the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) within NCAA Division I athletes across various timepoints using an exhaustive series of statistical models. METHODS Within a cohort design, 48 athletes completed repeated baseline ImPACT assessments at various timepoints. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated using a two-way mixed effects model with absolute agreement. RESULTS Four ImPACT composite scores (Verbal Memory, Visual Memory, Visual Motor Speed, and Reaction Time) demonstrated moderate reliability (ICC = 0.51-0.66) across the span of a typical Division I athlete's career, which is below previous reliability recommendations (0.90) for measures used in individual decision-making. No evidence of fixed bias was detected within Verbal Memory, Visual Motor Speed, or Reaction Time composite scores, and minimal detectable change values exceeded the limits of agreement. CONCLUSIONS The demonstrated temporal stability of the ImPACT falls below the published recommendations, and as such, fails to provide robust support for the NCAA's recommendation to obtain a single preparticipation cognitive baseline for use in sports-related concussion management throughout an athlete's career. Clinical interpretation guidelines are provided for clinicians who utilize baseline ImPACT scores for later performance comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Mason
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver 80208, CO, USA
| | - Bradley S Davidson
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver 80208, CO, USA
| | - Marybeth Lehto
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver 80208, CO, USA
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver 80208, CO, USA
| | | | - Kim A Gorgens
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver 80208, CO, USA
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Ledreux A, Pryhoda MK, Gorgens K, Shelburne K, Gilmore A, Linseman DA, Fleming H, Koza LA, Campbell J, Wolff A, Kelly JP, Margittai M, Davidson BS, Granholm AC. Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Sports-Related Concussions: Biological Mechanisms and Exosomal Biomarkers. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:761. [PMID: 32848549 PMCID: PMC7406890 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in athletes can cause persistent symptoms, known as post-concussion syndrome (PCS), and repeated injuries may increase the long-term risk for an athlete to develop neurodegenerative diseases such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Center for Disease Control estimates that up to 3.8 million sport-related mTBI are reported each year in the United States. Despite the magnitude of the phenomenon, there is a current lack of comprehensive prognostic indicators and research has shown that available monitoring tools are moderately sensitive to short-term concussion effects but less sensitive to long-term consequences. The overall aim of this review is to discuss novel, quantitative, and objective measurements that can predict long-term outcomes following repeated sports-related mTBIs. The specific objectives were (1) to provide an overview of the current clinical and biomechanical tools available to health practitioners to ensure recovery after mTBIs, (2) to synthesize potential biological mechanisms in animal models underlying the long-term adverse consequences of mTBIs, (3) to discuss the possible link between repeated mTBI and neurodegenerative diseases, and (4) to discuss the current knowledge about fluid biomarkers for mTBIs with a focus on novel exosomal biomarkers. The conclusions from this review are that current post-concussion clinical tests are not sufficiently sensitive to injury and do not accurately quantify post-concussion alterations associated with repeated mTBIs. In the current review, it is proposed that current practices should be amended to include a repeated symptom inventory, a cognitive assessment of executive function and impulse control, an instrumented assessment of balance, vestibulo-ocular assessments, and an improved panel of blood or exosome biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ledreux
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Moira K. Pryhoda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kim Gorgens
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kevin Shelburne
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Anah Gilmore
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Daniel A. Linseman
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Holly Fleming
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Lilia A. Koza
- Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
- Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Julie Campbell
- Pioneer Health and Performance, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Adam Wolff
- Denver Neurological Clinic, Denver, CO, United States
| | - James P. Kelly
- Marcus Institute for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Martin Margittai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Bradley S. Davidson
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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Kim HN, Langley MR, Simon WL, Yoon H, Kleppe L, Lanza IR, LeBrasseur NK, Matveyenko A, Scarisbrick IA. A Western diet impairs CNS energy homeostasis and recovery after spinal cord injury: Link to astrocyte metabolism. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104934. [PMID: 32376475 PMCID: PMC7982964 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet high in fat and sucrose (HFHS), the so-called Western diet promotes metabolic syndrome, a significant co-morbidity for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we demonstrate that the spinal cord of mice consuming HFHS expresses reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor and shows impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle function, reductions in PLP and increases in astrogliosis, all prior to SCI. After SCI, Western diet impaired sensorimotor and bladder recovery, increased microgliosis, exacerbated oligodendrocyte loss and reduced axon sprouting. Direct and indirect neural injury mechanisms are suggested since HFHS culture conditions drove parallel injury responses directly and indirectly after culture with conditioned media from HFHS-treated astrocytes. In each case, injury mechanisms included reductions in IGF-1R, SIRT1 and PGC-1α and were prevented by metformin. Results highlight the potential for a Western diet to evoke signs of neural insulin resistance and injury and metformin as a strategy to improve mechanisms of neural neuroprotection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Neui Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Monica R Langley
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Whitney L Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Laurel Kleppe
