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Chen J, Liu Y, Song Y, Liang H, Zhu G, Zhang B, Liao L, Luo J, Yang M, Su D. Neuro-stimulating effect of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil through regulating Glu/NMDAR on olfactory bulb to improve anxiety-like behavior. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 331:118332. [PMID: 38735421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride (also known Qing-Pi or QP) is a plant in the Rutaceae family, QP is a traditional Qi-regulating medicine in Chinese medicine that is compatible with other Chinese medicine components and has extensive clinical practice in treating anxiety and depression. Reports on the pharmacological effects of QP have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects and antioxidant capacities. Numerous pharmacological benefits of QP are attributed to its antioxidant abilities. Anxiety disorders are a broadly defined category of mental illnesses. Oxidative stress and an imbalance in the antioxidant defense system are typical pathological features of these disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of QP essential oil on anxiety using animal models and investigate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study aimed to develop an animal model of anxiety using chronic restraint stress and investigate the effects of inhalation of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil on anxiety-like behavior, olfactory function, and olfactory bulb neurogenesis in mice with anxiety. RESULTS The results showed that long-term chronic restraint stimulation caused a decrease in olfactory function, significant anxiety-like behavior, and a notable reduction in the number of neurons in the olfactory bulb. However, inhalation of Citri Reticulata Pericarpium Viride essential oil reversed these effects, improving the olfactory function, neuro-stimulating effect, alleviating anxiety-like behavior, and regulating theta (4-12Hz) oscillation in the hippocampus DG area. These effects were associated with changes in the expression levels of glutamate receptor NMDAR and NeuN in olfactory bulb. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that mice with anxiety induced by chronic restraint stress exhibited significant olfactory dysfunction, providing strong evidence for the causal relationship between anxiety disorders and olfactory dysfunction. Moreover, QP essential oil has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic drug for anxiety disorders, in addition to its role as a complementary anxiolytic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China; Key Laboratory of Evaluation of the Efficacy and Quality of Anti-inflammatory Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation, Health Commission of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Medical College, 1689 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yonggui Song
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Huihui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Genhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Bike Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Liangliang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China; Jiangxi Guxiang Jinyun Comprehensive Health Industry Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Su
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Efficacy (Prevention and Treatment of Brain Diseases with Mental Disorders), Key Laboratory of Depression Animal Model Based on TCM Syndrome, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Cieri F, Cera N, Ritter A, Cordes D, Caldwell JZK. Olfaction and Anxiety Are Differently Associated in Men and Women in Cognitive Physiological and Pathological Aging. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062338. [PMID: 36983338 PMCID: PMC10054317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Olfaction impairment in aging is associated with increased anxiety. We explored this association in cognitively healthy controls (HCs), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Both olfaction and anxiety have sex differences, therefore we also investigated these variances. Objectives: Investigate the association of olfaction with anxiety in three distinct clinical categories of aging, exploring the potential role of sex. Methods: 117 subjects (29 HCs, 43 MCI, and 45 PD patients) were assessed for olfaction and anxiety. We used regression models to determine whether B-SIT predicted anxiety and whether sex impacted that relationship. Results: Lower olfaction was related to greater anxiety traits in all groups (HCs: p = 0.015; MCI: p = 0.001 and PD: p = 0.038), significantly differed by sex. In fact, in HCs, for every unit increase in B-SIT, anxiety traits decreased by 7.63 in men (p = 0.009) and 1.5 in women (p = 0.225). In MCI patients for every unit increase in B-SIT, anxiety traits decreased by 1.19 in men (p = 0.048) and 3.03 in women (p = 0.0036). Finally, in PD patients for every unit increase in B-SIT, anxiety traits decreased by 1.73 in men (p = 0.004) and 0.41 in women (p = 0.3632). Discussion: Olfaction and anxiety are correlated in all three distinct diagnostic categories, but differently in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cieri
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicoletta Cera
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Dietmar Cordes
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
- Department of Brain Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Li Z, Abdul Manan H, Heitmann H, Witte V, Wirkner K, Riedel-Heller S, Villringer A, Hummel T. The association between depth of the olfactory sulcus, age, gender and olfactory function: an MRI-based investigation in more than 1000 participants. Neuroscience 2023; 519:31-37. [PMID: 36934780 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between olfactory sulcus (OS) depth and olfactory function considering age and gender and to provide normative data on OS depth in a population with normal olfactory function. MATERIALS AND METHODS OS depth was obtained using T1 magnetic resonance imaging scans. Participants (mean age ± sd = 57 ± 16 years, ranging from 20-80 years) were screened for olfactory function using the Sniffin' Sticks Screening 12 test. They were divided into an olfactory dysfunction group (n = 604) and a normosmia group (n = 493). Participants also completed questionnaires measuring depression, anxiety and quality of life. RESULTS The right OS was deeper than the left side in all age groups. On the left side, women had deeper OS compared with men, exhibiting a higher degree of symmetry in left and right OS depth in women. Variance of olfactory function was largely determined by age, OS depth explained only minor portions of this variance. Normative data for minimum OS depth was 7.55 mm on the left and 8.78 mm on the right for participants aged between 18 and 35 years (n = 144), 6.47 mm on the left and 6.99 mm on the right for those aged 36-55 years (n = 120), and 5.28 mm on the left and 6.19 mm on the right for participants older than 55 years (n = 222). CONCLUSION Considering the limited resolution of the presently used T1 weighted MR scans and the nature of the olfactory screening test, OS depth explained only minor portions of the variance of olfactory function, which was largely determined by age. Age-related normative data of OS depth are presented as a reference for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetian Li
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Depatrment of Otrohinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstarsse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hanani Abdul Manan
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Depatrment of Otrohinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstarsse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Functional Image Processing Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; Department of Radiology and Intervency, Hospital Pakar Kanak-Kanak (Specialist Children Hospital), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Hanna Heitmann
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Depatrment of Otrohinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstarsse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Veronica Witte
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Depatrment of Otrohinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstarsse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Li C, Hong L, Zou L, Zhu Y, Ye J, Wu F, Chen C. Variations in olfactory function among bipolar disorder patients with different episodes and subtypes. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1080622. [PMID: 37020734 PMCID: PMC10067908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1080622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Most studies on olfactory function in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have not distinguished between the different subtypes or between the acute phase (mania or depression) and euthymic state. In this study, we compared olfactory function among BD patients with different subtypes and episodes to explore the potential use of olfactory function as a biomarker for the early identification of BD. Patients and methods The study sample consisted of 117 BD patients who were hospitalized between April 2019 and June 2019, and 47 healthy volunteers as controls. The BD patients were divided into a bipolar I disorder (BD I) (n = 86) and bipolar II disorder (BD II) group (n = 31) according to the different subtypes, and divided into depressive BD (n = 36), manic BD (n = 44), or euthymic BD (n = 37) groups according to the types of episodes they experienced. We assessed olfactory sensitivity (OS) and olfactory identification (OI) via the Sniffin' Sticks test and used the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Young Manic Rating Scale (YMRS) to evaluate BD characteristics among all subjects. Results Compared with controls, the participants with BD showed decreased OS and OI. We found statistically significant differences in OS and OI between the BD I group and controls, as well as differences in OS between the BD I and BD II group. Least-significant difference multiple comparisons revealed statistically significant differences in OS between the depressive BD group, manic BD group and controls and also between the manic BD and euthymic BD group. OI was positively correlated with the YMRS score in the BD I group and OS was negatively correlated with the HAMD score in the BD II group. Conclusion This may be the first study to compare olfactory function in patients with BD I vs. BD II via pairwise comparisons. Our findings suggest that OS may have potential as a biomarker for distinguishing the different subtypes of BD and as a state-related biomarker for differentiating the acute phase from the euthymic state of BD. However, further prospective research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde Wu Zhongpei Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyang Li,
