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Song R, Yin S, Wu J, Yan J. Neuronal regulated cell death in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases: key pathways and therapeutic potentials. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:2245-2263. [PMID: 39104166 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (such as apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, cuproptosis, ferroptosis, disulfidptosis) involves complex signaling pathways and molecular effectors, and has been proven to be an important regulatory mechanism for regulating neuronal aging and death. However, excessive activation of regulated cell death may lead to the progression of aging-related diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of seven forms of regulated cell death in age-related diseases. Notably, the newly identified ferroptosis and cuproptosis have been implicated in the risk of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. These forms of cell death exacerbate disease progression by promoting inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathological protein aggregation. The review also provides an overview of key signaling pathways and crosstalk mechanisms among these regulated cell death forms, with a focus on ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and disulfidptosis. For instance, FDX1 directly induces cuproptosis by regulating copper ion valency and dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase aggregation, while copper mediates glutathione peroxidase 4 degradation, enhancing ferroptosis sensitivity. Additionally, inhibiting the Xc- transport system to prevent ferroptosis can increase disulfide formation and shift the NADP + /NADPH ratio, transitioning ferroptosis to disulfidptosis. These insights help to uncover the potential connections among these novel regulated cell death forms and differentiate them from traditional regulated cell death mechanisms. In conclusion, identifying key targets and their crosstalk points among various regulated cell death pathways may aid in developing specific biomarkers to reverse the aging clock and treat age-related neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
- Neuromolecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Shiyi Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
- Neuromolecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiannan Wu
- Neuromolecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - Junqiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
- Neuromolecular Biology Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
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2
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Früholz I, Meyer-Luehmann M. The intricate interplay between microglia and adult neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1456253. [PMID: 39360265 PMCID: PMC11445663 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1456253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play a crucial role in regulating adult neurogenesis and contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Under physiological conditions, microglia support and modulate neurogenesis through the secretion of neurotrophic factors, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and synaptic pruning, thereby promoting the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). However, in AD, microglial function becomes dysregulated, leading to chronic neuroinflammation and impaired neurogenesis. This review explores the intricate interplay between microglia and adult neurogenesis in health and AD, synthesizing recent findings to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of microglia-mediated regulation of adult neurogenesis. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of microglia-targeted therapies to modulate neurogenesis and offers insights into potential avenues for developing novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Früholz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center ˗ University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center ˗ University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Shi Y, Chen Y, Pan Y, Chen G, Xiao Z, Chen X, Wang M, Liang D. Minocycline prevents photoreceptor degeneration in Retinitis pigmentosa through modulating mitochondrial homeostasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112703. [PMID: 39018687 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Minocycline, a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in various neurodegenerative diseases. However, its specific effects on retinitis pigmentosa (RP) have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the potential role of minocycline in treating RP. In this investigation, we used rd1 to explore the antioxidant effect of minocycline in RP. Minocycline therapy effectively restored retinal function and structure in rd1 mice at 14 days postnatal. Additionally, minocycline inhibited the activation of microglia. Moreover, RNA sequencing analysis revealed a significant downregulation in the expression of mitochondrial genes within the retina of rd1 mice. Further KEGG and GO pathway analysis indicated impaired oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain processes. TEM confirmed the presence of damaged mitochondria in photoreceptors, while JC-1 staining demonstrated a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. However, treatment with minocycline successfully reversed the abnormal expression of mitochondrial genes and reduced the levels of mitochondrial ROS, thereby providing protection against photoreceptor degeneration. Collectively, minocycline demonstrated the ability to rescue photoreceptor cells in RP by effectively modulating mitochondrial homeostasis and subsequently inflammation. These findings hold significant implications for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxun Shi
- Department of Ocular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- Department of Ocular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Department of Ocular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- Department of Ocular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiao
- Department of Ocular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Ocular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Minzhen Wang
- Department of Ocular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Ocular Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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4
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Li Z, Huang W, Zhang M, Huo Y, Li F, Song L, Wu S, Yang Q, Li X, Zhang J, Yang L, Hao J, Kang L. Minocycline-loaded nHAP/PLGA microspheres for prevention of injury-related corneal angiogenesis. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:134. [PMID: 38549081 PMCID: PMC10979583 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corneal neovascularization (CoNV) threatens vision by disrupting corneal avascularity, however, current treatments, including pharmacotherapy and surgery, are hindered by limitations in efficacy and adverse effects. Minocycline, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, could suppress CoNV but faces challenges in effective delivery due to the cornea's unique structure. Therefore, in this study a novel drug delivery system using minocycline-loaded nano-hydroxyapatite/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (nHAP/PLGA) nanoparticles was developed to improve treatment outcomes for CoNV. RESULTS Ultra-small nHAP was synthesized using high gravity technology, then encapsulated in PLGA by a double emulsion method to form nHAP/PLGA microspheres, attenuating the acidic by-products of PLGA degradation. The MINO@PLGA nanocomplex, featuring sustained release and permeation properties, demonstrated an efficient delivery system for minocycline that significantly inhibited the CoNV area in an alkali-burn model without exhibiting apparent cytotoxicity. On day 14, the in vivo microscope examination and ex vivo CD31 staining corroborated the inhibition of neovascularization, with the significantly smaller CoNV area (29.40% ± 6.55%) in the MINO@PLGA Tid group (three times daily) than that of the control group (86.81% ± 15.71%), the MINO group (72.42% ± 30.15%), and the PLGA group (86.87% ± 14.94%) (p < 0.05). Fluorescein sodium staining show MINO@PLGA treatments, administered once daily (Qd) and three times daily (Tid) demonstrated rapid corneal epithelial healing while the Alkali injury group and the DEX group showed longer healing times (p < 0.05). Additionally, compared to the control group, treatments with dexamethasone, MINO, and MINO@PLGA were associated with an increased expression of TGF-β as evidenced by immunofluorescence, while the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α demonstrated a significant decrease following alkali burn. Safety evaluations, including assessments of renal and hepatic biomarkers, along with H&E staining of major organs, revealed no significant cytotoxicity of the MINO@PLGA nanocomplex in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The novel MINO@PLGA nanocomplex, comprising minocycline-loaded nHAP/PLGA microspheres, has shown a substantial capacity for preventing CoNV. This study confirms the complex's ability to downregulate inflammatory pathways, significantly reducing CoNV with minimal cytotoxicity and high biosafety in vivo. Given these findings, MINO@PLGA stands as a highly promising candidate for ocular conditions characterized by CoNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenpeng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Ophthalmology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitong Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianchen Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, People's Republic of China.
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Okano Y, Kase Y, Suematsu Y, Nakamura M, Okano H. Chronological transitions of hepatocyte growth factor treatment effects in spinal cord injury tissue. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:10. [PMID: 38475915 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses are known to suppress neural regeneration in patients receiving stem cell-based regenerative therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). Consequently, pathways involved in neurogenesis and immunomodulation, such as the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET signaling cascade, have garnered significant attention. Notably, various studies, including our own, have highlighted the enhanced recovery of locomotor functions achieved in SCI animal models by combining HGF pretreatment and human induced stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cell (hiPSC-NS/PC) transplantation. However, these studies implicitly hypothesized that the functionality of HGF in SCI would be time consistent and did not elucidate its dynamics. In the present article, we investigated the time-course of the effect of HGF on SCI, aiming to uncover a more precise mechanism for HGF administration, which is indispensable for developing crystallizing protocols for combination therapy. To this end, we performed a detailed investigation of the temporal variation of HGF using the RNA-seq data we obtained in our most recent study. Leveraging the time-series design of the data, which we did not fully exploit previously, we identified three components in the effects of HGF that operate at different times: early effects, continuous effects, and delayed effects. Our findings suggested a concept where the three components together contribute to the acceleration of neurogenesis and immunomodulation, which reinforce the legitimacy of empirically fine-tuned protocols for HGF administration and advocate the novel possibility that the time-inconsistent effects of HGF progressively augment the efficacy of combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Extended Intelligence for Medicine, The Ishii-Ishibashi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Division of CNS Regeneration and Drug Discovery, International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-Cho, Toyoake-Shi, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kase
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Division of CNS Regeneration and Drug Discovery, International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-Cho, Toyoake-Shi, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yu Suematsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
- Division of CNS Regeneration and Drug Discovery, International Center for Brain Science (ICBS), Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-Cho, Toyoake-Shi, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
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6
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Plantone D, Pardini M, Righi D, Manco C, Colombo BM, De Stefano N. The Role of TNF-α in Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 13:54. [PMID: 38201258 PMCID: PMC10778385 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the role of TNF-α and its increase in biological fluids in mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The potential inhibition of TNF-α with pharmacological strategies paves the way for preventing AD and improving cognitive function in people at risk for dementia. We conducted a narrative review to characterize the evidence in relation to the involvement of TNF-α in AD and its possible therapeutic inhibition. Several studies report that patients with RA and systemic inflammatory diseases treated with TNF-α blocking agents reduce the probability of emerging dementia compared with the general population. Animal model studies also showed interesting results and are discussed. An increasing amount of basic scientific data and clinical studies underscore the importance of inflammatory processes and subsequent glial activation in the pathogenesis of AD. TNF-α targeted therapy is a biologically plausible approach for cognition preservation and further trials are necessary to investigate the potential benefits of therapy in populations at risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Plantone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.R.); (C.M.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, L.go P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Delia Righi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.R.); (C.M.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Carlo Manco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.R.); (C.M.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Barbara Maria Colombo
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.R.); (C.M.); (N.D.S.)
