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Svetlova AO, Karaseva MA, Berdyshev IM, Chukhontseva KN, Pobeguts OV, Galyamina MA, Smirnov IP, Polyakov NB, Zavialova MG, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. Protease S of entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus laumondii: expression, purification and effect on greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:713. [PMID: 38824247 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease S (PrtS) from Photorhabdus laumondii belongs to the group of protealysin-like proteases (PLPs), which are understudied factors thought to play a role in the interaction of bacteria with other organisms. Since P. laumondii is an insect pathogen and a nematode symbiont, the analysis of the biological functions of PLPs using the PrtS model provides novel data on diverse types of interactions between bacteria and hosts. METHODS AND RESULTS Recombinant PrtS was produced in Escherichia coli. Efficient inhibition of PrtS activity by photorin, a recently discovered emfourin-like protein inhibitor from P. laumondii, was demonstrated. The Galleria mellonella was utilized to examine the insect toxicity of PrtS and the impact of PrtS on hemolymph proteins in vitro. The insect toxicity of PrtS is reduced compared to protease homologues from non-pathogenic bacteria and is likely not essential for the infection process. However, using proteomic analysis, potential PrtS targets have been identified in the hemolymph. CONCLUSIONS The spectrum of identified proteins indicates that the function of PrtS is to modulate the insect immune response. Further studies of PLPs' biological role in the PrtS and P. laumondii model must clarify the details of PrtS interaction with the insect immune system during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Olga V Pobeguts
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Galyamina
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor P Smirnov
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita B Polyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria G Zavialova
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ilya V Demidyuk
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia.
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Kim M, Noh MY, Mun S, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ, Arakane Y. Functional importance of groups I and II chitinases, CHT5 and CHT10, in turnover of chitinous cuticle during embryo hatching and post-embryonic molting in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 166:104087. [PMID: 38295884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Chitinases (CHT) comprise a large gene family in insects and have been classified into at least eleven subgroups. Many studies involving RNA interference (RNAi) have demonstrated that depletion of group I (CHT5s) and group II (CHT10s) CHT transcripts causes lethal molting arrest in several insect species including the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, presumably due to failure of degradation of chitin in their old cuticle. In this study we investigated the functions of CHT5 and CHT10 in turnover of chitinous cuticle in T. castaneum during embryonic and post-embryonic molting stages. RNAi and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses indicate that CHT10 is required for cuticular chitin degradation at each molting period analyzed, while CHT5 is essential for pupal-adult molting only. We further analyzed the functions of these genes during embryogenesis in T. castaneum. Real-time qPCR analysis revealed that peak expression of CHT10 occurred prior to that of CHT5 during embryonic development as has been observed at post-embryonic molting periods in several other insect species. With immunogold-labeling TEM analysis using a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated chitin-binding domain protein (FITC-CBD) probe, chitin was detected in the serosal cuticle but not in any other regions of the eggshell including the chorion and vitelline membrane layers. Injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for CHT5 (dsCHT5), CHT10 (dsCHT10) or their co-injection (dsCHT5/10) into mature adult females had no effect on their fecundity and the resulting embryos developed normally inside the egg. There were no obvious differences in the morphology of the outer chorion, inner chorion and vitelline membrane among eggs from these dsRNA-treated females. However, unlike dsCHT5 eggs, dsCHT10 and dsCHT5/10 eggs exhibited failure of turnover of the serosal cuticle in which the horizontal chitinous laminae remained intact, resulting in lethal embryo hatching defects. These results indicate that group I CHT5 is essential for pupal-adult molting, whereas group II CHT10 plays an essential role in cuticular chitin degradation in T. castaneum during both embryonic hatching and all of the post-embryonic molts. CHT10 can serve in place of CHT5 in chitin degradation, except during the pupal-adult molt when both enzymes are indispensable to complete eclosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongjin Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Noh
- Department of Forest Resources, AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
| | - Seulgi Mun
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
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Rabadiya D, Behr M. The biology of insect chitinases and their roles at chitinous cuticles. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 165:104071. [PMID: 38184175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Chitin is one of the most prevalent biomaterials in the natural world. The chitin matrix formation and turnover involve several enzymes for chitin synthesis, maturation, and degradation. Sequencing of the Drosophila genome more than twenty years ago revealed that insect genomes contain a number of chitinases, but why insects need so many different chitinases was unclear. Here, we focus on insect GH18 family chitinases and discuss their participation in chitin matrix formation and degradation. We describe their variations in terms of temporal and spatial expression patterns, molecular function, and physiological consequences at chitinous cuticles. We further provide insight into the catalytic mechanisms by discussing chitinase protein domain structures, substrate binding, and enzymatic activities with respect to structural analysis of the enzymatic GH18 domain, substrate-binding cleft, and characteristic TIM-barrel structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhyeykumar Rabadiya
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Behr
- Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute for Biology, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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Adegoke A, Ribeiro JMC, Smith R, Karim S. Tick innate immune responses to hematophagy and Ehrlichia infection at single-cell resolution. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1305976. [PMID: 38274813 PMCID: PMC10808623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1305976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ticks rely on robust cellular and humoral responses to control microbial infection. However, several aspects of the tick's innate immune system remain uncharacterized, most notably that of the immune cells (called hemocytes), which are known to play a significant role in cellular and humoral responses. Despite the importance of hemocytes in regulating microbial infection, our understanding of their basic biology and molecular mechanisms remains limited. Therefore, we believe that a more detailed understanding of the role of hemocytes in the interactions between ticks and tick-borne microbes is crucial to illuminating their function in vector competence and to help identify novel targets for developing new strategies to block tick-borne pathogen transmission. Methods This study examined hemocytes from the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) at the transcriptomic level using the 10X genomics single-cell RNA sequencing platform to analyze hemocyte populations from unfed, partially blood-fed, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis-infected ticks. The functional role of differentially expressed hemocyte markers in hemocyte proliferation and Ehrlichia dissemination was determined using an RNA interference approach. Results and discussion Our data exhibit the identification of fourteen distinct hemocyte populations. Our results uncover seven distinct lineages present in uninfected and Ehrlichia-infected hemocyte clusters. The functional characterization of hemocytin, cystatin, fibronectin, and lipocalin demonstrate their role in hemocyte population changes, proliferation, and Ehrlichia dissemination. Conclusion Our results uncover the tick immune responses to Ehrlichia infection and hematophagy at a single-cell resolution. This work opens a new field of tick innate immunobiology to understand the role of hemocytes, particularly in response to prolonged blood-feeding (hematophagy), and tick-microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam Adegoke
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Jose M. C. Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Ryan C. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shahid Karim
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
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Hsi TC, Ong KL, Sepers JJ, Kim J, Bilder D. Systemic coagulopathy promotes host lethality in a new Drosophila tumor model. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3002-3010.e6. [PMID: 37354901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumors trigger a complex network of inflammatory and wound repair responses, prompting Dvorak's characterization of tumors as "wounds that never heal."1 Some of these responses lead to profound defects in blood clotting, such as disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), which correlate with poor prognoses.2,3,4 Here, we demonstrate that a new tumor model in Drosophila provokes phenotypes that resemble coagulopathies observed in patients. Fly ovarian tumors overproduce multiple secreted components of the clotting cascade and trigger hypercoagulation of fly blood (hemolymph). Hypercoagulation occurs shortly after tumor induction and is transient; it is followed by a hypocoagulative state that is defective in wound healing. Cellular clotting regulators accumulate on the tumor over time and are depleted from the body, suggesting that hypocoagulation is caused by exhaustion of host clotting components. We show that rescuing coagulopathy by depleting a tumor-produced clotting factor improves survival of tumor-bearing flies, despite the fact that flies have an open (non-vascular) circulatory system. As clinical studies suggest that lethality in patients with high serum levels of clotting components can be independent of thrombotic events,5,6 our work establishes a platform for identifying alternative mechanisms by which tumor-driven coagulopathy triggers early mortality. Moreover, it opens up exploration of other conserved mechanisms of host responses to chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Katy L Ong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jorian J Sepers
