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Pan Q, Shen H, Li P, Lai B, Jiang A, Huang W, Lu F, Peng H, Fang L, Kuebler WM, Pries AR, Ning G. In Silico Design of Heterogeneous Microvascular Trees Using Generative Adversarial Networks and Constrained Constructive Optimization. Microcirculation 2024; 31:e12854. [PMID: 38690631 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Designing physiologically adequate microvascular trees is of crucial relevance for bioengineering functional tissues and organs. Yet, currently available methods are poorly suited to replicate the morphological and topological heterogeneity of real microvascular trees because the parameters used to control tree generation are too simplistic to mimic results of the complex angiogenetic and structural adaptation processes in vivo. METHODS We propose a method to overcome this limitation by integrating a conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network (cDCGAN) with a local fractal dimension-oriented constrained constructive optimization (LFDO-CCO) strategy. The cDCGAN learns the patterns of real microvascular bifurcations allowing for their artificial replication. The LFDO-CCO strategy connects the generated bifurcations hierarchically to form microvascular trees with a vessel density corresponding to that observed in healthy tissues. RESULTS The generated artificial microvascular trees are consistent with real microvascular trees regarding characteristics such as fractal dimension, vascular density, and coefficient of variation of diameter, length, and tortuosity. CONCLUSIONS These results support the adoption of the proposed strategy for the generation of artificial microvascular trees in tissue engineering as well as for computational modeling and simulations of microcirculatory physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Pan
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanghui Shen
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peilun Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of MOE, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Biyun Lai
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Akang Jiang
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Lu
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Peng
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luping Fang
- College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel R Pries
- Institute of Physiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - Gangmin Ning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of MOE, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Hof S, Lingens L, Michels M, Marcus C, Kuebart A, Herminghaus A, Bauer I, Picker O, Truse R, Vollmer C. Local carbachol application induces oral microvascular recruitment and improves gastric tissue oxygenation during hemorrhagic shock in dogs. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369617. [PMID: 38566995 PMCID: PMC10985194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hemorrhagic shock is characterized by derangements of the gastrointestinal microcirculation. Topical therapy with nitroglycerine or iloprost improves gastric tissue oxygenation but not regional perfusion, probably due to precapillary adrenergic innervation. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the local effect of the parasympathomimetic carbachol alone and in combination with either nitroglycerine or iloprost on gastric and oral microcirculation during hemorrhagic shock. Methods In a cross-over design five female foxhounds were repeatedly randomized into six experimental groups. Carbachol, or carbachol in combination with either nitroglycerine or iloprost were applied topically to the oral and gastric mucosa. Saline, nitroglycerine, or iloprost application alone served as control groups. Then, a fixed-volume hemorrhage was induced by arterial blood withdrawal followed by blood retransfusion after 1h of shock. Gastric and oral microcirculation was determined using reflectance spectrophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry. Oral microcirculation was visualized with videomicroscopy. Statistics: 2-way-ANOVA for repeated measurements and Bonferroni post-hoc analysis (mean ± SEM; p < 0.05). Results The induction of hemorrhage led to a decrease of gastric and oral tissue oxygenation, that was ameliorated by local carbachol and nitroglycerine application at the gastric mucosa. The sole use of local iloprost did not improve gastric tissue oxygenation but could be supplemented by local carbachol treatment. Adding carbachol to nitroglycerine did not further increase gastric tissue oxygenation. Gastric microvascular blood flow remained unchanged in all experimental groups. Oral microvascular blood flow, microvascular flow index and total vessel density decreased during shock. Local carbachol supply improved oral vessel density during shock and oral microvascular flow index in the late course of hemorrhage. Conclusion The specific effect of shifting the autonomous balance by local carbachol treatment on microcirculatory variables varies between parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Contrary to our expectations, the improvement of gastric tissue oxygenation by local carbachol or nitroglycerine application was not related to increased microvascular perfusion. When carbachol is used in combination with local vasodilators, the additional effect on gastric tissue oxygenation depends on the specific drug combination. Therefore, modulation of tissue oxygen consumption, mitochondrial function or alterations in regional blood flow distribution should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hof