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Marquez-Ortiz RA, Tesic V, Hernandez DR, Akhter B, Aich N, Boudreaux PM, Clemons GA, Wu CYC, Lin HW, Rodgers KM. Neuroimmune Support of Neuronal Regeneration and Neuroplasticity following Cerebral Ischemia in Juvenile Mice. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1337. [PMID: 37759938 PMCID: PMC10526826 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the brain and loss of neurons contribute to functional disabilities in many stroke survivors. Recovery of neuroplasticity is critical to restoration of function and improved quality of life. Stroke and neurological deficits occur in both adults and children, and yet it is well documented that the developing brain has remarkable plasticity which promotes increased post-ischemic functional recovery compared with adults. However, the mechanisms underlying post-stroke recovery in the young brain have not been fully explored. We observed opposing responses to experimental cerebral ischemia in juvenile and adult mice, with substantial neural regeneration and enhanced neuroplasticity detected in the juvenile brain that was not found in adults. We demonstrate strikingly different stroke-induced neuroimmune responses that are deleterious in adults and protective in juveniles, supporting neural regeneration and plasticity. Understanding age-related differences in neuronal repair and regeneration, restoration of neural network function, and neuroimmune signaling in the stroke-injured brain may offer new insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricaurte A. Marquez-Ortiz
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA (B.A.)
| | - Vesna Tesic
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA
| | - Daniel R. Hernandez
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA (B.A.)
| | - Bilkis Akhter
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA (B.A.)
| | - Nibedita Aich
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA (B.A.)
| | - Porter M. Boudreaux
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA (B.A.)
| | - Garrett A. Clemons
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA (B.A.)
| | - Celeste Yin-Chieh Wu
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA
| | - Hung Wen Lin
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA (B.A.)
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA
| | - Krista M. Rodgers
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA (B.A.)
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 70803, USA
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8
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Pillat MM, Ayupe AC, Juvenal G, Meinerz C, Glaser T, da Silva Pellegrina DV, Paiva DS, Mello CF, Longo BM, Reis EM, Ulrich H. Differentiated Embryonic Neurospheres from Familial Alzheimer's Disease Model Show Innate Immune and Glial Cell Responses. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1800-1811. [PMID: 37129730 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteins involved in the Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1), play critical roles in early development of the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in innate immune and glial cell responses. Familial AD is associated with the presence of APPswe and PS1dE9 mutations. However, it is still unknown whether these mutations cause deficits in CNS development of carriers. We studied genome-wide gene expression profiles of differentiated neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from wild-type and APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse embryo telencephalon. The occurrence of strong innate immune and glial cell responses in APPswe/PS1dE9 neurospheres mainly involves microglial activation, inflammatory mediators and chemokines. APPswe/PS1dE9 neurospheres augmented up to 100-fold CCL12, CCL5, CCL3, C3, CX3CR1, TLR2 and TNF-alpha expression levels, when compared to WT neurospheres. Expression levels of the glia cell marker GFAP and microglia marker Iba-1 were up to 20-fold upregulated in APPswe/PS1dE9 neurospheres. The secretome of differentiated APPswe/PS1dE9 NPCs revealed enhanced chemoattraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. When evaluating the inferred protein interaction networks constructed from the array data, an improvement in astrocyte differentiation in APPswe/PS1dE9 neurospheres was evident in view of increased GFAP expression. Transgenic NPCs differentiated into neural phenotypes presented expression patterns of cytokine, glial cells, and inflammatory mediators characteristic of APPswe/PS1dE9 adult animals. Consequently, the neurogenic niche obtained from differentiation of embryonic APPswe/PS1dE9 neurospheres spontaneously presents several alterations observed in adult AD brains. Finally, our data strengthen pathophysiological hypotheses that propose an early neurodevelopmental origin for familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Mainardi Pillat
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Ayupe
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Juvenal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carine Meinerz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daisylea Souza Paiva
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fernando Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Moraes Reis
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Cuní-López C, Stewart R, White AR, Quek H. 3D in vitro modelling of human patient microglia: A focus on clinical translation and drug development in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 375:578017. [PMID: 36657374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia have an increasingly well-recognised role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, thereby becoming attractive therapeutic targets. However, the development of microglia-targeted therapeutics for neurodegeneration has had limited success. This stems partly from the lack of clinically relevant microglia model systems. To circumvent this translational gap, patient-derived microglial cell models established using conventional 2D in vitro techniques have emerged. Though promising, these models lack the microenvironment and multicellular interactions of the brain needed to maintain microglial homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the use of 3D in vitro platforms to improve microglia modelling and their potential benefits to fast-track drug development for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cuní-López
- Mental Health and Neuroscience, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Romal Stewart
- Mental Health and Neuroscience, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Hazel Quek
- Mental Health and Neuroscience, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, QLD, Australia.
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10
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Salta E, Lazarov O, Fitzsimons CP, Tanzi R, Lucassen PJ, Choi SH. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease: A roadmap to clinical relevance. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:120-136. [PMID: 36736288 PMCID: PMC10082636 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) drops sharply during early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), via unknown mechanisms, and correlates with cognitive status in AD patients. Understanding AHN regulation in AD could provide a framework for innovative pharmacological interventions. We here combine molecular, behavioral, and clinical data and critically discuss the multicellular complexity of the AHN niche in relation to AD pathophysiology. We further present a roadmap toward a better understanding of the role of AHN in AD by probing the promises and caveats of the latest technological advancements in the field and addressing the conceptual and methodological challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Salta
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis and Neurodegeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Carlos P Fitzsimons
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolph Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McCance Center for Brain Health, 114 16th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 404, 1098 SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Se Hoon Choi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, McCance Center for Brain Health, 114 16th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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11
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Chen P, Guo Z, Zhou B. Insight into the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 84:101828. [PMID: 36549424 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and seriously affects the quality of life of the elderly. Neurodegeneration is closely related to hippocampal dysfunction in AD patients. The hippocampus is key to creating new memories and is also one of the first areas of the brain to deteriorate with age. Mammalian neurogenesis occurs mainly in the hippocampus. Recent studies have confirmed that neurogenesis in the hippocampus is sustainable but decreases with age, which seriously affects the learning and memory function of AD patients. At present, our understanding of neurogenesis is still relatively shallow, especially pertaining to the influence and role of neurogenesis during aging and cognitive deficits in AD patients. Interestingly, many recent studies have described the characteristics of neurogenesis in animal models. This article reviews the progress of neurogenesis research in the context of aging and AD to provide new insights into neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - ZhiLei Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Benhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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12
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Vicente MC, Paneghini JL, Stabile AM, Amorim M, Anibal Silva CE, Patrone LGA, Cunha TM, Bícego KC, Almeida MC, Carrettiero DC, Gargaglioni LH. Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Microglia with Minocycline Improves Cognitive and Sleep-Wake Dysfunction Under Respiratory Stress in a Sporadic Model for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 95:317-337. [PMID: 37522205 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) can occur due to excessive activation of microglia in response to the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). Previously, we demonstrated an increased expression of this peptide in the locus coeruleus (LC) in a sporadic model for AD (streptozotocin, STZ; 2 mg/kg, ICV). We hypothesized that the STZ-AD model exhibits neuroinflammation, and treatment with an inhibitor of microglia (minocycline) can reverse the cognitive, respiratory, sleep, and molecular disorders of this model. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of minocycline treatment in STZ model disorders. METHODS We treated control and STZ-treated rats for five days with minocycline (30 mg/kg, IP) and evaluated cognitive performance, chemoreflex response to hypercapnia and hypoxia, and total sleep time. Additionally, quantification of Aβ, microglia analyses, and relative expression of cytokines in the LC were performed. RESULTS Minocycline treatment improved learning and memory, which was concomitant with a decrease in microglial cell density and re-establishment of morphological changes induced by STZ in the LC region. Minocycline did not reverse the STZ-induced increase in CO2 sensitivity during wakefulness. However, it restored the daytime sleep-wake cycle in STZ-treated animals to the same levels as those observed in control animals. In the LC, levels of A and expression of Il10, Il1b, and Mcp1 mRNA remained unaffected by minocycline, but we found a strong trend of minocycline effect on Tnf- α. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that minocycline effectively reduces microglial recruitment and the inflammatory morphological profile in the LC, while it recovers cognitive performance and restores the sleep-wake pattern impaired by STZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane C Vicente
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research and Care, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia L Paneghini
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Angelita M Stabile
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Amorim
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Conceição E Anibal Silva
- Department of Pharmachology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Gustavo A Patrone
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmachology, Medicine School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia C Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C Almeida
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Carrettiero
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Luciane H Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Sao Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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13
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Qin J, Ma Z, Chen X, Shu S. Microglia activation in central nervous system disorders: A review of recent mechanistic investigations and development efforts. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1103416. [PMID: 36959826 PMCID: PMC10027711 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1103416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the principal resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in the development of CNS disorders. In recent years, there have been significant developments in our understanding of microglia, and we now have greater insight into the temporal and spatial patterns of microglia activation in a variety of CNS disorders, as well as the interactions between microglia and neurons. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated. However, to date, all published clinical trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy over placebo. This review summarizes the results of recent important studies and attempts to provide a mechanistic view of microglia activation, inflammation, tissue repair, and CNS disorders.
