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Shao S, Zou Y, Kennedy KG, Dimick MK, Andreazza AC, Young LT, Goncalves VF, MacIntosh BJ, Goldstein BI. Pilot study of circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in relation to brain structure in youth bipolar disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord 2024; 12:21. [PMID: 38874862 PMCID: PMC11178693 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-024-00334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the neuropathology of bipolar disorder (BD). Higher circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA), generally reflecting poorer mitochondrial health, has been associated with greater symptoms severity in BD. The current study examines the association of serum ccf-mtDNA and brain structure in relation to youth BD. We hypothesized that higher ccf-mtDNA will be associated with measures of lower brain structure, particularly in the BD group. METHODS Participants included 40 youth (BD, n = 19; Control group [CG], n = 21; aged 13-20 years). Serum ccf-mtDNA levels were assayed. T1-weighted brain images were acquired using 3T-MRI. Region of interest (ROI) analyses examined prefrontal cortex (PFC) and whole brain gray matter, alongside exploratory vertex-wise analyses. Analyses examined ccf-mtDNA main-effects and ccf-mtDNA-by-diagnosis interaction effects controlling for age, sex, and intracranial volume. RESULTS There was no significant difference in ccf-mtDNA levels between BD and CG. In ROI analyses, higher ccf-mtDNA was associated with higher PFC surface area (SA) (β = 0.32 p < 0.001) and PFC volume (β = 0.32 p = 0.002) in the overall sample. In stratified analyses, higher ccf-mtDNA was associated with higher PFC SA within both subgroups (BD: β = 0.39 p = 0.02; CG: β = 0.24 p = 0.045). Higher ccf-mtDNA was associated with higher PFC volume within the BD group (β = 0.39 p = 0.046). In vertex-wise analyses, higher ccf-mtDNA was associated with higher SA and volume in frontal clusters within the overall sample and within the BD group. There were significant ccf-mtDNA-by-diagnosis interactions in three frontal and parietal clusters, whereby higher ccf-mtDNA was associated with higher neurostructural metrics in the BD group but lower neurostructural metrics in CG. CONCLUSIONS Contrasting our hypothesis, higher ccf-mtDNA was consistently associated with higher, rather than lower, regional neuralstructural metrics among youth with BD. While this finding may reflect a compensatory mechanism, future repeated-measures prospective studies evaluating the inter-relationship among ccf-mtDNA, mood, and brain structure across developmental epochs and illness stages are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyi Shao
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Yi Zou
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kody G Kennedy
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikaela K Dimick
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ana C Andreazza
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Trevor Young
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa F Goncalves
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Peralta V, de Jalón EG, Moreno-Izco L, Peralta D, Janda L, Sánchez-Torres AM, Cuesta MJ. Neuromotor dysfunction as a major outcome domain of psychotic disorders: A 21-year follow-up study. Schizophr Res 2024; 263:229-236. [PMID: 35667948 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term stability of neuromotor domains assessed at the first episode of psychosis (FEP) and their ability for predicting a number of outcomes remains largely unknown, and this study addressed these issues. METHODS This was a longitudinal study of 243 participants with FEP who were assessed at baseline for background variables and parkinsonism, dyskinesia, neurological soft signs (NSS) and catatonia, and reassessed 21 years later for the same neuromotor variables, psychopathology, functioning, personal recovery, cognitive performance and medical comorbidity. Stability of neuromotor ratings was assessed using the intraclass correlations coefficient and associations between the predictors and outcomes were examined using univariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS Baseline dyskinesia and NSS ratings showed excellent stability over time whereas that for parkinsonism and catatonia was relatively low. Neuromotor dysfunction at follow-up was independently predicted by a family history of schizophrenia, obstetric complications, neurodevelopmental delay, low premorbid IQ and baseline ratings of dyskinesia and NSS. Moreover, baseline dyskinesia and NSS ratings independently predicted more positive and negative symptoms, poor functioning and less personal recovery; catatonia predicted less personal recovery and more medical comorbidity. Baseline neuromotor ratings explained between 4% (for medical comorbidity) and 34% (for neuromotor dysfunction) of the variance in the outcomes. Lastly, neuromotor dysfunction at baseline highly predicted clinical staging at follow-up. CONCLUSION Baseline neuromotor domains show variable stability over time and relate distinctively to very long-term outcomes. Both baseline dyskinesia and NSS are trait markers of the disease process and robust predictors of the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Peralta
- Mental Health Department, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Elena García de Jalón
- Mental Health Department, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Pamplona, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Moreno-Izco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Peralta
- Mental Health Department, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Janda
- Mental Health Department, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana M Sánchez-Torres
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel J Cuesta
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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3
