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Li J, Cao Y, Li LN, Chu X, Wang YS, Cai JJ, Zhao J, Ma S, Li G, Fan ZK. Neuroprotective Effects of Oxymatrine via Triggering Autophagy and Inhibiting Apoptosis Following Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4450-4471. [PMID: 37115405 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity and disability. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments for it. The identification of drugs that promote autophagy and inhibit apoptosis in neurons is critical for improving patient outcomes following SCI. Previous studies have shown that increasing the activity of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and downstream protein AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in rat models of SCI is highly neuroprotective. Oxymatrine (OMT), a quinolizidine alkaloid, has exhibited neuroprotective effects in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases. However, its explicit effect and molecular mechanism in SCI are still unclear. Herein, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of OMT and explore the potential role of autophagy regulation following SCI in rats. A modified compressive device (weight 35 g, time 5 min) was applied to induce moderate SCI in all groups except the sham group. After treatment with drugs or vehicle (saline), our results indicated that OMT treatment significantly reduced the lesion size, promoted survival of motor neurons, and subsequently attenuated motor dysfunction following SCI in rats. OMT significantly enhanced autophagy activity, inhibited apoptosis in neurons, and increased SIRT1 and p-AMPK expression levels. Interestingly, these effects of OMT on SCI were partially prevented by co-treatment with SIRT1 inhibitor EX527. Furthermore, combining OMT with the potent autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) could effectively abolish its promotion of autophagic flux. Taken together, these data revealed that OMT exerts a neuroprotective role in functional recovery against SCI in rats, and these effects are potentially associated with OMT-induced activation of autophagy via the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Lin-Na Li
- Departments of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Xin Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yan-Song Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Jia-Jun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Song Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, China.
| | - Zhong-Kai Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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2
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Han W, Meißner EM, Neunteibl S, Günther M, Kahnt J, Dolga A, Xie C, Plesnila N, Zhu C, Blomgren K, Culmsee C. Dying transplanted neural stem cells mediate survival bystander effects in the injured brain. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:173. [PMID: 36854658 PMCID: PMC9975220 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) transplants provide neuroprotection in models of acute brain injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we provide evidence that caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death of NSPCs is required for sending survival signals to the injured brain. The secretome of dying NSPCs contains heat-stable proteins, which protect neurons against glutamate-induced toxicity and trophic factor withdrawal in vitro, and from ischemic brain damage in vivo. Our findings support a new concept suggesting a bystander effect of apoptotic NSPCs, which actively promote neuronal survival through the release of a protective "farewell" secretome. Similar protective effects by the secretome of apoptotic NSPC were also confirmed in human neural progenitor cells and neural stem cells but not in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) or human dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that the observed effects are cell type specific and exist for neural progenitor/stem cells across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Eva-Maria Meißner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Neunteibl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Madeline Günther
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kahnt
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Ecophysiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Amalia Dolga
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Molecular Pharmacology - Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cuicui Xie
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Clinic Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Universities of Marburg and Giessen, Marburg, Germany.
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3
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Xie Y, Yang Y, Yuan T. Brain Damage in the Preterm Infant: Clinical Aspects and Recent Progress in the Prevention and Treatment. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:27-40. [PMID: 35209835 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220223092905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the prevalence of brain injury and related neurodevelopmental disabilities resulting from preterm birth are major public health concerns, there are no definite neuroprotective strategies to prevent or reduce brain injury. The pattern of brain injury seen in preterm infants has evolved into more subtle lesions that are still essential to diagnose regarding neurodevelopmental outcomes. There is no specific effective method for the treatment of premature infant brain injury, and the focus of clinical treatment is still on prevention. Prevention of this injury requires insight into the pathogenesis, but many gaps exist in our understanding of how neonatal treatment procedures and medications impact cerebral hemodynamics and preterm brain injury. Many studies provide evidence about the prevention of premature infant brain injury, which is related to some drugs (such as erythropoietin, melatonin, mesenchymal stem cells, etc.). However, there are still some controversies about the quality of research and the effectiveness of therapy. This review aims to recapitulate the results of preclinical studies and provide an update on the latest developments around etiological pathways, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Xie
- Department of Neonatology, Children\'s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Children\'s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Tianming Yuan
- Department of Neonatology, Children\'s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310052, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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4
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Surface-fill H 2S-releasing silk fibroin hydrogel for brain repair through the repression of neuronal pyroptosis. Acta Biomater 2022; 154:259-274. [PMID: 36402296 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains the major cause of disability and mortality worldwide due to the persistent neuroinflammation and neuronal death induced by TBI. Among them, pyroptosis, a specific type of programmed cell death (PCD) triggered by inflammatory signals, plays a significant part in the pathological process after TBI. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and pyroptosis is considered a possible strategy for the treatment of TBI. In our previous study, exogenous hydrogen sulfide(H2S) exerted a neuroprotective effect after TBI. Here, we developed a surface-fill H2S-releasing silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel (H2S@SF hydrogel) to achieve small-dose local administration and avoid volatile and toxic side effects. We used a controlled cortical impact (CCI) to establish a mild TBI model in mice to examine the effect of H2S@SF hydrogel on TBI-induced pyroptosis. We found that H2S@SF hydrogel inhibited the expression of H2S synthase in neurons after TBI and significantly inhibited TBI-induced neuronal pyroptosis. In addition, immunofluorescence staining results showed that the necroptosis protein receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) partially colocalized with the pyroptosis protein Gasdermin D (GSDMD) in the same cells. H2S@SF hydrogel can also inhibit the expression of the necroptosis protein. Moreover, H2S@SF hydrogel also alleviates brain edema and the degree of neurodegeneration in the acute phase of TBI. The neuroprotective effect of H2S@SF hydrogel was further confirmed by wire-grip test, open field test, Morris water maze, beam balance test, radial arm maze, tail suspension, and forced swimming test. Lastly, we also measured spared tissue volume, reactive astrocytes and activated microglia to demonstrate H2S@SF hydrogel impacts on long-term prognosis in TBI. Our study provides a new theoretical basis for the treatment of H2S after TBI and the clinical application of H2S@SF hydrogel. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel controls the release of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to inhibit neuronal pyroptosis and neuroinflammation in injured brain tissue. In this study, we synthesized a surface-fill H2S-releasing silk fibroin hydrogel, which could slowly release H2S to reshape the homeostasis of endogenous H2S in injured neurons and inhibit neuronal pyroptosis in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Meanwhile, H2S@SF hydrogel could alleviate brain edema and the degree of neurodegeneration, improve motor dysfunction, anxious behavior and memory impairment caused by TBI, reduce tissue loss and ameliorate neuroinflammation. Our study provides a new theoretical basis for the treatment of H2S after TBI and the clinical application of H2S@SF hydrogel.