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14
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Kater MSJ, Huffels CFM, Oshima T, Renckens NS, Middeldorp J, Boddeke EWGM, Smit AB, Eggen BJL, Hol EM, Verheijen MHG. Prevention of microgliosis halts early memory loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:225-241. [PMID: 36270437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, the neuropathological formation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The best cellular correlates of the early cognitive deficits in AD patients are synapse loss and gliosis. In particular, it is unclear whether the activation of microglia (microgliosis) has a neuroprotective or pathological role early in AD. Here we report that microgliosis is an early mediator of synaptic dysfunction and cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice, a mouse model of increased amyloidosis. We found that the appearance of microgliosis, synaptic dysfunction and behavioral impairment coincided with increased soluble Aβ42 levels, and occurred well before the presence of Aβ plaques. Inhibition of microglial activity by treatment with minocycline (MC) reduced gliosis, synaptic deficits and cognitive impairments at early pathological stages and was most effective when provided preventive, i.e., before the onset of microgliosis. Interestingly, soluble Aβ levels or Aβ plaques deposition were not affected by preventive MC treatment at an early pathological stage (4 months) whereas these were reduced upon treatment at a later stage (6 months). In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of early-stage prevention of microgliosis on the development of cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice, which might be clinically relevant in preventing memory loss and delaying AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy S J Kater
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan F M Huffels
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Takuya Oshima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek S Renckens
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology & Aging, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Erik W G M Boddeke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Center for Healthy Ageing, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark H G Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Zhang F, Ran Y, Tahir M, Li Z, Wang J, Chen X. Regulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation in microglia-mediated inflammation and ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:955222. [PMID: 35990887 PMCID: PMC9386152 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.955222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant post-transcription modification, widely occurring in eukaryotic mRNA and non-coding RNA. m6A modification is highly enriched in the mammalian brain and is associated with neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Ischemic stroke (IS) was discovered to alter the cerebral m6A epi-transcriptome, which might have functional implications in post-stroke pathophysiology. Moreover, it is observed that m6A modification could regulate microglia’s pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Given the critical regulatory role of microglia in the inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS), we speculate that m6A modification could modulate the post-stroke microglial inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the vital regulatory roles of m6A modification in microglia-mediated inflammation and IS. Stroke is associated with a high recurrence rate, understanding the relationship between m6A modification and stroke may help stroke rehabilitation and develop novel therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zhang
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ran
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Li
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechai Chen
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xuechai Chen,
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16
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The potential use of tetracyclines in neurodegenerative diseases and the role of nano-based drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 175:106237. [PMID: 35710076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are still a challenge for effective treatments. The high cost of approved drugs, severity of side effects, injection site pain, and restrictions on drug delivery to the Central Nervous System (CNS) can overshadow the management of these diseases. Due to the chronic and progressive evolution of neurodegenerative disorders and since there is still no cure for them, new therapeutic strategies such as the combination of several drugs or the use of existing drugs with new therapeutic applications are valuable strategies. Tetracyclines are traditionally classified as antibiotics. However, in this class of drugs, doxycycline and minocycline exhibit also anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting microglia/macrophages. Hence, they have been studied as potential agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies confirm the effective role of these two drugs as anti-inflammatory agents in experimentally induced models of neurodegenerative diseases. In clinical studies, satisfactory results have been obtained in Multiple sclerosis (MS) but not yet in other disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In recent years, researchers have developed and evaluated nanoparticulate drug delivery systems to improve the clinical efficacy of these two tetracyclines for their potential application in neurodegenerative diseases. This study reviews the neuroprotective roles of minocycline and doxycycline in four of the main neurodegenerative disorders: AD, PD, ALS and MS. Moreover, the potential applications of nanoparticulate delivery systems developed for both tetracyclines are also reviewed.
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17
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Rajesh Y, Kanneganti TD. Innate Immune Cell Death in Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1885. [PMID: 35741014 PMCID: PMC9221514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder molecularly characterized by the formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and type 2 microtubule-associated protein (Tau) abnormalities. Multiple studies have shown that many of the brain's immunological cells, specifically microglia and astrocytes, are involved in AD pathogenesis. Cells of the innate immune system play an essential role in eliminating pathogens but also regulate brain homeostasis and AD. When activated, innate immune cells can cause programmed cell death through multiple pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis. The cell death often results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines that propagate the innate immune response and can eliminate Aβ plaques and aggregated Tau proteins. However, chronic neuroinflammation, which can result from cell death, has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases and can worsen AD. Therefore, the innate immune response must be tightly balanced to appropriately clear these AD-related structural abnormalities without inducing chronic neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss neuroinflammation, innate immune responses, inflammatory cell death pathways, and cytokine secretion as they relate to AD. Therapeutic strategies targeting these innate immune cell death mechanisms will be critical to consider for future preventive or palliative treatments for AD.
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18
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Olfactory Evaluation in Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050607. [PMID: 35624994 PMCID: PMC9139301 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is considered a pre-cognitive biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Because the olfactory system is highly conserved across species, mouse models corresponding to various AD etiologies have been bred and used in numerous studies on olfactory disorders. The olfactory behavior test is a method required for early olfactory dysfunction detection in AD model mice. Here, we review the olfactory evaluation of AD model mice, focusing on traditional olfactory detection methods, olfactory behavior involving the olfactory cortex, and the results of olfactory behavior in AD model mice, aiming to provide some inspiration for further development of olfactory detection methods in AD model mice.
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19
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Burtscher J, Romani M, Bernardo G, Popa T, Ziviani E, Hummel FC, Sorrentino V, Millet GP. Boosting mitochondrial health to counteract neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 215:102289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Vargas-George S, Dave KR. Models of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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21
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Hua Y, Dai X, Xu Y, Xing G, Liu H, Lu T, Chen Y, Zhang Y. Drug repositioning: Progress and challenges in drug discovery for various diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114239. [PMID: 35290843 PMCID: PMC8883737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared with traditional de novo drug discovery, drug repurposing has become an attractive drug discovery strategy due to its low-cost and high efficiency. Through a comprehensive analysis of the candidates that have been identified with drug repositioning potentials, it is found that although some drugs do not show obvious advantages in the original indications, they may exert more obvious effects in other diseases. In addition, some drugs have a synergistic effect to exert better clinical efficacy if used in combination. Particularly, it has been confirmed that drug repositioning has benefits and values on the current public health emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which proved the great potential of drug repositioning. In this review, we systematically reviewed a series of representative drugs that have been repositioned for different diseases and illustrated successful cases in each disease. Especially, the mechanism of action for the representative drugs in new indications were explicitly explored for each disease, we hope this review can provide important insights for follow-up research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaowen Dai
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guomeng Xing
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Haichun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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22
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Medrano-Jiménez E, Meza-Sosa KF, Urbán-Aragón JA, Secundino I, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: The role of flavonoids and microRNAs. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:47-77. [PMID: 35293018 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1021-531r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal degeneration. Microglial activation is an important pathologic hallmark of AD. During disease progression, microglial cells switch from an alternative or anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective profile (M2) to a classic or proinflammatory and neurotoxic profile (M1). Phenotypically, M1 microglia is characterized by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways that cause increased expression of proinflammatory genes, including those coding for cytokines and chemokines. This microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal cell death. Recent studies in microglial cells have shown that a group of plant-derived compounds, known as flavonoids, possess anti-inflammatory properties and therefore exert a neuroprotective effect through regulating microglia activation. Here, we discuss how flavonoids can promote the switch from an inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in microglia and how this represents a valuable opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to blunt neuroinflammation and boost neuronal recovery in AD. We also review how certain flavonoids can inhibit neuroinflammation through their action on the expression of microglia-specific microRNAs (miRNAs), which also constitute a key therapeutic approach in different neuropathologies involving an inflammatory component, including AD. Finally, we propose novel targets of microglia-specific miRNAs that may be considered for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Medrano-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Karla F Meza-Sosa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - José A Urbán-Aragón
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ismael Secundino
- Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Facultad de Odontología y Escuela de Veterinaria, León-Guanajuato, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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23
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Guan Y, Zhang L, Wang S, Deng Y, Zhou H, Chen D, Zhang L. The role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease and progress of treatment. IBRAIN 2022; 8:37-47. [PMID: 37786418 PMCID: PMC10529349 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are permanent immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglia play an important role in the pathological process of Alzheimer's disease (AD). They are mainly involved in the uptake and clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ), as well as the formation of neuroinflammation. We found that overactivated microglia increase Aβ and Tau, and Aβ and Tau in turn act as activators of microglia. Additionally, various cytokines and proteins, high cholesterol, and telomere shortening are all associated with microglia activation. More activated microglia induce the release of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors to regulate inflammation, while microglia express multiple homologous receptors that bind to neuroimmunomodulators to prevent microglia overactivation. Moreover, aging of the body promotes neuroinflammation by increasing the response to IFN-γ (interferon-γ), and aging of the microglia themselves promotes AD by inducing the accumulation of large amounts of iron and reducing autophagy by regulating protein levels. Cognitive dysfunction occurs when activated microglia induce an increase in beta oligomers, promoting the production of pro-inflammatory factors that alter the shape, composition, and density of synapses. Based on their correlation, microglia-mediated AD therapy as well as the corresponding targets and drugs are discussed. In contrast to similar reviews, this article also summarizes some novel microglia-mediated AD treatment methods over the recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Huan Guan
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Ling‐Jing Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Shi‐Ya Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Ya‐Dan Deng
- Department of AnesthesiologyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Hong‐Su Zhou
- Department of AnesthesiaGraduate School of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Dong‐Qing Chen
- Department of AnesthesiaGraduate School of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Lan‐Chun Zhang
- Department of ZoologyKunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
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Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Overview of Human and Animal Studies with Implications for Therapeutic Perspectives Aimed at Memory Recovery. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:9959044. [PMID: 35075360 PMCID: PMC8783751 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9959044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hippocampal dentate gyrus is a niche for adult neurogenesis from neural stem cells. Newborn neurons integrate into existing neuronal networks, where they play a key role in hippocampal functions, including learning and memory. In the ageing brain, neurogenic capability progressively declines while in parallel increases the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), the main neurodegenerative disorder associated with memory loss. Numerous studies have investigated whether impaired adult neurogenesis contributes to memory decline in AD. Here, we review the literature on adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) and AD by focusing on both human and mouse model studies. First, we describe key steps of AHN, report recent evidence of this phenomenon in humans, and describe the specific contribution of newborn neurons to memory, as evinced by animal studies. Next, we review articles investigating AHN in AD patients and critically examine the discrepancies among different studies over the last two decades. Also, we summarize researches investigating AHN in AD mouse models, and from these studies, we extrapolate the contribution of molecular factors linking AD-related changes to impaired neurogenesis. Lastly, we examine animal studies that link impaired neurogenesis to specific memory dysfunctions in AD and review treatments that have the potential to rescue memory capacities in AD by stimulating AHN.
