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Al-Hassinah S, Al-Daihan S, Alahmadi M, Alghamdi S, Almulhim R, Obeid D, Arabi Y, Alswaji A, Aldriwesh M, Alghoribi M. Interplay of Demographic Influences, Clinical Manifestations, and Longitudinal Profile of Laboratory Parameters in the Progression of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Insights from the Saudi Population. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1022. [PMID: 38792852 PMCID: PMC11124088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors driving SARS-CoV-2 infection progression and severity is complex due to the dynamic nature of human physiology. Therefore, we aimed to explore the severity risk indicators of SARS-CoV-2 through demographic data, clinical manifestations, and the profile of laboratory parameters. The study included 175 patients either hospitalized at King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh or placed in quarantine at designated hotels in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from June 2020 to April 2021. Hospitalized patients were followed up through the first week of admission. Demographic data, clinical presentations, and laboratory results were retrieved from electronic patient records. Our results revealed that older age (OR: 1.1, CI: [1.1-1.12]; p < 0.0001), male gender (OR: 2.26, CI: [1.0-5.1]; p = 0.047), and blood urea nitrogen level (OR: 2.56, CI: [1.07-6.12]; p = 0.034) were potential predictors of severity level. In conclusion, the study showed that apart from laboratory parameters, age and gender could potentially predict the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the early stages. To our knowledge, this study is the first in Saudi Arabia to explore the longitudinal profile of laboratory parameters among risk factors, shedding light on SARS-CoV-2 infection progression parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Hassinah
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.-H.); (S.A.); (Y.A.); (A.A.); (M.A.)
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sooad Al-Daihan
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mashael Alahmadi
- Research Office, Saudi National Institute of Health (SNIH), Riyadh 12382, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sara Alghamdi
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.-H.); (S.A.); (Y.A.); (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Rawabi Almulhim
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dalia Obeid
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yaseen Arabi
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.-H.); (S.A.); (Y.A.); (A.A.); (M.A.)
- Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alswaji
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.-H.); (S.A.); (Y.A.); (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Marwh Aldriwesh
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.-H.); (S.A.); (Y.A.); (A.A.); (M.A.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alghoribi
- Infectious Diseases Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.-H.); (S.A.); (Y.A.); (A.A.); (M.A.)
- Department of Basic Science, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Gianni P, Goldin M, Ngu S, Zafeiropoulos S, Geropoulos G, Giannis D. Complement-mediated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19: A review. World J Exp Med 2022; 12:53-67. [PMID: 36157337 PMCID: PMC9350720 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v12.i4.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes acute microvascular thrombosis in both venous and arterial structures which is highly associated with increased mortality. The mechanisms leading to thromboembolism are still under investigation. Current evidence suggests that excessive complement activation with severe amplification of the inflammatory response (cytokine storm) hastens disease progression and initiates complement-dependent cytotoxic tissue damage with resultant prothrombotic complications. The concept of thromboinflammation, involving overt inflammation and activation of the coagulation cascade causing thrombotic microangiopathy and end-organ damage, has emerged as one of the core components of COVID-19 pathogenesis. The complement system is a major mediator of the innate immune response and inflammation and thus an appealing treatment target. In this review, we discuss the role of complement in the development of thrombotic microangiopathy and summarize the current data on complement inhibitors as COVID-19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Gianni
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm 89070, Germany
| | - Mark Goldin
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11549, United States
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Feinstein Institutes , New York, NY 11030, United States
| | - Sam Ngu
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11549, United States
| | - Stefanos Zafeiropoulos
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11030, United States
| | - Georgios Geropoulos
- Department of General Surgery, University College London Hospitals, London NW12BU, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Giannis
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11549, United States
- North Shore/Long Island Jewish General Surgery, Northwell Health, New York, NY 11021, United States
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3
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Magro C, Nuovo G, Mulvey JJ, Laurence J, Harp J, Crowson AN. The skin as a critical window in unveiling the pathophysiologic principles of COVID-19. Clin Dermatol 2021; 39:934-965. [PMID: 34920833 PMCID: PMC8298003 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a single-stranded RNA virus whose sequence is known. COVID-19 is associated with a heterogeneous clinical phenotype ranging from asymptomatic to fatal disease. It appears that access to nasopharyngeal respiratory epithelia expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is followed by viral replication in the pulmonary alveolar septal capillary bed. We have demonstrated in earlier studies that incomplete viral particles, termed pseudovirions, dock to deep subcutaneous and other vascular beds, potentially contributing to the prothrombotic state and systemic complement activation that characterizes severe and critical COVID-19. A variety of skin eruptions have been described in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection and more recently, after COVID-19 vaccination. The vaccines deliver a laboratory-synthesized mRNA that encodes a protein that is identical to the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, allowing the production of immunogenic spike glycoprotein that will then elicit T cell and B cell adaptive immune responses. In this contribution, we review an array of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 that provide an opportunity to study critical pathophysiologic mechanisms that underlie all clinical facets of COVID-19, ranging from asymptomatic/mild to severe and critical COVID-19. We classify cutaneous COVID-19 according to underlying pathophysiologic principles. In this regard we propose three main pathways: (1) complement mediated thrombotic vascular injury syndromes deploying the alternative and mannan binding lectin pathways and resulting in the elaboration of cytokines like interleukin 6 from endothelium in the setting of severe and critical COVID-19 and (2) the robust T cell and type I interferon-driven inflammatory and (3) humoral-driven immune complex mediated vasculitic cutaneous reactions observed with mild and moderate COVID-19. Presented are novel data on cutaneous vaccine reactions that manifest a clinical and morphologic parallel with similar eruptions observed in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 and in some cases represent systemic eczematoid hypersensitivity reactions to a putative vaccine-based antigen versus unmasking subclinical hypersensitivity due to immune enhancing effects of the vaccine. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time the localization of human synthesized spike glycoprotein after the COVID-19 vaccine to the cutaneous and subcutaneous vasculature confirming the ability of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to bind endothelium in the absence of intact virus.