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5
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Zhang A, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lenahan C, Xu H, Jiang J, Yuan L, Wang L, Xu Y, Chen S, Fang Y, Zhang J. The Role of Caspase Family in Acute Brain Injury: The Potential Therapeutic Targets in the Future. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1194-1211. [PMID: 34766893 PMCID: PMC9886824 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111121146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The caspase family is commonly involved in the pathophysiology of acute brain injury (ABI) through complex apoptotic, pyroptotic, and inflammatory pathways. Current translational strategies for caspase modulation in ABI primarily focus on caspase inhibitors. Because there are no caspase-inhibiting drugs approved for clinical use on the market, the development of caspase inhibitors remains an attractive challenge for researchers and clinicians. Therefore, we conducted the present review with the aim of providing a comprehensive introduction of caspases in ABI. In this review, we summarized the available evidence and potential mechanisms regarding the biological function of caspases. We also reviewed the therapeutic effects of caspase inhibitors on ABI and its subsequent complications. However, various important issues remain unclear, prompting further verification of the efficacy and safety regarding clinical application of caspase inhibitors. We believe that our work will be helpful to further understand the critical role of the caspase family and will provide novel therapeutic potential for ABI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA;
| | - Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;
| | | | | | | | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; E-mail:
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; E-mail:
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Fieblinger T, Li C, Espa E, Cenci MA. Non-Apoptotic Caspase-3 Activation Mediates Early Synaptic Dysfunction of Indirect Pathway Neurons in the Parkinsonian Striatum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105470. [PMID: 35628278 PMCID: PMC9141690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-apoptotic caspase-3 activation is critically involved in dendritic spine loss and synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. It is, however, not known whether caspase-3 plays similar roles in other pathologies. Using a mouse model of clinically manifest Parkinson’s disease, we provide the first evidence that caspase-3 is transiently activated in the striatum shortly after the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. This caspase-3 activation concurs with a rapid loss of dendritic spines and deficits in synaptic long-term depression (LTD) in striatal projection neurons forming the indirect pathway. Interestingly, systemic treatment with a caspase inhibitor prevents both the spine pruning and the deficit of indirect pathway LTD without interfering with the ongoing dopaminergic degeneration. Taken together, our data identify transient and non-apoptotic caspase activation as a critical event in the early plastic changes of indirect pathway neurons following dopamine denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Fieblinger
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Synaptic Physiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Chang Li
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Elena Espa
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
| | - M. Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (M.A.C.)
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7
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Ma XY, Zhang M, Fang G, Cheng CJ, Wang MK, Han YM, Hou XT, Hao EW, Hou YY, Bai G. Ursolic acid reduces hepatocellular apoptosis and alleviates alcohol-induced liver injury via irreversible inhibition of CASP3 in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1101-1110. [PMID: 33028983 PMCID: PMC8209164 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the pathogenic factors of chronic liver disease with the highest clinical morbidity worldwide. Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic terpenoid carboxylic acid, has shown many health benefits including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. We previously found that UA was metabolized in vivo into epoxy-modified UA containing an epoxy electrophilic group and had the potential to react with nucleophilic groups. In this study we prepared an alkynyl-modified UA (AM-UA) probe for tracing and capturing the target protein of UA from liver in mice, then investigated the mode by which UA bound to its target in vivo. By conducting proteome identification and bioinformatics analysis, we identified caspase-3 (CASP3) as the primary target protein of UA associated with liver protection. Molecule docking analysis showed that the epoxy group of the UA metabolite reacted with Cys-163 of CASP3, forming a covalent bond with CASP3. The binding mode of the UA metabolites (UA, CM-UA, and EM-UA) was verified by biochemical evaluation, demonstrating that the epoxy group produced by metabolism played an important role in the inhibition of CASP3. In alcohol-treated HepG2 cells, pretreatment with the UA metabolite (10 μM) irreversibly inhibited CASP3 activities, and subsequently decreased the cleavage of PARP and cell apoptosis. Finally, pre-administration of UA (20-80 mg· kg-1 per day, ig, for 1 week) dose-dependently alleviated alcohol-induced liver injury in mice mainly via the inhibition of CASP3. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that UA is a valuable lead compound for the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Ge Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Chuan-Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Mu-Kuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Yi-Man Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Hou
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Ingredients Study of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Er-Wei Hao
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Ingredients Study of Agricultural Residues, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300000, China
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Chen X, Gao C, Yan Y, Cheng Z, Chen G, Rui T, Luo C, Gao Y, Wang T, Chen X, Tao L. Ruxolitinib exerts neuroprotection via repressing ferroptosis in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113762. [PMID: 33991524 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Various forms of cells death are involved in the pathological process of TBI, without exception to ferroptosis, which is mainly triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Although there have been studies on ferroptosis and TBI, the effect of ruxolitinib (Ruxo), one type of FDA approved drugs for treating myelofibrosis, on the process of ferroptosis post-TBI is remained non-elucidated. Therefore, using a controlled cortical impact device to establish the mouse TBI model, we examined the effect of Ruxo on TBI-induced ferroptosis, in which the inhibitor of ferroptosis, Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) was used as a positive control. Moreover, we also respectively explored the effects of these two interventions on neurological deficits caused by TBI. We firstly examined the expression patterns of ferroptosis-related markers at protein level at different time points after TBI. And based on the expression changes of these markers, we chose 12 h post-TBI to prove the effect of Ruxo on ferroptosis. Importantly, we found the intensely inhibitory effect of Ruxo on ferroptosis, which is in parallel with the results obtained after Fer-1-treatment. In addition, these two treatments both alleviated the content of brain water and degree of neurodegeneration in the acute phase of TBI. Finally, we further confirmed the neuroprotective effect of Ruxo or Fer-1 via the wire-grip test, Morris water maze and open field test, respectively. Thereafter, the lesion volume and iron deposition were also measured to certificate their effects on the long-term outcomes of TBI. Our results ultimately demonstrate that inhibiting ferroptosis exerts neuroprotection, and this is another neuroprotective mechanism of Ruxo on TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueshi Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Ya'nan Yan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Zhiqi Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Tongyu Rui
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China
| | - Xiping Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of basic medicine and Biological Sciences, Affiliated Guangji Hospital, Soochow University, China.