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duesseldorf University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Dorken-Gallastegi A, Lee Y, Li G, Li H, Naar L, Li X, Ye T, Van Cott E, Rosovsky R, Gregory D, Tompkins R, Karniadakis G, Kaafarani HMA, Velmahos GC, Lee J, Frydman GH. Circulating cellular clusters are associated with thrombotic complications and clinical outcomes in COVID-19. iScience 2023; 26:107202. [PMID: 37485375 PMCID: PMC10290732 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to study the role of circulating cellular clusters (CCC) -such as circulating leukocyte clusters (CLCs), platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLA), and platelet-erythrocyte aggregates (PEA)- in the immunothrombotic state induced by COVID-19. Forty-six blood samples from 37 COVID-19 patients and 12 samples from healthy controls were analyzed with imaging flow cytometry. Patients with COVID-19 had significantly higher levels of PEAs (p value<0.001) and PLAs (p value = 0.015) compared to healthy controls. Among COVID-19 patients, CLCs were correlated with thrombotic complications (p value = 0.016), vasopressor need (p value = 0.033), acute kidney injury (p value = 0.027), and pneumonia (p value = 0.036), whereas PEAs were associated with positive bacterial cultures (p value = 0.033). In predictive in silico simulations, CLCs were more likely to result in microcirculatory obstruction at low flow velocities (≤1 mm/s) and at higher branching angles. Further studies on the cellular component of hyperinflammatory prothrombotic states may lead to the identification of novel biomarkers and drug targets for inflammation-related thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Dorken-Gallastegi
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yao Lee
- Center for Biomedical Engineering & Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02039, USA
| | - Guansheng Li
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - He Li
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Leon Naar
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Xuejin Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Information and Computational Mathematics, Ji Lin University, Changchun, China
| | - Elizabeth Van Cott
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rachel Rosovsky
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Gregory
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ronald Tompkins
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - George Karniadakis
- Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Haytham MA. Kaafarani
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - George C. Velmahos
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jarone Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Galit H. Frydman
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering & Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02039, USA
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Rivers RJ, Meininger CJ. The Tissue Response to Hypoxia: How Therapeutic Carbon Dioxide Moves the Response toward Homeostasis and Away from Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065181. [PMID: 36982254 PMCID: PMC10048965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained tissue hypoxia is associated with many pathophysiological conditions, including chronic inflammation, chronic wounds, slow-healing fractures, microvascular complications of diabetes, and metastatic spread of tumors. This extended deficiency of oxygen (O2) in the tissue sets creates a microenvironment that supports inflammation and initiates cell survival paradigms. Elevating tissue carbon dioxide levels (CO2) pushes the tissue environment toward "thrive mode," bringing increased blood flow, added O2, reduced inflammation, and enhanced angiogenesis. This review presents the science supporting the clinical benefits observed with the administration of therapeutic CO2. It also presents the current knowledge regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the biological effects of CO2 therapy. The most notable findings of the review include (a) CO2 activates angiogenesis not mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1a, (b) CO2 is strongly anti-inflammatory, (c) CO2 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, and (d) CO2 can stimulate the same pathways as exercise and thereby, acts as a critical mediator in the biological response of skeletal muscle to tissue hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Rivers
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Cynthia J Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
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Tai YH, Wu HL, Chu YH, Huang CH, Ho ST, Lin TC, Lu CC. Vitamin C supplementation attenuates oxidative stress and improves erythrocyte deformability in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:241-249. [PMID: 36308079 DOI: 10.4103/0304-4920.358234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) depletes endogenous Vitamin C and generates oxidative stress in cardiac surgery. This study aimed to clarify whether Vitamin C supplementation reduces oxidant production and improves erythrocyte deformability in cardiac surgery with CPB. In a randomized and controlled design, 30 eligible patients undergoing cardiac surgery with hypothermic CPB were equally assigned to the Vitamin C group and control group. Subjects of the Vitamin C group and control group received an intravenous infusion of Vitamin C 20 mg·kg-1 and a placebo during rewarming period of CPB, respectively. We measured the plasma level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and phosphorylation levels of non-muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) in erythrocyte membrane, as an index of erythrocyte deformability, before and after CPB. Vitamin C supplementation attenuated the surge in plasma ROS after CPB, mean 1.661 ± standard deviation 0.801 folds in the Vitamin C group and 2.743 ± 1.802 in the control group. The tyrosine phosphorylation level of NMIIA after CPB was upregulated in the Vitamin C group compared to the control group, 2.159 ± 0.887 folds and 1.384 ± 0.445 (P = 0.0237). In addition, the phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in erythrocytes was concurrently enhanced in the Vitamin C group after CPB. The phosphorylation level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in erythrocytes was significantly increased in the Vitamin C group (1.734 ± 0.371 folds) compared to control group (1.102 ± 0.249; P = 0.0061). Patients receiving Vitamin C had lower intraoperative blood loss and higher systemic vascular resistance after CPB compared to controls. Vitamin C supplementation attenuates oxidative stress and improves erythrocyte deformability via VASP/FAK signaling pathway in erythrocytes during CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsuan Tai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Ling Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Hsiang Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsiung Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Tai Ho