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25
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Markulin I, Matasin M, Turk VE, Salković-Petrisic M. Challenges of repurposing tetracyclines for the treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:773-804. [PMID: 34982206 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The novel antibiotic-exploiting strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease has emerged as a potential breakthrough in the field. The research in animal AD/PD models provided evidence on the antiamyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity of tetracyclines, associated with cognitive improvement. The neuroprotective effects of minocycline and doxycycline in animals initiated investigation of their clinical efficacy in AD and PD patients which led to inconclusive results and additionally to insufficient safety data on a long-standing doxycycline and minocycline therapy in these patient populations. The safety issues should be considered in two levels; in AD/PD patients (particularly antibiotic-induced alteration of gut microbiota and its consequences), and as a world-wide threat of development of bacterial resistance to these antibiotics posed by a fact that AD and PD are widespread incurable diseases which require daily administered long-lasting antibiotic therapy. Recently proposed subantimicrobial doxycycline doses should be thoroughly explored for their effectiveness and long-term safety especially in AD/PD populations. Keeping in mind the antibacterial activity-related far-reaching undesirable effects both for the patients and globally, further work on repurposing these drugs for a long-standing therapy of AD/PD should consider the chemically modified tetracycline compounds tailored to lack antimicrobial but retain (or introduce) other activities effective against the AD/PD pathology. This strategy might reduce the risk of long-term therapy-related adverse effects (particularly gut-related ones) and development of bacterial resistance toward the tetracycline antibiotic agents but the therapeutic potential and desirable safety profile of such compounds in AD/PD patients need to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Markulin
- Community Health Centre Zagreb-Centre, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Viktorija Erdeljic Turk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Salković-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Salata 11, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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MUTYH Actively Contributes to Microglial Activation and Impaired Neurogenesis in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8635088. [PMID: 34970419 PMCID: PMC8714343 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8635088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by brain atrophy, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neurons. 8-Oxoguanine, a major oxidatively generated nucleobase highly accumulated in the AD brain, is known to cause neurodegeneration. In mammalian cells, several enzymes play essential roles in minimizing the 8-oxoguanine accumulation in DNA. MUTYH with adenine DNA glycosylase activity excises adenine inserted opposite 8-oxoguanine in DNA. MUTYH is reported to actively contribute to the neurodegenerative process in Parkinson and Huntington diseases and some mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases by accelerating neuronal dysfunction and microgliosis under oxidative conditions; however, whether or not MUTYH is involved in AD pathogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the contribution of MUTYH to the AD pathogenesis. Using postmortem human brains, we showed that various types of MUTYH transcripts and proteins are expressed in most hippocampal neurons and glia in both non-AD and AD brains. We further introduced MUTYH deficiency into App NL-G-F/NL-G-F knock-in AD model mice, which produce humanized toxic amyloid-β without the overexpression of APP protein, and investigated the effects of MUTYH deficiency on the behavior, pathology, gene expression, and neurogenesis. MUTYH deficiency improved memory impairment in App NL-G-F/NL-G-F mice, accompanied by reduced microgliosis. Gene expression profiling strongly suggested that MUTYH is involved in the microglial response pathways under AD pathology and contributes to the phagocytic activity of disease-associated microglia. We also found that MUTYH deficiency ameliorates impaired neurogenesis in the hippocampus, thus improving memory impairment. In conclusion, we propose that MUTYH, which is expressed in the hippocampus of AD patients as well as non-AD subjects, actively contributes to memory impairment by inducing microgliosis with poor neurogenesis in the preclinical AD phase and that MUTYH is a novel therapeutic target for AD, as its deficiency is highly beneficial for ameliorating AD pathogenesis.
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He GL, Wang ZZ, Yu XT, Shen TT, Luo Z, Li P, Luo X, Tan YL, Gao P, Yang XS. The involvement of microglial CX3CR1 in heat acclimation-induced amelioration of adult hippocampal neurogenesis impairment in EMF-exposed mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:181-193. [PMID: 34555433 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglial CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) has been implicated in numerous cellular mechanisms, including signalling pathways that regulate brain homoeostasis and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Specific environmental conditions can impair hippocampal neurogenesis-related cognition, learning and memory. However, the role of CX3CR1 in the neurogenic alterations resulting from the cross-tolerance protection conferred by heat acclimation (HA) against the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure is less well understood. Here, we investigated the role of microglial CX3CR1 signalling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis induced by HA in EMF-exposed mice. We found that EMF exposure significantly decreased the number of proliferating and differentiating cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, resulting in a reduced neurogenesis rate. Moreover, alterations in the phenotypes of activated microglia and decreased expression levels of CX3CR1, but not sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), were observed in the brains of EMF-exposed mice. Remarkably, HA treatment improved microglial phenotypes, restored the expression of CX3CR1, and ameliorated the decrease in the adult hippocampal neurogenesis rate following EMF exposure. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of CX3CR1 and SIRT1 failed to restore CX3CR1 expression and ameliorate hippocampal neurogenesis impairment following HA plus EMF stimulation. These results indicate that microglial CX3CR1 is involved in the cross-tolerance protective effect of HA on adult hippocampal neurogenesis upon EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Lin He
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze-Ze Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Ting Yu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Long Tan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation Ministry of Education, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Sen Yang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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28
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jalouli M, Rahman MA, Jeandet P, Behl T, Alexiou A, Albadrani GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Perveen A, Ashraf GM. Neuroinflammatory Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:126-146. [PMID: 34525932 PMCID: PMC9199559 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210826130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and extracellular amyloid plaques. Growing evidence has suggested that AD pathogenesis is not only limited to the neuronal compartment but also strongly interacts with immunological processes in the brain. On the other hand, aggregated and misfolded proteins can bind with pattern recognition receptors located on astroglia and microglia and can, in turn, induce an innate immune response, characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators, ultimately playing a role in both the severity and the progression of the disease. It has been reported by genome-wide analysis that several genes which elevate the risk for sporadic AD encode for factors controlling the inflammatory response and glial clearance of misfolded proteins. Obesity and systemic inflammation are examples of external factors which may interfere with the immunological mechanisms of the brain and can induce disease progression. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms and essential role of inflammatory signaling pathways in AD pathogenesis. Indeed, interfering with immune processes and modulation of risk factors may lead to future therapeutic or preventive AD approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka. Bangladesh
| | | | - Maroua Jalouli
- College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul. Korea
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2. France
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab. India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 2770 Hebersham. Australia
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474. Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522. Egypt
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur. India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia
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29
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Haan N, Westacott LJ, Carter J, Owen MJ, Gray WP, Hall J, Wilkinson LS. Haploinsufficiency of the schizophrenia and autism risk gene Cyfip1 causes abnormal postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis through microglial and Arp2/3 mediated actin dependent mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:313. [PMID: 34031371 PMCID: PMC8144403 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic risk factors can significantly increase chances of developing psychiatric disorders, but the underlying biological processes through which this risk is effected remain largely unknown. Here we show that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1, a candidate risk gene present in the pathogenic 15q11.2(BP1-BP2) deletion may impact on psychopathology via abnormalities in cell survival and migration of newborn neurons during postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis. We demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of Cyfip1 leads to increased numbers of adult-born hippocampal neurons due to reduced apoptosis, without altering proliferation. We show this is due to a cell autonomous failure of microglia to induce apoptosis through the secretion of the appropriate factors, a previously undescribed mechanism. Furthermore, we show an abnormal migration of adult-born neurons due to altered Arp2/3 mediated actin dynamics. Together, our findings throw new light on how the genetic risk candidate Cyfip1 may influence the hippocampus, a brain region with strong evidence for involvement in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Laura J Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jenny Carter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Brain Repair and Intercranial Neurotherapeutics Unit, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Cardiff, UK
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30
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Chronic unpredictable stress negatively regulates hippocampal neurogenesis and promote anxious depression-like behavior via upregulating apoptosis and inflammatory signals in adult rats. Brain Res Bull 2021; 172:164-179. [PMID: 33895271 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Psychological and physical stress play a pivotal role in etiology of anxiety and depression. Chronic psychological and physical stress modify various physiological phenomena, as a consequence of which oxidative stress, decreased neurotransmitter level, elevated corticosterone level and altered NSC homeostasis is observed. However, the precise mechanism by which chronic stress induce anxious depression and modify internal milieu is still unknown. Herein, we show that exposure to CUS increase oxidative stress, microgliosis, astrogliosis while it reduces hippocampal NSC proliferation, neuronal differentiation and maturation in adult rats. CUS exposure in rats reduce dopamine and serotonin level in cortex and hippocampus, which result in increased anxiety and depression-like phenotypes. We also found elevated level of NF-κB and TNF-α while decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level, that led to increased expression of Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 whereas down regulation of antiapoptotic protein Bcl2. Additionally, CUS altered adult hippocampal neurogenesis, increased gliosis and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral cortex and hippocampus which might be associated with reduced AKT and increased ERK signaling, as seen in the rat brain tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that CUS induce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation which directly affects NSC dynamics, monoamines levels and behavioral functions in adult rats.