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Rehabilitation Medicine Research Center, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America; Neurosciuence Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
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43
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Honig MG, Dorian CC, Worthen JD, Micetich AC, Mulder IA, Sanchez KB, Pierce WF, Del Mar NA, Reiner A. Progressive long-term spatial memory loss following repeat concussive and subconcussive brain injury in mice, associated with dorsal hippocampal neuron loss, microglial phenotype shift, and vascular abnormalities. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5844-5879. [PMID: 32090401 PMCID: PMC7483557 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable concern about the long‐term deleterious effects of repeat head trauma on cognition, but little is known about underlying mechanisms and pathology. To examine this, we delivered four air blasts to the left side of the mouse cranium, a week apart, with an intensity that causes deficits when delivered singly and considered “concussive,” or an intensity that does not yield significant deficits when delivered singly and considered “subconcussive.” Neither repeat concussive nor subconcussive blast produced spatial memory deficits at 4 months, but both yielded deficits at 14 months, and dorsal hippocampal neuron loss. Hierarchical cluster analysis of dorsal hippocampal microglia across the three groups based on morphology and expression of MHCII, CX3CR1, CD68 and IBA1 revealed five distinct phenotypes. Types 1A and 1B microglia were more common in sham mice, linked to better neuron survival and memory, and appeared mildly activated. By contrast, 2B and 2C microglia were more common in repeat concussive and subconcussive mice, linked to poorer neuron survival and memory, and characterized by low expression levels and attenuated processes, suggesting they were de‐activated and dysfunctional. In addition, endothelial cells in repeat concussive mice exhibited reduced CD31 and eNOS expression, which was correlated with the prevalence of type 2B and 2C microglia. Our findings suggest that both repeat concussive and subconcussive head injury engender progressive pathogenic processes, possibly through sustained effects on microglia that over time lead to increased prevalence of dysfunctional microglia, adversely affecting neurons and blood vessels, and thereby driving neurodegeneration and memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia G Honig
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Conor C Dorian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John D Worthen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anthony C Micetich
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Isabelle A Mulder
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Katelyn B Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - William F Pierce
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nobel A Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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44
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Eyolfson E, Yamakawa GR, Griep Y, Collins R, Carr T, Wang M, Lohman AW, Mychasiuk R. Examining the Progressive Behavior and Neuropathological Outcomes Associated with Chronic Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa002. [PMID: 34296084 PMCID: PMC8152839 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While the physical and behavioral symptomologies associated with a single mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are typically transient, repetitive mTBIs (RmTBI) have been associated with persisting neurological deficits. Therefore, this study examined the progressive changes in behavior and the neuropathological outcomes associated with chronic RmTBI through adolescence and adulthood in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Rats experienced 2 mTBIs/week for 15 weeks and were periodically tested for changes in motor behavior, cognitive function, emotional disturbances, and aggression. Brain tissue was examined for neuropathological changes in ventricle size and presentation of Iba1 and GFAP. We did not see progressively worse behavioral impairments with the accumulation of injuries or time, but did find evidence for neurological and functional change (motor disturbance, reduced exploration, reduced aggression, alteration in depressive-like behavior, deficits in short-term working memory). Neuropathological assessment of RmTBI animals identified an increase in ventricle size, prolonged changes in GFAP, and sex differences in Iba1, in the corpus callosum, thalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex. Telomere length reduced exponentially as the injury load increased. Overall, chronic RmTBI did not result in accumulating behavioral impairment, and there is a need to further investigate progressive behavioral changes associated with repeated injuries in adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Eyolfson
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Yannick Griep
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radbound University, 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reid Collins
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas Carr
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Melinda Wang
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Alexander W Lohman
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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45
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Wu L, Chung JY, Saith S, Tozzi L, Buckley EM, Sanders B, Franceschini MA, Lule S, Izzy S, Lok J, Edmiston WJ, McAllister LM, Mebane S, Jin G, Lu J, Sherwood JS, Willwerth S, Hickman S, Khoury JE, Lo EH, Kaplan D, Whalen MJ. Repetitive head injury in adolescent mice: A role for vascular inflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:2196-2209. [PMID: 30001646 PMCID: PMC6827111 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18786633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury during adolescence can induce neurological dysfunction through undefined mechanisms. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) contributes to experimental adult diffuse and contusion TBI models, and IL-1 antagonists have entered clinical trials for severe TBI in adults; however, no such data exist for adolescent TBI. We developed an adolescent mouse repetitive closed head injury (rCHI) model to test the role of IL-1 family members in post-injury neurological outcome. Compared to one CHI, three daily injuries (3HD) produced acute and chronic learning deficits and emergence of hyperactivity, without detectable gliosis, neurodegeneration, brain atrophy, and white matter loss at one year. Mature IL-1β and IL-18 were induced in brain endothelium in 3HD but not 1HD, three hit weekly, or sham animals. IL-1β processing was induced cell-autonomously in three-dimensional human endothelial cell cultures subjected to in vitro concussive trauma. Mice deficient in IL-1 receptor-1 or caspase-1 had improved post-injury Morris water maze performance. Repetitive mild CHI in adolescent mice may induce behavioral deficits in the absence of significant histopathology. The endothelium is a potential source of IL-1β and IL-18 in rCHI, and IL-1 family members may be therapeutic targets to reduce or prevent neurological dysfunction after repetitive mild TBI in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wu