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4
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Gawaz A, Guenova E. Microvascular Skin Manifestations Caused by COVID-19. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:387-396. [PMID: 34695855 DOI: 10.1055/a-1581-6899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercoagulability and vascular injury, which characterize morbidity in COVID-19 disease, are frequently observed in the skin. Several pathomechanisms, such as inflammation caused by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-mediated uptake into endothelial cells or SARS-CoV-2-initiated host immune responses, contribute to microthrombus formation and the appearance of vascular skin lesions. Besides pathophysiologic mechanisms observed in the skin, this review describes the clinical appearance of cutaneous vascular lesions and their association with COVID-19 disease, including acro-ischemia, reticular lesions, and cutaneous small vessel vasculitis. Clinicians need to be aware that skin manifestations may be the only symptom in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that inflammatory and thrombotic SARS-CoV-2-driven processes observed in multiple organs and tissues appear identically in the skin as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gawaz
- Universitätshautklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Bobamuratova DT, Boymuradov SA, Dar-Odeh NS, Kurbanov YK, Umarov RZ. Impact of COVID-19 disease and its treatment on the development of maxillofacial complications. ADVANCES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8434691 DOI: 10.1016/j.adoms.2021.100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus spread worldwide in 2020, causing millions of deaths and disabilities. Even though the virus was considered a respiratory virus, its adverse effects can be detected in several body systems. The article describes COVID-19 disease and its complications in the maxillofacial area. Several complications develop either in response to therapeutic modalities used to treat the underlying disease, or due to overuse of particular medications namely glucocorticoids, antirheumatic agents, interleukin 6-inhibitors, and antibiotics. This article will describe a number of complications ranging from mild complications to severe ones such as osteonecrosis of the upper jaw and facial bones, ophthalmologic and neurological complications. It will also summarize recommendations that will help prevent or minimize these complications.
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Rastogi A, Dogra H, Jude EB. COVID-19 and peripheral arterial complications in people with diabetes and hypertension: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:102204. [PMID: 34303918 PMCID: PMC8266514 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Identify the prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of lower extremity ischemic complications. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed and SCOPUS databases for SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and peripheral arterial complications. RESULTS Overall 476 articles were retrieved and 31 articles describing 133 patients were included. The mean age was 65.4 years. Pain and gangrene were the most common presentation. Hypertension (51.3%), diabetes (31.9%) and hypercholesterolemia (17.6%) were associated co-morbidities. Overall, 30.1% of patients died and amputation was required in 11.8% patients. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 patients with diabetes or hypertension are susceptible for lower limb complications and require therapeutic anti-coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashu Rastogi
- Deptt of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Himika Dogra
- Deptt of Endocrinology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Edward B Jude
- Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Tameside on Lyne, UK
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Delshad M, Safaroghli-Azar A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Poopak B, Shokouhi S, Bashash D. Platelets in the perspective of COVID-19; pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia and its implication as prognostic and therapeutic opportunity. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107995. [PMID: 34304001 PMCID: PMC8295197 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite endorsed and exponential research to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, efforts have not yet converted into a better prospect for patients infected with the novel coronavirus (2019nCoV), and still, the name of SARS-CoV-2 is coupled with numerous unanswered questions. One of these questions is concerning how this respiratory virus reduces the number of platelets (PLTs)? The results of laboratory examinations showed that about a quarter of COVID-19 cases experience thrombocytopenia, and more remarkably, about half of these patients succumb to the infection due to coagulopathy. These findings have positioned PLTs as a pillar in the management as well as stratifying COVID-19 patients; however, not all the physicians came into a consensus about the prognostic value of these cells. The current review aims to unravel the contributory role of PLTs s in COVID-19; and also to summarize the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the association between COVID-19 and PLT production, activation, and clearance. In addition, we provide a special focus on the prognostic value of PLTs and their related parameters in COVID-19. Questions on how SARS-CoV-2 induces thrombocytopenia are also responded to. The last section provides a general overview of the most recent PLT- or thrombocytopenia-related therapeutic approaches. In conclusion, since SARS-CoV-2 reduces the number of PLTs by eliciting different mechanisms, treatment of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients is not as simple as it appears and serious cautions should be considered to deal with the problem through scrutiny awareness of the causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahda Delshad
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ava Safaroghli-Azar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Poopak
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shervin Shokouhi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Boymuradov S, Rustamova D, Bobamuratova D, Kurbanov Y, Karimberdiyev B, Yusupov S, Umarov R. Complications of COVID-19 in the maxillo-facial region: Clinical case and review of the literature. ADVANCES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8129788 DOI: 10.1016/j.adoms.2021.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is currently causing a pandemic around the world. With the increase in the number of patients, there was a slight increase in the incidence of various complications. In particular, infectious and inflammatory diseases of the face and jaw are observed in patients with COVID-19 in the early infectious stages of the disease, as well as in the late stages. In the previous literature, as a sign or complication of COVID-19 were mentioned cases of changes in the oral cavity - ulcers, rashes, and inflammation of salivary glands. The conditions presented in this article are a serious complication of COVID-19, radically different from the usual course of osteomyelitis, in which the patient has a course with a predominance of long-term, chronic-progressive, atrophic processes. Treatment was somewhat ineffective due to local chronic inflammation (pansinusitis), metabolic, microcirculatory, immune, and coagulation disorders in patients.