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9
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Tsuji S, Di Martino E, Mukai T, Tsuji S, Murakami T, Harris RA, Blomgren K, Åden U. Aggravated brain injury after neonatal hypoxic ischemia in microglia-depleted mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:111. [PMID: 32276642 PMCID: PMC7149909 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation plays an important role in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Although microglia are largely responsible for injury-induced inflammatory response, they play beneficial roles in both normal and disease states. However, the effects of microglial depletion on neonatal HIE remain unclear. Methods Tamoxifen was administered to Cx3cr1CreER/+Rosa26DTA/+ (microglia-depleted model) and Cx3cr1CreER/+Rosa26DTA/− (control) mice at P8 and P9 to assess the effect of microglial depletion. The density of microglia was quantified using Iba-1 staining. Moreover, the proportion of resident microglia after the HI insult was analyzed using flow cytometric analysis. At P10, the HI insult was conducted using the Rice-Vannucci procedure at P10. The infarct size and apoptotic cells were analyzed at P13. Cytokine analyses were performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at P13. Results At P10, tamoxifen administration induced > 99% microglial depletion in DTA+ mice. Following HI insult, there was persisted microglial depletion over 97% at P13. Compared to male DTA− mice, male DTA+ mice exhibited significantly larger infarct volumes; however, there were no significant differences among females. Moreover, compared to male DTA− mice, male DTA+ mice had a significantly higher density of TUNEL+ cells in the caudoputamen, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. Moreover, compared to female DTA− mice, female DTA+ mice showed a significantly greater number of TUNEL+ cells in the hippocampus and thalamus. Compared to DTA− mice, ELISA revealed significantly lower IL-10 and TGF-β levels in both male and female DTA+ mice under both normal conditions and after HI (more pronounced). Conclusion We established a microglial depletion model that aggravated neuronal damage and apoptosis after the HI insult, which was predominantly observed in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichiro Tsuji
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Elena Di Martino
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takeo Mukai
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shoko Tsuji
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Robert A Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Åden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neonatal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Li K, Li T, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang S, Culmsee C, Wang X, Zhu C. Sex differences in neonatal mouse brain injury after hypoxia-ischemia and adaptaquin treatment. J Neurochem 2019; 150:759-775. [PMID: 31188470 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF-PHDs) are important targets against oxidative stress. We hypothesized that inhibition HIF-PHD by adaptaquin reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a neonatal mouse model. The pups were treated intraperitoneally immediately with adaptaquin after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) and then every 24 h for 3 days. Adaptaquin treatment reduced infarction volume by an average of 26.3% at 72 h after HI compared to vehicle alone, and this reduction was more pronounced in males (34.8%) than in females (11.7%). The protection was also more pronounced in the cortex. The subcortical white matter injury as measured by tissue loss volume was reduced by 24.4% in the adaptaquin treatment group, and this reduction was also more pronounced in males (28.4%) than in females (18.9%). Cell death was decreased in the cortex as indicated by Fluoro-Jade labeling, but not in other brain regions with adaptaquin treatment. Furthermore, in the brain injury area, adaptaquin did not alter the number of cells positive for caspase-3 activation or translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor to the nuclei. Adaptaquin treatment increased glutathione peroxidase 4 mRNA expression in the cortex but had no impact on 3-nitrotyrosine, 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine, or malondialdehyde production. Hif1α mRNA expression increased after HI, and adaptaquin treatment also stimulated Hif1α mRNA expression, which was also more pronounced in males than in females. However, nuclear translocation of HIF1α protein was decreased after HI, and adaptaquin treatment had no influence on HIF1α expression in the nucleus. These findings demonstrate that adaptaquin treatment is neuroprotective, but the potential mechanisms need further investigation. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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11
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Deng C, Li J, Li L, Sun F, Xie J. Effects of hypoxia ischemia on caspase-3 expression and neuronal apoptosis in the brain of neonatal mice. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4517-4521. [PMID: 31086583 PMCID: PMC6488988 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of hypoxia ischemia on caspase-3 expression and neuronal apoptosis in the brain of neonatal mice were investigated. Twenty-five neonatal CD1 mice aged 1 week were selected and randomly divided into sham-operation group (n=8) and newborn hypoxia ischemia encephalopathy (NHIE) model group (n=17). The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels of caspase-3 and Fas ligand (FasL) in brain tissues of mice in both groups were detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein expression levels of caspase-3 and FasL in mice in both groups were detected via western blotting. Moreover, apoptosis of brain tissues was detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and caspase-3 protein expression level in brain tissues was detected using immunohistochemical methods. Results of RT-PCR and western blotting revealed that compared with those in sham-operation group, caspase-3 and FasL expression levels in model group were significantly increased. Results of TUNEL showed that the number of apoptotic neurons in model group was significantly increased. Besides, results of immunohistochemical detection manifested that the caspase-3 protein expression level in model group was obviously increased. Hypoxia ischemia can lead to significant increase of caspase-3 expression and increase of neuronal apoptosis in the brain of neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Luyi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Fengjie Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Jiqing Xie
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
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12
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Fragopoulou AF, Qian Y, Heijtz RD, Forssberg H. Can Neonatal Systemic Inflammation and Hypoxia Yield a Cerebral Palsy-Like Phenotype in Periadolescent Mice? Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6883-6900. [PMID: 30941732 PMCID: PMC6728419 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common childhood-onset motor disabilities, attributed to injuries of the immature brain in the foetal or early postnatal period. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, rendering prevention and treatment strategies challenging. The aim of the present study was to establish a mouse model of CP for preclinical assessment of new interventions. For this purpose, we explored the impact of a double neonatal insult (i.e. systemic inflammation combined with hypoxia) on behavioural and cellular outcomes relevant to CP during the prepubertal to adolescent period of mice. Pups were subjected to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections from postnatal day (P) 3 to P6 followed by hypoxia at P7. Gene expression analysis at P6 revealed a strong inflammatory response in a brain region-dependent manner. A comprehensive battery of behavioural assessments performed between P24 and P47 showed impaired limb placement and coordination when walking on a horizontal ladder in both males and females. Exposed males also displayed impaired performance on a forelimb skilled reaching task, altered gait pattern and increased exploratory activity. Exposed females showed a reduction in grip strength and traits of anxiety-like behaviour. These behavioural alterations were not associated with gross morphological changes, white matter lesions or chronic inflammation in the brain. Our results indicate that the neonatal double-hit with LPS and hypoxia can induce subtle long-lasting deficits in motor learning and fine motor skills, which partly reflect the symptoms of children with CP who have mild gross and fine motor impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantia F Fragopoulou