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31
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Singhal G, Morgan J, Corrigan F, Toben C, Jawahar MC, Jaehne EJ, Manavis J, Hannan AJ, Baune BT. Short-Term Environmental Enrichment is a Stronger Modulator of Brain Glial Cells and Cervical Lymph Node T Cell Subtypes than Exercise or Combined Exercise and Enrichment. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:469-486. [PMID: 32451728 PMCID: PMC7920895 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) and environmental enrichment (EE) can modulate immunity. However, the differential effects of short-term PE, EE, and PE + EE on neuroimmune mechanisms during normal aging has not been elucidated. Hence, a cohort of 3-, 8-, and 13-month-old immunologically unchallenged C57BL/6 wild-type mice were randomly assigned to either Control, PE, EE, or PE + EE groups and provided with either no treatment, a running wheel, a variety of plastic and wooden objects alone or in combination with a running wheel for seven weeks, respectively. Immunohistochemistry and 8-color flow cytometry were used to determine the numbers of dentate gyrus glial cells, and the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers and their subsets from cervical lymph nodes, respectively. An increase in the number of IBA1+ microglia in the dentate gyrus at 5 and 10 months was observed after EE, while PE and PE + EE increased it only at 10 months. No change in astroglia number in comparison to controls were observed in any of the treatment groups. Also, all treatments induced significant differences in the proportion of specific T cell subsets, i.e., CD4+ and CD8+ T naïve (TN), central memory (TCM), and effector memory (TEM) cells. Our results suggest that in the short-term, EE is a stronger modulator of microglial and peripheral T cell subset numbers than PE and PE + EE, and the combination of short-term PE and EE has no additive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Singhal
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie Morgan
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Frances Corrigan
- Division of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Catherine Toben
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Magdalene C. Jawahar
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emily J. Jaehne
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Manavis
- Centre for Neurological Diseases, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Yun HS, Oh J, Lim JS, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Wasp Venom in BV-2 Microglial Cells in Comparison with Bee Venom. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040297. [PMID: 33805372 PMCID: PMC8066097 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary As the population of the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) spreads, this study investigated ways to utilize this resource of abundant invasive wasp species. Hymenoptera venoms, including bee venom and wasp venom, have therapeutic potential. Although the venoms are toxic to humans, the elucidation of their composition and working mechanisms has led to discoveries about their potential applications in treatment modalities for a variety of disorders. Therefore, we examined the anti-inflammatory effect of wasp venom from V. velutina in comparison with that of bee venom from honey bee on BV-2 murine microglial cells. Treatment with wasp venom reduced the secretion of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, from BV-2 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blot analysis revealed that wasp venom and bee venom decreased the expression levels of inflammation markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, wasp venom decreased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is a key transcription factor in the regulation of cellular inflammatory response. Overall, the findings demonstrated that wasp venom inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in microglial cells by suppressing the NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway, which warrants further studies to confirm its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases. Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory effect of wasp venom (WV) from the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina) with that of bee venom (BV) on BV-2 murine microglial cells. WV was collected from the venom sac, freeze-dried, and used for in vitro examinations. WV and BV were non-toxic to BV-2 cells at concentrations of 160 and 12 µg/mL or lower, respectively. Treatment with WV reduced the secretion of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, from BV-2 cells activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blot analysis revealed that WV and BV decreased the expression levels of inflammation markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, WV decreased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is a key transcription factor in the regulation of cellular inflammatory response. Cumulatively, the results demonstrated that WV inhibited LPS-induced neuroinflammation in microglial cells by suppressing the NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway, which warrants further studies to confirm its therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seok Yun
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Jisun Oh
- Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Ji Sun Lim
- Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- National Institute for Korean Medicine Development, Gyeongsan 38540, Korea;
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Institute of Agriculture Science and Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.O.); (J.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5752; Fax: +82-53-950-6750
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Taguchi D, Ehara A, Kadowaki T, Sakakibara SI, Nakadate K, Hirata K, Ueda S. Minocycline Alleviates Cluster Formation of Activated Microglia and Age-dependent Dopaminergic Cell Death in the Substantia Nigra of Zitter Mutant Rat. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2020; 53:139-146. [PMID: 33437100 PMCID: PMC7785462 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.20-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation is a component of neurodegenerative pathology. Here, we examine whether activated microglia participate in age-related dopaminergic (DA) cell death in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the zitter (zi/zi) rat, a mutant characterized by deletion of the attractin gene. Confocal microscopy with double-immunohistochemical staining revealed activated microglia-formed cell-clusters surrounding DA neurons in the SNc from 2 weeks after birth. An immunoelectron microscopic study showed that the cytoplasm of activated microglia usually contains phagosome-like vacuoles and lamellar inclusions. Expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were increased in the midbrain of 2-month-old zi/zi rats. Chronic treatment with the anti-inflammatory agent minocycline altered the morphology of the microglia, reduced cluster formation by the microglia, and attenuated DA cell death in the SNc, and reduced the expression of IL-1β in the midbrain. These results indicate that activated microglia, at least in part and especially at the initial phase, contribute to DA cell death in the SNc of the zi/zi rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taguchi
- Department of Judo Therapy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Ayuka Ehara
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Taro Kadowaki
- Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Shin-ichi Sakakibara
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Applied Brain Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University
| | - Kazuhiko Nakadate
- Department of Basic Science, Educational and Research Center for Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Shuichi Ueda
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine
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Romero-Miguel D, Lamanna-Rama N, Casquero-Veiga M, Gómez-Rangel V, Desco M, Soto-Montenegro ML. Minocycline in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases: An update. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:1056-1081. [PMID: 33180965 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Minocycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, effective as a chronic treatment for recurrent bacterial infections. Beyond its antibiotic action, minocycline also has important anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties. Its efficacy has therefore been evaluated in many neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases that have an inflammatory basis. Our aim was to review preclinical and clinical studies performed in neurological and psychiatric diseases whose treatment involved the use of minocycline and thereby to discern the possible beneficial effect of minocycline in these disorders. METHODS Completed and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials of minocycline for both neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders, published from January 1995 to January 2020, were identified through searching relevant databases (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/, https://clinicaltrials.gov/). A total of 74 preclinical studies and 44 clinical trials and open-label studies were selected. RESULTS The results of the nearly 20 years of research identified are diverse. While minocycline mostly proved to be effective in animal models, clinical results showed divergent outcomes, with positive results in some studies counterbalanced by a number of cases with no significant improvements. Specific data for each disease are further individually described in this review. CONCLUSIONS Despite minocycline demonstrating antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, discrepancies between preclinical and clinical data indicate that we should be cautious in analyzing the outcomes. Improving and standardizing protocols and refining animal models could help us to determine if minocycline really is a useful drug in the treatment of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Casquero-Veiga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid
| | | | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Soto-Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid
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Munafò A, Burgaletto C, Di Benedetto G, Di Mauro M, Di Mauro R, Bernardini R, Cantarella G. Repositioning of Immunomodulators: A Ray of Hope for Alzheimer's Disease? Front Neurosci 2020; 14:614643. [PMID: 33343293 PMCID: PMC7746859 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.614643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and by the presence of amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Despite recent advances in understanding its pathophysiological mechanisms, to date, there are no disease-modifying therapeutic options, to slow or halt the evolution of neurodegenerative processes in AD. Current pharmacological treatments only transiently mitigate the severity of symptoms, with modest or null overall improvement. Emerging evidence supports the concept that AD is affected by the impaired ability of the immune system to restrain the brain's pathology. Deep understanding of the relationship between the nervous and the immune system may provide a novel arena to develop effective and safe drugs for AD treatment. Considering the crucial role of inflammatory/immune pathways in AD, here we discuss the current status of the immuno-oncological, immunomodulatory and anti-TNF-α drugs which are being used in preclinical studies or in ongoing clinical trials by means of the drug-repositioning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Munafò