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Aminoff SR, Onyeka IN, Ødegaard M, Simonsen C, Lagerberg TV, Andreassen OA, Romm KL, Melle I. Lifetime and point prevalence of psychotic symptoms in adults with bipolar disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2413-2425. [PMID: 36016504 PMCID: PMC9647517 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172200201x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms, that we defined as delusions or hallucinations, are common in bipolar disorders (BD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesise the literature on both lifetime and point prevalence rates of psychotic symptoms across different BD subtypes, including both BD type I (BDI) and BD type II (BDII). We performed a systematic search of Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Cochrane Library until 5 August 2021. Fifty-four studies (N = 23 461) of adults with BD met the predefined inclusion criteria for evaluating lifetime prevalence, and 24 studies (N = 6480) for evaluating point prevalence. Quality assessment and assessment of publication bias were performed. Prevalence rates were calculated using random effects meta-analysis, here expressed as percentages with a 95% confidence interval (CI). In studies of at least moderate quality, the pooled lifetime prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI was 63% (95% CI 57.5-68) and 22% (95% CI 14-33) in BDII. For BDI inpatients, the pooled lifetime prevalence was 71% (95% CI 61-79). There were no studies of community samples or inpatient BDII. The pooled point prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI was 54% (95 CI 41-67). The point prevalence was 57% (95% CI 47-66) in manic episodes and 13% (95% CI 7-23.5) in depressive episodes. There were not enough studies in BDII, BDI depression, mixed episodes and outpatient BDI. The pooled prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI may be higher than previously reported. More studies are needed for depressive and mixed episodes and community samples.Prospero registration number: CRD 42017052706.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Aminoff
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South East Norway, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - I. N. Onyeka
- Department of Psychology, Sociology & Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M. Ødegaard
- University of Oslo Library, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Simonsen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South East Norway, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - T. V. Lagerberg
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - O. A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K. L. Romm
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South East Norway, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - I. Melle
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Choi J, Yoon HJ, Park JH, Nakagami Y, Kubota C, Inada T, Kato TA, Yang SY, Lin SK, Chong MY, Avasthi A, Grover S, Kallivayalil RA, Tanra AJ, Chee KY, Xiang YT, Sim K, Javed A, Tan CH, Sartorius N, Kanba S, Shinfuku N, Park YC, Park SC. Network Analysis-Based Disentanglement of the Symptom Heterogeneity in Asian Patients with Schizophrenia: Findings from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antipsychotics. J Pers Med 2022; 12:33. [PMID: 35055348 PMCID: PMC8779246 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptom heterogeneity of schizophrenia is consistent with Wittgenstein's analogy of a language game. From the perspective of precision medicine, this study aimed to estimate the symptom presentation and identify the psychonectome in Asian patients, using data obtained from the Research on Asian Psychotropic Prescription Patterns for Antipsychotics. We constructed a network structure of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) items in 1438 Asian patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, all the BPRS items were considered to be an ordered categorical variable ranging in value from 1-7. Motor retardation was situated most centrally within the BPRS network structure, followed by depressive mood and unusual thought content. Contrastingly, hallucinatory behavior was situated least centrally within the network structure. Using a community detection algorithm, the BPRS items were organized into positive, negative, and general symptom clusters. Overall, DSM symptoms were not more central than non-DSM symptoms within the symptom network of Asian patients with schizophrenia. Thus, motor retardation, which results from the unmet needs associated with current antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia, may be a tailored treatment target for Asian patients with schizophrenia. Based on these findings, targeting non-dopamine systems (glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid) may represent an effective strategy with respect to precision medicine for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.C.); (Y.C.P.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 47392, Korea;
| | - Yukako Nakagami
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Chika Kubota
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan;
| | - Toshiya Inada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan;
| | - Takahiro A. Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (T.A.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Shu-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei City Hospital, Fu Jen University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242062, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Ku Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Mian-Yoon Chong
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung & Chang Gung University School of Medicine, Taoyuan 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Ajit Avasthi
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India; (A.A.); (S.G.)
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India; (A.A.); (S.G.)
| | | | - Andi Jaylangkara Tanra
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia;
| | - Kok Yoon Chee
- Tunku Abdul Rahman Institute of Neuroscience, Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Malaysia;
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 820006, China;
| | - Kang Sim
- Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok Green Medical Park, Singapore 539747, Singapore;
| | - Afzal Javed
- Pakistan Psychiatric Research Centre, Fontain House, Lahore 1317, Pakistan;
| | - Chay Hoon Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119244, Singapore;
| | - Norman Sartorius
- Association for the Improvement of Mental Health Programmes, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Shigenobu Kanba
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (T.A.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Naotaka Shinfuku
- Department of Social Welfare, School of Human Sciences, Seinan Gakuin University, Fukuoka 814-8511, Japan;
| | - Yong Chon Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.C.); (Y.C.P.)