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei; Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tso-Chou Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cherng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Graduate Institute of Life Sciences; Institute of Aerospace Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Roy TK, Secomb TW. Functional implications of microvascular heterogeneity for oxygen uptake and utilization. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15303. [PMID: 35581743 PMCID: PMC9114652 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the vascular system, an extensive network structure provides convective and diffusive transport of oxygen to tissue. In the microcirculation, parameters describing network structure, blood flow, and oxygen transport are highly heterogeneous. This heterogeneity can strongly affect oxygen supply and organ function, including reduced oxygen uptake in the lung and decreased oxygen delivery to tissue. The causes of heterogeneity can be classified as extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic heterogeneity refers to variations in oxygen demand in the systemic circulation or oxygen supply in the lungs. Intrinsic heterogeneity refers to structural heterogeneity due to stochastic growth of blood vessels and variability in flow pathways due to geometric constraints, and resulting variations in blood flow and hematocrit. Mechanisms have evolved to compensate for heterogeneity and thereby improve oxygen uptake in the lung and delivery to tissue. These mechanisms, which involve long-term structural adaptation and short-term flow regulation, depend on upstream responses conducted along vessel walls, and work to redistribute flow and maintain blood and tissue oxygenation. Mathematically, the variance of a functional quantity such as oxygen delivery that depends on two or more heterogeneous variables can be reduced if one of the underlying variables is controlled by an appropriate compensatory mechanism. Ineffective regulatory mechanisms can result in poor oxygen delivery even in the presence of adequate overall tissue perfusion. Restoration of endothelial function, and specifically conducted responses, should be considered when addressing tissue hypoxemia and organ failure in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin K. Roy
- Department of AnesthesiologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Tombor LS, Dimmeler S. Why is endothelial resilience key to maintain cardiac health? Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:35. [PMID: 35834003 PMCID: PMC9283358 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial injury as induced by myocardial infarction results in tissue ischemia, which critically incepts cardiomyocyte death. Endothelial cells play a crucial role in restoring oxygen and nutrient supply to the heart. Latest advances in single-cell multi-omics, together with genetic lineage tracing, reveal a transcriptional and phenotypical adaptation to the injured microenvironment, which includes alterations in metabolic, mesenchymal, hematopoietic and pro-inflammatory signatures. The extent of transition in mesenchymal or hematopoietic cell lineages is still debated, but it is clear that several of the adaptive phenotypical changes are transient and endothelial cells revert back to a naïve cell state after resolution of injury responses. This resilience of endothelial cells to acute stress responses is important for preventing chronic dysfunction. Here, we summarize how endothelial cells adjust to injury and how this dynamic response contributes to repair and regeneration. We will highlight intrinsic and microenvironmental factors that contribute to endothelial cell resilience and may be targetable to maintain a functionally active, healthy microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas S. Tombor
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany ,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany ,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Bedside determination of microcirculatory oxygen delivery and uptake: a prospective observational clinical study for proof of principle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24516. [PMID: 34972827 PMCID: PMC8720096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of microcirculatory functional capacity is considered to be of prime importance for therapy guidance and outcome prediction in critically ill intensive care patients. Here, we show determination of skin microcirculatory oxygen delivery and consumption rates to be a feasible approach at the patient’s bedside. Real time laser-doppler flowmetry (LDF) and white light spectrophotometry (WLS) were used for assessment of thenar skin microperfusion, regional Hb and postcapillary venous oxygen saturation before and after forearm ischemia. Adapted Fick’s principle equations allowed for calculation of microcirculatory oxygen delivery and uptake. Patient groups with expected different microcirculatory status were compared [control (n = 20), sepsis-1/2 definition criteria identified SIRS (n = 10) and septic shock patients (n = 20), and the latter group further classified according to sepsis-3 definition criteria in sepsis (n = 10) and septic shock (n = 10)], respectively. In otherwise healthy controls, microcirculatory oxygen delivery and uptake approximately doubled after ischemia with maximum values (mDO2max and mVO2max) significantly lower in SIRS or septic patient groups, respectively. Scatter plots of mVO2max and mDO2max values defined a region of unphysiological low values not observed in control but in critically ill patients with the percentage of dots within this region being highest in septic shock patients. LDF and WLS combined with vasoocclusive testing reveals significant differences in microcirculatory oxygen delivery and uptake capacity between control and critically ill patients. As a clinically feasible technique for bedside determination of microcirculatory oxygen delivery and uptake, LDF and WLS combined with vasoocclusive testing holds promise for monitoring of disease progression and/or guidance of therapy at the microcirculatory level to be tested in further clinical trials. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01530932.