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Burgaletto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Benedetto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosaria Di Mauro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Guo X, Liu Y, Morgan D, Zhao LR. Reparative Effects of Stem Cell Factor and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Aged APP/PS1 Mice. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1423-1443. [PMID: 33269098 PMCID: PMC7673847 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. No effective treatment is available now in restricting the pathological progression of AD. The aim of this study is to determine the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (SCF+G-CSF) in aged APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice. SCF+G-CSF was subcutaneously injected for 12 days to 25-month-old male APP/PS1 mice. We observed that SCF+G-CSF treatment reduced the Aβ plaques in both the cortex and hippocampus. SCF+G-CSF treatment increased the association of TREM2+/Iba1+ cells with Aβ plaques and enhanced Aβ uptake by Iba1+ and CD68+cells in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. Importantly, cerebral expression area of P2RY12+and TMEM119+ homeostatic microglia and the branches of P2RY12+ homeostatic microglia were increased in the SCF+G-CSF-treated aged APP/PS1 mice. SCF+G-CSF treatment also decreased NOS-2 and increased IL-4 in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, the loss of MAP2+dendrites and PSD-95+post-synapses and the accumulation of aggregated tau in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice were ameliorated by SCF+G-CSF treatment. Furthermore, the density of P2RY12+ microglia was negatively correlated with Aβ deposits, but positively correlated with the densities of MAP2+ dendrites and PSD-95+ puncta in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. These findings reveal the therapeutic potential of SCF+G-CSF treatment in ameliorating AD pathology at the late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA
| | - Yanying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA
| | - David Morgan
- Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503, USA
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA
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Howard R, Zubko O, Bradley R, Harper E, Pank L, O'Brien J, Fox C, Tabet N, Livingston G, Bentham P, McShane R, Burns A, Ritchie C, Reeves S, Lovestone S, Ballard C, Noble W, Nilforooshan R, Wilcock G, Gray R. Minocycline at 2 Different Dosages vs Placebo for Patients With Mild Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77:164-174. [PMID: 31738372 PMCID: PMC6865324 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Question Can 2 years of minocycline treatment modify the course of mild Alzheimer disease? Findings In this randomized clinical trial that included 544 participants, 24 months of minocycline treatment did not significantly delay progression of functional and cognitive impairment compared with placebo. Meaning Minocycline is not a candidate for disease modification for patients with symptomatic Alzheimer disease. Importance There are no disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. Minocycline is anti-inflammatory, protects against the toxic effects of β-amyloid in vitro and in animal models of AD, and is a credible repurposed treatment candidate. Objective To determine whether 24 months of minocycline treatment can modify cognitive and functional decline in patients with mild AD. Design, Setting, and Participants Participants were recruited into a double-blind randomized clinical trial from May 23, 2014, to April 14, 2016, with 24 months of treatment and follow-up. This multicenter study in England and Scotland involved 32 National Health Service memory clinics within secondary specialist services for people with dementia. From 886 screened patients, 554 patients with a diagnosis of mild AD (Standardised Mini-Mental State Examination [sMMSE] score ≥24) were randomized. Interventions Participants were randomly allocated 1:1:1 in a semifactorial design to receive minocycline (400 mg/d or 200 mg/d) or placebo for 24 months. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome measures were decrease in sMMSE score and Bristol Activities of Daily Living Scale (BADLS), analyzed by intention-to-treat repeated-measures regression. Results Of 544 eligible participants (241 women and 303 men), the mean (SD) age was 74.3 (8.2) years, and the mean (SD) sMMSE score was 26.4 (1.9). Fewer participants completed 400-mg minocycline hydrochloride treatment (28.8% [53 of 184]) than 200-mg minocycline treatment (61.9% [112 of 181]) or placebo (63.7% [114 of 179]; P < .001), mainly because of gastrointestinal symptoms (42 in the 400-mg group, 15 in the 200-mg group, and 10 in the placebo group; P < .001), dermatologic adverse effects (10 in the 400-mg group, 5 in the 200-mg group, and 1 in the placebo group; P = .02), and dizziness (14 in the 400-mg group, 3 in the 200-mg group, and 1 in the placebo group; P = .01). Assessment rates were lower in the 400-mg group: 68.4% (119 of 174 expected) for sMMSE at 24 months compared with 81.8% (144 of 176) for the 200-mg group and 83.8% (140 of 167) for the placebo group. Decrease in sMMSE scores over 24 months in the combined minocycline group was similar to that in the placebo group (4.1 vs 4.3 points). The combined minocycline group had mean sMMSE scores 0.1 points higher than the placebo group (95% CI, −1.1 to 1.2; P = .90). The decrease in mean sMMSE scores was less in the 400-mg group than in the 200-mg group (3.3 vs 4.7 points; treatment effect = 1.2; 95% CI, −0.1 to 2.5; P = .08). Worsening of BADLS scores over 24 months was similar in all groups: 5.7 in the 400-mg group, 6.6 in the 200-mg group, and 6.2 in the placebo groups (treatment effect for minocycline vs placebo = –0.53; 95% CI, −2.4 to 1.3; P = .57; treatment effect for 400 mg vs 200 mg of minocycline = –0.31; 95% CI, −0.2 to 1.8; P = .77). Results were similar in different patient subgroups and in sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data. Conclusions and Relevance Minocycline did not delay the progress of cognitive or functional impairment in people with mild AD during a 2-year period. This study also found that 400 mg of minocycline is poorly tolerated in this population. Trial Registration isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN16105064
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Zubko
- Old Age Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Bradley
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Harper
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Pank
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Fox
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Naji Tabet
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Gill Livingston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bentham
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert McShane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Burns
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Ritchie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Ballard
- Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramin Nilforooshan
- Surrey and Borders Partnership National Health Service Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Wilcock
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Gray
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Strong R, Miller RA, Bogue M, Fernandez E, Javors MA, Libert S, Marinez PA, Murphy MP, Musi N, Nelson JF, Petrascheck M, Reifsnyder P, Richardson A, Salmon AB, Macchiarini F, Harrison DE. Rapamycin-mediated mouse lifespan extension: Late-life dosage regimes with sex-specific effects. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13269. [PMID: 33145977 PMCID: PMC7681050 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To see if variations in timing of rapamycin (Rapa), administered to middle aged mice starting at 20 months, would lead to different survival outcomes, we compared three dosing regimens. Initiation of Rapa at 42 ppm increased survival significantly in both male and female mice. Exposure to Rapa for a 3‐month period led to significant longevity benefit in males only. Protocols in which each month of Rapa treatment was followed by a month without Rapa exposure were also effective in both sexes, though this approach was less effective than continuous exposure in female mice. Interpretation of these results is made more complicated by unanticipated variation in patterns of weight gain, prior to the initiation of the Rapa treatment, presumably due to the use of drug‐free food from two different suppliers. The experimental design included tests of four other drugs, minocycline, β‐guanidinopropionic acid, MitoQ, and 17‐dimethylaminoethylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17‐DMAG), but none of these led to a change in survival in either sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Strong
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Martin A. Javors
- Department of Psychiatry University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | | | - Paul Anthony Marinez
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and Research Service South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Michael P. Murphy
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Medicine Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - James F. Nelson
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
| | - Michael Petrascheck
- Department of Molecular Medicine The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
- Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology University of Oklahoma Health Science Center Oklahoma City OK USA
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Adam B. Salmon
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center South Texas Veterans Health Care System San Antonio TX USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio TX USA
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Araki T, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. The effects of microglia‐ and astrocyte‐derived factors on neurogenesis in health and disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5880-5901. [PMID: 32920880 PMCID: PMC8451940 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis continues throughout life and has been suggested to play an essential role in maintaining spatial cognitive function under physiological conditions. An increasing amount of evidence has indicated that adult neurogenesis is tightly controlled by environmental conditions in the neurogenic niche, which consists of multiple types of cells including microglia and astrocytes. Microglia maintain the environment of neurogenic niche through their phagocytic capacity and interaction with neurons via fractalkine‐CX3CR1 signaling. In addition, microglia release growth factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α to support the development of adult born neurons. Astrocytes also manipulate neurogenesis by releasing various soluble factors including adenosine triphosphate and lactate. Whereas, under pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy, microglia and astrocytes play a leading role in inflammation and are involved in attenuating the normal process of neurogenesis. The modulation of glial functions on neurogenesis in these brain diseases are attracting attention as a new therapeutic target. This review describes how these glial cells play a role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in both health and disease, especially focusing glia‐derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Araki