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rochellys Diaz Heijtz
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,INSERM U1239, University of Rouen Normandy, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hans Forssberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Wu Y, Song J, Wang Y, Wang X, Culmsee C, Zhu C. The Potential Role of Ferroptosis in Neonatal Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:115. [PMID: 30837832 PMCID: PMC6382670 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death that is characterized by early lipid peroxidation and different from other forms of regulated cell death in terms of its genetic components, specific morphological features, and biochemical mechanisms. Different initiation pathways of ferroptosis have been reported, including inhibition of system Xc -, inactivation of glutathione-dependent peroxidase 4, and reduced glutathione levels, all of which ultimately promote the production of reactive oxygen species, particularly through enhanced lipid peroxidation. Although ferroptosis was first described in cancer cells, emerging evidence now links mechanisms of ferroptosis to many different diseases, including cerebral ischemia and brain hemorrhage. For example, neonatal brain injury is an important cause of developmental impairment and of permanent neurological deficits, and several types of cell death, including iron-dependent pathways, have been detected in the process of neonatal brain damage. Iron chelators and erythropoietin have both shown neuroprotective effects against neonatal brain injury. Here, we have summarized the potential relation between ferroptosis and neonatal brain injury, and according therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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14
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Shao M, Shen Y, Sun H, Meng D, Huo W, Qi X. Protectiveness of Artesunate Given Prior Ischemic Cerebral Infarction Is Mediated by Increased Autophagy. Front Neurol 2018; 9:634. [PMID: 30174640 PMCID: PMC6107698 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemic cerebral infarction is a severe clinical condition that can cause serious mortality. Artesunate, an anti-malarial drug that is widely used in cancer treatment, is known to facilitate accelerated cell apoptosis. The aim of this study is to explore the possible neuroprotective effects of artesunate on hypoxic-ischemic cells in rats. Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats were treated with artesunate in different doses to observe their survival rate. Primary hippocampal neurons were deprived of oxygen-glucose to induce ischemia symptoms. Western blot was performed to determine the protein expressions of p-mTOR, Beclin-1, and Mcl-1. A five-point scale was used to detect neurological deficit. Cell apoptosis was measured using a TUNEL assay. Results: Artesunate supplementation protected MCAO rats from death and ameliorated brain injury among them. Artesunate administration decreased the expression of p-mTOR, increased the expressions of Beclin-1 and Mcl-1, and decreased the activity of caspase-3 in both the rats' ischemia cerebral cortices and their primary ischemia hippocampal neurons when compared with artesunate-absent ischemic brains and cells. The neuroprotective effects of artesunate were abolished by either leucine (LEU) or 3-MA, while the effects of rapamycin were reversed by 3-MA. In vivo experiments verified the protective effects of artesunate on brain-infarct rats. Conclusion: The results indicate the protectiveness of artesunate against ischemic cerebral infarction, whereas the protectiveness might increase autophagy through regulating the activity of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjing Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Delong Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Huo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Qi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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15
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Chen Q, Kang J, Fu C. The independence of and associations among apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:18. [PMID: 29967689 PMCID: PMC6026494 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is an essential biological process for physiological growth and development. Three classical forms of cell death-apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis-display distinct morphological features by activating specific signaling pathways. With recent research advances, we have started to appreciate that these cell death processes can cross-talk through interconnecting, even overlapping, signaling pathways, and the final cell fate is the result of the interplay of different cell death programs. This review provides an insight into the independence of and associations among these three types of cell death and explores the significance of cell death under the specific conditions of human diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- 1College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Jian Kang
- 3Cancer Signalling Laboratory, Oncogenic Signalling and Growth Control Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan street, Melbourne, VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Caiyun Fu
- 1College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310018 China.,4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Blvd. South, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014 China
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16
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NLRP3 Inflammasome Is Involved in Q-VD-OPH Induced Necroptosis Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1200-1209. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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17
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Dichloroacetate treatment improves mitochondrial metabolism and reduces brain injury in neonatal mice. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31708-22. [PMID: 27153546 PMCID: PMC5077971 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dichloroacetate (DCA) treatment for brain injury in neonatal mice after hypoxia ischemia (HI) and the possible molecular mechanisms behind this effect. Postnatal day 9 male mouse pups were subjected to unilateral HI, DCA was injected intraperitoneally immediately after HI, and an additional two doses were administered at 24 h intervals. The pups were sacrificed 72 h after HI. Brain injury, as indicated by infarction volume, was reduced by 54.2% from 10.8 ± 1.9 mm3 in the vehicle-only control group to 5.0 ± 1.0 mm3 in the DCA-treated group at 72 h after HI (p = 0.008). DCA treatment also significantly reduced subcortical white matter injury as indicated by myelin basic protein staining (p = 0.018). Apoptotic cell death in the cortex, as indicated by counting the cells that were positive for apoptosis-inducing factor (p = 0.018) and active caspase-3 (p = 0.021), was significantly reduced after DCA treatment. The pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and the amount of acetyl-CoA in mitochondria was significantly higher after DCA treatment and HI (p = 0.039, p = 0.024). In conclusion, DCA treatment reduced neonatal mouse brain injury after HI, and this appears to be related to the elevated activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase and subsequent increase in mitochondrial metabolism as well as reduced apoptotic cell death.