| | - Liu Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde Wu Zhongpei Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Laiquan Zou
- Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde Wu Zhongpei Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfu Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde Wu Zhongpei Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Fenlan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde Wu Zhongpei Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shunde Wu Zhongpei Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- Chao Chen,
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Ferrer-Torres A, Giménez-Llort L. Misophonia: A Systematic Review of Current and Future Trends in This Emerging Clinical Field. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116790. [PMID: 35682372 PMCID: PMC9180704 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Misophonia is a scarcely known disorder. This systematic review (1) offers a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the literature since 2001, (2) identifies the most relevant aspects but also controversies, (3) identifies the theoretical and methodological approaches, and (4) highlights the outstanding advances until May 2022 as well as aspects that remain unknown and deserve future research efforts. Misophonia is characterized by strong physiological, emotional, and behavioral reactions to auditory, visual, and/or kinesthetic stimuli of different nature regardless of their physical characteristics. These misophonic responses include anger, general discomfort, disgust, anxiety, and avoidance and escape behaviors, and decrease the quality of life of the people with the disorder and their relatives. There is no consensus on the diagnostic criteria yet. High comorbidity between misophonia and other psychiatric and auditory disorders is reported. Importantly, the confusion with other disorders contributes to its underdiagnosis. In recent years, assessment systems with good psychometric properties have increased considerably, as have treatment proposals. Although misophonia is not yet included in international classification systems, it is an emerging field of growing scientific and clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Ferrer-Torres
- L’Alfatier-Centro Médico Psicológico, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-761-700
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Patel ZM, Holbrook EH, Turner JH, Adappa ND, Albers MW, Altundag A, Appenzeller S, Costanzo RM, Croy I, Davis GE, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Doty RL, Duffy VB, Goldstein BJ, Gudis DA, Haehner A, Higgins TS, Hopkins C, Huart C, Hummel T, Jitaroon K, Kern RC, Khanwalkar AR, Kobayashi M, Kondo K, Lane AP, Lechner M, Leopold DA, Levy JM, Marmura MJ, Mclelland L, Miwa T, Moberg PJ, Mueller CA, Nigwekar SU, O'Brien EK, Paunescu TG, Pellegrino R, Philpott C, Pinto JM, Reiter ER, Roalf DR, Rowan NR, Schlosser RJ, Schwob J, Seiden AM, Smith TL, Soler ZM, Sowerby L, Tan BK, Thamboo A, Wrobel B, Yan CH. International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:327-680. [PMID: 35373533 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Patel
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Justin H Turner
- Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Otolaryngology, Biruni University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard M Costanzo
- Physiology and Biophysics and Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ilona Croy
- Psychology and Psychosomatic Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Greg E Davis
- Otolaryngology, Proliance Surgeons, Seattle and Puyallup, Washington, USA
| | - Puya Dehgani-Mobaraki
- Associazione Naso Sano, Umbria Regional Registry of Volunteer Activities, Corciano, Italy
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Otolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerie B Duffy
- Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - David A Gudis
- Otolaryngology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Otolaryngology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claire Hopkins
- Otolaryngology, Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline Huart
- Otorhinolaryngology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholgique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste, Otolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Robert C Kern
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashoke R Khanwalkar
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew P Lane
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matt Lechner
- Otolaryngology, Barts Health and University College London, London, UK
| | - Donald A Leopold
- Otolaryngology, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Joshua M Levy
- Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael J Marmura
- Neurology Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisha Mclelland
- Otolaryngology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Otolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Paul J Moberg
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sagar U Nigwekar
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin K O'Brien
- Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Teodor G Paunescu
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carl Philpott
- Otolaryngology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Otolaryngology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evan R Reiter
- Otolaryngology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rowan
- Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - James Schwob
- Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allen M Seiden
- Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Leigh Sowerby
- Otolaryngology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce K Tan
- Otolaryngology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Thamboo
- Otolaryngology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bozena Wrobel
- Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol H Yan
- Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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Liu M, Chen B, Zhong X, Zhang M, Wang Q, Zhou H, Wu Z, Hou L, Peng Q, Zhang S, Yang M, Lin G, Ning Y. Differences in Odor Identification in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Depression. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020276. [PMID: 35204039 PMCID: PMC8870099 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Odor identification (OI) dysfunction is a potential predictor of developing dementia in late life depression (LLD). However, it is not clear whether patients with early onset depression (EOD) and late onset depression (LOD) may exhibit different OI dysfunctions. The aim of this study was to compare OI between EOD patients and LOD patients and its relationship with cognitive function. (2) Methods: A total of 179 patients with LLD and 189 normal controls were recruited. Participants underwent clinical assessment, olfactory testing, and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The OI scores of EOD patients and LOD patients were compared, and correlation analyses and mediation analyses were used to explore the relationship between OI and cognition. (3) Result: LOD patients exhibited lower OI scores than EOD patients and normal controls (NCs). Additionally, the LOD patients exhibited a higher percentage of OI dysfunction than the EOD patients. Moreover, OI scores were associated with global cognition, memory, language, and visuospatial ability in the EOD group (p < 0.05) but were not associated with any cognitive score in the LOD patients (p > 0.05). Finally, the scores of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test Immediate recall and Boston Naming Test exhibited a partially mediating effect on the difference in OI scores between the EOD and LOD patients. (4) Conclusions: LOD patients exhibited worse OI than EOD patients, and their difference in OI was mediated by their memory and language function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Liu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Ben Chen
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Xiaomei Zhong
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Min Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Huarong Zhou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Zhangying Wu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Le Hou
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Qi Peng
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Si Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Minfeng Yang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Gaohong Lin
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
| | - Yuping Ning
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; (M.L.); (B.C.); (X.Z.); (M.Z.); (Q.W.); (H.Z.); (Z.W.); (L.H.); (Q.P.); (S.Z.); (M.Y.); (G.L.)