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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6
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Sustar AE, Strand LG, Zimmerman SG, Berg CA. Imaginal disk growth factors are Drosophila chitinase-like proteins with roles in morphogenesis and CO2 response. Genetics 2023; 223:iyac185. [PMID: 36576887 PMCID: PMC9910413 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are members of the family 18 glycosyl hydrolases, which include chitinases and the enzymatically inactive CLPs. A mutation in the enzyme's catalytic site, conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates, allowed CLPs to evolve independently with functions that do not require chitinase activity. CLPs normally function during inflammatory responses, wound healing, and host defense, but when they persist at excessive levels at sites of chronic inflammation and in tissue-remodeling disorders, they correlate positively with disease progression and poor prognosis. Little is known, however, about their physiological function. Drosophila melanogaster has 6 CLPs, termed Imaginal disk growth factors (Idgfs), encoded by Idgf1, Idgf2, Idgf3, Idgf4, Idgf5, and Idgf6. In this study, we developed tools to facilitate characterization of the physiological roles of the Idgfs by deleting each of the Idgf genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and assessing loss-of-function phenotypes. Using null lines, we showed that loss of function for all 6 Idgf proteins significantly lowers viability and fertility. We also showed that Idgfs play roles in epithelial morphogenesis, maintaining proper epithelial architecture and cell shape, regulating E-cadherin and cortical actin, and remarkably, protecting these tissues against CO2 exposure. Defining the normal molecular mechanisms of CLPs is a key to understanding how deviations tip the balance from a physiological to a pathological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Sustar
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Bldg. S-250, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
| | - Liesl G Strand
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Bldg. S-250, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
| | - Sandra G Zimmerman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Bldg. S-250, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
| | - Celeste A Berg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Foege Bldg. S-250, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-5065, USA
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Khalili D, Kunc M, Herbrich S, Müller AM, Theopold U. Chitinase-like proteins promoting tumorigenesis through disruption of cell polarity via enlarged endosomal vesicles. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1170122. [PMID: 37188187 PMCID: PMC10175591 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1170122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are associated with tissue-remodeling and inflammation but also with several disorders, including fibrosis, atherosclerosis, allergies, and cancer. However, CLP's role in tumors is far from clear. Methods Here, we utilize Drosophila melanogaster and molecular genetics to investigate the function of CLPs (imaginal disc growth factors; Idgf's) in RasV12 dysplastic salivary glands. Results and discussion We find one of the Idgf's members, Idgf3, is transcriptionally induced in a JNK-dependent manner via a positive feedback loop mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, Idgf3 accumulates in enlarged endosomal vesicles (EnVs) that promote tumor progression by disrupting cytoskeletal organization. The process is mediated via the downstream component, aSpectrin, which localizes to the EnVs. Our data provide new insight into CLP function in tumors and identifies specific targets for tumor control.
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Yuan C, Yang Q, Wu J, Peng Y, Li Y, Xiong S, Zhou J, Wang M, Hu Z, Zou Z, Xia Q. Proteomics reveals the hemolymph components of partially fed Hyalomma asiaticum ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102032. [PMID: 36088665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemolymph infection facilitates pathogen invasion of internal tick tissues. However, the overall protein composition of the hemolymph has not been analyzed for any tick species. Here, a gel based liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was used to characterize the hemolymph proteome of Hyalomma asiaticum females during blood feeding. A total of 311 proteins were identified. Hemelipoglyco-carrier proteins, apolipophorin-like proteins, and intracellular proteins were the most abundant proteins. Thirteen immunity-related proteins were identified, including peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), clip‑serine proteinases, serpins and Dome. The presence of hemocytin, proclotting enzyme homologs, serpins, TEPs, factor D-like protein and the lack of coagulin, hemocyanin, and prophenoloxidase suggest ticks may possess a unique coagulation system, which is largely different from that of insects. Taken together, the study revealed the constitution, level, and possible functions of global hemolymph proteins in H. asiaticum and could facilitate the discovery of new targets for control of tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qingtai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory, Mega-Science Center for Bio-Safety Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shirui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, School of Tropical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, China.
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Park BJ, Yoon YB, Lee DH, Shin C, Juakali L, Cho SJ, Park SC. Transcriptional upregulation of multiple earthworm chitinase genes following bacterial challenge suggests their implications in innate immunity. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:1497-1502. [PMID: 34762288 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinase is a multi-functional enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-1,4-linkages between N-acetylglucosamines (GlcNAc) in chitin. Recent studies imply that earthworm chitinase is implicated in self-defense immunity against chitin-containing pathogens. However, a direct relationship of earthworm chitinase with innate immunity has not yet been established. OBJECTIVE In this study, earthworm (Eisenia andrei) chitinase expression was examined following bacterial challenge by Bacillus subtilis. METHODS RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to quantitatively evaluate mRNA expression changes in response to bacterial stimulation. RESULTS Multiple chitinase-related mRNAs were found to be upregulated, among which EaChi3, EaChi4, and EaChi2 were upregulated by approximately eightfold, eightfold, and 2.5-fold, respectively. This strongly suggested that earthworm chitinases may act as inducible humoral effectors in earthworm innate immunity. The primary structures of all three chitinases contained an N-terminal glycol_18 domain with two chitin-binding and chitin-catalyzing domains, and a C-terminal proline, glycine, serine, threonine (PGST)-rich domain. In addition, EaChi2 had a chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain at the end of the C-terminus with 5 cysteine residues possibly contributing two intradomain disulfide bonds. Multiple sequence alignment of the catalytic domain centers of glycol_18 domain displayed highly conserved chitin-binding and chitin-catalyzing domains in which three essential amino acid residues (D, D, E) for catalyzing activity are well conserved except EaChi4. The critical glutamic acid (E) residue was substituted for glutamine (Q) in EaChi4 indicating that it is devoid of catalytic activity. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report providing direct evidence that multiple earthworm chitinases are bacteria-responsive, strongly suggesting that earthworm chitinases are inducible humoral effectors in earthworm innate immunity. In addition, our results possibly suggest that earthworm EaChi4 may function as a pattern recognition molecule modulating the downstream immune pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Jun Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Bin Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Da Vinci College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuog Shin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Louis Juakali
- Department EGRA, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Chen P, De Schutter K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Can Plant Lectins Help to Elucidate Insect Lectin-Mediated Immune Response? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060497. [PMID: 34071763 PMCID: PMC8226959 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lectins are proteins that can recognize and selectively bind specific sugar structures. These proteins are present in all kingdoms of life, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms and play a role in a broad range of processes. The interactions between lectins and their target carbohydrates play a primordial role in plant and animal immune systems. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxa on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. To study the role of insect lectins in the immune response, plant lectins could provide an interesting tool. Plant lectins have been well characterized and many of them possess immunomodulatory properties in vertebrate cells. The increasing knowledge on the immunomodulatory effects of plant lectins could complement the missing knowledge on the endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Abstract Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that recognize and selectively bind to specific sugar structures. This group of proteins is widespread in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and exerts a broad range of functions. Many plant lectins were identified as exogenous stimuli of vertebrate immunity. Despite being the largest and most diverse taxon on earth, the study of lectins and their functions in insects is lagging behind. In insects, research on lectins and their biological importance has mainly focused on the C-type lectin (CTL) family, limiting our global understanding of the function of insect lectins and their role in insect immunity. In contrast, plant lectins have been well characterized and the immunomodulatory effects of several plant lectins have been documented extensively in vertebrates. This information could complement the missing knowledge on endogenous insect lectins and contribute to understanding of the processes and mechanisms by which lectins participate in insect immunity. This review summarizes existing studies of immune responses stimulated by endogenous or exogenous lectins. Understanding how lectins modulate insect immune responses can provide insight which, in turn, can help to elaborate novel ideas applicable for the protection of beneficial insects and the development of novel pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Chen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kristof De Schutter