| | - Seon-Cheol Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea; (J.C.); (Y.C.P.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, Korea
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5
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Walther S, Morrens M. What Can Be Learned from Dimensional Perspectives on Psychiatry? Neuropsychobiology 2021; 79:249-250. [PMID: 32512563 DOI: 10.1159/000508762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Manuel Morrens
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,University Department of Psychiatry, Campus Duffel, Duffel, Belgium
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6
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Wüthrich F, Pavlidou A, Stegmayer K, Eisenhardt S, Moor J, Schäppi L, Vanbellingen T, Bohlhalter S, Walther S. Nonverbal communication remains untouched: No beneficial effect of symptomatic improvement on poor gesture performance in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 223:258-264. [PMID: 32883557 PMCID: PMC7952214 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestures are an important part of communication. Patients with schizophrenia present gesture deficits that tend to deteriorate in the course of the disease and hamper functional outcome. This gesture deficit has been associated with motor abnormalities, cognitive impairment, and psychotic symptoms. Unaffected, first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients share some subclinical motor and cognitive abnormalities. We aimed to investigate, whether gesture performance changes with symptomatic improvement in patients, and to test the longitudinal performance in unaffected, first-degree relatives. METHODS In this study, we measured gesture performance using a validated test in 33 patients, 29 first-degree relatives and 38 healthy controls. Measurements were completed shortly after admission and before discharge in patients. Performance was rated blindly by experts using video recordings of the gesture task. Additionally, we evaluated cognitive function and psychotic symptoms at both visits. RESULTS Gesture performance was poorer in relatives compared to controls and poorer in patients compared to both relatives and controls. Patients showed an improvement in psychopathology but a significant decrease in gesture performance at follow-up, while performance in the other groups remained stable. Proportional change of gesture performance correlated with change of cognitive function in patients, whereas there were no correlations with change of cognitive function in the other groups. CONCLUSION While symptom severity was reduced, the gesture deficit further deteriorated in schizophrenia. The finding argues for distinct processes contributing to poor nonverbal communication skills in patients, requiring novel alternative treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wüthrich
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anastasia Pavlidou
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Stegmayer
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Eisenhardt
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jeanne Moor
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland,Department of General Internal Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea Schäppi
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tim Vanbellingen
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Switzerland,Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Bohlhalter
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Dean DJ, Bernard JA, Damme KSF, O’Reilly R, Orr JM, Mittal VA. Longitudinal Assessment and Functional Neuroimaging of Movement Variability Reveal Novel Insights Into Motor Dysfunction in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1567-1576. [PMID: 32662507 PMCID: PMC7707079 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Motor dysfunction in youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis is thought to reflect abnormal neurodevelopment within cortical-subcortical motor circuits and may be important for understanding clinical trajectories of CHR individuals. However, to date, our perspective of brain-behavior relationships has been informed solely by cross-sectional correlational studies linking behavior in the lab to brain structure or respective resting-state network connectivity. Here, we assess movement dysfunction from 2 perspectives: study 1 investigates the longitudinal progression of handwriting variability and positive symptoms in a sample of 91 CHR and healthy controls during a 12-month follow-up and study 2 involves a multiband functional magnetic resonance imaging task exploring the relationship between power grip force stability and motor network brain activation in a subset of participants. In study 1, we found that greater handwriting variability was a stable feature of CHR participants who experienced worse symptom progression. Study 2 results showed that CHR individuals had greater variability in their grip force and greater variability was related to decreased activation in the associative cortico-striatal network compared to controls. Motor variability may be a stable marker of vulnerability for psychosis risk and possible indicator of a vulnerable cortico-striatal brain network functioning in CHR participants, although the effects of antipsychotic medication should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Dean
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240; tel: 615-322-8768, fax: 615-343-8449, e-mail:
| | - Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | - Randall O’Reilly
- Departments of Psychology, Computer Science, and Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Joseph M Orr
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston/Chicago, IL
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8
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Osborne KJ, Walther S, Shankman SA, Mittal VA. Psychomotor Slowing in Schizophrenia: Implications for Endophenotype and Biomarker Development. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020; 2:100016. [PMID: 33738459 PMCID: PMC7963400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor abnormalities (e.g., dyskinesia, psychomotor slowing, neurological soft signs) are core features of schizophrenia that occur independent of drug treatment and are associated with the genetic vulnerability and pathophysiology for the illness. Among this list, psychomotor slowing in particular is one of the most consistently observed and robust findings in the field. Critically, psychomotor slowing may serve as a uniquely promising endophenotype and/or biomarker for schizophrenia considering it is frequently observed in those with genetic vulnerability for the illness, predicts transition in subjects at high-risk for the disorder, and is associated with symptoms and recovery in patients. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of the history of psychomotor slowing in psychosis, discuss its possible neural underpinnings, and review the current literature supporting slowing as a putative endophenotype and/or biomarker for the illness. This review summarizes substantial evidence from a diverse array of methodologies and research designs that supports the notion that psychomotor slowing not only reflects genetic vulnerability, but is also sensitive to disease processes and the pathophysiology of the illness. Furthermore, there are unique deficits across the cognitive (prefix "psycho") and motor execution (root word "motor") aspects of slowing, with cognitive processes such as planning and response selection being particularly affected. These findings suggest that psychomotor slowing may serve as a promising endophenotype and biomarker for schizophrenia that may prove useful for identifying individuals at greatest risk and tracking the course of the illness and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Juston Osborne
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sebastian Walther
- University of Bern, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Translational Research Center, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stewart A. Shankman
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychology, Evanston, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Evanston, Chicago, IL, USA
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