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Lam B, Nwadozi E, Haas TL, Birot O, Roudier E. High Glucose Treatment Limits Drosha Protein Expression and Alters AngiomiR Maturation in Microvascular Primary Endothelial Cells via an Mdm2-dependent Mechanism. Cells 2021; 10:742. [PMID: 33801773 PMCID: PMC8065922 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes promotes an angiostatic phenotype in the microvascular endothelium of skeletal muscle and skin. Angiogenesis-related microRNAs (angiomiRs) regulate angiogenesis through the translational repression of pro- and anti-angiogenic genes. The maturation of micro-RNA (miRs), including angiomiRs, requires the action of DROSHA and DICER proteins. While hyperglycemia modifies the expression of angiomiRs, it is unknown whether high glucose conditions alter the maturation process of angiomiRs in dermal and skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells (MECs). Compared to 5 mM of glucose, high glucose condition (30 mM, 6-24 h) decreased DROSHA protein expression, without changing DROSHA mRNA, DICER mRNA, or DICER protein in primary dermal MECs. Despite DROSHA decreasing, high glucose enhanced the maturation and expression of one angiomiR, miR-15a, and downregulated an miR-15a target: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A). The high glucose condition increased Murine Double Minute-2 (MDM2) expression and MDM2-binding to DROSHA. Inhibition of MDM2 prevented the effects evoked by high glucose on DROSHA protein and miR-15a maturation in dermal MECs. In db/db mice, blood glucose was negatively correlated with the expression of skeletal muscle DROSHA protein, and high glucose decreased DROSHA protein in skeletal muscle MECs. Altogether, our results suggest that high glucose reduces DROSHA protein and enhances the maturation of the angiostatic miR-15a through a mechanism that requires MDM2 activity.