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9
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Matli K, Farah R, Maalouf M, Chamoun N, Costanian C, Ghanem G. Role of combining anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents in COVID-19 treatment: a rapid review. Open Heart 2021; 8:openhrt-2021-001628. [PMID: 34099529 PMCID: PMC8186323 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although primarily affecting the respiratory system, COVID-19 causes multiple organ damage. One of its grave consequences is a prothrombotic state that manifests as thrombotic, microthrombotic and thromboembolic events. Therefore, understanding the effect of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy in the context of COVID-19 treatment is important. The aim of this rapid review was to highlight the role of thrombosis in COVID-19 and to provide new insights on the use of antithrombotic therapy in its management. A rapid systematic review was performed using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews. Papers published in English on antithrombotic agent use and COVID-19 complications were eligible. Results showed that the use of anticoagulants increased survival and reduced thromboembolic events in patients. However, despite the use of anticoagulants, patients still suffered thrombotic events likely due to heparin resistance. Data on antiplatelet use in combination with anticoagulants in the setting of COVID-19 are quite scarce. Current side effects of anticoagulation therapy emphasise the need to update treatment guidelines. In this rapid review, we address a possible modulatory role of antiplatelet and anticoagulant combination against COVID-19 pathogenesis. This combination may be an effective form of adjuvant therapy against COVID-19 infection. However, further studies are needed to elucidate potential risks and benefits associated with this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Matli
- Lebanese American University Medical Center, Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Raymond Farah
- Department of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mario Maalouf
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Nibal Chamoun
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Christy Costanian
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon .,Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Ghanem
- Lebanese American University Medical Center, Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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10
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Trahtemberg U, Rottapel R, Dos Santos CC, Slutsky AS, Baker A, Fritzler MJ. Anticardiolipin and other antiphospholipid antibodies in critically ill COVID-19 positive and negative patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1236-1240. [PMID: 33903092 PMCID: PMC8076626 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Reports of severe COVID-19 being associated with thrombosis, antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA), and antiphospholipid syndrome have yielded disparate conclusions. Studies comparing patients with COVID-19 with contemporaneous controls of similar severity are lacking. Methods 22 COVID-19+ and 20 COVID-19– patients with respiratory failure admitted to intensive care were studied longitudinally. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the day of admission. APLA testing included anticardiolipin (aCL), anti-β2glycoprotien 1 (β2GP1), antidomain 1 β2GP1 and antiphosphatidyl serine/prothrombin complex. Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) were detected by immunofluorescence and antibodies to cytokines by a commercially available multiplexed array. Analysis of variance was used for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables with α=0.05 and the false discovery rate at q=0.05. Results APLAs were predominantly IgG aCL (48%), followed by IgM (21%) in all patients, with a tendency towards higher frequency among the COVID-19+. aCL was not associated with surrogate markers of thrombosis but IgG aCL was strongly associated with worse disease severity and higher ANA titres regardless of COVID-19 status. An association between aCL and anticytokine autoantibodies tended to be higher among the COVID-19+. Conclusions Positive APLA serology was associated with more severe disease regardless of COVID-19 status. Trial registration number NCT04747782
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia C Dos Santos
- Critical Care, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur S Slutsky
- Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Baker
- Critical Care, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marvin J Fritzler
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Menter T, Tzankov A. Investigations of Pathologists as a Key to Understanding Coronavirus Disease 2019. Pathobiology 2020; 88:11-14. [PMID: 33341799 PMCID: PMC7801993 DOI: 10.1159/000513602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Menter
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
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