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou 510000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-81682902
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Abstract
In this review, we describe proposed circuits mediating the mechanism of action of pherines, a new class of synthetic neuroactive steroids with demonstrated antianxiety and antidepressant properties, that engage nasal chemosensory receptors. We hypothesize that afferent signals triggered by activation of these peripheral receptors could reach subgroups of olfactory bulb neurons broadcasting information to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the limbic amygdala. We propose that chemosensory inputs triggered by pherines project to centrolateral (CeL) and centromedial (CeM) amygdala neurons, with downstream effects mediating behavioral actions. Anxiolytic pherines could activate the forward inhibitory GABAergic neurons that facilitate the release of neuropeptide S (NPS) in the locus coeruleus (LC) and GABA in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and inhibit catecholamine release in the LC and ventral tegmental area (VTA) leading to rapid anxiolytic effect. Alternatively, antidepressant pherines could facilitate the CRH and GABAergic neurons that inhibit the release of NPS from the LC, increase glutamate release from the BNST, and increase norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin release from the LC, VTA, and raphe nucleus, respectively. Activation of these neural circuits leads to rapid antidepressant effect. The information provided is consistent with this model, but it should be noted that some steps on these pathways have not been demonstrated conclusively in the human brain.
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Qiu YQ, Huang GJ, Zhao JB, Ma QW, Zou LQ. The chemosensory pleasure scale for children (CPS-C): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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The potential for retronasally delivered olfactory stimuli to assess psychiatric conditions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Chen X, Guo W, Yu L, Luo D, Xie L, Xu J. Association Between Anxious Symptom Severity and Olfactory Impairment in Young Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Case-Control Study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2877-2883. [PMID: 34522099 PMCID: PMC8434937 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s314857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The findings of olfaction are inconsistent in anxiety disorders, and few studies have reported on the olfactory performance in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Therefore, we aim to investigate the olfactory function of patients with GAD and the association between olfactory function and anxiety symptoms. METHODS We conducted a case-control study by selecting 107 patients with GAD and 107 healthy controls matched for sex and age, to investigate olfaction deficits in GAD and the association between anxiety severity and olfaction. All patients were treatment-naïve prior to the inclusion. Anxiety severity and olfaction were assessed by the Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A) and the Sniffin' Sticks test (SST), respectively. Partial correlations were used to analyze the relationship between olfaction and anxiety severity. False discovery rate (FDR) correction was used in multi-correlation analyses. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, patients in the GAD group demonstrated odor threshold, discrimination and identification deficits. In the moderate/severe anxiety subgroup, discrimination score was significantly and inversely correlated with the somatic anxiety score (γ=-0.44, q = 0.03), and identification score was significantly and inversely correlated with the HAM-A total score (γ=-0.42, q= 0.04). The TDI score (the sum of threshold, discrimination and identification scores) was significantly and inversely correlated with the somatic (γ=-0.44, q = 0.04) and psychic (γ=-0.45, q = 0.04) anxiety scores in the moderate/severe anxiety subgroup. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the olfactory impairment in patients with GAD and that poorer odor discrimination was correlated with greater severity of somatic anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiacan Chen
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Mental Health Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangming Yu
- Mental Health Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Luo
- Mental Health Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Leling Xie
- Mental Health Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Mental Health Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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12
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Olfactory Dysfunction in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Meta-analytic Review of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2685-2697. [PMID: 31960263 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is recognized in neurodevelopmental disorders and may serve as an early indicator of global dysfunction. The present meta-analysis measures olfaction effect sizes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Meta-analysis included 320 ADHD, 346 ASD, and 208 OCD individuals as compared to 910 controls. Olfactory performance deficits were small-to-moderate and heterogeneous (d = - 0.42, 95% CI = - 0.59 < δ < - 0.25). Meta-analytic results indicate that olfactory dysfunction is evident in individuals with ASD and OCD, with small-to-negligible effects in ADHD. These findings imply olfactory dysfunction is related to clinical phenotype in ASD and OCD, but not ADHD, and warrant inclusion in clinical assessment and evaluation of certain neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Barros F, Figueiredo C, Costa A, Soares SC. Sensory Processing in the Autism Spectrum: The Role of Attention to Detail and Somatic Trait Anxiety in the Olfactory Perception of the General Population. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 51:2338-2353. [PMID: 32964357 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders, as well as autism traits (AT), have been associated with altered sensory processing. However, the role of AT in olfactory processing is still unclear. We analyzed the impact of AT and trait anxiety (TANX), relevant in the context of autism and olfactory perception, in the olfactory abilities of a nonclinical adult sample. Participants (N = 116) completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) and the Sniffin' Sticks Extended Test to measure AT, TANX and olfactory abilities, respectively. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis suggested that women and higher scores on the Attention to Detail subscale of AQ were associated with better odor discrimination, and higher somatic TANX was related to poorer odor discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Barros
- William James Center for Research (WJCR), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Figueiredo
- Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adriana Costa
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Campus Palma de Cima, Palma de Cima, 1649-023, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra C Soares
- William James Center for Research (WJCR), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Carnemolla SE, Hsieh JW, Sipione R, Landis BN, Kumfor F, Piguet O, Manuel AL. Olfactory dysfunction in frontotemporal dementia and psychiatric disorders: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:588-611. [PMID: 32818582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Diagnosis of FTD, especially the behavioural variant, is challenging because of symptomatic overlap with psychiatric disorders (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder). Olfactory dysfunction is common in both FTD and psychiatric disorders, and often appears years before symptom onset. This systematic review analysed 74 studies on olfactory function in FTD, depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder to identify differences in olfactory dysfunction profiles, focusing on the most common smell measures: odour identification and discrimination. Results revealed that FTD patients were severely impaired in odour identification but not discrimination; in contrast, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia showed impairments in both measures, while those diagnosed with depression showed no olfactory impairments. Findings in bipolar disorder were mixed. Therefore, testing odour identification and discrimination differentiates FTD from depression and schizophrenia, but not from bipolar disorder. Given the high prevalence of odour identification impairments in FTD, and that smell dysfunction predicts neurodegeneration in other diseases, olfactory testing seems a promising avenue towards improving diagnosis between FTD and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Wen Hsieh
- Rhinology -Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland; Laboratory of Inner ear and Olfaction, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Sipione
- Laboratory of Inner ear and Olfaction, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Basile N Landis
- Rhinology -Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland; Laboratory of Inner ear and Olfaction, University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine, 1, rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Kumfor
- The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aurélie L Manuel
- The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia.