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (P.C.); (K.D.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lin YH, Maaroufi HO, Kucerova L, Rouhova L, Filip T, Zurovec M. Adenosine Receptor and Its Downstream Targets, Mod(mdg4) and Hsp70, Work as a Signaling Pathway Modulating Cytotoxic Damage in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651367. [PMID: 33777958 PMCID: PMC7994771 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine (Ado) is an important signaling molecule involved in stress responses. Studies in mammalian models have shown that Ado regulates signaling mechanisms involved in “danger-sensing” and tissue-protection. Yet, little is known about the role of Ado signaling in Drosophila. In the present study, we observed lower extracellular Ado concentration and suppressed expression of Ado transporters in flies expressing mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT). We altered Ado signaling using genetic tools and found that the overexpression of Ado metabolic enzymes, as well as the suppression of Ado receptor (AdoR) and transporters (ENTs), were able to minimize mHTT-induced mortality. We also identified the downstream targets of the AdoR pathway, the modifier of mdg4 (Mod(mdg4)) and heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70), which modulated the formation of mHTT aggregates. Finally, we showed that a decrease in Ado signaling affects other Drosophila stress reactions, including paraquat and heat-shock treatments. Our study provides important insights into how Ado regulates stress responses in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lin
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Houda Ouns Maaroufi
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Lucie Kucerova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Lenka Rouhova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Tomas Filip
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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12
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Núñez AI, Esteve-Codina A, Gómez-Garrido J, Brustolin M, Talavera S, Berdugo M, Dabad M, Alioto T, Bensaid A, Busquets N. Alteration in the Culex pipiens transcriptome reveals diverse mechanisms of the mosquito immune system implicated upon Rift Valley fever phlebovirus exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008870. [PMID: 33301456 PMCID: PMC7755283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes an emerging zoonotic disease and is mainly transmitted by Culex and Aedes mosquitoes. While Aedes aegypti-dengue virus (DENV) is the most studied model, less is known about the genes involved in infection-responses in other mosquito-arboviruses pairing. The main objective was to investigate the molecular responses of Cx. pipiens to RVFV exposure focusing mainly on genes implicated in innate immune responses. Mosquitoes were fed with blood spiked with RVFV. The fully-engorged females were pooled at 3 different time points: 2 hours post-exposure (hpe), 3- and 14-days post-exposure (dpe). Pools of mosquitoes fed with non-infected blood were also collected for comparisons. Total RNA from each mosquito pool was subjected to RNA-seq analysis and a de novo transcriptome was constructed. A total of 451 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified. Most of the transcriptomic alterations were found at an early infection stage after RVFV exposure. Forty-eight DEG related to immune infection-response were characterized. Most of them were related with the RNAi system, Toll and IMD pathways, ubiquitination pathway and apoptosis. Our findings provide for the first time a comprehensive view on Cx. pipiens-RVFV interactions at the molecular level. The early depletion of RNAi pathway genes at the onset of the RVFV infection would allow viral replication in mosquitoes. While genes from the Toll and IMD immune pathways were altered in response to RVFV none of the DEG were related to the JAK/STAT pathway. The fact that most of the DEG involved in the Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) or apoptosis were found at an early stage of infection would suggest that apoptosis plays a regulatory role in infected Cx. pipiens midguts. This study provides a number of target genes that could be used to identify new molecular targets for vector control. Rift valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonotic disease and it is caused by RVFV. This virus is commonly transmitted in endemic areas between wild ruminants and mosquitoes, mainly by mosquitoes of Culex and Aedes genus. Starting from the year 2000, several outbreaks have been reported outside Sub Saharan Africa, in countries facing the Mediterranean Sea (Egypt), or Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Available vaccines for ruminants present limited efficacy or residual pathogenic effects. Consequently, new strategies are urgently required to limit the expansion of this zoonotic virus. The main objective of this work is to investigate transcriptional alterations of Cx. pipiens to RVFV focusing mainly on genes implicated in conventional innate immunity pathways, RNAi mechanisms and the apoptotic process in order to evaluate the involvement of these genes in viral infection. The immune altered genes here described could be potential targets to control RVFV infection in mosquitoes. Some of the genes related to the immune defense response were previously described in others mosquito-arbovirus models, as well as in Drosophila and human. To our knowledge, this study highlights for the first time the Cx. pipiens-RVFV interactions in terms of defense infection-response and provides information for developing in the future new approaches to prevent and control the expansion of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Brustolin
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sandra Talavera
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Instituto de Biología Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu i Fabra-CSIC, Dr. Aigüader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu i Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Núria Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- * E-mail:
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13
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Becchimanzi A, Tatè R, Campbell EM, Gigliotti S, Bowman AS, Pennacchio F. A salivary chitinase of Varroa destructor influences host immunity and mite's survival. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009075. [PMID: 33275645 PMCID: PMC7744053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor is an ectoparasite of honey bees and an active disease vector, which represents one of the most severe threats for the beekeeping industry. This parasitic mite feeds on the host’s body fluids through a wound in the cuticle, which allows food uptake by the mother mite and its progeny, offering a potential route of entrance for infecting microorganisms. Mite feeding is associated with saliva injection, whose role is still largely unknown. Here we try to fill this gap by identifying putative host regulation factors present in the saliva of V. destructor and performing a functional analysis for one of them, a chitinase (Vd-CHIsal) phylogenetically related to chitinases present in parasitic and predatory arthropods, which shows a specific and very high level of expression in the mite’s salivary glands. Vd-CHIsal is essential for effective mite feeding and survival, since it is apparently involved both in maintaining the feeding wound open and in preventing host infection by opportunistic pathogens. Our results show the important role in the modulation of mite-honey bee interactions exerted by a host regulation factor shared by different evolutionary lineages of parasitic arthropods. We predict that the functional characterization of Varroa sialome will provide new background knowledge on parasitism evolution in arthropods and the opportunity to develop new bioinspired strategies for mite control based on the disruption of their complex interactions with a living food source. Varroa destructor is a parasitic mite of honey bees and a major driver of honey bee colony losses. The feeding mites inject a salivary blend of poorly known molecules, which regulate host physiology. Here, we have identified in silico putative host regulation factors occurring in Varroa saliva and characterized the functional role of a highly expressed chitinase, which is conserved across different evolutionary lineages of parasitic arthropods. This enzyme influences host immune response and mite’s survival. An in-depth functional analysis of Varroa saliva will shed light on parasitism evolution in arthropods and will pave the way towards the development of new bioinspired strategies for mite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchimanzi
- Laboratorio di Entomologia “E. Tremblay”, Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Rosarita Tatè
- Istituto di Genetica e Biofisica “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ewan M. Campbell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Gigliotti
- Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alan S. Bowman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Laboratorio di Entomologia “E. Tremblay”, Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Napoli “Federico II”, Portici (NA), Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli “Federico II”, Portici (NA), Italy
- * E-mail:
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14