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joon Y Chung
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shivani Saith
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Tozzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Erin M Buckley
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and
Emory
University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics,
Emory
University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bharat Sanders
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and
Emory
University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sevda Lule
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saef Izzy
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and
Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William J Edmiston
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren M McAllister
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sloane Mebane
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gina Jin
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaxi Lu
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John S Sherwood
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Willwerth
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suzanne Hickman
- Department of Medicine, Center for
Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Department of Medicine, Center for
Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Neuroscience Center, Harvard Medical
School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Wright DK, Brady RD, Kamnaksh A, Trezise J, Sun M, McDonald SJ, Mychasiuk R, Kolbe SC, Law M, Johnston LA, O'Brien TJ, Agoston DV, Shultz SR. Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries induce persistent changes in plasma protein and magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in the rat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14626. [PMID: 31602002 PMCID: PMC6787341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A single mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) typically causes only transient symptoms, but repeated mTBI (RmTBI) is associated with cumulative and chronic neurological abnormalities. Clinical management of mTBI is challenging due to the heterogeneous, subjective and transient nature of symptoms, and thus would be aided by objective biomarkers. Promising biomarkers including advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and plasma levels of select proteins were examined here in a rat model of RmTBI. Rats received either two mild fluid percussion or sham injuries administered five days apart. Rats underwent MRI and behavioral testing 1, 3, 5, 7, and 30 days after the second injury and blood samples were collected on days 1, 7, and 30. Structural and diffusion-weighted MRI revealed that RmTBI rats had abnormalities in the cortex and corpus callosum. Proteomic analysis of plasma found that RmTBI rats had abnormalities in markers indicating axonal and vascular injury, metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction, and glial reactivity. These changes occurred in the presence of ongoing cognitive and sensorimotor deficits in the RmTBI rats. Our findings demonstrate that RmTBI can result in chronic neurological abnormalities, provide insight into potential contributing pathophysiological mechanisms, and supports the use of MRI and plasma protein measures as RmTBI biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Alaa Kamnaksh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jack Trezise
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Scott C Kolbe
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Meng Law
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Leigh A Johnston
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Denes V Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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47
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Christie BR, Trivino‐Paredes J, Pinar C, Neale KJ, Meconi A, Reid H, Hutton CP. A Rapid Neurological Assessment Protocol for Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Awake Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 89:e80. [DOI: 10.1002/cpns.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Juan Trivino‐Paredes
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Cristina Pinar
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Katie J. Neale
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Hannah Reid
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Craig P. Hutton
- Division of Medical SciencesUniversity of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada
- Island Medical ProgramUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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48
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Deng-Bryant Y, Leung LY, Madathil S, Flerlage J, Yang F, Yang W, Gilsdorf J, Shear D. Chronic Cognitive Deficits and Associated Histopathology Following Closed-Head Concussive Injury in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 10:699. [PMID: 31312174 PMCID: PMC6614177 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Close-head concussive injury, as one of the most common forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI), has been shown to induce cognitive deficits that are long lasting. A concussive impact model was previously established in our lab that produces clinically relevant signs of concussion and induced acute pathological changes in rats. To evaluate the long-term effects of repeated concussions in this model, we utilized a comprehensive Morris water maze (MWM) paradigm for cognitive assessments at 1 and 6 months following repeated concussive impacts in rats. As such, adult Sprague-Dawley rats received either anesthesia (sham) or repeated concussive impacts (4 consecutive impacts at 1 h interval). At 1 month post-injury, results of the spatial learning task showed that the average latencies to locate the hidden "escape" platform were significantly longer in the injured rats over the last 2 days of the MWM testing compared to sham controls (p < 0.05). In the memory retention task, rats subjected to repeated concussive impacts also spent