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15
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Soria-Gómez E. Special Issue "Olfaction: From Genes to Behavior". Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060654. [PMID: 32549403 PMCID: PMC7348778 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Soria-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; or
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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16
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Olfaction is a Marker of Severity but Not Diagnosis in Anorexia Nervosa: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 30:251-266. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Sustentacular Cell Enwrapment of Olfactory Receptor Neuronal Dendrites: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11050493. [PMID: 32365880 PMCID: PMC7291085 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudostratified olfactory epithelium (OE) may histologically appear relatively simple, but the cytological relations among its cell types, especially those between olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and olfactory sustentacular cells (OSCs), prove more complex and variable than previously believed. Adding to the complexity is the short lifespan, persistent neurogenesis, and continuous rewiring of the ORNs. Contrary to the common belief that ORN dendrites are mostly positioned between OSCs, recent findings indicate a sustentacular cell enwrapped configuration for a majority of mature ORN dendrites at the superficial layer of the OE. After vertically sprouting out from the borderlines between OSCs, most of the immature ORN dendrites undergo a process of sideways migration and terminal maturation to become completely invaginated into and enwrapped by OSCs. Trailing the course of the dendritic sideways migration is the mesodendrite (mesentery of the enwrapped dendrite) made of closely apposed, cell junction connected plasma membrane layers of neighboring folds of the host sustentacular cell. Only a minority of the mature ORN dendrites at the OE apical surface are found at the borderlines between OSCs (unwrapped). Below I give a brief update on the cytoarchitectonic relations between the ORNs and OSCs of the OE. Emphasis is placed on the enwrapment of ORN dendrites by OSCs, on the sideways migration of immature ORN dendrites after emerging from the OE surface, and on the terminal maturation of the ORNs. Functional implications of ORN dendrite enwrapment and a comparison with myelination or Remak’s bundling of axons or axodendrites in the central and peripheral nervous system are also discussed.
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Kinnaird E, Stewart C, Tchanturia K. The relationship of autistic traits to taste and olfactory processing in anorexia nervosa. Mol Autism 2020; 11:25. [PMID: 32276668 PMCID: PMC7146886 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a heightened prevalence of autism in anorexia nervosa (AN) compared to the general population. Autistic people with AN experience a longer illness duration and poorer treatment outcomes. Whether sensory differences in autism could contribute to altered taste and smell as a potential maintaining factor in AN is under-explored. The aim of this study was to explore whether autistic traits are associated with taste and olfaction differences in AN. METHODS The study recruited n = 40 people with AN, and n = 40 healthy controls (HC). Smell sensitivity was measured using the Sniffin' Sticks test. Taste sensitivity was measured using taste strips. Participants self-rated their autistic traits using the Autism Spectrum Quotient. RESULTS There were no significant differences on taste and olfactory outcomes between people with AN and HC. These findings did not change after controlling for the heightened levels of autistic traits in the AN group. No relationship between taste and smell outcomes and autistic traits were identified within the AN group. LIMITATIONS The current study is not able to draw conclusions about taste and smell processing in co-occurring autism and AN as it only measured levels of autistic traits, rather than comparing people with and without an autism diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS No significant associations between autistic traits and taste and smell processing in AN were identified. Future research should consider further exploring this area, including by comparing autistic women to women with AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kinnaird
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Stewart
- Maudsley Centre for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kate Tchanturia
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Eating Disorders Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Illia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
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Chen B, Klarmann R, Israel M, Ning Y, Colle R, Hummel T. Difference of olfactory deficit in patients with acute episode of schizophrenia and major depressive episode. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:99-106. [PMID: 31416747 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aim Olfactory deficits are potential markers of early diagnosis, monitoring progress and predicting outcome in patients with schizophrenia and depression. We aimed to investigate differences in patterns and influencing factors of olfactory deficits between patients with acute episode of schizophrenia and major depressive episode (MDE). METHODS Fifty-two patients with acute episode of schizophrenia, 75 patients with unipolar MDE and 199 healthy controls were included in this retrospective study. Following a structured interview, participants underwent olfactory tests (Sniffin' Sticks), assessment of psychiatric symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), and cognitive function (color-word test and word generation test). RESULTS Both patients with schizophrenia and MDE exhibited significant olfactory deficits, and MDE patients have poorer olfactory sensitivity than schizophrenia. Patients with MDE had a higher proportion of olfactory deficits (45.3% and 28%, respectively) but a better self-awareness (21.3% and 9.6%, respectively) than patients with schizophrenia. In patients with schizophrenia, PANSS scores was positively associated with olfactory sensitivity but negatively associated with olfactory identification, and olfactory discrimination was associated with word generation. In patients with MDE, olfactory discrimination was associated with word generation and age, but not disease severity. First-episode schizophrenia group showed significantly lower threshold scores than recurrent schizophrenia group, and first-episode MDE group had significantly lower threshold scores and higher discrimination scores than the recurrent MDE group. CONCLUSIONS Patterns and modulating factors of olfactory deficits in acute episode of schizophrenia and MDE are different, their differences should be considered when using olfactory deficits as marker in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Chen
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU, Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.