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Sucato V, Novo G, Saladino A, Evola S, Galassi AR. Coronary microvascular dysfunction. Minerva Cardioangiol 2020; 68:153-163. [PMID: 32083426 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4725.20.05070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMVD) represent a widespread population and despite the good prognosis, many of them have a poor quality of life with strong limitations in their daily activities because of the angina symptoms. This article summarizes the most frequent clinical presentation pictures like stable and unstable microvascular angina. Main risk factors are discussed, followed by the latest updates on the subject about different pathogenic hypotheses, diagnosis and treatment. Not very well understood microvascular alterations, like slow flow phenomenon and no reflow are discussed and both prognosis and the impact of the disease in the quality of life are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sucato
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", Paolo Giaccone University Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy -
| | - Giuseppina Novo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", Paolo Giaccone University Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Saladino
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", Paolo Giaccone University Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Evola
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", Paolo Giaccone University Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alfredo R Galassi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (ProMISE) "G. D'Alessandro", Paolo Giaccone University Hospital, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Dynamic Control of Microvessel Diameters by Metabolic Factors. Microcirculation 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28199-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Tolstun DA, Knyazer A, Tushynska TV, Dubiley TA, Bezrukov VV, Fraifeld VE, Muradian KK. Metabolic remodelling of mice by hypoxic-hypercapnic environment: imitating the naked mole-rat. Biogerontology 2019; 21:143-153. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-019-09848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Balla C, Pavasini R, Ferrari R. Treatment of Angina: Where Are We? Cardiology 2018; 140:52-67. [DOI: 10.1159/000487936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic heart disease is a major cause of death and disability worldwide, while angina represents its most common symptom. It is estimated that approximately 9 million patients in the USA suffer from angina and its treatment is challenging, thus the strategy to improve the management of chronic stable angina is a priority. Angina might be the result of different pathologies, ranging from the “classical” obstruction of a large coronary artery to alteration of the microcirculation or coronary artery spasm. Current clinical guidelines recommend antianginal therapy to control symptoms, before considering coronary artery revascularization. In the current guidelines, drugs are classified as being first-choice (beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and short-acting nitrates) or second-choice (ivabradine, nicorandil, ranolazine, trimetazidine) treatment, with the recommendation to reserve second-line modifications for patients who have contraindications to first-choice agents, do not tolerate them, or remain symptomatic. However, such a categorical approach is currently questioned. In addition, current guidelines provide few suggestions to guide the choice of drugs more suitable according to the underlying pathology or the patient comorbidities. Several other questions have recently emerged, such as: is there evidence-based data between first- and second-line treatments in terms of prognosis or symptom relief? Actually, it seems that newer antianginal drugs, which are classified as second choice, have more evidence-based clinical data that are more contemporary to support their use than what is available for the first-choice drugs. It follows that actual guidelines are based more on tradition than on evidence and there is a need for new algorithms that are more individualized to patients, their comorbidities, and pathophysiological mechanism of chronic stable angina.
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Pries AR, Reglin B. Coronary microcirculatory pathophysiology: can we afford it to remain a black box? Eur Heart J 2018; 38:478-488. [PMID: 26843279 PMCID: PMC5381591 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary microvascular networks play the key role in determining blood flow distribution in the heart. Matching local blood supply to tissue metabolic demand entails continuous adaptation of coronary vessels via regulation of smooth muscle tone and structural dilated vessel diameter. The importance of coronary microcirculation for relevant pathological conditions including angina in patients with normal or near-normal coronary angiograms [microvascular angina (MVA)] and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly recognized. For MVA, clinical studies have shown a prevalence of up to 40% in patients with suspected coronary artery disease and a relevant impact on adverse cardiovascular events including cardiac death, stroke, and heart failure. Despite a continuously increasing number of corresponding clinical studies, the knowledge on pathophysiological cause–effect relations involving coronary microcirculation is, however, still very limited. A number of pathophysiological hypotheses for MVA and HFpEF have been suggested but are not established to a degree, which would allow definition of nosological entities, stratification of affected patients, or development of effective therapeutic strategies. This may be related to a steep decline in experimental (animal) pathophysiological studies in this area during the last 15 years. Since technology to experimentally investigate microvascular pathophysiology in the beating heart is increasingly, in principle, available, a concerted effort to build ‘coronary microcirculatory observatories’ to close this gap and to accelerate clinical progress in this area is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel R Pries
- Department of Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Reglin
- Department of Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Evaluation of endothelial function by VOP and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with arterial hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2018; 32:105-113. [PMID: 29335464 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-017-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with microcirculatory impairment. Our objectives were to evaluate endothelial function and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with resistant (RH) and mild to moderate (MMH) arterial hypertension in comparison to normotensives (control group-CG). Three groups, 25 patients each, have been investigated, by anamnesis, venous occlusion plethysmography (VOP) and serum determination of adhesion molecules (VCAM, ICAM), adiponectin, endothelin and C-reactive protein (CRP). Patients not using statins and with or without blood pressure control were also analyzed. RH group showed smaller percentage increase of maximum forearm blood flow (FBF) (endothelial-dependent vasodilatation) than controls (p < 0.05), but no significant difference could be detected between MMH and CG groups on maximum FBF and minimum vascular resistance post-ischemia. RH and MMH groups showed higher resistance averages compared to controls (p < 0.05). Uncontrolled BP in hypertensive patients showed worse results for blood flow and resistance. Endothelial-independent vasodilatation was not affected. Endothelin levels were higher in RH and MMH groups (p < 0.05) not using statins. CRP was significantly higher only in RH compared to CG (p < 0.05). In conclusion patients with severe hypertension and lack of blood pressure control showed greater impairment of endothelial function with higher CRP and endothelin levels.