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Glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases: The known and the unknown. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107553. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Zhou Y, Yan Y, Yang D, Zheng G, Xie L, Zhang R. Cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of chitinase-like protein 1 in the shell of Pinctada fucata. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:954-966. [PMID: 32634202 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization, especially shell formation, is a sophisticated process regulated by various matrix proteins. Pinctada fucata chitinase-like protein 1 (Pf-Clp1), which belongs to the GH18 family, was discovered by our group using in-depth proteomic analysis. However, its function is still unclear. In this study, we first obtained the full-length cDNA sequence of Pf-Clp1 by RACE. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that Pf-Clp1 was highly expressed in the important biomineralization tissues, the mantle edge and the mantle pallial. We expressed and purified recombinant protein rPf-Clp1 in vitro to investigate the function of Pf-Clp1 on CaCO3 crystallization. Scanning electron microscopy imaging and Raman spectroscopy revealed that rPf-Clp1 was able to affect the morphologies of calcite crystal in vitro. Shell notching experiments suggested that Pf-Clp1 might function as a negative regulator during shell formation in vivo. Knockdown of Pf-Clp1 by RNAi led to the overgrowth of aragonite tablets, further confirming its potential negative regulation on biomineralization, especially in the nacreous layer. Our work revealed the potential function of molluscan Clp in shell biomineralization for the first time and unveiled some new understandings toward the molecular mechanism of shell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpin Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guilan Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
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16
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Huot L, Bigourdan A, Pagès S, Ogier JC, Girard PA, Nègre N, Duvic B. Partner-specific induction of Spodoptera frugiperda immune genes in response to the entomopathogenic nematobacterial complex Steinernema carpocapsae-Xenorhabdus nematophila. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103676. [PMID: 32184079 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Steinernema carpocapsae-Xenorhabdus nematophila association is a nematobacterial complex used in biological control of insect crop pests. The infection success of this dual pathogen strongly depends on its interactions with the host's immune system. Here, we used the lepidopteran pest Spodoptera frugiperda to analyze the respective impact of each partner in the induction of its immune responses. First, we used previously obtained RNAseq data to construct the immunome of S. frugiperda and analyze its induction. We then selected representative genes to study by RT-qPCR their induction kinetics and specificity after independent injections of each partner. We showed that both X. nematophila and S. carpocapsae participate in the induction of stable immune responses to the complex. While X. nematophila mainly induces genes classically involved in antibacterial responses, S. carpocapsae induces lectins and genes involved in melanization and encapsulation. We discuss putative relationships between these differential inductions and the pathogen immunosuppressive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Huot
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sylvie Pagès
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Nègre
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| | - Bernard Duvic
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
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17
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Zhang QL, Li HW, Dong ZX, Yang XJ, Lin LB, Chen JY, Yuan ML. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) to explore the molecular adaptations to fresh water. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2676-2691. [PMID: 32512643 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic insects are well adapted to freshwater environments, but the molecular basis of these adaptations remains largely unknown. Most firefly species (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) are terrestrial, but the larvae of several species are aquatic. Here, larval and adult transcriptomes from Aquatica leii (freshwater) and Lychnuris praetexta (terrestrial) were generated to test whether the genes associated with metabolic efficiency and morphology have undergone adaptive evolution to fresh water. The aquatic fireflies had a significantly lower ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions than the terrestrial insects, indicating a genomewide evolutionary constraint in the aquatic fireflies. We identified 341 fast-evolving genes and 116 positively selected genes in the aquatic fireflies. Of these, 76 genes exhibiting both fast evolution and positive selection were primarily involved in ATP production, energy metabolism and the hypoxia response. We identified 7,271 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in A. leii (adults versus larvae) and 8,309 DEGs in L. praetexta (adults versus larvae). DEGs specific to the aquatic firefly (n = 1,445) were screened via interspecific comparisons (A. leii versus L. praetexta) and were significantly enriched for genes involved in metabolic efficiency (e.g., ATP production, hypoxia, and immune responses) and certain aspects of morphology (e.g., cuticle chitin, tracheal and compound eye morphology). These results indicate that sequence and expression-level changes in genes associated with both metabolic efficiency and morphological attributes related to the freshwater lifestyle contributed to freshwater adaptation in fireflies. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of aquatic adaptation in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Wei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Dong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Yuan Chen
- LPS, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Long Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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18
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Zhao Y, Li Z, Gu X, Su Y, Liu L. Imaginal Disc Growth Factor 6 (Idgf6) Is Involved in Larval and Adult Wing Development in Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Front Genet 2020; 11:451. [PMID: 32435262 PMCID: PMC7218075 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, imaginal disk growth factors (IDGFs), an important component of the glycoside hydrolase 18 (GH18) family of chitinases, have been reported to be associated with the maintenance of the cuticle and molting. However, there is little knowledge of their function. In this study, imaginal disk growth factor 6 (Idgf6), which is an Idgf, was first identified and cloned from the guava fruit fly Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), one of the most serious pest insects in South China and surrounding Southeast Asian countries. This gene encodes IDGF6 protein with a conserved domain similar to ChiA chitinases, the glycoside hydrolase 18 (GH18) family of chitinases, according to NCBI BLAST. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all Idgf6s were highly conserved among similar species. Subsequent temporal expression profiling revealed that Idgf6 was highly expressed in both the late-pupal and mid-adult stages, suggesting that this gene plays a predominant role in pupal and adult development. Furthermore, RNA interference experiments against Idgf6 in B. correcta, which led to the specific decrease in Idgf6 expression, resulted in larval death as well as adult wing malformation. The direct effects of Idgf6 silencing on B. correcta indicated its important role in development, and Idgf6 might be further exploited as a novel insecticide target in the context of pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Gu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Chang D, Sharma L, Dela Cruz CS. Chitotriosidase: a marker and modulator of lung disease. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/190143. [PMID: 32350087 PMCID: PMC9488994 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0143-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) is a highly conserved and regulated chitinase secreted by activated macrophages; it is a member of the 18-glycosylase family (GH18). CHIT1 is the most prominent chitinase in humans, can cleave chitin and participates in the body's immune response and is associated with inflammation, infection, tissue damage and remodelling processes. Recently, CHIT1 has been reported to be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial asthma, COPD and pulmonary infections, shedding new light on the role of these proteins in lung pathophysiology. The potential roles of CHIT1 in lung diseases are reviewed in this article. This is the first review of chitotriosidase in lung diseasehttp://bit.ly/2LpZUQI
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Affiliation(s)
- De Chang
- The 3rd Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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20
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Drosophila melanogaster Responses against Entomopathogenic Nematodes: Focus on Hemolymph Clots. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010062. [PMID: 31963772 PMCID: PMC7023112 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several insect innate immune mechanisms are activated in response to infection by entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). In this review, we focus on the coagulation of hemolymph, which acts to stop bleeding after injury and prevent access of pathogens to the body cavity. After providing a general overview of invertebrate coagulation systems, we discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster which demonstrate that clots protect against EPN infections. Detailed analysis at the cellular level provided insight into the kinetics of the secretion of Drosophila coagulation factors, including non-classical modes of secretion. Roughly, clot formation can be divided into a primary phase in which crosslinking of clot components depends on the activity of Drosophila transglutaminase and a secondary, phenoloxidase (PO)-dependent phase, characterized by further hardening and melanization of the clot matrix. These two phases appear to play distinct roles in two commonly used EPN infection models, namely Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae. Finally, we discuss the implications of the coevolution between parasites such as EPNs and their hosts for the dynamics of coagulation factor evolution.