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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Role of Microglia in Modulating Adult Neurogenesis in Health and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186875. [PMID: 32961703 PMCID: PMC7555074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, constituting the powerhouse of brain innate immunity. They originate from hematopoietic precursors that infiltrate the developing brain during different stages of embryogenesis, acquiring a phenotype characterized by the presence of dense ramifications. Microglial cells play key roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating brain immune responses. They continuously scan and sense the brain environment to detect any occurring changes. Upon detection of a signal related to physiological or pathological processes, the cells are activated and transform to an amoeboid-like phenotype, mounting adequate responses that range from phagocytosis to secretion of inflammatory and trophic factors. The overwhelming evidence suggests that microglia are crucially implicated in influencing neuronal proliferation and differentiation, as well as synaptic connections, and thereby cognitive and behavioral functions. Here, we review the role of microglia in adult neurogenesis under physiological conditions, and how this role is affected in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ma DC, Zhang NN, Zhang YN, Chen HS. Kv1.3 channel blockade alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reshaping M1/M2 phenotypes and compromising the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113399. [PMID: 32652099 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
After cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, pro-inflammatory M1-like and anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes of microglia are involved in neuroinflammation, in which NLRP3 inflammasome plays an essential role. Kv1.3 channel has been recognized as neuro-immunomodulatory target, but it is not clear as to its role in the neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemic injury. The current study aimed to investigate the issue. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model in rats and oxygen-glucose deprivation/ reoxygenation (OGD/R) in primary microglia were utilized to mimic disease state of ischemic stroke. Treatment with PAP-1, a Kv1.3 channel blocker, produced a significant improvement in neurological deficit scores and a decrease in infarct volume in MCAO/R model. An increased number of M2-like phenotypic microglia and a reduced number of M1-like phenotypic microglia were observed by immunofluorescent staining in the in vivo model, which was further validated by flow cytometry in vitro. Western blot showed that PAP-1 treatment profoundly reduced cleavage of caspase-1 and IL-1β in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, PAP-1 administration reduced the number of NLRP3+/Iba1+ cells and NLRP3 protein levels in vivo, while reduced mRNA and protein expression levels of NLRP3 in vitro. Reduced mRNA expression levels of IL-1β in vitro and protein level of IL-1β in vivo were also observed. Taken together, our findings suggested that Kv1.3 channel blockade effectively alleviated cerebral ischemic injury, possibly by reshaping microglial phenotypic response from M1 towards M2, compromising the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia, and inhibiting release of IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Chao Ma
- Graduate College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Department of neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, China
| | - Nan-Nan Zhang
- Department of neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, China
| | - Yi-Na Zhang
- Department of neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, China.
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Ding X, Yang W, Ren Q, Hu J, Yang S, Han W, Wang J, Wang X, Wang H. Serum IgG-induced microglial activation enhances neuronal cytolysis via the NO/sGC/PKG pathway in children with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and neuroblastoma. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:190. [PMID: 32546235 PMCID: PMC7298801 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disease. Some children with OMS also have neuroblastoma (NB). We and others have previously documented that serum IgG from children with OMS and NB induces neuronal cytolysis and activates several signaling pathways. However, the mechanisms underlying OMS remain unclear. Here, we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO) from activated microglias and its cascade contribute to neuronal cytolysis in pediatric OMS. Methods The activation of cultured cerebral cortical and cerebellar microglias incubated with sera or IgG isolated from sera of children with OMS and NB was measured by the expression of the activation marker, cytokines, and NO. Neuronal cytolysis was determined after exposing to IgG-treated microglia-conditioned media. Using inhibitors and activators, the effects of NO synthesis and its intracellular cascade, namely soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and protein kinase G (PKG), on neuronal cytolysis were evaluated. Results Incubation with sera or IgG from children with OMS and NB increased the activation of cerebral cortical and cerebellar microglias, but not the activation of astrocytes or the cytolysis of glial cells. Moreover, the cytolysis of neurons was elevated by conditioned media from microglias incubated with IgG from children with OMS and NB. Furthermore, the expression of NO, sGC, and PKG was increased. Neuronal cytolysis was relieved by the inhibitors of NO signaling, while neuronal cytolysis was exacerbated by the activators of NO signaling but not proinflammatory cytokines. The cytolysis of neurons was suppressed by pretreatment with the microglial inhibitor minocycline, a clinically tested drug. Finally, increased microglial activation did not depend on the Fab fragment of serum IgG. Conclusions Serum IgG from children with OMS and NB potentiates microglial activation, which induces neuronal cytolysis through the NO/sGC/PKG pathway, suggesting an applicability of microglial inhibitor as a therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ding
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Development, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan-li-shi Road, Xi-Cheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Qinghua Ren
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jiajian Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Huanmin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China.
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Synergistic depletion of gut microbial consortia, but not individual antibiotics, reduces amyloidosis in APPPS1-21 Alzheimer's transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8183. [PMID: 32424118 PMCID: PMC7235236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64797-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In preceding efforts, we demonstrated that antibiotic (ABX) cocktail-mediated perturbations of the gut microbiome in two independent transgenic lines, termed APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 and APPPS1-21, leads to a reduction in Aβ deposition in male mice. To determine whether these observed reductions of cerebral Aβ amyloidosis are specific to any individual antibiotic or require the synergistic effects of several antibiotics, we treated male APPPS1-21 transgenic mice with either individual ABX or an ABX cocktail and assessed amyloid deposition. Specifically, mice were subject to oral gavage with high dose kanamycin, gentamicin, colistin, metronidazole, vancomycin, individually or in a combination (ABX cocktail) from postnatal days (PND) 14 to 21, followed by ad libitum, low-dose individual ABX or ABX cocktail in the drinking water until the time of sacrifice. A control group was subject to gavage with water from PND 14 to 21 and received drinking water till the time of sacrifice. At the time of sacrifice, all groups showed distinct cecal microbiota profiles with the highest differences between control and ABX cocktail-treated animals. Surprisingly, only the ABX cocktail significantly reduced brain Aβ amyloidosis compared to vehicle-treated animals. In parallel studies, and to assess the potential exposure of ABX to the brain, we quantified the levels of each ABX in the brain by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) at PND 22 or at 7 weeks of age. With the exception of metronidazole (which was observed at less than 3% relative to the spiked control brains), we were unable to detect the other individual ABX in brain homogenates. Our findings suggest that synergistic alterations of gut microbial consortia, rather than individual antimicrobial agents, underlie the observed reductions in brain amyloidosis.
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Immunomodulatory role of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C in neuroinflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1651-1660. [PMID: 31845742 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a dynamic network of various macromolecules that are synthesized and released by surrounding cells into the intercellular space. Glycoproteins, proteoglycans and fibrillar proteins are main components of the ECM. In addition to general functions such as structure and stability, the ECM controls several cellular signaling pathways. In this context, ECM molecules have a profound influence on intracellular signaling as receptor-, adhesion- and adaptor-proteins. Due to its various functions, the ECM is essential in the healthy organism, but also under pathological conditions. ECM constituents are part of the glial scar, which is formed in several neurodegenerative diseases that are accompanied by the activation and infiltration of glia as well as immune cells. Remodeling of the ECM modulates the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines affecting the fate of immune, glial and neuronal cells. Tenascin-C is an ECM glycoprotein that is expressed during embryonic central nervous system (CNS) development. In adults it is present at lower levels but reappears under pathological conditions such as in brain tumors, following injury and in neurodegenerative disorders and is highly associated with glial reactivity as well as scar formation. As a key modulator of the immune response during neurodegeneration in the CNS, tenascin-C is highlighted in this mini-review.