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16
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Arterioportal shunting, splanchnic capillary perfusion, and the effects of colloids during capnoperitoneum in neonatal and adolescent pigs. Surg Endosc 2017; 32:2923-2931. [PMID: 29282572 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-6005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental data indicate that neonates are sensitive to the CO2 pneumoperitoneum. An impaired splanchnic perfusion during laparoscopy in adults has been reported. We recently confirmed that intravenous colloids improve macrocirculatory function in neonates. We aimed to determine the impact of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on the perfusion of splanchnic organs in the young including effects of colloid application. METHODS Male piglets (n = 25) were divided into four groups: (1) neonatal controls, (2) neonates with crystalloid restitution, (3) neonates with colloidal restitution, and (4) adolescents with crystalloid restitution. Animals were ventilated and subjected to a 3-h, 10 mmHg CO2 pneumoperitoneum followed by 2 h resuscitation. Hepatic, splanchnic, and arteriovenous shunt perfusion was assessed via central and portal venous catheters. Capillary organ flow was detected by fluorescent microspheres. The rate of bile flow was measured. RESULTS The neonatal crystalloid group showed a significant decrease in the intestinal capillary perfusion at the end of the recovery period. This was not detectable in the adolescent and colloid group. There was a significant increase in microcirculatory arterioportal shunt flow during the CO2 pneumoperitoneum in both neonatal groups but not in the sham and adolescent groups (p < 0.05). Hepatic arterial perfusion increased after insufflation in all groups and dropped during capnoperitoneum to levels of about 70% baseline. There was no significant impairment of splanchnic perfusion or bile flow as a result of the pneumoperitoneum in all groups. CONCLUSIONS Capillary perfusion of the abdominal organs was stable during capnoperitoneum and recovery in adolescents and neonates with colloid restitution, but not with crystalloid restitution. Significant arterioportal shunting during capnoperitoneum could affect hepatic microcirculation in neonates. Our data confirm that moderate pressure capnoperitoneum has no major effect on the perfusion of abdominal organs in neonates with adequate substitution.
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17
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Reglin B, Secomb TW, Pries AR. Structural Control of Microvessel Diameters: Origins of Metabolic Signals. Front Physiol 2017; 8:813. [PMID: 29114229 PMCID: PMC5660852 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diameters of microvessels undergo continuous structural adaptation in response to hemodynamic and metabolic stimuli. To ensure adequate flow distribution, metabolic responses are needed to increase diameters of vessels feeding poorly perfused regions. Possible modes of metabolic control include release of signaling substances from vessel walls, from the supplied tissue and from red blood cells (RBC). Here, a theoretical model was used to compare the abilities of these metabolic control modes to provide adequate tissue oxygenation, and to generate blood flow velocities in agreement with experimental observations. Structural adaptation of vessel diameters was simulated for an observed mesenteric network structure in the rat with 576 vessel segments. For each mode of metabolic control, resulting distributions of oxygen and deviations between simulated and experimentally observed flow velocities were analyzed. It was found that wall-derived and tissue-derived growth signals released in response to low oxygen levels could ensure adequate oxygen supply, but RBC-derived signals caused inefficient oxygenation. Closest agreement between predicted and observed flow velocities was obtained with wall-derived growth signals proportional to vessel length. Adaptation in response to oxygen-independent release of a metabolic signal substance from vessel walls or the supplied tissue was also shown to be effective for ensuring tissue oxygenation due to a dilution effect if growth signal substances are released into the blood. The present results suggest that metabolic signals responsible for structural adaptation of microvessel diameters are derived from vessel walls or from perivascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Reglin
- Department of Physiology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Axel R Pries
- Department of Physiology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Gould IG, Tsai P, Kleinfeld D, Linninger A. The capillary bed offers the largest hemodynamic resistance to the cortical blood supply. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:52-68. [PMID: 27780904 PMCID: PMC5363755 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16671146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cortical angioarchitecture is a key factor in controlling cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism. Difficulties in imaging the complex microanatomy of the cortex have so far restricted insight about blood flow distribution in the microcirculation. A new methodology combining advanced microscopy data with large scale hemodynamic simulations enabled us to quantify the effect of the angioarchitecture on the cerebral microcirculation. High-resolution images of the mouse primary somatosensory cortex were input into with a comprehensive computational model of cerebral perfusion and oxygen supply ranging from the pial vessels to individual brain cells. Simulations of blood flow, hematocrit and oxygen tension show that the wide variation of hemodynamic states in the tortuous, randomly organized capillary bed is responsible for relatively uniform cortical tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Computational analysis of microcirculatory blood flow and pressure drops further indicates that the capillary bed, including capillaries adjacent to feeding arterioles (d < 10 µm), are the largest contributors to hydraulic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Gopal Gould