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18
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Lee H, Shin EA, Lee JH, Ahn D, Kim CG, Kim JH, Kim SH. Caspase inhibitors: a review of recently patented compounds (2013-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 28:47-59. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1378426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ah Shin
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Hee Lee
- Department of East West Medical Science, Graduate School of East West Medical Science Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Deoksoo Ahn
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Geun Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Targeted Herbal Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Lai JCY, Rocha-Ferreira E, Ek CJ, Wang X, Hagberg H, Mallard C. Immune responses in perinatal brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:210-223. [PMID: 27865947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The perinatal period has often been described as immune deficient. However, it has become clear that immune responses in the neonate following exposure to microbes or as a result of tissue injury may be substantial and play a role in perinatal brain injury. In this article we will review the immune cell composition under normal physiological conditions in the perinatal period, both in the human and rodent. We will summarize evidence of the inflammatory responses to stimuli and discuss how neonatal immune activation, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, may contribute to perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eridan Rocha-Ferreira
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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20
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Zhang X, Jiang W, Zhou AL, Zhao M, Jiang DR. Inhibitory effect of oxymatrine on hepatocyte apoptosis via TLR4/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3839-3849. [PMID: 28638224 PMCID: PMC5467070 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i21.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of oxymatrine (OMT) on hepatocyte apoptosis in rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver failure (ALF).
METHODS LPS/D-GalN was used to establish a model of ALF in rats. To evaluate the effect of OMT, we assessed apoptosis by transmission electron microscopy, and the pathological changes in the liver by light microscopy with hematoxylin and eosin staining. An automated biochemical analyzer was used to measure serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. Western blotting was used to detect protein levels in liver tissues. Streptavidin peroxidase immunohistochemistry was used to observe expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4, active caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2.
RESULTS All rats in the normal control and OMT-pretreated groups survived. The mortality rate in the model group was 30%. OMT preconditioning down-regulated apoptosis of hepatocytes and ameliorated pathological changes in liver tissue. The levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-1β in the model group increased significantly, and were significantly reduced by OMT pretreatment. OMT pretreatment down-regulated expression of TLR4 and active caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and up-regulated expression of P-AktSer473 (Akt phosphorylated at serine 473) and P-GSK3βSer9 (glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylated at serine 9) induced by LPS/D-GalN.
CONCLUSION OMT inhibits hepatocyte apoptosis by suppressing the TLR4/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway, which suggests that OMT is an effective candidate for ameliorating acute liver failure.
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21
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Radiation induces progenitor cell death, microglia activation, and blood-brain barrier damage in the juvenile rat cerebellum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46181. [PMID: 28382975 PMCID: PMC5382769 DOI: 10.1038/srep46181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior fossa tumors are the most common childhood intracranial tumors, and radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments. However, irradiation induces long-term adverse effects that can have significant negative impacts on the patient’s quality of life. The purpose of this study was to characterize irradiation-induced cellular and molecular changes in the cerebellum. We found that irradiation-induced cell death occurred mainly in the external germinal layer (EGL) of the juvenile rat cerebellum. The number of proliferating cells in the EGL decreased, and 82.9% of them died within 24 h after irradiation. Furthermore, irradiation induced oxidative stress, microglia accumulation, and inflammation in the cerebellum. Interestingly, blood-brain barrier damage and blood flow reduction was considerably more pronounced in the cerebellum compared to other brain regions. The cerebellar volume decreased by 39% and the migration of proliferating cells to the internal granule layer decreased by 87.5% at 16 weeks after irradiation. In the light of recent studies demonstrating that the cerebellum is important not only for motor functions, but also for cognition, and since treatment of posterior fossa tumors in children typically results in debilitating cognitive deficits, this differential susceptibility of the cerebellum to irradiation should be taken into consideration for future protective strategies.
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22
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Huang S, Wang H, Turlova E, Abussaud A, Ji X, Britto LR, Miller SP, Martinez A, Sun HS, Feng ZP. GSK-3β inhibitor TDZD-8 reduces neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:405-415. [PMID: 28256059 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is activated following hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. TDZD-8 is a specific GSK-3β inhibitor. Currently, the impact of inhibiting GSK-3β in neonatal HI injury is unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of TDZD-8 following neonatal HI brain injury. METHODS Unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia was used to induce HI injury in postnatal day 7 mouse pups pretreated with TDZD-8 or vehicle. The infarct volume, whole-brain imaging, Nissl staining, and behavioral tests were used to evaluate the protective effect of TDZD-8 on the neonatal brain and assess functional recovery after injury. Western blot was used to evaluate protein levels of phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), GSK-3β, and cleaved caspase-3. Protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, neuronal marker, and glial fibrillary acidic protein were detected through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Pretreatment with TDZD-8 significantly reduced brain damage and improved neurobehavioral outcomes following HI injury. TDZD-8 reversed the reduction of phosphorylated Akt and GSK-3β, and the activation of caspase-3 induced by hypoxia-ischemia. In addition, TDZD-8 suppressed apoptotic cell death and reduced reactive astrogliosis. CONCLUSION TDZD-8 has the therapeutic potential for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonates. The neuroprotective effect of TDZD-8 appears to be mediated through its antiapoptotic activity and by reducing astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammen Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Turlova
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abussaud
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luiz R Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Osman AM, Neumann S, Kuhn HG, Blomgren K. Caspase inhibition impaired the neural stem/progenitor cell response after cortical ischemia in mice. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2239-48. [PMID: 26734998 PMCID: PMC4823032 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical ischemia induces proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and provokes migration of these cells toward the injured area. Despite sustained migration of NSPCs for an extended period of time after injury, they do not appear to survive. Here, we hypothesized that the anti-apoptotic broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh would increase NSPC survival in the injured cortex. However, contrary to our expectations, caspase inhibition did not promote NSPC survival and cortical neurogenesis. On the contrary, it abolished ischemia-induced proliferation and decreased the number of migrating neuroblasts in the injured cortex. Moreover, caspase inhibition decreased the levels of the chemoattractant chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. We hence for the first time show that caspase inhibition abrogates the response of NSPCs to an ischemic injury, presumably by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors. Thus, caution is warranted if anti-apoptotic strategies are applied for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Osman
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Yazdani A, Khoja Z, Johnstone A, Dale L, Rampakakis E, Wintermark P. Sildenafil Improves Brain Injury Recovery following Term Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia in Male Rat Pups. Dev Neurosci 2016; 38:251-263. [DOI: 10.1159/000448327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Term asphyxiated newborns remain at risk of developing brain injury despite available neuropreventive therapies such as hypothermia. Neurorestorative treatments may be an alternative. This study investigated the effect of sildenafil on brain injury induced by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) at term-equivalent age. Neonatal HI was induced in male Long-Evans rat pups at postnatal day 10 (P10) by left common carotid ligation followed by a 2-hour exposure to 8% oxygen; sham-operated rat pups served as the control. Both groups were randomized to oral sildenafil or vehicle twice daily for 7 consecutive days. Gait analysis was performed on P27. At P30, the rats were sacrificed, and their brains were extracted. The surfaces of both hemispheres were measured on hematoxylin and eosin-stained brain sections. Mature neurons and endothelial cells were quantified near the infarct boundary zone using immunohistochemistry. HI caused significant gait impairment and a reduction in the size of the left hemisphere. Treatment with sildenafil led to an improvement in the neurological deficits as measured by gait analysis, as well as an improvement in the size of the left hemisphere. Sildenafil, especially at higher doses, also caused a significant increase in the number of neurons near the infarct boundary zone. In conclusion, sildenafil administered after neonatal HI may improve brain injury recovery by promoting neuronal populations.