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21
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High-Resolution Infection Kinetics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Entering Drosophila melanogaster. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11010060. [PMID: 31963655 PMCID: PMC7023307 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been a useful model for studying wound healing in insects due to their natural mechanism of entering an insect host either through the cuticle or an orifice. While many experiments have shed light on nematode and host behavior, as well as the host immune response, details regarding early nematode entry and proliferative events have been limited. Using high-resolution microscopy, we provide data on the early infection kinetics of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and its symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus luminescens. EPNs appendage themselves to the host and enter through the host cuticle with a drill-like mechanism while leaving their outer sheath behind. EPNs immediately release their symbiotic bacteria in the host which leads to changes in host behavior and septicemia within 6 h while EPNs travel through the host in a predictable manner, congregating in the anterior end of the host. This paper sheds light on the entry and proliferative events of EPN infection, which will further aid in our understanding of wound healing and host immune activation at a high spatiotemporal resolution.
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22
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Zurovcova M, Benes V, Zurovec M, Kucerova L. Expansion of Imaginal Disc Growth Factor Gene Family in Diptera Reflects the Evolution of Novel Functions. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100365. [PMID: 31635152 PMCID: PMC6835396 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Imaginal disc growth factors (IDGFs) are a small protein family found in insects. They are related to chitinases and implicated in multiple functions, including cell growth stimulation, antimicrobial activity, insect hemolymph clotting, and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. A number of new IDGFs have been found in several insect species and their detailed phylogenetic analysis provides a good basis for further functional studies. To achieve this goal, we sequenced Idgf cDNAs from several lepidopteran and trichopteran species and supplemented our data with sequences retrieved from public databases. A comparison of Idgf genes in different species showed that Diptera typically contain several Idgf paralogs with a simple exon-intron structure (2–3 exons), whereas lepidopteran Idgfs appear as a single copy per genome and contain a higher number of exons (around 9). Our results show that, while lepidopteran Idgfs, having single orthologs, are characterized by low divergence and stronger purifying selection over most of the molecule, the duplicated Idgf genes in Diptera, Idgf1 and Idgf4, exhibit signs of positive selection. This characterization of IDGF evolution provides, to our knowledge, the first information on the changes that formed these important molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zurovcova
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Benes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Core Facilities and Services, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Kucerova
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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23
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Lin YH, Maaroufi HO, Ibrahim E, Kucerova L, Zurovec M. Expression of Human Mutant Huntingtin Protein in Drosophila Hemocytes Impairs Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2405. [PMID: 31681295 PMCID: PMC6805700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic effect of mutant HTT (mHTT) which causes Huntington disease (HD) are not restricted to nervous system. Such phenotypes include aberrant immune responses observed in the HD models. However, it is still unclear how this immune dysregulation influences the innate immune response against pathogenic infection. In the present study, we used transgenic Drosophila melanogaster expressing mutant HTT protein (mHTT) with hemocyte-specific drivers and examined the immune responses and hemocyte function. We found that mHTT expression in the hemocytes did not affect fly viability, but the numbers of circulating hemocytes were significantly decreased. Consequently, we observed that the expression of mHTT in the hemocytes compromised the immune responses including clot formation and encapsulation which lead to the increased susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematode and parasitoid wasp infections. In addition, mHTT expression in Drosophila macrophage-like S2 cells in vitro reduced ATP levels, phagocytic activity and the induction of antimicrobial peptides. Further effects observed in mHTT-expressing cells included the altered production of cytokines and activation of JAK/STAT signaling. The present study shows that the expression of mHTT in Drosophila hemocytes causes deficient cellular and humoral immune responses against invading pathogens. Our findings provide the insight into the pathogenic effects of mHTT in the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lin
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Houda Ouns Maaroufi
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Emad Ibrahim
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Lucie Kucerova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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Participation of the Serine Protease Jonah66Ci in the Drosophila Antinematode Immune Response. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00094-19. [PMID: 31182620 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00094-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases and serine protease homologs form the second largest gene family in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Certain genes in the Jonah multigene family encoding serine proteases have been implicated in the fly antiviral immune response. Here, we report the involvement of Jonah66Ci in the Drosophila immune defense against Steinernema carpocapsae nematode infection. We find that Drosophila Jonah66Ci is upregulated in response to symbiotic (carrying the mutualistic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila) or axenic (lacking Xenorhabdus) Steinernema nematodes and is expressed exclusively in the gut of Drosophila larvae. Inactivation of Jonah66Ci provides a survival advantage to larvae against axenic nematodes and results in differential expression of Toll and Imd pathway effector genes, specifically in the gut. Also, inactivation of Jonah66Ci increases the numbers of enteroendocrine and mitotic cells in the gut of uninfected larvae, and infection with Steinernema nematodes reduces their numbers, whereas the numbers of intestinal stem cells are unaffected by nematode infection. Jonah66Ci knockdown further reduces nitric oxide levels in response to infection with symbiotic Steinernema nematodes. Finally, we show that Jonah66Ci knockdown does not alter the feeding rates of uninfected Drosophila larvae; however, infection with axenic Steinernema nematodes lowers larval feeding. In conclusion, we report that Jonah66Ci participates in maintaining homeostasis of certain physiological processes in Drosophila larvae in the context of Steinernema nematode infection. Similar findings will take us a step further toward understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms that take place during parasitic nematode infection in insects.
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25
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Schmid MR, Dziedziech A, Arefin B, Kienzle T, Wang Z, Akhter M, Berka J, Theopold U. Insect hemolymph coagulation: Kinetics of classically and non-classically secreted clotting factors. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:63-71. [PMID: 30974174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In most insects, hemolymph coagulation, which is analogous to mammalian blood clotting, involves close collaboration between humoral and cellular components. To gain insights into the secretion of cellular clotting factors, we created tagged versions of three different clotting factors. Our focus was on factors which are released in a non-classical manner and to characterize them in comparison to a protein that is classically released, namely Glutactin (Glt). Transglutaminase-A (Tg) and Prophenoloxidase 2 (PPO2), both of which lack signal peptide sequences, have been previously demonstrated to be released from plasmatocytes and crystal cells (CCs) respectively, the two hemocyte classes in naïve larvae. We found that at the molecular level, Tg secretion resembles the release of tissue transglutaminase in mammals. Specifically, Drosophila Tg is associated with vesicular membranes and remains membrane-bound after release, in contrast to Glt, which we found localizes to a different class of vesicles and is integrated into clot fibers. PPO2 on the other hand, is set free from CCs through cytolysis. We confirm that PPO2 is a central component of the cytosolic crystals and find that the distribution of PPO2 appears to vary across crystals and cells. We propose a tentative scheme for the secretory events during early and late hemolymph coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Schmid
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alexis Dziedziech
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Badrul Arefin
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Kienzle
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Munira Akhter
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jakub Berka
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Patrnogic J, Heryanto C, Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. Transcript analysis reveals the involvement of NF-κB transcription factors for the activation of TGF-β signaling in nematode-infected Drosophila. Immunogenetics 2019; 71:501-510. [PMID: 31147740 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-019-01119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model for studying signaling pathway regulation. Conserved signaling pathways underlying physiological processes signify evolutionary relationship between organisms and the nature of the mechanisms they control. This study explores the cross-talk between the well-characterized nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) innate immune signaling pathways and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway in response to parasitic nematode infection in Drosophila. To understand the link between signaling pathways, we followed on our previous studies by performing a transcript-level analysis of different TGF-β signaling components following infection of immune-compromised Drosophila adult flies with the nematode parasites Heterorhabditis gerrardi and H. bacteriophora. Our findings demonstrate the requirement of NF-κB transcription factors for activation of TGF-β signaling pathway in Drosophila in the context of parasitic nematode infection. We observe significant decrease in transcript level of glass bottom boat (gbb) and screw (scw), components of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) branch, as well as Activinβ (actβ) which is a component of the Activin branch of the TGF-β signaling pathway. These results are observed only in H. gerrardi nematode-infected flies compared to uninfected control. Also, this significant decrease in transcript level is found only for extracellular ligands. Future research examining the mechanisms regulating the interaction of these signaling pathways could provide further insight into Drosophila anti-nematode immune function against infection with potent parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Patrnogic