| | | | | | - Yuping Ning
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Romain Colle
- INSERM UMR-1178, CESP, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275, France
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU, Dresden, Germany
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Lecuyer Giguère F, Frasnelli A, De Guise É, Frasnelli J. Olfactory, cognitive and affective dysfunction assessed 24 hours and one year after a mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). Brain Inj 2019; 33:1184-1193. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1631486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lecuyer Giguère
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CEAMS, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Élaine De Guise
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche interdisciplinaire en réadaptation du Montréal métropolitain (CRIR), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Institute-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- CEAMS, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Association Between Olfactory Performance and Affective Symptoms in Children. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-018-9253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Murr J, Hummel T, Ritschel G, Croy I. Individual Significance of Olfaction: A Comparison Between Normosmic and Dysosmic People. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2017; 59:283-292. [PMID: 29397144 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is common in older individuals. The importance of such dysfunction to individuals is highly variable: many people do not seem to care about their olfactory dysfunction, others suffer and complain about problems in daily life, a reduced quality of life, or symptoms of depression. OBJECTIVE Understanding the importance of olfaction for different age groups in normosmic as well as in smell-disordered subjects may help to find reasons for insufficient coping with olfactory dysfunction. METHODS We used a questionnaire to capture the individual importance of olfaction in a sample of 433 normosmic and 172 dysosmic people from 15-82 years of age. Furthermore, all participants underwent standardized assessment of olfactory function. RESULTS The importance of olfaction was highest in the group of young (≤25-year-old) normosmic women. Dysosmia was associated with a decreased importance of olfaction, irrespective of age. However, 18 % of the dysosmic patients showed a tendency to aggravate their symptoms. This high degree of aggravation could not be explained by sex, age, or severity of olfactory dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The high importance of olfaction observed in young women may reflect the specific needs of this group, such as mate selection and child care. The strongly reduced importance of olfaction in dysosmic subjects seems to serve as an adaptive coping mechanism. A tendency to aggravate symptoms may indicate insufficient coping. Hence, detecting high aggravation could be a first step to recognizing high psychological strain and the need for psychotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Murr
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerhard Ritschel
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Park JH, Byeon HK, Park KN, Kim JW, Lee SW, Han KD, Chang JW, Kim WS, Koh YW, Ban MJ. Epidemiological association of olfactory dysfunction with hearing loss and dysphonia in the Korean population: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e8890. [PMID: 29382018 PMCID: PMC5709017 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the association between olfactory dysfunction (OD), hearing loss, and dysphonia.The cross-sectional data for 17,984 adults who completed the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2010-12) were analyzed. OD, hearing loss, and dysphonia were assessed using self-reporting questionnaires. The association of OD with hearing loss and dysphonia was evaluated.Hearing loss and dysphonia were significantly more prevalent in patients with OD than in those without OD (hearing loss, 28.1% vs 11.3%; dysphonia, 11.1% vs 5.9%; both P < .0001). After adjusting for confounders, including mental stress and metabolic syndrome, the risk of OD was significantly associated with hearing loss and dysphonia, and was greater in those with combined hearing loss and dysphonia than in both patients without these dysfunctions and in those with a single dysfunction (odds ratio 3.115, 95% confidence interval 1.973-4.917).OD was significantly associated with hearing loss and dysphonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hong Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan
| | - Hyung Kwon Byeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Ki Nam Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon
| | - Jae Wook Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon
| | - Kyung-do Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon
| | - Won Shik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Yoon Woo Koh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Myung Jin Ban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bentz M, Guldberg J, Vangkilde S, Pedersen T, Plessen KJ, Jepsen JRM. Heightened Olfactory Sensitivity in Young Females with Recent-Onset Anorexia Nervosa and Recovered Individuals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169183. [PMID: 28060877 PMCID: PMC5218546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Olfaction may be related to food restriction and weight loss. However, reports regarding olfactory function in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been inconclusive. Objective Characterize olfactory sensitivity and identification in female adolescents and young adults with first-episode AN and young females recovered from AN. Methods We used the Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Threshold Test and Odor Identification Test to assess 43 participants with first-episode AN, 27 recovered participants, and 39 control participants. Participants completed the Importance of Olfaction questionnaire, the Beck Youth Inventory and the Eating Disorder Inventory. We also conducted a psychiatric diagnostic interview and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule with participants. Results Both clinical groups showed heightened olfactory sensitivity. After excluding participants with depression, participants with first-episode AN identified more odors than recovered participants. Conclusion Heightened olfactory sensitivity in AN may be independent of clinical status, whereas only individuals with current AN and without depression show more accurate odor identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Bentz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanne Guldberg
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tine Pedersen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Jessica Plessen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Moellegaard Jepsen
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Foundation Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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Khil L, Rahe C, Wellmann J, Baune BT, Wersching H, Berger K. Association between major depressive disorder and odor identification impairment. J Affect Disord 2016; 203:332-338. [PMID: 27318533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence of olfactory deficits in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) but causes and mechanisms are largely unknown. METHODS We compared 728 patients with current MDD and 555 non-depressed controls regarding odor identification impairment taking into account the severity of acute symptoms and of the disease course. We assessed current symptom severity with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and disease course severity based on admission diagnosis (ICD-10, F32/F33) and self-reported hospitalization frequency, defined as infrequent (<2) and frequent (≥2) depression-related hospitalizations under constant disease duration. A score of <10 on the Sniffin' Sticks-Screen-12 test determined the presence of odor identification impairment. RESULTS Compared to non-depressed controls patients with frequent (rapidly recurring) hospitalizations had an elevated chance of odor identification impairment, even after adjustment for smell-influencing factors, such as age and smoking, (OR=1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.9). Patients with recurrent MDD (F33) also had an elevated odds of odor identification impairment compared to those with a first-time episode (F32, OR=1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.4). In patients with a first-time episode the chance of odor identification impairment increased by 7% with each point increase in the Hamilton Score. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional study. Variation in the use of psychotropic medication is a potential bias. CONCLUSION Odor identification impairment was evident in MDD patients with first-time high symptom severity and in patients with a severe disease course. Whether odor identification impairment is a marker or mediator of structural and functional brain changes associated with acute or active MDD requires further investigations in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Khil