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25
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Marcelino TB, de Lemos Rodrigues PI, Klein CP, Santos BGD, Miguel PM, Netto CA, Silva LOP, Matté C. Behavioral benefits of maternal swimming are counteracted by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in the offspring. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:30-8. [PMID: 27283975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) represents one of the most common causes of neonatal encephalopathy. The central nervous system injury comprises several mechanisms, including inflammatory, excitotoxicity, and redox homeostasis unbalance leading to cell death and cognitive impairment. Exercise during pregnancy is a potential therapeutic tool due to benefits offered to mother and fetus. Swimming during pregnancy elicits a strong metabolic programming in the offspring's brain, evidenced by increased antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial biogenesis, and neurogenesis. This article aims to evaluate whether the benefits of maternal exercise are able to prevent behavioral brain injury caused by neonatal HI. Female adult Wistar rats swam before and during pregnancy (30min/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks). At 7(th) day after birth, the offspring was submitted to HI protocol and, in adulthood (60(th) day), it performed the behavioral tests. It was observed an increase in motor activity in the open field test in HI-rats, which was not prevented by maternal exercise. The rats subjected to maternal swimming presented an improved long-term memory in the object recognition task, which was totally reversed by neonatal HI encephalopathy. BDNF brain levels were not altered; suggesting that HI or maternal exercise effects were BDNF-independent. In summary, our data suggest a beneficial long-term effect of maternal swimming, despite not being robust enough to protect from HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Beltram Marcelino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Gindri Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maidana Miguel
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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26
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Zhao P, Zhou R, Li HN, Yao WX, Qiao HQ, Wang SJ, Niu Y, Sun T, Li YX, Yu JQ. Oxymatrine attenuated hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats via improving antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibiting cell death. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:17-27. [PMID: 26120022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxymatrine (OMT), an active constituent of Chinese herb Sophora flavescens Ait, has been proved to possess anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. Previous study has demonstrated that OMT had protective roles on multiple in vitro and in vivo brain injury models including regulation of apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2. In this study, we investigated whether this protective effect could apply to neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the left carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% oxygen (balanced with nitrogen) for 2.5 h at 37 °C. In sham group rats, neither ligation nor hypoxia was performed. After two successive days intraperitoneal injection with OMT (30, 60 and 120 mg/kg), Nimodipine (1 mg/kg), and saline, brain infarct volume was estimated, histomorphology changes were performed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining as well as electron microscopy. In addition, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), as well as production of malondialdehyde (MDA) were assayed in ipsilateral hemisphere homogenates to evaluate the redox status after hypoxic-ischemic. Expression of apoptosis-related proteins Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 in brain were analyzed by western-blot analysis and immunofluorescence. Administration of OMT significantly decreased brain infarct volume and the percentage of injured cells, and ameliorated histopathology and morphological injury as well. Furthermore, OMT obviously increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and T-AOC, and decreased MDA content. Western-blot analysis showed a marked decrease in Caspase-3 expression and increase in the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax after OMT (120 mg/kg) post-treatment as compared with hypoxic-ischemic group. These results suggest that OMT exerts a neuroprotective effect against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats, which is likely to be mediated through increasing anti-oxidant enzyme activities and inhibiting cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Ru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hai-Ning Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Wan-Xia Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hai-Qi Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Shu-Jing Wang
- Medical Sci-tech Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Ningxia Hui Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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27
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Teo JD, Morris MJ, Jones NM. Hypoxic postconditioning reduces microglial activation, astrocyte and caspase activity, and inflammatory markers after hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat brain. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:757-64. [PMID: 25751571 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postconditioning (PostC) with mild hypoxia shortly after a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury can reduce brain damage, however, the mechanisms underlying this protection are not known. We hypothesize that hypoxic PostC reduces brain markers of glial activity, inflammation, and apoptosis following HI injury. METHODS Sprague Dawley rat pups were exposed to right common carotid artery occlusion and hypoxia (7% oxygen, 3 h) on postnatal day 7 and 24 h later, pups were exposed to hypoxic PostC (8% O2 for 1 h/day for 5 d) or kept at ambient conditions for the same duration. HI+N pups demonstrated ~10% loss in ipsilateral brain tissue which was rescued with HI+PostC. To investigate the cellular responses, markers of astrocytes, microglia, inflammation, and caspase 3 activity were examined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS PostC reduced the area of astrocyte staining compared to HI+N. There was also a shift in microglial morphology toward a primed state in both PostC groups. Protein levels of interleukin-1β and caspase 3 were elevated in HI+N brains and reduced by PostC. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration that PostC can reduce glial activity, inflammatory mediators, and cell death after a neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Teo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole M Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Keoni CL, Brown TL. Inhibition of Apoptosis and Efficacy of Pan Caspase Inhibitor, Q-VD-OPh, in Models of Human Disease. J Cell Death 2015; 8:1-7. [PMID: 25922583 PMCID: PMC4395138 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s23844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is physiological cell death required for the cellular maintenance of homeostasis, and caspases play a major role in the execution of this process. Numerous disorders occur when levels of apoptosis within an organism are excessive, and several studies have explored the possibility of using caspase inhibitors to prevent these disorders. Q-VD-OPh (quinolyl-valyl-O-methylaspartyl-[2,6-difluorophenoxy]-methyl ketone), a novel pan caspase inhibitor, has been used because of its efficacy to inhibit apoptosis at low concentrations, its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, as well as being nontoxic in vivo. This review examines Q-VD-OPh's ability to inhibit apoptosis in several animal models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanel Li Keoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Thomas L Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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29
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Abstract