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Kludkiewicz B, Kucerova L, Konikova T, Strnad H, Hradilova M, Zaloudikova A, Sehadova H, Konik P, Sehnal F, Zurovec M. The expansion of genes encoding soluble silk components in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 106:28-38. [PMID: 30448349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lepidopteran silk is a complex assembly of proteins produced by a pair of highly specialized labial glands called silk glands. Silk composition has been examined only in a handful of species. Here we report on the analysis of silk gland-specific transcriptomes from three developmental stages of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, combined with proteomics, Edman microsequencing and northern blot analysis. In addition to the genes known earlier, we identified twenty seven candidate cDNAs predicted to encode secretory proteins, which may represent novel silk components. Eight were verified by proteomic analysis or microsequencing, and several others were confirmed by similarity with known silk genes and their expression patterns. Our results revealed that most candidates encode abundant secreted proteins produced by middle silk glands including ten sericins, two seroins, one or more mucins, and several sequences without apparent similarity to known proteins. We did not detect any novel PSG-specific protein, confirming that there are only three fibroin subunits. Our data not only show that the number of sericin genes in the greater wax moth is higher than in other species thus far examined, but also the total content of soluble proteins in silk is twice as high in G. mellonella than in B. mori or A. yamamai. Our data will serve as a foundation for future identification and evolutionary analysis of silk proteins in the Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kludkiewicz
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kucerova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Konikova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Miluse Hradilova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Zaloudikova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sehadova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Konik
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Sehnal
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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28
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Ma L, Zhou L, Lin J, Ji J, Wang Y, Jiang H, Shen X, Lu Z. Manipulation of the silkworm immune system by a metalloprotease from the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:176-185. [PMID: 30261235 PMCID: PMC6204220 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production and melanization are two key humoral immune responses in insects. Induced synthesis of AMPs results from Toll and IMD signal transduction whereas melanization depends on prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation system. During invasion, pathogens produce toxins and other virulent factors to counteract host immune responses. Here we show that the pathways leading to PPO activation and AMP synthesis in the silkworm Bombyx mori are affected by a metalloprotease, named elastase B, secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1). The metalloprotease gene (lasB) was expressed shortly after PAO1 cells had been injected into the larval silkworm hemocoel, leading to an increase of elastase activity. Injection of the purified PAO1 elastase B into silkworm hemolymph compromised PPO activation. In contrast, the protease caused a level increase of gloverin, an AMP in the hemolymph. To verify our results obtained using the purified elastase B, we infected B. mori with PAO1 ΔlasB mutant and found that PO activity in hemolymph of the PAO1 ΔlasB-infected larvae was significantly higher than that in the wild type-infected. The mutant-inhabited hemolymph had lower levels of gloverin and antimicrobial activity. PAO1 ΔlasB showed a decreased viability in the silkworm hemolymph whereas the host had a lower mortality. In addition, the effects caused by the ΔlasB mutant were restored by a complementary strain. These data collectively indicated that the elastase B produced by PAO1 is an important virulent factor that manipulates the silkworm immune system during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinshui Lin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiuyuan Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Xihui Shen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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29
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Yadav S, Eleftherianos I. The Imaginal Disc Growth Factors 2 and 3 participate in the Drosophila response to nematode infection. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12581. [PMID: 30107045 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila imaginal disc growth factors (IDGFs) induce the proliferation of imaginal disc cells and terminate cell proliferation at the end of larval development. However, the participation of Idgf-encoding genes in other physiological processes of Drosophila including the immune response to infection is not fully understood. Here, we show the contribution of Idgf2 and Idgf3 in the Drosophila response to infection with Steinernema carpocapsae nematodes carrying or lacking their mutualistic Xenorhabdus nematophila bacteria (symbiotic or axenic nematodes, respectively). We find that Idgf2 and Idgf3 are upregulated in Drosophila larvae infected with symbiotic or axenic Steinernema and inactivation of Idgf2 confers a survival advantage to Drosophila larvae against axenic nematodes. Inactivation of Idgf2 induces the Imd and Jak/Stat pathways, whereas inactivation of Idgf3 induces the Imd, Toll and Jak/Stat pathways. We also show that inactivation of the Imd pathway receptor PGRP-LE upregulates Idgf2 against Steinernema nematode infection. Finally, we demonstrate that inactivation of Idgf3 induces the recruitment of larval haemocytes in response to Steinernema. Our results indicate that Idgf2 and Idgf3 might be involved in different yet crucial immune functions in the Drosophila antinematode immune response. Similar findings will promote the development of new targets for species-specific pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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30
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Prudêncio P, Guilgur LG, Sobral J, Becker JD, Martinho RG, Navarro-Costa P. The Trithorax group protein dMLL3/4 instructs the assembly of the zygotic genome at fertilization. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45728. [PMID: 30037897 PMCID: PMC6073209 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201845728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from fertilized oocyte to totipotent embryo relies on maternal factors that are synthetized and accumulated during oocyte development. Yet, it is unclear how oocytes regulate the expression of maternal genes within the transcriptional program of oogenesis. Here, we report that the Drosophila Trithorax group protein dMLL3/4 (also known as Trr) is essential for the transition to embryo fate at fertilization. In the absence of dMLL3/4, oocytes develop normally but fail to initiate the embryo mitotic divisions after fertilization. This incapability results from defects in paternal genome reprogramming and maternal meiotic completion. The methyltransferase activity of dMLL3/4 is dispensable for both these processes. We further show that dMLL3/4 promotes the expression of a functionally coherent gene subset that is required for the initiation of post-fertilization development. Accordingly, we identify the evolutionarily conserved IDGF4 glycoprotein (known as oviductin in mammals) as a new oocyte-to-embryo transition gene under direct dMLL3/4 transcriptional control. Based on these observations, we propose that dMLL3/4 plays an instructive role in the oocyte-to-embryo transition that is functionally uncoupled from the requirements of oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Prudêncio
- Center for Biomedical Research and Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - João Sobral
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Rui Gonçalo Martinho
- Center for Biomedical Research and Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED and Department of Medical Sciences, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Navarro-Costa
- Center for Biomedical Research and Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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31
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Patrnogic J, Heryanto C, Eleftherianos I. Transcriptional up-regulation of the TGF-β intracellular signaling transducer Mad of Drosophila larvae in response to parasitic nematode infection. Innate Immun 2018; 24:349-356. [PMID: 30049242 PMCID: PMC6830907 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918790663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an exceptional
model for dissecting innate immunity. However, our knowledge on responses to
parasitic nematode infections still lags behind. Recent studies have
demonstrated that the well-conserved TGF-β signaling pathway participates in
immune processes of the fly, including the anti-nematode response. To elucidate
the molecular basis of TGF-β anti-nematode activity, we performed a transcript
level analysis of different TGF-β signaling components following infection of
D. melanogaster larvae with the nematode parasite
Heterorhabditis gerrardi. We found no significant changes
in the transcript level of most extracellular ligands in both bone morphogenic
protein (BMP) and activin branches of the TGF-β signaling pathway between
nematode-infected larvae and uninfected controls. However, extracellular ligand,
Scw, and Type I receptor, Sax, in the BMP pathway as well as the Type I
receptor, Babo, in the activin pathway were substantially up-regulated following
H. gerrardi infection. Our results suggest that receptor
up-regulation leads to transcriptional up-regulation of the intracellular
component Mad in response to H. gerrardi following changes in
gene expression of intracellular receptors of both TGF-β signaling branches.