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philbert Tsai
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Linninger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Sturm T, Leiblein J, Schneider-Lindner V, Kirschning T, Thiel M. Association of Microcirculation, Macrocirculation, and Severity of Illness in Septic Shock: A Prospective Observational Study to Identify Microcirculatory Targets Potentially Suitable for Guidance of Hemodynamic Therapy. J Intensive Care Med 2016; 33:256-266. [PMID: 27686326 DOI: 10.1177/0885066616671689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinically unapparent microcirculatory impairment is common and has a negative impact on septic shock, but specific therapy is not established so far. This prospective observational study aimed at identifying candidate parameters for microcirculatory-guided hemodynamic therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT01530932. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microcirculatory flow and postcapillary venous oxygen saturation were detected during vaso-occlusive testing (VOT) on days 1 (T0), 2 (T24), and 4 (T72) in 20 patients with septic shock at a surgical intensive care unit using a laser Doppler spectrophotometry system (O2C). RESULTS Reperfusional maximal venous capillary oxygen saturation (SvcO2max) showed negative correlations with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPSII)/Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, norepinephrine dosage, and lactate concentration and showed positive correlations with cardiac index (CI). At T24 and T72, SvcO2max was also inversely linked to fluid balance. With respect to any predictive value, SvcO2max and CI determined on day 1 (T0) were negatively correlated with SAPS II/SOFA on day 4 (T72). Moreover, SvcO2max measured on day 1 or day 2 was negatively correlated with cumulated fluid balance on day 4 ( r= -.472, P < .05 and r = -.829, P < .001). By contrast, CI neither on day 1 nor on day 2 was correlated with cumulated fluid balance on day 4 ( r = -.343, P = .17 and r = -.365, P = .15). CONCLUSION In patients with septic shock, microcirculatory reserve as assessed by SvcO2max following VOT was impaired and negatively correlated with severity of illness and fluid balance. In contrast to CI, SvcO2max determined on day 1 or day 2 was significantly negatively correlated with cumulative fluid balance on day 4. Therefore, early microcirculatory measurement of SvcO2max might be superior to CI in guidance of sepsis therapy to avoid fluid overload. This has to be addressed in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Sturm
- 1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Leiblein
- 1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Schneider-Lindner
- 1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,2 Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Thomas Kirschning
- 1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Thiel
- 1 Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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20
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Jackson WF. Arteriolar oxygen reactivity: where is the sensor and what is the mechanism of action? J Physiol 2016; 594:5055-77. [PMID: 27324312 PMCID: PMC5023707 DOI: 10.1113/jp270192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterioles in the peripheral microcirculation are exquisitely sensitive to changes in PO2 in their environment: increases in PO2 cause vasoconstriction while decreases in PO2 result in vasodilatation. However, the cell type that senses O2 (the O2 sensor) and the signalling pathway that couples changes in PO2 to changes in arteriolar tone (the mechanism of action) remain unclear. Many (but not all) ex vivo studies of isolated cannulated resistance arteries and large, first-order arterioles support the hypothesis that these vessels are intrinsically sensitive to PO2 with the smooth muscle, endothelial cells, or red blood cells serving as the O2 sensor. However, in situ studies testing these hypotheses in downstream arterioles have failed to find evidence of intrinsic O2 sensitivity, and instead have supported the idea that extravascular cells sense O2 . Similarly, ex vivo studies of isolated, cannulated resistance arteries and large first-order arterioles support the hypotheses that O2 -dependent inhibition of production of vasodilator cyclooxygenase products or O2 -dependent destruction of nitric oxide mediates O2 reactivity of these upstream vessels. In contrast, most in vivo studies of downstream arterioles have disproved these hypotheses and instead have provided evidence supporting the idea that O2 -dependent production of vasoconstrictors mediates arteriolar O2 reactivity, with significant regional heterogeneity in the specific vasoconstrictor involved. Oxygen-induced vasoconstriction may serve as a protective mechanism to reduce the oxidative burden to which a tissue is exposed, a process that is superimposed on top of the local mechanisms which regulate tissue blood flow to meet a tissue's metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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21