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Corinna Rahe
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wellmann
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Heike Wersching
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Takahashi T, Nishikawa Y, Yücel M, Whittle S, Lorenzetti V, Walterfang M, Sasabayashi D, Suzuki M, Pantelis C, Allen NB. Olfactory sulcus morphology in patients with current and past major depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 255:60-65. [PMID: 27526191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory deficits have been reported in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it remains largely unknown whether MDD is associated with abnormalities in olfactory sulcus morphology, a potential marker of olfactory system development. This magnetic resonance imaging study investigated the length and depth of the olfactory sulcus in 29 currently depressed patients, 27 remitted depressed patients, and 33 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. Both current and remitted MDD patients had significantly shallower olfactory sulci bilaterally as compared with controls. Only for male subjects, the right olfactory sulcus was significantly shorter in remitted MDD patients than in controls. The right sulcus depth was negatively correlated with number of depressive episodes in the entire MDD group and with residual depressive symptoms in the remitted MDD group. Medication status, presence of melancholia, and comorbidity with anxiety disorders did not affect the sulcus morphology. These findings suggest that abnormality of the olfactory sulcus morphology, especially its depth, may be a trait-related marker of vulnerability to major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Takahashi
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Nishikawa
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Murat Yücel
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; ORYGEN Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michio Suzuki
- Departments of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Kohli P, Soler ZM, Nguyen SA, Muus JS, Schlosser RJ. The Association Between Olfaction and Depression: A Systematic Review. Chem Senses 2016; 41:479-86. [PMID: 27170667 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the relationship between olfaction and depression have revealed mixed results. In addition, few have focused on the reciprocity of this association. The aim of this study is to combine depression and olfactory data in two separate patient populations to further understand their association. A systematic literature review was conducted using 3 online databases to identify studies correlating olfaction and depression in patients presenting with either primary depression or primary olfactory dysfunction. For the depressed population, weighted means and standard deviations for the Sniffin' Sticks Test and the 40-item Smell Identification Test were combined using 10 studies. For the olfactory dysfunction population, weighted means of Beck's Depression Inventory were combined using 3 studies. Independent t-tests were used to compare differences between groups. Comparing primary depressed patients with controls, depressed patients showed decreased scores in olfactory threshold (6.31±1.38 vs. 6.78±0.88, P = 0.0005), discrimination (12.05±1.44 vs. 12.66±1.36, P = 0.0073), identification (12.57±0.74 vs. 12.98±0.90, P < 0.0001), and 40-Item Smell Identification Test (35.31±1.91 vs. 37.41±1.45, P < 0.0001). In patients with primary olfactory dysfunction, Beck's Depression Inventory scores were significantly different between patients classified as normosmics, hyposmics and anosmics (5.21±4.73 vs. 10.93±9.25 vs. 14.15±5.39, P ≤ 0.0274 for all 3 comparisons). In conclusion, patients with depression have reduced olfactory performance when compared with the healthy controls and conversely, patients with olfactory dysfunction, have symptoms of depression that worsen with severity of smell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kohli
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425, USA and
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425, USA and
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425, USA and
| | - John S Muus
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425, USA and
| | - Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Rutledge Ave, MSC 550, Charleston, SC 29425, USA and Ralph H. Johnson, VA Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
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30
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Islam MA, Fagundo AB, Arcelus J, Agüera Z, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Real JM, Tinahones FJ, de la Torre R, Botella C, Frühbeck G, Casanueva FF, Menchón JM, Fernandez-Aranda F. Olfaction in eating disorders and abnormal eating behavior: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1431. [PMID: 26483708 PMCID: PMC4588114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study provides a systematic review that explores the current literature on olfactory capacity in abnormal eating behavior. The objective is to present a basis for discussion on whether research in olfaction in eating disorders may offer additional insight with regard to the complex etiopathology of eating disorders (ED) and abnormal eating behaviors. Electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science) were searched using the components in relation to olfaction and combining them with the components related to abnormal eating behavior. Out of 1352 articles, titles were first excluded by title (n = 64) and then by abstract and fulltext resulting in a final selection of 14 articles (820 patients and 385 control participants) for this review. The highest number of existing literature on olfaction in ED were carried out with AN patients (78.6%) followed by BN patients (35.7%) and obese individuals (14.3%). Most studies were only conducted on females. The general findings support that olfaction is altered in AN and in obesity and indicates toward there being little to no difference in olfactory capacity between BN patients and the general population. Due to the limited number of studies and heterogeneity this review stresses on the importance of more research on olfaction and abnormal eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Islam
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana B Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jon Arcelus
- Leicester Eating Disorder Service, Bennion Centre, Leicester Glenfield Hospital Leicester, UK ; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Fernández-Real
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi) Hospital Dr Josep Trueta Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Facultat de Ciencies de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) Barcelona, Spain ; Integrative Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, University Jaume I Castelló, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición -ISCIII Barcelona, Spain ; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Takahashi T, Itoh H, Nishikawa Y, Higuchi Y, Nakamura M, Sasabayashi D, Nishiyama S, Mizukami Y, Masaoka Y, Suzuki M. Possible relation between olfaction and anxiety in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 69:431-8. [PMID: 25605415 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS While olfaction is a sense closely associated with the limbic system and emotions, the relation between emotional status and olfactory functioning has not been well documented. This study aimed to examine the possible effect of anxiety on olfaction in healthy subjects. METHODS We investigated the effect of state and trait anxiety on the detection and recognition thresholds for five different odors in 124 healthy subjects (62 men and 62 women, mean age = 27.2 years) using a T&T olfactometer. RESULTS While the influences of age, socioeconomic status, IQ, and smoking history on olfaction were not significant, women had a lower recognition threshold for the odor of sweet fruit and a higher detection threshold for that of rotten food as compared with men. Both state and trait anxiety ratings were significantly associated with reduced olfactory ability, especially for identification of rose odor. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that emotional status affects olfactory functioning in healthy subjects. Our findings may also partly explain the mild olfactory impairment reported in clinical conditions, such as anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Itoh