These findings identify the involvement of certain TGF-β signaling pathway
components in the immune signal transduction of D. melanogaster
larvae against parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Patrnogic
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
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Osman GA, Fasseas MK, Koneru SL, Essmann CL, Kyrou K, Srinivasan MA, Zhang G, Sarkies P, Félix MA, Barkoulas M. Natural Infection of C. elegans by an Oomycete Reveals a New Pathogen-Specific Immune Response. Curr Biol 2018; 28:640-648.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chitinase-like proteins as regulators of innate immunity and tissue repair: helpful lessons for asthma? Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:141-151. [PMID: 29351964 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 18 of proteins. Chitinases are expressed in mammals and lower organisms, facilitate chitin degradation, and hence act as host-defence enzymes. Gene duplication and loss-of-function mutations of enzymatically active chitinases have resulted in the expression of a diverse range of CLPs across different species. CLPs are genes that are increasingly associated with inflammation and tissue remodelling not only in mammals but also across distant species. While the focus has remained on understanding the functions and expression patterns of CLPs during disease in humans, studies in mouse and lower organisms have revealed important and overlapping roles of the CLP family during physiology, host defence and pathology. This review will summarise recent insights into the regulatory functions of CLPs on innate immune pathways and discuss how these effects are not only important for host defence and tissue injury/repair after pathogen invasion, but also how they have extensive implications for pathological processes involved in diseases such as asthma.
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Kenmoku H, Hori A, Kuraishi T, Kurata S. A novel mode of induction of the humoral innate immune response in Drosophila larvae. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:271-281. [PMID: 28250052 PMCID: PMC5374318 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila adults have been utilized as a genetically tractable model organism to decipher the molecular mechanisms of humoral innate immune responses. In an effort to promote the utility of Drosophila larvae as an additional model system, in this study, we describe a novel aspect of an induction mechanism for innate immunity in these larvae. By using a fine tungsten needle created for manipulating semi-conductor devices, larvae were subjected to septic injury. However, although Toll pathway mutants were susceptible to infection with Gram-positive bacteria as had been shown for Drosophila adults, microbe clearance was not affected in the mutants. In addition, Drosophila larvae were found to be sensitive to mechanical stimuli with respect to the activation of a sterile humoral response. In particular, pinching with forceps to a degree that might cause minor damage to larval tissues could induce the expression of the antifungal peptide gene Drosomycin; notably, this induction was partially independent of the Toll and immune deficiency pathways. We therefore propose that Drosophila larvae might serve as a useful model to analyze the infectious and non-infectious inflammation that underlies various inflammatory diseases such as ischemia, atherosclerosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kenmoku
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Aki Hori
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kuraishi
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Department of Molecular Biopharmacy and Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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35
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Bystander Cells Taking Action. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:527-528. [PMID: 29131042 DOI: 10.1159/000484305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Wound healing, calcium signaling, and other novel pathways are associated with the formation of butterfly eyespots. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:788. [PMID: 29037153 PMCID: PMC5644175 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One hypothesis surrounding the origin of novel traits is that they originate from the co-option of pre-existing genes or larger gene regulatory networks into novel developmental contexts. Insights into a trait’s evolutionary origins can, thus, be gained via identification of the genes underlying trait development, and exploring whether those genes also function in other developmental contexts. Here we investigate the set of genes associated with the development of eyespot color patterns, a trait that originated once within the Nymphalid family of butterflies. Although several genes associated with eyespot development have been identified, the eyespot gene regulatory network remains largely unknown. Results In this study, next-generation sequencing and transcriptome analyses were used to identify a large set of genes associated with eyespot development of Bicyclus anynana butterflies, at 3-6 h after pupation, prior to the differentiation of the color rings. Eyespot-associated genes were identified by comparing the transcriptomes of homologous micro-dissected wing tissues that either develop or do not develop eyespots in wild-type and a mutant line of butterflies, Spotty, with extra eyespots. Overall, 186 genes were significantly up and down-regulated in wing tissues that develop eyespots compared to wing tissues that do not. Many of the differentially expressed genes have yet to be annotated. New signaling pathways, including the Toll, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and/or Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways are associated for the first time with eyespot development. In addition, several genes involved in wound healing and calcium signaling were also found to be associated with eyespots. Conclusions Overall, this study provides the identity of many new genes and signaling pathways associated with eyespots, and suggests that the ancient wound healing gene regulatory network may have been co-opted to cells at the center of the pattern to aid in eyespot origins. New transcription factors that may be providing different identities to distinct wing sectors, and genes with sexually dimorphic expression in the eyespots were also identified. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4175-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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He R, Shen N, Zhang H, Ren Y, He M, Xu J, Guo C, Xie Y, Gu X, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular characteristics and serodiagnostic potential of chitinase-like protein from Sarcoptes scabiei. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83995-84005. [PMID: 29137399 PMCID: PMC5663571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, is an allergic skin disease that affects millions of people and other mammals worldwide. This highly contagious parasitic disease is among the top 50 epidemic disease and is regarded as a neglected tropical disease. Diagnosis of scabies is difficult in the early stage, and the pathogenesis of scabies is not currently clear. Here, we expressed, identified and located the chitinase-like protein of S. scabiei (SsCLP), and evaluated its potential as an early-stage diagnostic antigen for rabbit scabies. Indirect ELISA using recombinant SsCLP (rSsCLP) exhibited diagnostic sensitivity of 94.4% (17/18) and specificity of 86.7% (26/30). Early diagnostic test after artificial infection of rabbits with S. scabiei for 1 week showed a positive detection rate of 96.7% (29/30). Immunolocalization assays showed that fluorescence signals were localized on the surface of mites and, in infected rabbits, were observed in keratinized skin and embedded mites. Intradermal skin tests of rabbits by injecting rSsCLP showed a wheal, flare and erythema reaction. These results suggest that S. scabiei chitinase-like protein is conducive to host invasion, participates in inducing the allergic response of the host, and is an effective antigen for the diagnosis of S. scabiei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Manli He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, China
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Abstract
Many leukemia patients suffer from dysregulation of their immune system, making them more susceptible to infections and leading to general weakening (cachexia). Both adaptive and innate immunity are affected. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has an innate immune system, including cells of the myeloid lineage (hemocytes). To study Drosophila immunity and physiology during leukemia, we established three models by driving expression of a dominant-active version of the Ras oncogene (RasV12 ) alone or combined with knockdowns of tumor suppressors in Drosophila hemocytes. Our results show that phagocytosis, hemocyte migration to wound sites, wound sealing, and survival upon bacterial infection of leukemic lines are similar to wild type. We find that in all leukemic models the two major immune pathways (Toll and Imd) are dysregulated. Toll-dependent signaling is activated to comparable extents as after wounding wild-type larvae, leading to a proinflammatory status. In contrast, Imd signaling is suppressed. Finally, we notice that adult tissue formation is blocked and degradation of cell masses during metamorphosis of leukemic lines, which is akin to the state of cancer-dependent cachexia. To further analyze the immune competence of leukemic lines, we used a natural infection model that involves insect-pathogenic nematodes. We identified two leukemic lines that were sensitive to nematode infections. Further characterization demonstrates that despite the absence of behavioral abnormalities at the larval stage, leukemic larvae show reduced locomotion in the presence of nematodes. Taken together, this work establishes new Drosophila models to study the physiological, immunological, and behavioral consequences of various forms of leukemia.