Excessive Ca(2+) entry during glutamate receptor overactivation ("excitotoxicity") induces acute or delayed neuronal death. We report here that deficiency in bax exerted broad neuroprotection against excitotoxic injury and oxygen/glucose deprivation in mouse neocortical neuron cultures and reduced infarct size, necrotic injury, and cerebral edema formation after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Neuronal Ca(2+) and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) analysis during excitotoxic injury revealed that bax-deficient neurons showed significantly reduced Ca(2+) transients during the NMDA excitation period and did not exhibit the deregulation of Δψm that was observed in their wild-type (WT) counterparts. Reintroduction of bax or a bax mutant incapable of proapoptotic oligomerization equally restored neuronal Ca(2+) dynamics during NMDA excitation, suggesting that Bax controlled Ca(2+) signaling independently of its role in apoptosis execution. Quantitative confocal imaging of intracellular ATP or mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels using FRET-based sensors indicated that the effects of bax deficiency on Ca(2+) handling were not due to enhanced cellular bioenergetics or increased Ca(2+) uptake into mitochondria. We also observed that mitochondria isolated from WT or bax-deficient cells similarly underwent Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition. However, when Ca(2+) uptake into the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum was blocked with the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, bax-deficient neurons showed strongly elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) levels during NMDA excitation, suggesting that the ability of Bax to support dynamic ER Ca(2+) handling is critical for cell death signaling during periods of neuronal overexcitation.
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30
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Baburamani AA, Miyakuni Y, Vontell R, Supramaniam VG, Svedin P, Rutherford M, Gressens P, Mallard C, Takeda S, Thornton C, Hagberg H. Does Caspase-6 Have a Role in Perinatal Brain Injury? Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:321-37. [PMID: 25823427 PMCID: PMC4876595 DOI: 10.1159/000375368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic mechanisms are centre stage for the development of injury in the immature brain, and caspases have been shown to play a pivotal role during brain development and in response to injury. The inhibition of caspases using broad-spectrum agents such as Q-VD-OPh is neuroprotective in the immature brain. Caspase-6, an effector caspase, has been widely researched in neurodevelopmental disorders and found to be important following adult stroke, but its function in the neonatal brain has yet to be detailed. Furthermore, caspases may be important in microglial activation; microglia are required for optimal brain development and following injury, and their close involvement during neuronal cell death suggests that apoptotic cues such as caspase activation may be important in microglial activation. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the possible apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions caspase-6 may have in the immature brain in response to hypoxia-ischaemia. We examined whether caspases are involved in microglial activation. We assessed cleaved caspase-6 expression following hypoxia-ischaemia and conducted primary microglial cultures to assess whether the broad-spectrum inhibitor Q-VD-OPh or caspase-6 gene deletion affected lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated microglial activation and phenotype. We observed cleaved caspase-6 expression to be low but present in the cell body and cell processes in both a human case of white matter injury and 72 h following hypoxia-ischaemia in the rat. Gene deletion of caspase-6 did not affect the outcome of brain injury following mild (50 min) or severe (60 min) hypoxia-ischaemia. Interestingly, we did note that cleaved caspase-6 was co-localised with microglia that were not of apoptotic morphology. We observed that mRNA of a number of caspases was modulated by low-dose LPS stimulation of primary microglia. Q-VD-OPh treatment and caspase-6 gene deletion did not affect microglial activation but modified slightly the M2b phenotype response by changing the time course of SOCS3 expression after LPS administration. Our results suggest that the impact of active caspase-6 in the developing brain is subtle, and we believe there are predominantly other caspases (caspase-2, −3, −8, −9) that are essential for the cell death processes in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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31
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Marine compound xyloketal B reduces neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Mar Drugs 2014; 13:29-47. [PMID: 25546517 PMCID: PMC4306923 DOI: 10.3390/md13010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy causes neurodegeneration and brain injury, leading to sensorimotor dysfunction. Xyloketal B is a novel marine compound isolated from a mangrove fungus Xylaria species (no. 2508) with unique antioxidant effects. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanism of xyloketal B on oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal cell death in mouse primary cortical culture and on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice in vivo. We found that xyloketal B reduced anoxia-induced neuronal cell death in vitro, as well as infarct volume in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury model in vivo. Furthermore, xyloketal B improved functional behavioral recovery of the animals following hypoxic-ischemic insult. In addition, xyloketal B significantly decreased calcium entry, reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells, reduced the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax proteins, and increased the level of Bcl-2 protein after the hypoxic-ischemic injury. Our findings indicate that xyloketal B is effective in models of hypoxia-ischemia and thus has potential as a treatment for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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32
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Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Alnemri ES, Altucci L, Andrews D, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Baehrecke EH, Bazan NG, Bertrand MJ, Bianchi K, Blagosklonny MV, Blomgren K, Borner C, Bredesen DE, Brenner C, Campanella M, Candi E, Cecconi F, Chan FK, Chandel NS, Cheng EH, Chipuk JE, Cidlowski JA, Ciechanover A, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, De Laurenzi V, De Maria R, Debatin KM, Di Daniele N, Dixit VM, Dynlacht BD, El-Deiry WS, Fimia GM, Flavell RA, Fulda S, Garrido C, Gougeon ML, Green DR, Gronemeyer H, Hajnoczky G, Hardwick JM, Hengartner MO, Ichijo H, Joseph B, Jost PJ, Kaufmann T, Kepp O, Klionsky DJ, Knight RA, Kumar S, Lemasters JJ, Levine B, Linkermann A, Lipton SA, Lockshin RA, López-Otín C, Lugli E, Madeo F, Malorni W, Marine JC, Martin SJ, Martinou JC, Medema JP, Meier P, Melino S, Mizushima N, Moll U, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Nuñez G, Oberst A, Panaretakis T, Penninger JM, Peter ME, Piacentini M, Pinton P, Prehn JH, Puthalakath H, Rabinovich GA, Ravichandran KS, Rizzuto R, Rodrigues CM, Rubinsztein DC, Rudel T, Shi Y, Simon HU, Stockwell BR, Szabadkai G, Tait SW, Tang HL, Tavernarakis N, Tsujimoto Y, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P, Villunger A, Wagner EF, Walczak H, White E, Wood WG, Yuan J, Zakeri Z, Zhivotovsky B, Melino G, Kroemer G. Essential versus accessory aspects of cell death: recommendations of the NCCD 2015. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:58-73. [PMID: 25236395 PMCID: PMC4262782 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells exposed to extreme physicochemical or mechanical stimuli die in an uncontrollable manner, as a result of their immediate structural breakdown. Such an unavoidable variant of cellular demise is generally referred to as ‘accidental cell death' (ACD). In most settings, however, cell death is initiated by a genetically encoded apparatus, correlating with the fact that its course can be altered by pharmacologic or genetic interventions. ‘Regulated cell death' (RCD) can occur as part of physiologic programs or can be activated once adaptive responses to perturbations of the extracellular or intracellular microenvironment fail. The biochemical phenomena that accompany RCD may be harnessed to classify it into a few subtypes, which often (but not always) exhibit stereotyped morphologic features. Nonetheless, efficiently inhibiting the processes that are commonly thought to cause RCD, such as the activation of executioner caspases in the course of apoptosis, does not exert true cytoprotective effects in the mammalian system, but simply alters the kinetics of cellular demise as it shifts its morphologic and biochemical correlates. Conversely, bona fide cytoprotection can be achieved by inhibiting the transduction of lethal signals in the early phases of the process, when adaptive responses are still operational. Thus, the mechanisms that truly execute RCD may be less understood, less inhibitable and perhaps more homogeneous than previously thought. Here, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death formulates a set of recommendations to help scientists and researchers to discriminate between essential and accessory aspects of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Galluzzi