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nishikawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuko Higuchi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Mihoko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Daiki Sasabayashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shimako Nishiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuko Mizukami
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuri Masaoka
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
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Raynaud A, Meunier N, Acquistapace A, Bombail V. Chronic variable stress exposure in male Wistar rats affects the first step of olfactory detection. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:36-45. [PMID: 26003942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
For most animal species, olfaction plays a paramount role in their perception of the environment. Odours are initially detected in neurons located in the olfactory mucosa. This tissue is regulated by several physiological signals and can be altered in pathology. A number of clinical studies suggest an association between depressive disorders and olfactory sensory loss. In rodents, depressive-like states can be observed in models of chronic stress. We tested the hypothesis that olfactory function might be altered in a rat model of depression, induced by chronic variable stress (CVS). While CVS rats exhibited several symptoms consistent with chronic stress exposure and depressive-like states (increased sucrose intake in sucrose preference test, increased immobility in forced swim test, hyperlocomotion), their odorant responses recorded at the olfactory mucosa level by electro-olfactogram were decreased. In addition we observed increased apoptosis markers in the olfactory mucosa using Western Blot. Our data are consistent with reduced olfactory capacities in a laboratory rat model of chronic stress and depression, in agreement with human clinical data; this warrants further mechanistic studies. Furthermore, this works raises the possibility that altered olfactory function might be a confounding factor in the behavioural testing of chronically stressed or depressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Raynaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Meunier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Université de Versailles St-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Adrien Acquistapace
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Bombail
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 1197 NeuroBiologie de l'Olfaction, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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de Guise E, Alturki AY, Laguë-Beauvais M, LeBlanc J, Champoux MC, Couturier C, Anderson K, Lamoureux J, Marcoux J, Maleki M, Feyz M, Frasnelli J. Olfactory and executive dysfunctions following orbito-basal lesions in traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2015; 29:730-8. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1004748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. de Guise
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
- Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - A. Y. Alturki
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Neuroscience Institute, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
| | - M. Laguë-Beauvais
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - J. LeBlanc
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - M. C. Champoux
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - C. Couturier
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - K. Anderson
- Psychology Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - J. Lamoureux
- Social and Preventive Medicine Department, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - J. Marcoux
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - M. Maleki
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - M. Feyz
- Traumatic Brain Injury Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,
| | - J. Frasnelli
- Anatomy Department, Université du Quebec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada, and
- Centre Avancé des Études sur le Sommeil, Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Translational potential of olfactory mucosa for the study of neuropsychiatric illness. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e527. [PMID: 25781226 PMCID: PMC4354342 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) is a unique source of regenerative neural tissue that is readily obtainable from living human subjects and thus affords opportunities for the study of psychiatric illnesses. OM tissues can be used, either as ex vivo OM tissue or in vitro OM-derived neural cells, to explore parameters that have been difficult to assess in the brain of living individuals with psychiatric illness. As OM tissues are distinct from brain tissues, an understanding of the neurobiology of the OM is needed to relate findings in these tissues to those of the brain as well as to design and interpret ex vivo or in vitro OM studies. To that end, we discuss the molecular, cellular and functional characteristics of cell types within the olfactory mucosa, describe the organization of the OM and highlight its role in the olfactory neurocircuitry. In addition, we discuss various approaches to in vitro culture of OM-derived cells and their characterization, focusing on the extent to which they reflect the in vivo neurobiology of the OM. Finally, we review studies of ex vivo OM tissues and in vitro OM-derived cells from individuals with psychiatric, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, we discuss the concordance of this work with postmortem brain studies and highlight possible future approaches, which may offer distinct strengths in comparison to in vitro paradigms based on genomic reprogramming.
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Katotomichelakis M, Simopoulos E, Tzikos A, Balatsouras D, Tripsianis G, Danielides G, Xenitidis K, Livaditis M, Danielides V. Demographic correlates of anxiety and depression symptoms in chronic sinonasal diseases. Int J Psychiatry Med 2015; 48:83-94. [PMID: 25377149 DOI: 10.2190/pm.48.2.a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore mental health of patients with olfactory loss due to chronic sinonasal diseases and investigate the effects of age-, gender-, and socio-economic variables on anxiety and depression symptoms. METHODOLOGY One hundred and eight patients (62 males; mean age: 39.78 ± 16.11 years), suffering from olfactory impairment due to chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis and 30 healthy subjects (16 males; mean age, 37.03 ± 13.09 years) were studied. Olfactory function was evaluated using "Sniffin' Sticks" test. All patients completed four validated questionnaires specific for assessing anxiety and depression (Zung Anxiety Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-STAI, Zung Depression Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-BDI). RESULTS We found significantly more severe anxiety and depression symptoms in anosmic (all p < 0.001) and hyposmic patients compared to healthy controls. No significant differences were observed between normosmic patients and controls. Scores in all psychological measures were significantly higher in elderly and female patients as well as in low, compared to high, socio-economic status patients. No significant differences were found between low and medium socio-economic level. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory loss in chronic sinonasal diseases was found to be associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Moreover, anxiety was correlated with depression. With regard to patients' demographics, female gender and low socioeconomic status proved to be independently correlated with anxiety and depression levels.
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Cortico-subcortical metabolic correlates of olfactory processing in healthy resting subjects. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5146. [PMID: 24888510 PMCID: PMC4042120 DOI: 10.1038/srep05146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide network of interconnected areas was previously found in neuroimaging studies involving normal as well as pathological subjects; however literature seems to suffer from a lack of investigation in glucose metabolism behaviour under olfactory condition. Thus, the present work describe for the first time a pure olfactory related brain response of metabolism by using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/Computer Tomography in eleven resting subjects undergoing a neutral and a pure olfactory condition. By contrasting these experimental phases, it was possible to depict a re-organization pattern of default mode network structures in a relatively ecological environment. Moreover, by correlating such pattern with a battery of validated olfactory and neuropsychological tests, our work allowed in showing peculiar correlation data that could cluster the subjects sample in a certain range of normality. We believe the present study could integrate the current knowledge in olfactory research and could be a start-up for future contributions.