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Egesten A, Herwald H. Visions and the Progress of Science. J Innate Immun 2017. [PMID: 28637042 DOI: 10.1159/000478280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Proteomics Analysis Identifies Orthologs of Human Chitinase-Like Proteins as Inducers of Tube Morphogenesis Defects in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2017; 206:973-984. [PMID: 28404605 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.199323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of human chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) are associated with numerous chronic inflammatory diseases and several cancers, often correlating with poor prognosis. Nevertheless, there is scant knowledge of their function. The CLPs normally mediate immune responses and wound healing and, when upregulated, they can promote disease progression by remodeling tissue, activating signaling cascades, stimulating proliferation and migration, and by regulating adhesion. We identified Imaginal disc growth factors (Idgfs), orthologs of human CLPs CHI3L1, CHI3L2, and OVGP1, in a proteomics analysis designed to discover factors that regulate tube morphogenesis in a Drosophila melanogaster model of tube formation. We implemented a novel approach that uses magnetic beads to isolate a small population of specialized ovarian cells, cells that nonautonomously regulate morphogenesis of epithelial tubes that form and secrete eggshell structures called dorsal appendages (DAs). Differential mass spectrometry analysis of these cells detected elevated levels of four of the six Idgf family members (Idgf1, Idgf2, Idgf4, and Idgf6) in flies mutant for bullwinkle (bwk), which encodes a transcription factor and is a known regulator of DA-tube morphogenesis. We show that, during oogenesis, dysregulation of Idgfs (either gain or loss of function) disrupts the formation of the DA tubes. Previous studies demonstrate roles for Drosophila Idgfs in innate immunity, wound healing, and cell proliferation and motility in cell culture. Here, we identify a novel role for Idgfs in both normal and aberrant tubulogenesis processes.
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Broz V, Kucerova L, Rouhova L, Fleischmannova J, Strnad H, Bryant PJ, Zurovec M. Drosophila imaginal disc growth factor 2 is a trophic factor involved in energy balance, detoxification, and innate immunity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43273. [PMID: 28230183 PMCID: PMC5322392 DOI: 10.1038/srep43273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila imaginal disc growth factor 2 (IDGF2) is a member of chitinase-like protein family (CLPs) able to induce the proliferation of imaginal disc cells in vitro. In this study we characterized physiological concentrations and expression of IDGF2 in vivo as well as its impact on the viability and transcriptional profile of Drosophila cells in vitro. We show that IDGF2 is independent of insulin and protects cells from death caused by serum deprivation, toxicity of xenobiotics or high concentrations of extracellular adenosine (Ado) and deoxyadenosine (dAdo). Transcriptional profiling suggested that such cytoprotection is connected with the induction of genes involved in energy metabolism, detoxification and innate immunity. We also show that IDGF2 is an abundant haemolymph component, which is further induced by injury in larval stages. The highest IDGF2 accumulation was found at garland and pericardial nephrocytes supporting its role in organismal defence and detoxification. Our findings provide evidence that IDGF2 is an important trophic factor promoting cellular and organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Broz
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kucerova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Rouhova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Fleischmannova
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Peter J Bryant
- Developmental &Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Kunc M, Arefin B, Hyrsl P, Theopold U. Monitoring the effect of pathogenic nematodes on locomotion of Drosophila larvae. Fly (Austin) 2017. [PMID: 28631995 PMCID: PMC5552269 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2017.1297350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key factors that determine the interaction between hosts and their parasites is the frequency of their interactions, which depends on the locomotory behavior of both parts. To address host behavior we used natural infections involving insect pathogenic nematodes and Drosophila melanogaster larvae as hosts. Using a modified version of a recently described method (FIMTrack) to assess several parameters in larger sets of animals, we initially detected specific differences in larval food searching when comparing Drosophila strains. These differences were further influenced by the presence of nematodes. Given a choice, Drosophila larvae clearly avoided nematodes irrespective of their genetic background. Our newly developed methods will be useful to test candidate genes and pathways involved in host/pathogen interactions in general and to assess specific parameters of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kunc
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Badrul Arefin
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Pavel Hyrsl
- b Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science , Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Ulrich Theopold
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) , Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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Ju Y, Wang X, Guan T, Peng D, Li H. Versatile glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases for fungi ingestion and reproduction in the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:819-828. [PMID: 27641827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) of chitinases is a gene family widely expressed in archaes, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and hydrolyzes the β-1,4-linkages in chitin. The pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the organisms that produces GH18 chitinases. Notably, B. xylophilus has a higher number of GH18 chitinases compared with the obligate plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla. In this study, seven GH18 chitinases were identified and cloned from B. xylophilus based on genomic analyses. The deduced amino acid sequences of all these genes contained an N-terminal signal peptide and a GH18 catalytic domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the origin of B. xylophilus GH18 chitinases was independent of those from fungi and bacteria. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis indicated that GH18 chitinase genes had discrete expression patterns, representing almost all the life stages of B. xylophilus. In situ hybridisation showed that the mRNA of GH18 chitinase genes of B. xylophilus were detected mainly in the spermatheca, esophageal gland cells, seminal vesicle and eggs. RNA interference (RNAi) results revealed different roles of GH18 chitinase genes in B. xylophilus. Bx-chi-1, Bx-chi-2 and Bx-chi-7 were associated with reproduction, fungal cell-wall degradation and egg hatching, respectively. Bx-chi-5 and Bx-chi-6 may be involved in sperm metabolism. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that GH18 chitinases have multiple functions in the life cycle of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Ju
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Tinglong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Eleftherianos I, Castillo JC, Patrnogic J. TGF-β signaling regulates resistance to parasitic nematode infection in Drosophila melanogaster. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1362-1368. [PMID: 27473342 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade important advances have been made in the field of innate immunity; however, our appreciation of the signaling pathways and molecules that participate in host immune responses to parasitic nematode infections lags behind that of responses to microbial challenges. Here we have examined the regulation and immune activity of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling in the model host Drosophila melanogaster upon infection with the nematode parasites Heterorhabditis gerrardi and H. bacteriophora containing their mutualistic bacteria Photorhabdus. We have found that the genes encoding the Activin and Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) ligands Dawdle (Daw) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp) are transcriptionally induced in flies responding to infection with the nematode parasites, containing or lacking their associated bacteria. We also show that deficient Daw or Dpp regulates the survival of D. melanogaster adults to the pathogens, whereas inactivation of Daw reduces the persistence of the nematodes in the mutant flies. These findings demonstrate a novel role for the TGF-β signaling pathways in the host anti-nematode immune response. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of host anti-nematode processes will potentially lead to the development of novel means for the efficient control of parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Julio Cesar Castillo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA
| | - Jelena Patrnogic
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Insect Immunity to Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Mutualistic Bacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 402:123-156. [PMID: 27995342 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes are important organisms for the biological control of insect pests and excellent models for dissecting the molecular basis of the insect immune response against both the nematode parasites and their mutualistic bacteria. Previous research involving the use of various insects has found distinct differences in the number and nature of immune mechanisms that are activated in response to entomopathogenic nematode parasites containing or lacking their associated bacteria. Recent studies using model insects have started to reveal the identity of certain molecules with potential anti-nematode or antibacterial activity as well as the molecular components that nematodes and their bacteria employ to evade or defeat the insect immune system. Identification and characterization of the genes that regulate the insect immune response to nematode-bacteria complexes will contribute significantly to the development of improved practices to control insects of agricultural and medical importance, and potentially nematode parasites that infect mammals, perhaps even humans.
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