significantly less time in the platform zone searching for the missing platform during the probe trial (p < 0.05). On the working memory task, the injured rats showed a trend toward worse performance, but this failed to reach statistical significance compared to sham controls (p = 0.07). At 6 months post-injury, no differences were detected between the injured group and sham controls in either the spatial learning or probe trials. However, rats with repeated concussive impacts exhibited significantly worsened working memory performance compared to sham controls (p < 0.05). In addition, histopathological assessments for axonal neurodegeneration using silver stain showed that repeated concussive impacts induced significantly more axonal degeneration in the corpus callosum compared to sham controls (p < 0.05) at 1 month post-injury, whereas such difference was not observed at 6 months post-injury. Overall, the results show that repeated concussive impacts in our model produced significant cognitive deficits in both spatial learning abilities and in working memory abilities in a time-dependent fashion that may be indicative of progressive pathology and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng-Bryant
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Lai Yee Leung
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sindhu Madathil
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jesse Flerlage
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Fangzhou Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Weihong Yang
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Janice Gilsdorf
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Deborah Shear
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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49
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Pham L, Shultz SR, Kim HA, Brady RD, Wortman RC, Genders SG, Hale MW, O'Shea RD, Djouma E, van den Buuse M, Church JE, Christie BR, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, McDonald SJ. Mild Closed-Head Injury in Conscious Rats Causes Transient Neurobehavioral and Glial Disturbances: A Novel Experimental Model of Concussion. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2260-2271. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Pham
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Sandy R. Shultz
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Rhys D. Brady
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ryan C. Wortman
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shannyn G. Genders
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Matthew W. Hale
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Ross D. O'Shea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Elvan Djouma
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Buuse
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- The College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jarrod E. Church
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
- Department Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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50
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Yakoub KM, Davies DJ, Su Z, Bentley C, Forcione M, Toman E, Hammond D, Watson CN, Bishop J, Cooper L, Barbey AK, Sawlani V, Di Pietro V, Grey MJ, Belli A. Investigation into repetitive concussion in sport (RECOS): study protocol of a prospective, exploratory, observational cohort study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e029883. [PMID: 31278105 PMCID: PMC6615833 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sport-related concussion management remains a diagnostic dilemma to clinicians in all strata of care, coaching staff and players alike. The lack of objective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and over-reliance on subjective clinical assessments carries a significant health risk of undiagnosed concussive episodes and early return to play before full recovery increasing the risk of sustaining additional concussion, and leading to long-term sequelae and/or unfavourable outcome. OBJECTIVE To identify a set of parameters (neuroimaging with neurophysiological, biological and neuropsychological tests) that may support pitch-side and outpatient clinical decision-making in order to objectively diagnose concussion, determine the severity of injury, guide a safe return to play and identify the potential predictors of the long-term sequelae of concussion. METHODS AND ANALYSIS An exploratory, observational, prospective, cohort study recruiting between 2017 and 2020. The participants will have a baseline preseason screening (brain imaging, neuropsychological assessments, serum, urine and saliva sampling). If a screened player later suffers a concussion and/or multiple concussions then he/she will be assessed again with the same protocol within 72 hours, and their baseline data will be used as internal control as well as normative data. Inferential statistical analysis will be performed to determine correlations between biological, imaging techniques and neuropsychological assessments. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the East of England-Essex Research Ethics Committee on 22 September 2017-REC 17/EE/0275; IRAS 216703. The results of this study will be presented at national and international conferences and submitted for publication in peer reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN16974791; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Yakoub
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David J Davies
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zhangjie Su
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Conor Bentley
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mario Forcione
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emma Toman
- Head Injury Management Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Science, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Douglas Hammond
- Head Injury Management Research Group, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Science, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Callum N Watson
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jon Bishop
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lauren Cooper
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aron K Barbey
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science andTechnology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Vijay Sawlani
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neuroradiology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science andTechnology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael J Grey
- Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Alliance(ABIRA), School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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