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Takahashi T, Malhi GS, Nakamura Y, Suzuki M, Pantelis C. Olfactory sulcus morphology in established bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 2014; 222:114-7. [PMID: 24602518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This MRI study examined the morphology of the olfactory sulcus, a potential marker of early neurodevelopment in 26 patients with bipolar I disorder and 24 matched controls. Bipolar patients had significantly shallower olfactory sulci bilaterally compared to controls, suggesting that neurodevelopmental abnormalities contribute to the neurobiology of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gin S Malhi
- Discipline of Psychological Medicine, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; CADE Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yumiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Perricone C, Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, de Carolis C, Perricone R, Shoenfeld Y. Smell and autoimmunity: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 45:87-96. [PMID: 23233263 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-012-8343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sense of smell is an ancient sensory modality vital for sampling and perceiving the chemical composition of surrounding environments. Olfaction involves a pathway of biochemical and electrophysiological processes, which allows the conversion of molecular information into sensations. Disturbances in the olfactory function have been investigated mainly in neurological/neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases; impaired sense of smell has been associated with depressed mood. Only recently, smell capability was tested in other diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases. Shoenfeld and colleagues opened this chapter showing that patients affected with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have disturbances in their olfactory functions and revealed its association with neuropsychiatric manifestations of the disease. This evidence was confirmed in experimental models and replicated in other SLE populations. The connection between autoimmunity and the sense of smell was lately emphasized by studies on patients with Sjögren's syndrome and in patients with other autoimmune/immune-mediated diseases, such as polydermatomyositis, recurrent spontaneous abortion, and hereditary angioedema. Genetic susceptibility and hormonal and environmental factors may play a role in these conditions. Olfactory receptor gene clusters are located in proximity to key locus of susceptibility for autoimmune diseases such as the major histocompatibility complex, suggesting not only a physic linkage, but a functional association. Nonetheless, gender- and hormone-mediated effects are fundamental in the development of autoimmune diseases. The different connections between smell and autoimmunity, genes and hormones may suggest that this is another tessera of a mosaic which is waiting the answer of Oedipus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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Takahashi T, Wood SJ, Yung AR, Nelson B, Lin A, Yücel M, Phillips LJ, Nakamura Y, Suzuki M, Brewer WJ, Proffitt TM, McGorry PD, Velakoulis D, Pantelis C. Altered depth of the olfactory sulcus in ultra high-risk individuals and patients with psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2014; 153:18-24. [PMID: 24530137 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A shallow olfactory sulcus has been reported in schizophrenia, possibly reflecting abnormal forebrain development during early gestation. However, it remains unclear whether this anomaly exists prior to the onset of psychosis and/or differs according to illness stage. In the current study, magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the length and depth of the olfactory sulcus in 135 ultra high-risk (UHR) individuals [of whom 52 later developed psychosis (UHR-P) and 83 did not (UHR-NP)], 162 patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), 89 patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 87 healthy controls. While there was no group difference in the length of the sulcus, UHR-P subjects had significantly shallower olfactory sulcus at baseline as compared with UHR-NP and control subjects. The depth of this sulcus became increasingly more superficial as one moved from UHR-P subjects to FEP patients to chronic schizophrenia patients. Finally, the depth of the olfactory sulcus in the UHR-P subjects was negatively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms. These findings suggest that the altered depth of the olfactory sulcus, which exists before psychosis onset, could be predictive of transition to psychosis, but also suggest ongoing changes of the sulcus morphology during the course of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alison R Yung
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Murat Yücel
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience (MCIN) Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa J Phillips
- Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yumiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Warrick J Brewer
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tina M Proffitt
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
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Schablitzky S, Pause BM. Sadness might isolate you in a non-smelling world: olfactory perception and depression. Front Psychol 2014; 5:45. [PMID: 24570666 PMCID: PMC3916769 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) occurs with a high prevalence among mental illnesses. MDD patients experience sadness and hopelessness, with blunted affective reactivity. However, such depressive episodes are also key symptoms in other depressive disorders, like Bipolar Disorder (BPD) or Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Moreover, depressive symptoms can also be found in healthy individuals, but are experienced as less severe or for a shorter duration than in patients. Here, it is aimed to summarize studies investigating odor perception in depression, including depressive states in healthy individuals and patient populations. Odor perception in depression has been assessed with psychophysical methods (olfactory sensitivity, odor identification, and discrimination), and odor ratings (intensity, emotional valence, familiarity). In addition, some studies investigated affective reactions to odors, and physiological and anatomical correlates of odor perception in depression. The summary reveals that MDD is associated with reduced olfactory sensitivity. However, odor identification and discrimination scores seem to be unaffected by depression. The reduced olfactory sensitivity might be associated with a reduced ability to encode olfactory information and a reduced volume of the olfactory bulb. While similar processes seem to occur in healthy individuals experiencing depressive states, they have not been observed in BPD or SAD patients. However, in order to conclude that the reduced olfactory sensitivity is directly linked to depression, it is suggested that studies should implement control measures of cognitive performances or perceptual abilities in other stimulus modalities. It is concluded that the reduced olfactory performance in MDD patients seems to be disorder-, modality-, and test-specific, and that the application of an appropriate olfactory and cognitive test-battery might be highly useful in the differential diagnosis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina M. Pause
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorf, Germany
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Kayser J, Tenke CE, Kroppmann CJ, Alschuler DM, Ben-David S, Fekri S, Bruder GE, Corcoran CM. Olfaction in the psychosis prodrome: electrophysiological and behavioral measures of odor detection. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 90:190-206. [PMID: 23856353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Smell identification deficits (SIDs) are relatively specific to schizophrenia and its negative symptoms, and may predict transition to psychosis in clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals. Moreover, event-related potentials (ERPs) to odors are reduced in schizophrenia. This study examined whether CHR patients show SIDs and abnormal olfactory N1 and P2 potentials. ERPs (49 channels) were recorded from 21 CHR and 20 healthy participants (13 males/group; ages 13-27 years) during an odor detection task using three concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or blank air presented unilaterally by a constant-flow olfactometer. Neuronal generator patterns underlying olfactory ERPs were identified and measured by principal components analysis (unrestricted Varimax) of reference-free current source densities (CSD). Replicating previous findings, CSD waveforms to H2S stimuli were characterized by an early N1 sink (345 ms, lateral-temporal) and a late P2 source (600 ms, mid-frontocentroparietal). N1 and P2 varied monotonically with odor intensity (strong > medium > weak) and did not differ across groups. Patients and controls also showed comparable odor detection and had normal odor identification and thresholds (Sniffin' Sticks). However, olfactory ERPs strongly reflected differences in odor intensity and detection in controls, but these associations were substantially weaker in patients. Moreover, severity of negative symptoms in patients was associated with reduced olfactory ERPs and poorer odor detection, identification and thresholds. Three patients who developed psychosis had poorer odor detection and thresholds, and marked reductions of N1 and P2. Thus, despite the lack of overall group differences, olfactory measures may be of utility in predicting transition to psychosis among CHR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
It has been known for over a century that these cranial nerves exist, and that they are not typographical errors nor a sensational event reported in the medical literature. A number of scientific articles on anatomy highlight how textbooks on descriptive anatomy do not always consider variables such as differences related to the geographical areas where people live, and these differences do exist. This is an important concept not only for surgeons, but also for all medical professionals who use manual techniques when treating their patients, ie, osteopaths, chiropractors, physiotherapists, and other manual therapists. This paper highlights the latest developments regarding these cranial nerves, offering at the same time some ideas for further reflection when looking at clinical scenarios that appear to bear little relationship to each other. Inclusion of these concepts in everyday anamnesis is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Don Carlo Gnocchi IRCCS, Department of Cardiology, Milan
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