- 1] Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [2] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [3] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - J M Bravo-San Pedro
- 1] Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [2] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [3] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France
| | - I Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - S A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J M Abrams
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Adam
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - E S Alnemri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Altucci
- Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - D Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata - Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - E H Baehrecke
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N G Bazan
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M J Bertrand
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Bianchi
- 1] Barts Cancer Institute, Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, London, UK [2] Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - M V Blagosklonny
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K Blomgren
- Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - D E Bredesen
- 1] Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Brenner
- 1] INSERM, UMRS769, Châtenay Malabry, France [2] LabEx LERMIT, Châtenay Malabry, France [3] Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Orsay, France
| | - M Campanella
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - F Cecconi
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Neuroembryology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy [2] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy [3] Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F K Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - N S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
| | - J E Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J A Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), North Carolina, NC, USA
| | - A Ciechanover
- Tumor and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - T M Dawson
- 1] Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (ICE), Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V L Dawson
- 1] Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering (ICE), Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - V De Laurenzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - K-M Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - N Di Daniele
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - V M Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B D Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Institute, Smilow Research Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - W S El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - G M Fimia
- 1] Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy [2] Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - R A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Garrido
- 1] INSERM, U866, Dijon, France [2] Faculty of Medicine, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - M-L Gougeon
- Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - D R Green
- Department of Immunology, St Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - H Gronemeyer
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - G Hajnoczky
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J M Hardwick
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M O Hengartner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Ichijo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - B Joseph
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P J Jost
- Medical Department for Hematology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Kaufmann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - O Kepp
- 1] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France [3] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
| | - D J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - R A Knight
- 1] Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK [2] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - S Kumar
- 1] Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia [2] School of Medicine and School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J J Lemasters
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - B Levine
- 1] Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - A Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - S A Lipton
- 1] The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA [2] Sanford-Burnham Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, La Jolla, CA, USA [3] Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA [4] University of California, San Diego (UCSD), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R A Lockshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - C López-Otín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medecine, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - E Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - F Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - W Malorni
- 1] Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), Roma, Italy [2] San Raffaele Institute, Sulmona, Italy
| | - J-C Marine
- 1] Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium [2] Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S J Martin
- Department of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J-C Martinou
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experiments Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Meier
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Breakthrough Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, London, UK
| | - S Melino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - N Mizushima
- Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - U Moll
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - C Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Nuñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Panaretakis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - M E Peter
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Piacentini
- 1] Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata; Rome, Italy [2] Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto Ricovero Cura Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - P Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - J H Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Puthalakath
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G A Rabinovich
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - K S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Rizzuto
- Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - C M Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg; Würzburg, Germany
| | - Y Shi
- Soochow Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - H-U Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B R Stockwell
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Chevy Chase, MD, USA [2] Departments of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Szabadkai
- 1] Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy [2] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - S W Tait
- 1] Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK [2] Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - H L Tang
- W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Tavernarakis
- 1] Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece [2] Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Y Tsujimoto
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Vanden Berghe
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Vandenabeele
- 1] VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium [2] Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium [3] Methusalem Program, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E F Wagner
- Cancer Cell Biology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - H Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - E White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - W G Wood
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA [2] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Zakeri
- 1] Department of Biology, Queens College, Queens, NY, USA [2] Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Queens, NY, USA
| | - B Zhivotovsky
- 1] Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden [2] Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Melino
- 1] Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy [2] Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, UK
| | - G Kroemer
- 1] Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France [2] Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France [3] INSERM, U1138, Gustave Roussy, Paris, France [4] Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France [5] Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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