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Gladh H, Folestad EB, Muhl L, Ehnman M, Tannenberg P, Lawrence AL, Betsholtz C, Eriksson U. Mice Lacking Platelet-Derived Growth Factor D Display a Mild Vascular Phenotype. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152276. [PMID: 27032083 PMCID: PMC4816573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor D (PDGF-D) is the most recently discovered member of the PDGF family. PDGF-D signals through PDGF receptor β, but its biological role remains largely unknown. In contrast to other members of the PDGF family of growth factors, which have been extensively investigated using different knockout approaches in mice, PDGF-D has until now not been characterized by gene inactivation in mice. Here, we present the phenotype of a constitutive Pdgfd knockout mouse model (Pdgfd-/-), carrying a LacZ reporter used to visualize Pdgfd promoter activity. Inactivation of the Pdgfd gene resulted in a mild phenotype in C57BL/6 mice, and the offspring was viable, fertile and generally in good health. We show that Pdgfd reporter gene activity was consistently localized to vascular structures in both postnatal and adult tissues. The expression was predominantly arterial, often localizing to vascular bifurcations. Endothelial cells appeared to be the dominating source for Pdgfd, but reporter gene activity was occasionally also found in subpopulations of mural cells. Tissue-specific analyses of vascular structures revealed that NG2-expressing pericytes of the cardiac vasculature were disorganized in Pdgfd-/- mice. Furthermore, Pdgfd-/- mice also had a slightly elevated blood pressure. In summary, the vascular expression pattern together with morphological changes in NG2-expressing cells, and the increase in blood pressure, support a function for PDGF-D in regulating systemic arterial blood pressure, and suggests a role in maintaining vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gladh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Bergsten Folestad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (EF); (UE)
| | - Lars Muhl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ehnman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Tannenberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lisa Lawrence
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Vascular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (EF); (UE)
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22
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Ince C, Mik EG. Microcirculatory and mitochondrial hypoxia in sepsis, shock, and resuscitation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:226-35. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00298.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
After shock, persistent oxygen extraction deficit despite the apparent adequate recovery of systemic hemodynamic and oxygen-derived variables has been a source of uncertainty and controversy. Dysfunction of oxygen transport pathways during intensive care underlies the sequelae that lead to organ failure, and the limitations of techniques used to measure tissue oxygenation in vivo have contributed to the lack of progress in this area. Novel techniques have provided detailed quantitative insight into the determinants of microcirculatory and mitochondrial oxygenation. These techniques, which are based on the oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence or delayed luminescence are briefly reviewed. The application of these techniques to animal models of shock and resuscitation revealed the heterogeneous nature of oxygen distributions and the alterations in oxygen distribution in the microcirculation and in mitochondria. These studies identified functional shunting in the microcirculation as an underlying cause of oxygen extraction deficit observed in states of shock and resuscitation. The translation of these concepts to the bedside has been enabled by our development and clinical introduction of hand-held microscopy. This tool facilitates the direct observation of the microcirculation and its alterations at the bedside under the conditions of shock and resuscitation. Studies identified loss of coherence between the macrocirculation and the microcirculation, in which resuscitation successfully restored systemic circulation but did not alleviate microcirculatory perfusion alterations. Various mechanisms responsible for these alterations underlie the loss of hemodynamic coherence during unsuccessful resuscitation procedures. Therapeutic resolution of persistent heterogeneous microcirculatory alterations is expected to improve outcomes in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ince
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam
- Department of Translational Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert G. Mik
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and
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