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45
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Cao S, Fisher DW, Yu T, Dong H. The link between chronic pain and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:204. [PMID: 31694670 PMCID: PMC6836339 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain often occurs in the elderly, particularly in the patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although studies indicate that chronic pain correlates with cognitive decline, it is unclear whether chronic pain accelerates AD pathogenesis. In this review, we provide evidence that supports a link between chronic pain and AD and discuss potential mechanisms underlying this connection based on currently available literature from human and animal studies. Specifically, we describe two intertwined processes, locus coeruleus noradrenergic system dysfunction and neuroinflammation resulting from microglial pro-inflammatory activation in brain areas mediating the affective component of pain and cognition that have been found to influence both chronic pain and AD. These represent a pathological overlap that likely leads chronic pain to accelerate AD pathogenesis. Further, we discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting noradrenergic dysfunction and microglial activation that may improve patient outcomes for those with chronic pain and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 56300, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Key Lab of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 56300, Guizhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniel W Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Tain Yu
- Guizhou Key Lab of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 56300, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Xie J, Li Y, Dai J, He Y, Sun D, Dai C, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Grafted Into the Retina of RCS Rats Suppress Inflammation by Down-Regulating the JAK/STAT Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:341. [PMID: 31402855 PMCID: PMC6670006 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory microenvironment in the retina plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Microglial inflammatory cytokines production leads to gliosis and apoptosis of retinal neurons, and ultimately, visual loss. Cell-based therapies using grafted olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) have demonstrated modulation of degenerative microenvironments in the central nervous system (CNS), in a number of animal models. However, mechanisms by which grafted OECs can reduce degeneration in the retina are not well understood. In the present study, we set up an in vitro OEC/BV2 microglia co-culture system, and an in vivo royal college of surgeons (RCS) rat model, used cell transplantation, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, western blot to explore the mechanisms by which OECs affect expression of pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines and polarization of M(IL-6) and M(Arg1) type microglial activation in the retina. We found that compared with the LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) and olfactory nerve fibroblast (ONF), the OEC and BV2 co-culture group modulate microglial cytokines releasing toward the anti-inflammation, and away from the pro-inflammation, which was followed by higher IL-4 and IL-10 and lower TNF-a and IL-6 in their expression levels. In vivo, the transplantation group significantly reduced activated resident microglia/infiltrated macrophage, and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in RCS rats retina, increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in transplantation area. Additionally, we found that OECs expressed SOCS3 and down-regulated the JAK2/STAT3 (Janus Kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3) pathway. Thirdly, OEC transplantation reduced Caspase-3 expression, protected inner retinal neurons and photoreceptors and therefore, delayed the visual function degeneration. In conclusion, our data suggest that OECs delay retinal degeneration in RP, at least in part through immunomodulation of microglia via the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage, Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yijian Li
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage, Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaman Dai
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage, Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan He
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage, Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Dayu Sun
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage, Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Dai
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage, Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage, Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Visual Damage, Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Yuan Z, Chen X, Yang W, Lou B, Ye N, Liu Y. The anti-inflammatory effect of minocycline on endotoxin-induced uveitis and retinal inflammation in rats. Mol Vis 2019; 25:359-372. [PMID: 31354229 PMCID: PMC6620367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Uveitis is a serious inflammatory disease of the uvea, frequently leading to visual impairment and irreversible blindness. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of minocycline on rat endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) and retinal inflammation. Methods For in vivo studies, the rat EIU model was induced with intravitreal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Minocycline was administered intraperitoneally 2 h before and after the LPS injection. The severity of the ocular inflammation was evaluated with slit-lamp photography, aqueous humor cell counting, protein quantitative determination, and histological analysis. Retinal microglia were labeled with a fluorescent dye 4Di-10ASP. Microglial activity and inflammatory cytokine production were analyzed with immunofluorescence and real-time PCR. For the in vitro studies, BV-2 microglia cells were stimulated with LPS or cotreated with minocycline for 6 h. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4 levels were determined with real-time PCR and western blotting. Results The LPS-challenged eyes displayed severe inflammation in all ocular structures, including a large number of anterior chamber cells, fibrin exudation, hypopyon, and infiltrated inflammatory cells in the vitreous and retina. Immunostaining of the retinal whole-mounts also revealed numerous retinal microglia were activated promptly, and then more and more peripheral leukocytes were recruited and infiltrated in the LPS-injected retinas. Additionally, the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 was dramatically increased. However, minocycline treatment strongly inhibited microglia activation, decreased inflammatory cytokine production, prevented peripheral inflammatory cell recruitment, and significantly attenuated ocular inflammation. Finally, we demonstrated the mechanism of the microglia inactivation effect of minocycline is via suppression of TLR4 signaling. Conclusions This study indicates minocycline is far beyond an antibiotic. It not only attenuates rat EIU but also inhibits retinal inflammation through inactivating microglia, inhibiting inflammatory cell recruitment and inflammatory cytokine production.
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Tabor J, Collins R, Debert CT, Shultz SR, Mychasiuk R. Neuroendocrine Whiplash: Slamming the Breaks on Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Following Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats May Worsen Outcomes. Front Neurol 2019; 10:481. [PMID: 31133974 PMCID: PMC6517549 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport-related concussion is an increasingly common injury among adolescents, with repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries (RmTBI) being a significant risk factor for long-term neurobiological and psychological consequences. It is not uncommon for younger professional athletes to consume anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) in an attempt to enhance their performance, subjecting their hormonally sensitive brains to potential impairment during neurodevelopment. Furthermore, RmTBI produces acute neuroendocrine dysfunction, specifically in the anterior pituitary, disrupting the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis, lowering cortisol secretion that is needed to appropriately respond to injury. Some AAS users exhibit worse symptoms post-RmTBI if they quit their steroid regime. We sought to examine the pathophysiological outcomes associated with the abrupt cessation of the commonly abused AAS, Metandienone (Met) on RmTBI outcomes in rats. Prior to injury, adolescent male rats received either Met or placebo, and exercise. Rats were then administered RmTBIs or sham injuries, followed by steroid and exercise cessation (SEC) or continued treatment. A behavioral battery was conducted to measure outcomes consistent with clinical representations of post-concussion syndrome and chronic AAS exposure, followed by analysis of serum hormone levels, and qRT-PCR for mRNA expression and telomere length. RmTBI increased loss of consciousness and anxiety-like behavior, while also impairing balance and short-term working memory. SEC induced hyperactivity while Met treatment alone increased depressive-like behavior. There were cumulative effects whereby RmTBI and SEC exacerbated anxiety and short-term memory outcomes. mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and pituitary were modified in response to Met and SEC. Analysis of telomere length revealed the negative impact of SEC while Met and SEC produced changes in serum levels of testosterone and corticosterone. We identified robust changes in mRNA to serotonergic circuitry, neuroinflammation, and an enhanced stress response. Interestingly, Met treatment promoted glucocorticoid secretion after injury, suggesting that maintained AAS may be more beneficial than abstaining after mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tabor
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reid Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chantel T Debert
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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49
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Lima Giacobbo B, Doorduin J, Klein HC, Dierckx RAJO, Bromberg E, de Vries EFJ. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:3295-3312. [PMID: 30117106 PMCID: PMC6476855 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most studied neurotrophins in the healthy and diseased brain. As a result, there is a large body of evidence that associates BDNF with neuronal maintenance, neuronal survival, plasticity, and neurotransmitter regulation. Patients with psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders often have reduced BDNF concentrations in their blood and brain. A current hypothesis suggests that these abnormal BDNF levels might be due to the chronic inflammatory state of the brain in certain disorders, as neuroinflammation is known to affect several BDNF-related signaling pathways. Activation of glia cells can induce an increase in the levels of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, which can lead to the modulation of neuronal function and neurotoxicity observed in several brain pathologies. Understanding how neuroinflammation is involved in disorders of the brain, especially in the disease onset and progression, can be crucial for the development of new strategies of treatment. Despite the increasing evidence for the involvement of BDNF and neuroinflammation in brain disorders, there is scarce evidence that addresses the interaction between the neurotrophin and neuroinflammation in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the effect of acute and chronic inflammation on BDNF levels in the most common psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and aims to shed some light on the possible biological mechanisms that may influence this effect. In addition, this review will address the effect of behavior and pharmacological interventions on BDNF levels in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lima Giacobbo
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Klein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Bromberg
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ipiranga Av. 6681, Porto Alegre, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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50
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Mohammadian F, Firouzjaei MA, Haghani M, Shabani M, Shid Moosavi SM, Mohammadi F. Inhibition of inflammation is not enough for recovery of cognitive impairment in hepatic encephalopathy: Effects of minocycline and ibuprofen. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:96-105. [PMID: 31005662 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that hyperammonia and inflammation play crucial roles in hepatic encephalopathy. This study intends to determine neuroprotective effects of minocycline (MINO) and ibuprofen (IBU), and also set out to assess whether inhibition of inflammation is enough to achieve optimal improvement of hepatic encephalopathy symptoms. The hepatic encephalopathy was induced by bile-duct ligation (BDL), and the animals received first dose of MINO and/or IBU 15 days later and then every day until the 28 day. The rats were divided into the 6 groups of control, sham, BDL + V and BDL + IBU, BDL + MINO and BDL + MINO + IBU, which each group had 3 sub-groups for evaluations of blood-brain barrier (BBB), memory performance, synaptic-plasticity and apoptosis. The long-term potentiation (LTP) and short-term potentiation were evaluated by field potential recording. The memory performance, apoptosis and BBB integrity were assessed via passive avoidance, Western-blotting of caspase-3 and Evans-blue dye extravasation, respectively. The MINO, IBU or their co-treatment in the BDL rats did not improve liver dysfunction. The BDL increased hippocampal apoptosis and BBB disruption, which were fully recovered by all three pharmacological interventions. The MINO treatment alone or combined with IBU had similar neuroprotective effects on the BDL-induced disturbances of hippocampal basal synaptic transmission, LTP and memory performance, whereas they were not ameliorated by the single IBU therapy. Therefore, it seems likely that inhibition of inflammation is not able to improve functionally impaired memory and LTP in the hepatic encephalopathy, and they may be recovered by the direct neuroprotective effects of the MINO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammadian
- Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Masoud Haghani
- Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Clinical Neurology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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